Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Photo-Cross-Linkable Hydrogel of Gallic Acid-Chitosan Methacrylate: Synthesis, In Vitro, and In Vivo Assessments

Chitosan (CS)-based photo-cross-linkable hydrogels have gained increasing attention in biomedical applications. In this study, we grafted CS with gallic acid (GA) by carbodiimide chemistry to prepare the GA-CS conjugate, which was subsequently modified with methacrylic anhydride (MA) modification to obtain the methacrylated GA-CS conjugate (GA-CS-MA). Our results demonstrated that the GA-CS-MA hydrogel not only exhibited improved physicochemical properties but also showed antibacterial, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory capacity. It showed moderate antibacterial activity and especially showed a more powerful inhibitory effect against Gram-positive bacteria. It modulated macrophage polarization, downregulated pro-inflammatory gene expression, upregulated anti-inflammatory gene expression, and significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Subcutaneously implanted GA-CS-MA hydrogels induced significantly lower inflammatory responses, as evidenced by less inflammatory cell infiltration, thinner fibrous capsule, and predominately promoted M2 polarization. This study provides a feasible strategy to prepare CS-based photo-cross-linkable hydrogels with improved physicochemical properties for biomedical applications.

A comprehensive characterization of Hermetia illucens derived chitosan produced through homogeneous deacetylation

The increasing demand for chitin and chitosan is driving research to explore alternative sources to crustaceans. Insects, particularly bioconverters as Hermetia illucens, are promising substitutes as they process food industry waste into valuable molecules, including chitin. Chitosan can be produced by chitin deacetylation: hot deacetylation to obtain a heterogeneous chitosan, the commonly produced, and cold deacetylation to obtain a homogeneous chitosan, not widely available. The two different treatments lead to a different arrangement of the amine and acetyl groups in the chitosan structure, affecting its molecular weight, deacetylation degree, and biological activity. This is the first report on the production and chemical-physical and biological characterization of homogenous chitosan derived from H. illucens larvae, pupal exuviae, and adults. This work, in addition to the report on heterogeneous chitosan by our research group, completes the overview of H. illucens chitosan. The yield values obtained for homogeneous chitosan from pupal exuviae (3 and 7 %) are in the range of insect (2-8 %) and crustaceans (4-15 %) chitosan. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Micrococcus flavus) bacteria confirmed the great versatility of H. illucens chitosan for biomedical and industrial applications and its suitability as an alternative source to crustaceans.

New insights into the potential cardioprotective effects of telmisartan and nanoformulated extract of Spirulina platensis via regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in an experimental model

Background

Cardiotoxicity is one of the limiting side effects of the commonly used anticancer agent cyclophosphamide (Cyclo).

Materials and methods

The possible protective effects of telmisartan and nanoformulated Spirulina platensis (Sp) methanolic extract against Cyclo-induced cardiotoxicity were examined in this study. Experimental groups of rats were randomly divided into nine groups as control vehicle, control polymer, telmisartan (TEL, 10 mg/kg), free Sp extract (300 mg/kg), nano Sp extract (100 mg/kg), Cyclo (200 mg/kg), TEL + Cyclo, free Sp + Cyclo, and nano Sp + Cyclo. The groups with Cyclo combinations were treated in the same manner as their corresponding ones without Cyclo, with a single dose of Cyclo on day 18.

Results

The results indicate that Cyclo causes significant cardiotoxicity, manifesting in the form of notable increases of 155.49%, 105.74%, 451.76%, and 826.07% in the serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) enzyme activities, respectively, as compared to the control. In addition, the cardiac glutathione (GSH) content and activity of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1) enzyme decreased by 65.94% and 73.85%, respectively. Treatment with nano Sp extract showed the most prominent restorations of the altered biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features as compared with those by TEL and free Sp; moreover, reductions of 30.64% and 43.02% in the p-AKT content as well as 60.43% and 75.30% of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) immunoreactivity were detected in the TEL and free Sp treatment groups, respectively. Interestingly, nano Sp boosted the autophagy signal via activation of beclin-1 (36.42% and 153.4%), activation of LC3II (69.13% and 195%), downregulation of p62 expressions (39.68% and 62.45%), and increased gene expressions of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) (90.3% and 225.9%) compared to the TEL and free Sp treatment groups, respectively.

Conclusion

The findings suggest the protective efficiency of telmisartan and nano Sp extract against cardiotoxicity via activations of the antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and autophagy signaling pathways.

Analysis of molecular structure and topological properties of chitosan isolated from crab shell and mushroom

This investigation aimed to scrutinize the chemical and structural analogies between chitosan extracted from crab exoskeleton (High Molecular Weight Chitosan, HMWC) and chitosan obtained from mushrooms (Mushroom-derived Chitosan, MRC), and to assess their biological functionalities. The resulting hydrolysates from the hydrolysis of HMWC by chitosanase were categorized as chitosan oligosaccharides (csCOS), while those from MRC were denoted as mrCOS. The molecular weights (MW) of csCOS and mrCOS were determined using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Furthermore, structural resemblances of csCOS and mrCOS were assessed utilizing X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Intriguingly, no apparent structural disparity between csCOS and mrCOS was noted in terms of the glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) composition ratios. Consequently, the enzymatic activities of chitosanase for HMWC and MRC exhibited remarkable similarity. A topological examination was performed between the enzyme and the substrate to deduce the alteration in MW of COSs following enzymatic hydrolysis. Moreover, the evaluation of antioxidant activity for each COS revealed insignificance in the structural disparity between HMWC and MRC. In summary, grounded on the chemical structural similarity of HMWC and MRC, we propose the potential substitution of HMWC with MRC, incorporating diverse biological functionalities.

Chitosan nanoparticle applications in dentistry: a sustainable biopolymer

The epoch of Nano-biomaterials and their application in the field of medicine and dentistry has been long-lived. The application of nanotechnology is extensively used in diagnosis and treatment aspects of oral diseases. The nanomaterials and its structures are being widely involved in the production of medicines and drugs used for the treatment of oral diseases like periodontitis, oral carcinoma, etc. and helps in maintaining the longevity of oral health. Chitosan is a naturally occurring biopolymer derived from chitin which is seen commonly in arthropods. Chitosan nanoparticles are the latest in the trend of nanoparticles used in dentistry and are becoming the most wanted biopolymer for use toward therapeutic interventions. Literature search has also shown that chitosan nanoparticles have anti-tumor effects. This review highlights the various aspects of chitosan nanoparticles and their implications in dentistry.

