A Network Pharmacology Approach to Uncover the Potential Mechanism of Yinchensini Decoction

Identification of small molecular inhibitors of SIRT3 by computational and biochemical approaches a potential target of breast cancer

Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) belongs to the Sirtuin protein family, which consists of NAD+-dependent lysine deacylase, involved in the regulation of various cellular activities. Dysregulation of SIRT3 activity has been linked to several types of cancer, including breast cancer. Because of its ability to stimulate adaptive metabolic pathways, it can aid in the survival and proliferation of breast cancer cells. Finding new chemical compounds targeted towards SIRT3 was the primary goal of the current investigation. Virtual screening of ~ 800 compounds using molecular docking techniques yielded 8 active hits with favorable binding affinities and poses. Docking studies verified that the final eight compounds formed stable contacts with the catalytic domain of SIRT3. Those compounds have good pharmacokinetic/dynamic properties and gastrointestinal absorption. Based on excellent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, two compounds (MI-44 and MI-217) were subjected to MD simulation. Upon drug interaction, molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate mild alterations in the structure of proteins and stability. Binding free energy calculations revealed that compounds MI-44 (- 45.61 ± 0.064 kcal/mol) and MI-217 (- 41.65 ± 0.089 kcal/mol) showed the maximum energy, suggesting an intense preference for the SIRT3 catalytic site for attachment. The in-vitro MTT assay on breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and an apoptotic assay for these potential compounds (MI-44/MI-217) was also performed, with flow cytometry to determine the compound's ability to cause apoptosis in breast cancer cells. The percentage of apoptotic cells (including early and late apoptotic cells) increased from 1.94% in control to 79.37% for MI-44 and 85.37% for MI-217 at 15 μM. Apoptotic cell death was effectively induced by these two compounds in a flow cytometry assay indicating them as a good inhibitor of human SIRT3. Based on our findings, MI-44 and MI-217 merit additional investigation as possible breast cancer therapeutics.

Computational biology and in vitro studies for anticipating cancer-related molecular targets of sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua)

BACKGROUND

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Recently, it was shown that many natural extracts have positive effects against cancer, compared with chemotherapy or recent hormonal treatments. A. annua is an annual medicinal herb used in the traditional Chinese medicine. It has also been shown to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cell lines.

METHODS

Multi-level modes of action of A. annua constituents in cancer therapy were investigated using an integrated approach of network pharmacology, molecular docking, dynamic simulations and in-vitro cytotoxicity testing on both healthy and cancer cells.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology-based analysis showed that the hit Artemisia annua constituents related to cancer targets were 3-(2-methylpropanoyl)-4-cadinene-3,11-diol, artemisinin G, O-(2-propenal) coniferaldehyde, (2-glyceryl)-O-coniferaldehyde and arteamisinin III, whereas the main cancer allied targets were NFKB1, MAP2K1 and AR. Sixty-eight significant signaling KEGG pathways with p < 0.01 were recognized, the most enriched of which were prostate cancer, breast cancer, melanoma and pancreatic cancer. Thirty-five biological processes were mainly regulated by cancer, involving cellular response to mechanical stimulus, positive regulation of gene expression and transcription. Molecular docking analysis of the top hit compounds against the most enriched target proteins showed that 3-(2-methylpropanoyl)-4-cadinene-3,11-diol and O-(2-propenal) coniferaldehyde exhibited the most stabilized interactions. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to explain the stability of these two compounds in their protein-ligand complexes. Finally, confirmation of the potential anticancer activity was attained by in-vitro cytotoxicity testing of the extract on human prostate (PC-3), breast (MDA-MB-231), pancreatic (PANC-1) and melanoma (A375) cancerous cell lines.

CONCLUSION

This study presents deeper insights into A. annua molecular mechanisms of action in cancer for the first time using an integrated approaches verifying the herb's value.

Comparison of the molecular mechanisms of Fuzi Lizhong Pill and Huangqin decoction in the treatment of the cold and heat syndromes of ulcerative colitis based on network pharmacology

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to illuminate the similarities and differences of two prescriptions as "cold" and "heat" drugs for treating ulcerative colitis (UC) with the simultaneous occurrence of heat and cold syndrome via network pharmacology.

METHODS

(1) Active compounds of Fuzi-Lizhong Pill (FLP) and Huangqin Decoction (HQT) were retrieved from the TCMSP database, and their common active compounds were compared using the Venn diagram. (2) Potential proteins targeted to three sets of compounds either (i) shared by FLP and HQT, (ii) unique to FLP or (iii) unique to HQT were screened from the STP, STITCH and TCMSP databases, and three corresponding core compound sets were identified in Herb-Compound-Target (H-C-T) networks. (3) Targets related to UC were identified from the DisGeNET and GeneCards databases and compared with the FLP-HQT common targets to identify potential targets of FLP-HQT compounds related to UC. (4) Three potential target sets were imported into the STRING database for protein‒protein interaction (PPI) analysis, and three core target sets were defined. (5) The binding capabilities and interacting modes between core compounds and key targets were verified by molecular docking via Discovery Studio 2019 and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations via Amber 2018. (6) The target sets were enriched for KEGG pathways using the DAVID database.

RESULTS

(1) FLP and HQT included 95 and 113 active compounds, respectively, with 46 common compounds, 49 FLP-specific compounds and 67 HQT-specific compounds. (2) 174 targets of FLP-HQT common compounds, 168 targets of FLP-specific compounds, and 369 targets of HQT-specific compounds were predicted from the STP, STITCH and TCMSP databases; six core compounds specific to FLP and HQT were screened in the FLP-specific and HQT-specific H-C-T networks, respectively. (3) 103 targets overlapped from the 174 predicted targets and the 4749 UC-related targets; two core compounds for FLP-HQT were identified from the FLP-HQT H-C-T network. (4) 103 FLP-HQT-UC common targets, 168 of FLP-specific targets and 369 of HQT-specific targets had shared core targets (AKT1, MAPK3, TNF, JUN and CASP3) based on the PPI network analysis. (5) Molecular docking demonstrated that naringenin, formononetin, luteolin, glycitein, quercetin, kaempferol and baicalein of FLP and HQT play a critical role in treating UC; meanwhile, MD simulations revealed the stability of protein‒ligand interactions. (6) The enriched pathways indicated that most targets were related to anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and other pathways. Compared with the pathways identified using traditional methods, FLP-specific pathways included the PPAR signaling pathway and the bile secretion pathway, and HQT-specific pathways included the vascular smooth muscle contraction pathway and the natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway etc. CONCLUSION: In this study, we clarified the common mechanisms of FLP and HQT in treating UC and their specific mechanisms in treating cold and heat syndrome in UC through compound, target and pathway distinction and a literature comparison based on network pharmacology; these results provide a new perspective on the detailed mechanism of "multidrugs and single-disease" thought in traditional Chinese medicine.

Experience of patients with breast cancer with traditional treatment and healers' understanding of causes and manifestations of breast cancer in North Shewa zone, Ethiopia: a phenomenological study

OBJECTIVES

Despite a high number of traditional healers (THs) who treat patients with cancer in Ethiopia, there is limited evidence that explored the lived experience of patients with breast cancer (BC) with traditional treatment and healers' understanding of the causes and manifestations of BC.

DESIGN

A phenomenological study design was employed.

SETTING

This study was conducted in the North Shewa zone in Ethiopia.

PARTICIPANTS

Eight in-depth interviews were conducted; four of which were with patients with BC and four with THs. Semistructured interviewing techniques were used to collect data from the two groups of respondents. All interviews were audio-recorded. The recorded data were transcribed verbatim. Coding and marking were then performed to make the raw data sortable. The marked codes were then summarised and categorised into themes.

RESULTS

In this study, some of THs were unaware of the main risk factors or causes of BC. They did not mention the lifestyle risk factors of BC such as smoking cigarettes, consuming alcohol and eating habits. The most common clinical manifestations noted by THs were lumps at the breast, discharge from the nipples and weakness. All of the THs got their knowledge of BC treatment from their families and through experience. Regarding the lived experience of treatment, some patients with BC perceived that traditional medicines were safer and more effective than modern treatments and they eventually referred themselves to the THs.