Potential anthelmintic effect of chitosan on Syphacia muris infecting Wistar rats: biochemical, immunological, and histopathological studies

Natural products extracted from animal sources have many biological activities, such as chitosan, which is being researched for its medicinal or therapeutic potential. Syphacia muris is the most well-known intestinal nematode, infecting laboratory rats and influencing their immune systems. In this study, we looked at the anthelminthic activity of chitosan particles against S. muris infection using biochemical, immunological, and histopathological methods. Chitosan particles were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Rats were separated into four groups, each consisting of seven individuals (n = 7). The first group was the control (non-infected), the second group was infected, and both groups received 0.5 ml of 1% glacial acetic acid orally. The third group was the infected group (treated), and the fourth group (normal) received 0.5 ml of 30 mg/kg/day chitosan dissolved in 1% glacial acetic acid for 14 days using gavage. Liver and kidney parameters, oxidative stress markers, serum levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, and IL-10), as well as immunoglobulins (total IgE and IgG), were assessed. Histological examinations of host tissues (intestine, liver, kidney, and spleen) were also performed. Following chitosan treatment, a significant decrease in worm count (P < 0.05) was indicated; this was associated with an enhancement of biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers, which were altered due to infection. Moreover, immunological analysis revealed a significant drop in INF-γ, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33 levels and total immunoglobulins (IgE and IgG) as well as an improvement in rat tissues. Conclusively, this study showed the anthelminthic effect of chitosan against S. muris infection.

In situ, synthesis of chitosan fabricated tellurium nanoparticles for improved antimicrobial and anticancer applications

The emergence of antibiotic resistance has had a severe impact on human health and economic burdens, drawing attention to the development of novel antimicrobial therapies. Polymer-metal composites have shown evidence of therapeutic applications by exerting antimicrobial effects and delivering these antimicrobials with biocompatibility. Therefore, this study prepared and characterized chitosan (CS)-fabricated tellurium nanoparticles (Te NPs) for enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity applications. The CS-Te NPs were spherical, polydisperse, and distributed within the CS matrix with an average size of 37.48 ± 14.56 nm, as confirmed by TEM analysis. CS-Te NPs exhibited positive zeta potential in neutral (pH 7.0: 7.90 ± 1.86 mV) and acidic environment. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of CS-Te NPs, and these nanoparticles exhibited good thermal and less porosity. A higher release of Te ions occurred from CS-Te NPs at an acidic pH. Further, CS-Te NPs displayed stronger antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against E. coli and S. enterica. Furthermore, CS-Te NPs exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity against ABTS and DPPH free radicals. Moreover, these nanoparticles demonstrated cytotoxicity against cancerous cells (A549 and PC3 cells) when compared to normal cells (NIH3T3 cells). Therefore, this study suggests that CS-Te NPs could serve as a substantial therapeutic agent.

In Vitro Biocompatibility Assessment of a Novel Membrane Containing Magnesium-Chitosan/Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Alginate Intended for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is an emerging interdisciplinary field that aims to develop new strategies and materials for repairing, regenerating, or replacing damaged bone tissues. This field combines engineering, biology, and medicine principles to create functional bone tissues in the laboratory and in vivo. The main goal of BTE is to create biological substitutes that mimic the structure, function, and properties of natural bone tissue, thereby promoting the regeneration of bone defects caused by trauma, disease, or aging. In this study, we developed a biocomposite membrane using magnesium-chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and alginate through a simple cast drying method. The biocompatibility of the membrane was evaluated using human osteoblastic cells, and it was found to be nontoxic to these cells. Both metabolic activity measurements (24 and 48 hours) and the lactate dehydrogenase release assay (72 hours) indicated that the membrane was biocompatible and did not exert significant toxic effects. These results suggest that the developed biocomposite membrane has the potential to be used as a safe and effective biomaterial for various biomedical applications, such as BTE, wound healing, and drug delivery. Further studies are warranted to explore the full potential of this membrane and its performance in different biological environments.

Chitosan-Based Biomaterial in Wound Healing: A Review

Wound healing is an evolving and intricate technique that is vital to the restoration of tissue integrity and function. Over the past few decades, chitosan a biopolymer derived from chitin, became known as an emerging biomaterial in the field of healing wounds due to its distinctive characteristics including biocompatibility, biodegradability, affinity to biomolecules, and wound-healing activity. This natural polymer exhibits excellent healing capabilities by accelerating the development of new skin cells, reducing inflammation, and preventing infections. Due to its distinct biochemical characteristics and innate antibacterial activity, chitosan has been extensively researched as an antibacterial wound dressing. Chronic wounds, such as diabetic ulcers and liver disease, are a growing medical problem. Chitosan-based biomaterials are a promising solution in the domain of wound care. The article analyzes the depth of chitosan-based biomaterials and their impact on wound healing and also the methods to enhance the advantages of chitosan by incorporating bioactive compounds. This literature review is aimed to improve the understanding and knowledge about biomaterials and their use in wound healing.

Antimicrobial and wound healing potential of naphthoquinones encapsulated in nanochitosan

Introduction: The use of chitosan in pharmaceutical formulations is an advantageous approach due to this compound intrinsic biodegradability and biocompatibility, as well as ready availability and low polymer cost. Methods: Herein, the naphthoquinones 3- chloromethylene-menadione (NQ1) and 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ2) were nanoencapsulated into chitosan (CNP) by the ionotropic gelatinization technique and characterized by DLS, FTIR, SEM, TGA and DSC, and their release profiles evaluated. The antimicrobial and wound healing activities were investigated. Results and Discussion: Homogeneous chitosan nanocapsulses of about 193 nm and Z potential ranging from +30.6 to +33.1 mV loaded with NQ1 (CNP-NQ1) or NQ2 (CNPQNQ2). With nanoencapsulation efficiencies of ≥ 96%, the solubility of naphthoquinones in aqueous environments was improved, making them suitable for biological system applications. The encapsulated naphthoquinones displayed a controlled release of approximately 80% for CNP-NQ1 and 90% for CNP-NQ2 over an 8 h period at 36°C. Both CNP-NQ1 and CNP-NQ2 retained the already established free naphthoquinone antimicrobial activity against two Staphylococcus aureus strains, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although presenting low toxicity to healthy human cells, only CNP-NQ1 displayed therapeutic indices above 100 for S. aureus and S. epidermidis and above 27 for S. pyogenes and P. aeruginosa, allowing for safe use in human tissues. Furthermore, CNP-NQ1 did not impair the migration of human fibroblast cells in scratch assays, adding promising wound healing properties to this formulation. These findings emphasize that CNP-NQ1 may be useful in protecting injured skin tissue from bacterial contamination, avoiding skin infections not only by reducing bacterial loads but also by accelerating the healing process until complete dermal tissue recovery.