CONCLUSIONS

Although THs were unaware of the causes of BC, they were familiar with basic signs and symptoms of the disease. Patients with BC referred themselves to the THs because they preferred traditional therapies to modern ones. In order to better satisfy the unmet needs of Ethiopian women with BC, due consideration should be given to traditional treatments.

Improved effect of fresh ginseng paste (radix ginseng-ziziphus jujube) on hyperuricemia based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Background: Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic disease caused by reduced excretion or increased production of uric acid. This research aims to study the practical components, active targets, and potential mechanism of the “Radix ginseng (RG)-Ziziphus jujube (ZJ)” herb pair through molecular docking, network pharmacology, and animal experiments.

Methods: The potential targets of “Radix ginseng (RG)-Ziziphus jujube (ZJ)” herb pair were obtained from the TCMSP database. The therapeutic targets of HUA were acquired from the GendCards, OMIM, PharmGkb, and TTD databases. Protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was constructed in the STRING 11.0 database. The David database was used for enrichment analysis. Molecular Docking was finished by the AutoDock Vina. And we employed Radix ginseng and Ziziphus jujube as raw materials, which would develop a new functional food fresh ginseng paste (FGP) after boiling. In addition, benzbromarone (Ben) (7.8 mg/kg) and allopurinol (All) (5 mg/kg) were used as positive drugs to evaluate the hyperuricemia induced by FGP (400 and 800 mg/kg) potassium oxazine (PO) (100 mg/kg) and hypoxanthine (HX) (500 mg/kg) on mice.

Results: The results showed that 25 targets in the “RG-ZJ” herb pair interacted with hyperuricemia. Then protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis showed that TNF, IL-1β, and VEGFA were core genes. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and IL-17 signaling pathway were mainly involved. Meantime, animal experiments showed that FGP could improve the HUA status of mice by reducing serum UA BUN, XO, and liver XO levels (p &lt; 0.05, p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, we analyzed the main ingredients of FGP by HPLC. We found that the main ingredients of FGP had solid binding activity to the core target of HUA by molecular docking.

Conclusion: This study explored the active ingredients and targets of the “RG-ZJ” herb pair on HUA through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal experiments. It revealed the improvement of FGP in mice with HUA.

Evidence mapping and overview of systematic reviews of the effects of acupuncture therapies

OBJECTIVE

To provide a route map regarding systematic reviews (SRs) of acupuncture therapies that will meet two goals: (1) to identify areas in which more or better evidence is required and (2) to identify acupuncture applications that, although proven effective, remain underused in practice, and thus warrant more effective knowledge dissemination.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

We included SRs that conducted meta-analyses (MAs) of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) for this overview.

INFORMATION SOURCES

We searched for SRs without language restrictions from January 2015 to November 2020 in four Chinese electronic databases and Epistemonikos database. And we also searched for newly published RCTs that were eligible for selected best SRs in PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase and four Chinese electronic databases from its lasted search dates to November 2020.

SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS

We reanalysed the selected MAs if new primary studies were added. We used random-effect model to calculate the overall effect.

RESULTS

Our search identified 120 SRs published in the last 5 years addressing acupuncture therapies across 12 therapeutic areas and 77 diseases and conditions. The SRs included 205 outcomes and involved 138 995 participants from 1402 RCTs. We constructed 77 evidence matrices, including 120 SRs and their included RCTs in the Epistemonikos database. Seventy-seven SRs represented the effect estimate of acupuncture therapies. Finally, we system summarised the areas of possible underutilisation of acupuncture therapies (high or moderate certainty evidence of large or moderate effects), and the areas of warranting additional investigation of acupuncture therapies (low or very low certainty evidence of moderate or large effects).

CONCLUSION

The evidence maps and overview of SRs on acupuncture therapies identified both therapies with substantial benefits that may require more assertive evidence dissemination and promising acupuncture therapies that require further investigation.