Marine-derived polysaccharides and their therapeutic potential in wound healing application - A review

Polysaccharides originating from marine sources have been studied as potential material for use in wound dressings because of their desirable characteristics of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity. Marine-derived polysaccharides used as wound dressing, provide several benefits such as promoting wound healing by providing a moist environment that facilitates cell migration and proliferation. They can also act as a barrier against external contaminants and provide a protective layer to prevent further damage to the wound. Research studies have shown that marine-derived polysaccharides can be used to develop different types of wound dressings such as hydrogels, films, and fibres. These dressings can be personalised to meet specific requirements based on the type and severity of the wound. For instance, hydrogels can be used for deep wounds to provide a moist environment, while films can be used for superficial wounds to provide a protective barrier. Additionally, these polysaccharides can be modified to improve their properties, such as enhancing their mechanical strength or increasing their ability to release bioactive molecules that can promote wound healing. Overall, marine-derived polysaccharides show great promise for developing effective and safe wound dressings for various wound types.

Chitotriose Enhanced Antitumor Activity of Doxorubicin through Egr1 Upregulation in MDA-MB-231 Cells

Dietary supplementation is proposed as a strategy to reduce the side effects of conventional chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), a functional carbohydrate, have been identified to potentially inhibit cancer cell proliferation. However, a detailed investigation is required to fully understand its exact influence, particularly in terms of COS composition. The antitumor activities of COS oligomers and its monomer of glucosamine, when combined with doxorubicin separately, were evaluated in MDA-MB-231 cells. Chitotriose was identified to have the most significant synergistic effect. Preincubation with chitotriose was observed to promote the entry of doxorubicin into the cell nuclei and induce morphological changes in the cells. Mechanism analysis at the transcriptional level revealed that the early growth response 1 (Egr1) gene was a key regulator in enhancing the suppressive effect. This gene was found to modulate the activity of its downstream gene, growth arrest, and DNA damage-inducible alpha (Gadd45a). The role of Egr1 was confirmed through a small interfering RNA test and function assay. These findings provide insight into the effect and underlying mechanism of chitotriose supplementation for TNBC therapy.

Strategies for the Preparation of Chitosan Derivatives for Antimicrobial, Drug Delivery, and Agricultural Applications: A Review

Chitosan has received much attention for its role in designing and developing novel derivatives as well as its applications across a broad spectrum of biological and physiological activities, owing to its desirable characteristics such as being biodegradable, being a biopolymer, and its overall eco-friendliness. The main objective of this review is to explore the recent chemical modifications of chitosan that have been achieved through various synthetic methods. These chitosan derivatives are categorized based on their synthetic pathways or the presence of common functional groups, which include alkylated, acylated, Schiff base, quaternary ammonia, guanidine, and heterocyclic rings. We have also described the recent applications of chitosan and its derivatives, along with nanomaterials, their mechanisms, and prospective challenges, especially in areas such as antimicrobial activities, targeted drug delivery for various diseases, and plant agricultural domains. The accumulation of these recent findings has the potential to offer insight not only into innovative approaches for the preparation of chitosan derivatives but also into their diverse applications. These insights may spark novel ideas for drug development or drug carriers, particularly in the antimicrobial, medicinal, and plant agricultural fields.

Chitosan Derivative-Based Microspheres Loaded with Fibroblast Growth Factor for the Treatment of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a disease caused by genetic and environmental factors, and the main clinical manifestation is hyperglycemia. Currently, insulin injections are still the first-line treatment for diabetes. However, repeated injections may cause insulin resistance, hypoglycemia, and other serious side effects. Thus, it is imperative to develop new diabetes treatments. Protein-based diabetes drugs, such as fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), have a longer-lasting glycemic modulating effect with high biosafety. However, the instability of these protein drugs limits their applications. In this study, we extract protein hypoglycemic drugs with oral and injectable functions. The FGF-21 analog (NA-FGF) was loaded into the chitosan derivative-based nanomaterials, N-2-Hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan/carboxymethyl chitosan (N-2-HACC/CMCS), to prepare NA-FGF-loaded N-2-HACC/CMCS microspheres (NA-FGF-N-2-HACC/CMCS MPs). It was well demonstrated that NA-FGF-N-2-HACC/CMCS MPs have great biocompatibility, biostability, and durable drug-release ability. In addition to injectable drug delivery, our prepared microspheres were highly advantageous for oral administration. The in vitro and in vivo experimental results suggested that NA-FGF-N-2-HACC/CMCS MPs could be used as a promising candidate and universal nano-delivery system for both oral and injectable hypoglycemic regulation.

A propitious role of marine sourced polysaccharides: Drug delivery and biomedical applications

Numerous compounds, with extensive applications in biomedical and biotechnological fields, are present in the oceans, which serve as a prime renewable source of natural substances, further promoting the development of novel medical systems and devices. Polysaccharides are present in the marine ecosystem in abundance, promoting minimal extraction costs, in addition to their solubility in extraction media, and an aqueous solvent, along with their interactions with biological compounds. Certain algae-derived polysaccharides include fucoidan, alginate, and carrageenan, while animal-derived polysaccharides comprise hyaluronan, chitosan and many others. Furthermore, these compounds can be modified to facilitate their processing into multiple shapes and sizes, as well as exhibit response dependence to external conditions like temperature and pH. All these properties have promoted the use of these biomaterials as raw materials for the development of drug delivery carrier systems (hydrogels, particles, capsules). The present review enlightens marine polysaccharides providing its sources, structures, biological properties, and its biomedical applications. In addition to this, their role as nanomaterials is also portrayed by the authors, along with the methods employed to develop them and associated biological and physicochemical properties designed to develop suitable drug delivery systems.

Biodegradable Polymers and Polymer Composites with Antibacterial Properties

Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to global health and food security today. It becomes increasingly difficult to treat infectious disorders because antibiotics, even the newest ones, are becoming less and less effective. One of the ways taken in the Global Plan of Action announced at the World Health Assembly in May 2015 is to ensure the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. In order to do so, attempts are made to develop new antimicrobial therapeutics, including biomaterials with antibacterial activity, such as polycationic polymers, polypeptides, and polymeric systems, to provide non-antibiotic therapeutic agents, such as selected biologically active nanoparticles and chemical compounds. Another key issue is preventing food from contamination by developing antibacterial packaging materials, particularly based on degradable polymers and biocomposites. This review, in a cross-sectional way, describes the most significant research activities conducted in recent years in the field of the development of polymeric materials and polymer composites with antibacterial properties. We particularly focus on natural polymers, i.e., polysaccharides and polypeptides, which present a mechanism for combating many highly pathogenic microorganisms. We also attempt to use this knowledge to obtain synthetic polymers with similar antibacterial activity.

Adjuvanted quaternized chitosan composite aluminum nanoparticles-based vaccine formulation promotes immune responses in chickens

Aluminum adjuvant is a typical adjuvant that can promote humoral immune response, but it lacks the ability to effectively induce cellular immune response. The water-soluble N-2-Hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan nanoparticles (N-2-HACC NPs) can enhance humoral and cellular immune responses of vaccines. To enable aluminum adjuvant to induce cellular immunity, the composite nano adjuvant N-2-HACC-Al NPs were synthesized by the N-2-HACC and aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃). The particle size and zeta potential of the N-2-HACC-Al NPs were 300.70 ± 24.90 nm and 32.28 ± 0.52 mV, respectively. The N-2-HACC-Al NPs have good thermal stability and biodegradability and lower cytotoxicity. In addition, to investigate the immunogenicity of the composite nano adjuvant, the combined inactivated vaccine against Newcastle disease (ND) and H9N2 avian influenza (AI) was prepared with the N-2-HACC-Al NPs as a vaccine adjuvant. The immune effect of the vaccine (N-2-HACC-Al/NDV-AIV) was evaluated by chicken in vivo immunization. The vaccine induced higher levels of serum IgG, IL-4, and IFN-γ than those of the commercial combined inactivated vaccine against ND and H9N2 AI. The levels of IFN-γ were more than twice those of the commercial vaccine at 7 days post the immunization. The N-2-HACC-Al NPs could be used as an efficient nano adjuvant to enhance the effectiveness of vaccine and have immense application potential.

In-silico assay of a dosing vehicle based on chitosan-TiO2 and modified benzofuran-isatin molecules against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A high priority of the World Health Organization (WHO) is the study of drugs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has developed antibiotic resistance. In this order, recent research is analyzing biomaterials and metal oxide nanoparticles, such as chitosan (QT) and TiO2 (NT), which can transport molecules with biological activity against bacteria, to propose them as drug carrier candidates. In the present work, 10 modified benzofuran-isatin molecules were studied through computational simulation using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking assays against Hfq and LpxC (proteins of P. aeruginosa). The results show that the ligand efficiency of commercial drugs C-CP and C-AZI against Hfq is low compared with the best-designed molecule MOL-A. However, we highlight that the influence of NT promotes a better interaction of some molecules, where MOL-E generates a better interaction by 0.219 kcal/mol when NT is introduced in Hfq, forming the system Hfq-NT (Target-NT). Similar behavior is observed in the LpxC target, in which MOL-J is better at 0.072 kcal/mol. Finally, two pharmacophoric models for Hfq and LpxC implicate hydrophobic and aromatic-hydrophobic fragments.

Chitosan nanocarriers containing essential oils as a green strategy to improve the functional properties of chitosan: A review

Large amounts of agricultural waste, especially marine product waste, are produced annually. These wastes can be used to produce compounds with high-added value. Chitosan is one such valuable product that can be obtained from crustacean wastes. Various biological activities of chitosan and its derivatives, especially antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, have been confirmed by many studies. The unique characteristics of chitosan, especially chitosan nanocarriers, have led to the expansion of using chitosan in various sectors, especially in biomedical sciences and food industries. On the other hand, essential oils, known as volatile and aromatic compounds of plants, have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. Like chitosan, essential oils have various biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer. In recent years, one of the ways to improve the biological properties of chitosan is to use essential oils encapsulated in chitosan nanocarriers. Among the various biological activities of chitosan nanocarriers containing essential oils, most studies conducted in recent years have been in the field of antimicrobial activity. It was documented that the antimicrobial activity was increased by reducing the size of chitosan particles in the nanoscale. In addition, the antimicrobial activity was intensified when essential oils were in the structure of chitosan nanoparticles. Essential oils can increase the antimicrobial activity of chitosan nanoparticles with synergistic effects. Using essential oils in the structure of chitosan nanocarriers can also improve the other biological properties (antioxidant and anticancer activities) of chitosan and increase the application fields of chitosan. Of course, using essential oils in chitosan nanocarriers for commercial use requires more studies, including stability during storage and effectiveness in real environments. This review aims to overview recent studies on the biological effects of essential oils encapsulated in chitosan nanocarriers, with notes on their biological mechanisms.

Effect of Chitosan-Diosgenin Combination on Wound Healing

The difficult-to-heal wounds continue to be a problem for modern medicine. Chitosan and diosgenin possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects making them relevant substances for wound treatment. That is why this work aimed to study the effect of the combined application of chitosan and diosgenin on a mouse skin wound model. For the purpose, wounds (6 mm diameter) were made on mice's backs and were treated for 9 days with one of the following: 50% ethanol (control), polyethylene glycol (PEG) in 50% ethanol, chitosan and PEG in 50% ethanol (Chs), diosgenin and PEG in 50% ethanol (Dg) and chitosan, diosgenin and PEG in 50% ethanol (ChsDg). Before the first treatment and on the 3rd, 6th and 9th days, the wounds were photographed and their area was determined. On the 9th day, animals were euthanized and wounds' tissues were excised for histological analysis. In addition, the lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation (POx) and total glutathione (tGSH) levels were measured. The results showed that ChsDg had the most pronounced overall effect on wound area reduction, followed by Chs and PEG. Moreover, the application of ChsDg maintained high levels of tGSH in wound tissues, compared to other substances. It was shown that all tested substances, except ethanol, reduced POx comparable to intact skin levels. Therefore, the combined application of chitosan and diosgenin is a very promising and effective medication for wound healing.

Recent Advances in Chitosan-Based Applications-A Review

Chitosan derived from chitin gas gathered much interest as a biopolymer due to its known and possible broad applications. Chitin is a nitrogen-enriched polymer abundantly present in the exoskeletons of arthropods, cell walls of fungi, green algae, and microorganisms, radulae and beaks of molluscs and cephalopods, etc. Chitosan is a promising candidate for a wide variety of applications due to its macromolecular structure and its unique biological and physiological properties, including solubility, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and reactivity. Chitosan and its derivatives have been known to be applicable in medicine, pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, agriculture, the textile and paper industries, the energy industry, and industrial sustainability. More specifically, their use in drug delivery, dentistry, ophthalmology, wound dressing, cell encapsulation, bioimaging, tissue engineering, food packaging, gelling and coating, food additives and preservatives, active biopolymeric nanofilms, nutraceuticals, skin and hair care, preventing abiotic stress in flora, increasing water availability in plants, controlled release fertilizers, dye-sensitised solar cells, wastewater and sludge treatment, and metal extraction. The merits and demerits associated with the use of chitosan derivatives in the above applications are elucidated, and finally, the key challenges and future perspectives are discussed in detail.

Assessment of the neuroprotective effect of selenium-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against silver nanoparticles-induced toxicity in rats

BACKGROUND

With the recent growth in the applications of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), worries about their harmful effects are increasing. Selenium plays a vital role in the antioxidant defense system as well as free radical scavenging activity.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to inspect the neuroprotective effect of selenium-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-SeNPs) against the adverse impact of Ag-NPs on brain tissue in adult rats.