Randomised controlled trials on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diabetes in African countries: a systematic review

OBJECTIVES

The epidemiological transition from infectious to chronic diseases leads to novel challenges in African health systems. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing dramatically. Undiagnosed and undertreated DM leads to numerous complications including end-organ damage and death. Our objectives were to collect the best locally generated evidence on DM interventions, identify knowledge gaps and determine underexplored research areas.

DESIGN

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING

African patients in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, diagnosis and treatment DM type 1 (DM1), type 2 (DM2) and gestational DM (GDM).

OUTCOME

All-cause mortality, glycaemic control, complications, quality of life, hospital admission, treatment adherence and costs.

DATA SOURCES

Articles published in MEDLINE Ovid, CENTRAL, CINAHL, African Journals Online and African Index Medicus and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform in English language without time restrictions. The systematic search was last updated in October 2020.

RESULTS

Out of 3736 identified publications, we included 60 eligible studies conducted in 15 countries, 75% were conducted in urban healthcare settings, including 10 112 participants. We included 8 studies on DM1, 6 on GDM, 2 on pre-DM, 37 on mainly DM2 including 7 on DM-related complications. The design of the studied intervention was heterogeneous with a focus on educational strategies. The other studies investigated the efficacy of nutritional strategies including food supplementations, pharmacological strategies and strategies to enhance physical activity. Seven studies included interventions on DM-related complications.

CONCLUSIONS

Research activities increased in recent years, but available evidence is still not representative for all African countries. There is a big lack of evidence in primary healthcare and rural settings, implementation research, pharmacological interventions, especially in poorer countries. Nevertheless, the identified studies offer a variety of effective interventions that can inform medical care and future research.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42019122785.

Light acupuncture and five-element music therapy for nurses' mental health and well-being during and post-COVID-19: protocol for a randomised cross-over feasibility study

INTRODUCTION

Australian nurses have experienced higher levels of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the prepandemic. This may have affected their long-term mental health and intention to stay in the profession resulting in a workforce shortage, which further impacts the health of the public. Management is urgently required to improve nurses' well-being. However, there is limited evidence available. The proposed clinical trial aims to evaluate the feasibility and therapeutic effects of using a combination of light acupuncture and five-element music therapy to improve nurses' mental health and well-being during and post-COVID-19.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This randomised, single blinding, two-arm cross-over feasibility study involves a 1-week run-in period, 2-week intervention and 1-week run-in period in between interventions. Thirty-six eligible nurses will be recruited from the community and randomised into either a combination of light acupuncture treatment and five-element music therapy group or no treatment group for 2 weeks. After a 1-week run in period, they will be swapped to the different group. The primary outcome of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of a combination of light acupuncture treatment and five-element music therapy to improve nurses' mental health and well-being. The secondary outcomes will include anxiety and depression, work productivity and activity, and quality of life assessments. Participants will be asked to complete a set of online questionnaires throughout the trial period. All analyses will be performed in R Studio V.1.1.463.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approval was attained from Edith Cowan University's Human Research Ethics Committee (No. 2021-02728-WANG). Research findings will be shared with hospitals and in various forms to engage broader audiences, including national and international conferences, presentations, open-access peer-reviewed journal publications, and local community workshop dissemination with healthcare professionals.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12621000957897p https://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12621000957897p.aspx.