DESIGN

Rats were divided into four groups: group I (control) was administered distilled water (0.5 mL/kg), group II was administered Ag-NPs (100 mg/kg), group III was administered Ag-NPs (100 mg/kg) and CS- SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg) and group IV received only CS- SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg) daily by oral gavage. After 60 days, rats were subjected to behavioral assessment and then euthanized. Brain tissues were obtained for estimation of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine (8-OHdG), and Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 Like Protein 2 (Nrf2). Also, histological examination of the brain and immunohistochemical detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were investigated RESULTS: exposure to Ag-NPs induced marked neurotoxicity in the brain tissue of rats that was manifested by decreased levels of TAC and Nrf2 with increased levels of MDA and 8-OHdG. Also, various pathological lesions with an increase in the number of GFAP immunoreactive cells were detected. While brain tissue of rats received Ag-NPs plus CS-SeNPs group (III) revealed significantly fewer pathological changes.

CONCLUSION

Co-administration of CS-SeNPs significantly ameliorates most of the Ag-NPs-induced brain damage.

Chitosan-based drug delivery systems for skin atopic dermatitis: recent advancements and patent trends

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex, relapsing inflammatory skin disease with a considerable social and economic burden globally. AD is primarily characterized by its chronic pattern and it can have important modifications in the quality of life of the patients and caretakers. One of the fastest-growing topics in translational medicine today is the exploration of new or repurposed functional biomaterials into drug delivery therapeutic applications. This area has gained a considerable amount of research which produced many innovative drug delivery systems for inflammatory skin diseases like AD. Chitosan, a polysaccharide, has attracted attention as a functional biopolymer for diverse applications, especially in pharmaceutics and medicine, and has been considered a promising candidate for AD treatment due to its antimicrobial, antioxidative, and inflammatory response modulation properties. The current pharmacological treatment for AD involves prescribing topical corticosteroid and calcineurin inhibitors. However, the adverse reactions associated with the long-term usage of these drugs such as itching, burning, or stinging sensation are also well documented. Innovative formulation strategies, including the use of micro- and nanoparticulate systems, biopolymer hydrogel composites, nanofibers, and textile fabrication are being extensively researched with an aim to produce a safe and effective delivery system for AD treatment with minimal side effects. This review outlines the recent development of various chitosan-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of AD published in the past 10 years (2012-2022). These chitosan-based delivery systems include hydrogels, films, micro-, and nanoparticulate systems as well as chitosan textile. The global patent trends on chitosan-based formulations for the AD are also discussed.

Current and future outlook of loaded components in hydrogel composites for the treatment of chronic diabetic ulcers

Due to recalcitrant microangiopathy and chronic infection, traditional treatments do not easily produce satisfactory results for chronic diabetic ulcers. In recent years, due to the advantages of high biocompatibility and modifiability, an increasing number of hydrogel materials have been applied to the treatment of chronic wounds in diabetic patients. Research on composite hydrogels has received increasing attention since loading different components can greatly increase the ability of composite hydrogels to treat chronic diabetic wounds. This review summarizes and details a variety of newly loaded components currently used in hydrogel composites for the treatment of chronic diabetic ulcers, such as polymer/polysaccharides/organic chemicals, stem cells/exosomes/progenitor cells, chelating agents/metal ions, plant extracts, proteins (cytokines/peptides/enzymes) and nucleoside products, and medicines/drugs, to help researchers understand the characteristics of these components in the treatment of diabetic chronic wounds. This review also discusses a number of components that have not yet been applied but have the potential to be loaded into hydrogels, all of which play roles in the biomedical field and may become important loading components in the future. This review provides a "loading component shelf" for researchers of composite hydrogels and a theoretical basis for the future construction of "all-in-one" hydrogels.

Ameliorative role of chitosan nanoparticles against silver nanoparticle-induced reproductive toxicity in male albino rats

This study was designed to evaluate the protective potentials of chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) against silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wister albino rats. AgNPs, ChNPs, and AgNPs particles coated with ChNPs were characterized by using transmission electron microscope. Control rats were injected interperitoneally with 0.5% aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose. Second group was given ChNPs at a dose 300 mg/kg bwt. Third group was given AgNPs at a dose 50 mg/kg bwt. Fourth group was given AgNPs with chitosan nanoparticles simultaneously. Fifth group was given silver nanoparticles coated with chitosan nanoparticles at a dose 300 mg/kg bwt. TEM showed the formation of AgNPs with average size of 42.7 nm, ChNPs with average size of 33.3 nm, and AgNPs coated with ChNPs with average size of 48.1 nm. AgNPs significantly reduced serum levels of FSH, LH, testosterone and prolactin, sperm count, morphology index, vitality, total motility and progressive motility, the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, and the concentration of reduced glutathione in testicular tissues. However, it significantly increased malondialdehyde concentration in testicular tissues, sperm abnormalities, testicular tissue damages, non-progressive motility, and immotile sperms. On the contrast, ChNPs ameliorated AgNP-induced alteration in serum levels of sex hormones, spermogram, and testicular tissue's structure and functions. These results indicated that ChNPs had protective potential against AgNP-induced reproductive toxicity and ChNPs coating AgNPs had more potent protective effect than ChNPs administrated together with AgNPs.

Nanoemulsions of Clove Oil Stabilized with Chitosan Oleate-Antioxidant and Wound-Healing Activity

Clove oil (CO) is a powerful antioxidant essential oil (EO) with anti-inflammatory, anesthetic, and anti-infective properties. It can be therefore considered a good candidate for wound-healing applications, especially for chronic or diabetic wounds or burns, where the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and detoxification is altered. However, EOs require suitable formulations to be efficiently administered in moist wound environments. Chitosan hydrophobically modified by an ionic interaction with oleic acid (chitosan oleate, CSO) was used in the present work to stabilize CO nanoemulsions (NEs). The dimensions of the NE were maintained at around 300 nm as the volume distribution for up to six months, and the CO content did not decrease to under 80% over 4 months, confirming the good stabilizing properties of CSO. The antioxidant properties of the CO NE were evaluated in vitro by a 2,2-diphenil-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assay, and in fibroblast cell lines by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) using α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) as a spin trap; a protective effect was obtained comparable to that obtained with α-tocopherol treatment. In a murine burn model, the ability of CO formulations to favor macroscopic wound closure was evidenced, and a histological analysis revealed a positive effect of the CO NE on the reparation of the lesion after 18 days. Samples of wounds at 7 days were subjected to a histological analysis and parallel dosage of lipid peroxidation by means of a thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay, confirming the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the CO NE.

Chitosan/Gelatin Scaffolds Loaded with Jatropha mollissima Extract as Potential Skin Tissue Engineering Materials

This work aimed to develop chitosan/gelatin scaffolds loaded with ethanolic extract of Jatropha mollissima (EEJM) to evaluate the influence of its content on the properties of these structures. The scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying, with different EEJM contents (0-10% (w/w)) and crosslinked with genipin (0.5% (w/w)). The EEJM were characterized through High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD), and the determination of three secondary metabolites contents was accomplished. The physical, chemical and biological properties of the scaffolds were investigated. From the HPLC-DAD, six main substances were evidenced, and from the quantification of the total concentration, the condensed tannins were the highest (431.68 ± 33.43 mg·g^-1). Spectroscopy showed good mixing between the scaffolds' components. Adding and increasing the EEJM content did not significantly influence the properties of swelling and porosity, but did affect the biodegradation and average pore size. The enzymatic biodegradation test showed a maximum weight loss of 42.89 within 28 days and reinforced the efficiency of genipin in crosslinking chitosan-based materials. The addition of the extract promoted the average pore sizes at a range of 138.44-227.67 µm, which is compatible with those reported for skin regeneration. All of the scaffolds proved to be biocompatible for L929 cells, supporting their potential application as skin tissue engineering materials.

Chitosan Modified by Kombucha-Derived Bacterial Cellulose: Rheological Behavior and Properties of Convened Biopolymer Films

This work investigates the rheological behavior and characteristics of solutions and convened biopolymer films from Chitosan (Chi) modified by kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose (KBC). The Arrhenius equation and the Ostwald de Waele model (power-law) revealed that the Chi/KBC solutions exhibited non-Newtonian behavior. Both temperature and KBC concentration strongly affected their solution viscosity. With the selection of a proper solvent for chitosan solubilization, it may be possible to improve the performances of chitosan films for specific applications. The elasticity of the prepared films containing KBC 10% w/w was preferable when compared to the controls. FTIR analysis has confirmed the presence of bacterial cellulose, chitosan acetate, and chitosan lactate as the corresponding components in the produced biopolymer films. The thermal behaviors of the Chi (lactic acid)/KBC samples showed slightly higher stability than Chi (acetic acid)/KBC. Generally, these results will be helpful in the preparation processes of the solutions and biopolymer films of Chi dissolved in acetic or lactic acid modified by KBC powder to fabricate food packaging, scaffolds, and bioprinting inks, or products related to injection or direct extrusion through a needle.

Chitosan-Gelatin Films Cross-Linked with Dialdehyde Cellulose Nanocrystals as Potential Materials for Wound Dressings

In this study, thin chitosan-gelatin biofilms cross-linked with dialdehyde cellulose nanocrystals for dressing materials were received. Two types of dialdehyde cellulose nanocrystals from fiber (DNCL) and microcrystalline cellulose (DAMC) were obtained by periodate oxidation. An ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed the selective oxidation of cellulose nanocrystals with the creation of a carbonyl group at 1724 cm⁻¹. A higher degree of cross-linking was obtained in chitosan-gelatin biofilms with DNCL than with DAMC. An increasing amount of added cross-linkers resulted in a decrease in the apparent density value. The chitosan-gelatin biofilms cross-linked with DNCL exhibited a higher value of roughness parameters and antioxidant activity compared with materials cross-linked with DAMC. The cross-linking process improved the oxygen permeability and anti-inflammatory properties of both measurement series. Two samples cross-linked with DNCL achieved an ideal water vapor transition rate for wound dressings, CS-Gel with 10% and 15% addition of DNCL—8.60 and 9.60 mg/cm²/h, respectively. The swelling ability and interaction with human serum albumin (HSA) were improved for biofilms cross-linked with DAMC and DNCL. Significantly, the films cross-linked with DAMC were characterized by lower toxicity. These results confirmed that chitosan-gelatin biofilms cross-linked with DNCL and DAMC had improved properties for possible use in wound dressings.

Self-healing, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory chitosan-PEG hydrogels for ulcerated skin wound healing and drug delivery

Great efforts have been performed on the production of advanced biomaterials with the combination of self-healing and wound healing properties in implant/tissue engineering biomedical area. Inspired by this idea, chitosan (CHI) based hydrogels can be used to treat a less investigated class of harmful chronic wounds: ulcers or pressure ulcers. Thus, CHI was crosslinked with previously synthesized polyethylene glycol diacid (PEG-diacid) to obtain different CHI-PEG hydrogel formulations with high H-bonding tendency resulting in self-repair ability. Here presented results show biocompatible, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and self-healing CHI-PEG hydrogels with a promising future in the treatment of ulcerated wounds by a significant improvement in metabolic activity (94.51 ± 4.38 %), collagen and elastin quantities (2.12 ± 0.63 μg collagen and 4.97 ± 0.61 μg elastin per mg dermal tissue) and histological analysis. Furthermore, cefuroxime (CFX), tetracycline (TCN) and amoxicillin (AMX) antibiotics, and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) anti-inflammatory agent were sustainedly released for enhancing antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of hydrogels.

Antioxidative Stress and Antiapoptosis Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticles to Protect Cardiac Cell Damage on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat

The antioxidant can inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis, which has a role in an important mechanism on diabetic-induced cardiac cell damage. The research goal was to prove the antioxidative stress and antiapoptosis effect of chitosan nanoparticles as a cardioprotector in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) characterize the chitosan nanoparticles. This research is a laboratory experiment which consists of the control group (rats were given distilled water), the streptozotocin group (rats were injected streptozotocin at dose of 55 mg/kg BW i.p), and the chitosan nanoparticle group (rats were given streptozotocin at dose 55 mg/kg BW i.p, and then given chitosan nanoparticles at dose 75 mg/kg BW, 150 mg/kg BW, and 300 mg/kg BW peroral). Creatine kinase-myoglobin (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured from the blood sample. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) from cardiac tissue were examined by ELISA; nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was evaluated by western blotting; B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Caspase-3 expression were investigated by immunohistochemical staining and also were evaluated histological preparation by hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining. The chitosan nanoparticles have a rough surface and an irregular shape. Its size is 247.3 ± 38.1 μm. Streptozotocin injection significantly increased the levels of CK-MB, LDH, MDA, and expression of caspase-3. In contrast, the levels of SOD, GPx, Nrf2, and expression of Bcl-2 decreased as compared with the control group (p < 0.05). This is accompanied by the loss of normal cardiac cell structure and necrosis. The administration of chitosan nanoparticles significantly reduced levels of CK-MB, LDH, MDA, and expression of Caspase-3. However, the levels of SOD, GPx, Nrf2, and expression of Bcl-2 increased as compared with the streptozotocin group (p < 0.05). And also, chitosan nanoparticles inhibited cell necrosis in diabetic rats. This study suggests that the administration of chitosan nanoparticles can protect cardiac cell damage in diabetic rats through antioxidative stress by decreasing ROS and increasing Nrf2 expression, level of SOD, and GPx and through antiapoptosis by increasing expression of Bcl-2 and decreasing expression of Caspase-3.

Exploring the Impact of Chitosan Composites as Artificial Organs

Chitosan and its allies have in multiple ways expanded into the medical, food, chemical, and biological industries and is still expanding. With its humble beginnings from marine shell wastes, the deacetylated form of chitin has come a long way in clinical practices. The biomedical applications of chitosan are truly a feather on its cap, with rarer aspects being chitosan’s role in tissue regeneration and artificial organs. Tissue regeneration is a highly advanced and sensitive biomedical application, and the very fact that chitosan is premiering here is an authentication of its ability to deliver. In this review, the various biomedical applications of chitosan are touched on briefly. The synthesis methodologies that are specific for tissue engineering and biomedical applications have been listed. What has been achieved using chitosan and chitosan composites in artificial organ research as well as tissue regeneration has been surveyed and presented. The lack of enthusiasm, as demonstrated by the very few reports online with respect to chitosan composites and artificial organs, is highlighted, and the reasons for this lapse speculated. What more needs be done to expand chitosan and its allies for a better utilization and exploitation to best benefit the construction of artificial organs and building of tissue analogs has been discussed.

South Sulawesi Milkfish (Chanos Chanos) Scale Waste as a New Anti-inflammatory Material in Socket Preservation

BACKGROUND: One of South Sulawesi’s huge brackish water fishery product is milkfish (Chanos chanos). Scales are wasted in milkfish processing. However, they are a good source of chitosan, which has been found to promote anti-inflammation, wound healing, and bone regeneration. AIM: This study aims to determine the effect of milkfish scales waste on the inflammatory response of wound healing after tooth extraction by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 analysis. METHODS: This is a post-test-only control group design study. Thirty-two Cavia cobaya were divided into four groups: (1) Socket preservation using milkfish scales chitosan, (2) milkfish scales chitosan + bovine xenograft, (3) bovine xenograft as a positive control, and (4) placebo as a negative control, then were sacrificed on 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th days. The mandible jaw specimen was taken for immunohistochemical analysis to determine the levels of TNF-α and IL-6. The data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Levene’s test, and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: On days 3, 7, 14, and 28, groups with chitosan added showed lower levels of TNF-α and a faster decrease in IL-6 expressions compared to those without chitosan. CONCLUSION: Milkfish scale chitosan suppresses TNF-α and IL-6 production, thus reducing inflammation in socket preservation.

Chitosan Hydrogels Based on the Diels-Alder Click Reaction: Rheological and Kinetic Study

The Diels–Alder reaction is recognized to generate highly selective and regiospecific cycloadducts. In this study, we carried out a rheological and kinetic study of N-furfuryl chitosan hydrogels based on the Diels–Alder click reaction with different poly(ethylene)glycol-maleimide derivatives in dilute aqueous acidic solutions. It was possible to prepare clear and transparent hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties. Applying the Winter and Chambon criterion the gel times were estimated at different temperatures, and the activation energy was calculated. The higher the temperature of gelation, the higher the reaction rate. The crosslinking density and the elastic properties seem to be controlled by the diffusion of the polymer segments, rather than by the kinetics of the reaction. An increase in the concentration of any of the two functional groups is accompanied by a higher crosslinking density regardless maleimide:furan molar ratio. The hydrogel showed an improvement in their mechanical properties as the temperature increases up to 70 °C. Above that, there is a drop in G’ values indicating that there is a process opposing to the Diels–Alder reaction, most likely the retro-Diels–Alder.

Chitosan/PVA Hetero-Composite Hydrogel Containing Antimicrobials, Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions, and Growth Factor-Loaded Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Dressing for Diabetic Wound Healing: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation

Diabetic foot ulcers remain one of the most difficult-to-treat complications of diabetes and may seriously threaten the life of patients since it frequently results in limb loss due to amputation, suggesting that an effective therapeutic strategy is still urgently needed. In this study, a chitosan-based heterogeneous composite hydrogel encapsulating perfluorocarbon emulsions, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles, and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) named PEENPPCH was developed for diabetic wound healing. The PEENPPCH could sustainably release EGF and PHMB in an ion-rich environment to exert antibacterial effects and promote cell growth for wound repair. In addition, the PEENPPCH can provide anti-inflammatory effects functioned by its main constituent of chitosan. Moreover, the PEENPPCH can proactively offer oxygen delivery through the incorporation of perfluorocarbon and, therefore, is able to alleviate hypoxia conditions on diabetic wounds. These functionalities enabled a markedly enhanced wound healing efficacy on diabetic rats treated with the PEENPPCHs, including thorough re-epithelization, a reduced inflammatory response, faster collagen deposition, and advanced collagen maturation resulting in a 95% of wound closure degree after 15 days that was 12.6% (p < 0.05) higher than the value of the group treated with the commercial dressing HeraDerm. Given the aforementioned advantages, together with the known merits of hydrogels, the developed PEENPPCH is anticipated to be a feasible tool for clinical diabetic wound treatment.

Mupirocin-Loaded Chitosan Microspheres Embedded in Piper betle Extract Containing Collagen Scaffold Accelerate Wound Healing Activity

This study reports the formulation of mupirocin-loaded chitosan microspheres embedded in Piper betle extract containing collagen scaffold as combinational drug delivery for improved wound healing. Selection of chitosan type (molecular weight and degree of deacetylation) was carried out based on their antibacterial efficacy. The low molecular weight chitosan was selected owing to the highest antibacterial action against gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria. Low molecular weight chitosan-microspheres showed spherical shape with largely smooth surface morphology, 11.81% of mupirocin loading, and its controlled release profile. The XRD, DSC thermograms, and FT-IR spectral analysis revealed the mupirocin loaded in molecularly dispersed or in amorphous form, and having no chemical interactions with the chitosan matrix, respectively. The in vivo study indicates potential effect of the mupirocin, Piper betle, and chitosan in the collagen scaffold in the wound healing efficiency with approximately 90% wound healing observed at the end of 15 days of study for combinational drug-loaded chitosan microspheres-collagen scaffold-treated group. The histopathology examination further revealed tissue lined by stratified squamous epithelium, collagen deposition, fibroblastic proliferation, and absence of inflammation indicating relatively efficient wound healing once treated with combinational drug-loaded chitosan microspheres containing scaffold.

New Chitosan Polymer Scaffold Schiff Bases as Potential Cytotoxic Activity: Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Physiochemical Characterization

In this work, we synthesize the sulfonated Schiff bases of the chitosan derivatives 2a-2j without the use of a catalyst in two moderately straightforward steps with good yield within a short reaction time. The morphology and chemical structure of chitosan derivatives were investigated using FT-IR, NMR (¹H—¹³C), XRD, and SEM. Furthermore, our chitosan derivatives were tested for their anticancer activity against the MCF-7 cancer cell line, and doxorubicin was used as a standard. In addition, the normal cell lines of the breast cancer cell MCF-10A, and of the lung cell MRC-5 were tested. Compound 2 h, with a GI₅₀ value of 0.02 µM for MCF-7, is highly active compared with the standard doxorubicin and other compounds. The synthesized compounds 2a-2j exhibit low cytotoxicity, with IC₅₀ > 100 μg/ml, against normal cell lines MCF-10A, MRC-5. We also provide the results of an in-silico study involving the Methoxsalen protein (1Z11). Compound 2h exhibits a higher binding affinity for 1Z11 protein (−5.9 kcal/mol) and a lower binding affinity for Doxorubicin (−5.3 kcal/mol) than certain other compounds. As a result of the aforementioned findings, the use of compound 2h has an anticancer drug will be researched in the future.

Chitosan Nanoparticle-Based System: A New Insight into the Promising Controlled Release System for Lung Cancer Treatment

Lung cancer has been recognized as one of the most often diagnosed and perhaps most lethal cancer diseases worldwide. Conventional chemotherapy for lung cancer-related diseases has bumped into various limitations and challenges, including non-targeted drug delivery, short drug retention period, low therapeutic efficacy, and multidrug resistance (MDR). Chitosan (CS), a natural polymer derived from deacetylation of chitin, and comprised of arbitrarily distributed β-(1-4)-linked d-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (acetylated unit) that exhibits magnificent characteristics, including being mucoadhesive, biodegradable, and biocompatible, has emerged as an essential element for the development of a nano-particulate delivery vehicle. Additionally, the flexibility of CS structure due to the free protonable amino groups in the CS backbone has made it easy for the modification and functionalization of CS to be developed into a nanoparticle system with high adaptability in lung cancer treatment. In this review, the current state of chitosan nanoparticle (CNP) systems, including the advantages, challenges, and opportunities, will be discussed, followed by drug release mechanisms and mathematical kinetic models. Subsequently, various modification routes of CNP for improved and enhanced therapeutic efficacy, as well as other restrictions of conventional drug administration for lung cancer treatment, are covered.

MacGyvered Multiproperty Materials Using Nanocarbon and Jam: A Spectroscopic, Electromagnetic, and Rheological Investigation

As part of a biopolymer matrix, pectin was investigated to obtain an engineered jam, due to its biodegradability. Only a few examples of pectin-based nanocomposites are present in the literature, and even fewer such bionanocomposites utilize nanocarbon as a filler-mostly for use in food packaging. In the present paper, ecofriendly nanocomposites made from household reagents and displaying multiple properties are presented. In particular, the electrical behavior and viscoelastic properties of a commercial jam were modulated by loading the jam with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplates. A new nanocomposite class based on commercial jam was studied, estimating the percolation threshold for each filler. The electrical characterization and the rheological measurements suggest that the behavior above the percolation threshold is influenced by the different morphology-i.e., one-dimensional or two-dimensional-of the fillers. These outcomes encourage further studies on the use of household materials in producing advanced and innovative materials, in order to reduce the environmental impact of new technologies, without giving up advanced devices endowed with different physical properties.

Tenebrio molitor as a source of interesting natural compounds, their recovery processes, biological effects, and safety aspects

Nowadays, it is urgent to produce in larger quantities and more sustainably to reduce the gap between food supply and demand. In a circular bioeconomy vision, insects receive great attention as a sustainable alternative to satisfy food and nutritional needs. Among all insects, Tenebrio molitor (TM) is the first insect approved by the European Food Safety Authority as a novel food in specific conditions and uses, testifying its growing relevance and potential. This review holistically presents the possible role of TM in the sustainable and circular solution to the growing needs for food and nutrients. We analyze all high value-added products obtained from TM (powders and extracts, oils and fatty acids, proteins and peptides, and chitin and chitosan), their recovery processes (evaluating the best ones in technical and environmental terms), their nutritional and economical values, and their biological effects. Safety aspects are also mentioned. TM potential is undoubted, but some aspects still need to be discussed, including the health effects of substances and microorganisms in its body, the optimal production conditions (that affect product quality and safety), and TM capacity to convert by-products into new products. Environmental, economic, social, and market feasibility studies are also required to analyze the new value chains. Finally, to unlock the enormous potential of edible insects as a source of nutritious and sustainable food, it will be necessary to overcome the cultural, psychological, and regulatory barriers still present in Western countries.

Chitosan as an Underrated Polymer in Modern Tissue Engineering

Chitosan is one of the most well-known and characterized materials applied in tissue engineering. Due to its unique chemical, biological and physical properties chitosan is frequently used as the main component in a variety of biomaterials such as membranes, scaffolds, drug carriers, hydrogels and, lastly, as a component of bio-ink dedicated to medical applications. Chitosan's chemical structure and presence of active chemical groups allow for modification for tailoring material to meet specific requirements according to intended use such as adequate endurance, mechanical properties or biodegradability time. Chitosan can be blended with natural (gelatin, hyaluronic acid, collagen, silk, alginate, agarose, starch, cellulose, carbon nanotubes, natural rubber latex, κ-carrageenan) and synthetic (PVA, PEO, PVP, PNIPPAm PCL, PLA, PLLA, PAA) polymers as well as with other promising materials such as aloe vera, silica, MMt and many more. Chitosan has several derivates: carboxymethylated, acylated, quaternary ammonium, thiolated, and grafted chitosan. Its versatility and comprehensiveness are confirming by further chitosan utilization as a leading constituent of innovative bio-inks applied for tissue engineering. This review examines all the aspects described above, as well as is focusing on a novel application of chitosan and its modifications, including the 3D bioprinting technique which shows great potential among other techniques applied to biomaterials fabrication.

Chitosan for biomedical applications, promising antidiabetic drug delivery system, and new diabetes mellitus treatment based on stem cell

Since chitosan's excellent pharmacokinetic and chemical properties, it is an attractive and promising carbohydrate biopolymer in biomedical applications. Chitosan's beneficial function in the defense and propagation of pancreatic β cells, reducing hyperglycemia, and avoiding diabetes mellitus associated with impaired lipid metabolism has been demonstrated in several studies. Additionally, chitosan has also been used in various nanocarriers to deliver various antidiabetic drugs to reduce glucose levels. Herein, the first to provide the currently available potential benefits of chitosan in diabetes mellitus treatment focuses on chitosan-based nanocarriers for oral administration of various antidiabetic drugs nasal and subcutaneous passages. Moreover, chitosan is used to activate and deliver stem cells and differentiate them into cells similar to pancreatic beta cells as a new type of treatment for type one diabetes mellitus. The results of this review will be helpful in the development of promising treatments and better control of diabetes mellitus.