Electroacupuncture versus sham electroacupuncture in the treatment of postoperative ileus after laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer: study protocol for a multicentre, randomised, sham-controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Postoperative ileus (POI) is an inevitable complication of almost all abdominal surgeries, which results in prolonged hospitalisation and increased healthcare costs. Various treatment strategies have been developed for POI but with limited success. Electroacupuncture (EA) might be a potential therapy for POI. However, evidence from rigorous trials that evaluated the effectiveness of EA for POI is limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine whether EA can safely reduce the time to the first defecation after laparoscopic surgery in patients with POI.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This multicentre randomised sham-controlled trial will be conducted in four hospitals in China. A total of 248 eligible participants with colorectal cancer who will undergo laparoscopic surgery will be randomly allocated to an EA group and a sham EA group in a 1:1 ratio. Treatment will be performed starting on postoperative day 1 and continued for four consecutive days, once per day. If the participant is discharged within 4 days after surgery, the treatment will cease on the day of discharge. The primary outcome will be the time to first defecation. The secondary outcome measures will include time to first flatus, tolerability of semiliquid and solid food, length of postoperative hospital stay, postoperative nausea and vomiting, abdominal distension, postoperative pain, postoperative analgesic, time to first ambulation, blinding assessment, credibility and expectancy and readmission rate.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethics approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (number 2020BZHYLL0116) and the institutional review board of each hospital. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications. This study protocol (V.3.0, 6 March 2020) involves human participants and was approved by the ethics committees of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (number 2020BZHYLL0116), Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University (number 2020-P2-069-01), Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University (number 2020-3-11-2), National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (number 20/163-2359), and the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (number QYFYKYLL711311920). The participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ChiCTR2000038444.

Network Pharmacology Exploration Reveals Gut Microbiota Modulation as a Common Therapeutic Mechanism for Anti-Fatigue Effect Treated with Maca Compounds Prescription

Maca compounds prescription (MCP) is a common botanical used in dietary supplements, primarily to treat exercise-induced fatigue. The aim of this study is to elucidate the multi-target mechanism of MCP on fatigue management via network pharmacology and gut microbiota analysis. Databases and literature were used to screen the chemical compounds and targets of MCP. Subsequently, 120 active ingredients and 116 fatigue-related targets played a cooperative role in managing fatigue, where several intestine-specific targets indicated the anti-fatigue mechanism of MCP might be closely related to its prebiotics of intestinal bacteria. Thus, forced swimming tests (FSTs) were carried and mice fecal samples were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Gut microbiota were beneficially regulated in the MCP-treated group in phylum, genus and OTU levels, respectively, and that with a critical correlation included Lactobacillus and Candidatus Planktophila. The results systematically reveal that MCP acts against fatigue on multi-targets with different ingredients and reshapes the gut microbial ecosystem.

Effects of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex versus motor cortex in patients with neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a study protocol

INTRODUCTION

Neuropathic pain is one of the common complications of spinal cord injuries (SCI), which will slow down the recovery process and result in lower quality of life. Previous studies have shown that repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the motor cortex (M1) can reduce the average pain and the most severe pain of neuropathic pain after SCI. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) area is a common target of rTMS. Recently, a few studies found that rTMS of DLPFC may relieve the neuropathic pain of SCI. Compared with the M1 area, the efficacy of rTMS treatment in the DLPFC area in improving neuropathic pain and pain-related symptoms in patients with SCI is still unclear. Therefore, our study aims to evaluate the non-inferiority of rTMS in the DLPFC vs M1 in patients with neuropathic pain after SCI, in order to provide more options for rTMS in treating neuropathic pain after SCI.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

We will recruit 50 subjects with neuropathic pain after SCI. They will be randomly assigned to the DLPFC- rTMS and M1-rTMS groups and be treated with rTMS for 4 weeks. Except for the different stimulation sites, the rTMS treatment programmes of the two groups are the same: 10 Hz, 1250 pulses, 115% intensity threshold, once a day, five times a week for 4 weeks. VAS, simplified McGill Pain Questionnaire, Spinal Cord Injury Pain Date Set, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Hamilton Anxiety Scale will be evaluated at baseline, second week of treatment, fourth week of treatment and 4 weeks after the end of treatment. And VAS change will be calculated.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University has approved this trial, which is numbered KY2020041. Written informed consent will be provided to all participants after verification of the eligibility criteria. The results of the study will be published in peer-reviewed publications.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ChiCTR2000032362.

Strengthening the quality of clinical trials of acupuncture: a guideline protocol

INTRODUCTION

Acupuncture has been accepted in many Western countries and clinical trials have been increasing recently. However, the problems of insufficient and low-quality evidence remain, and substantially hinder the development of acupuncture clinical trials. We therefore aim to develop a guideline to strengthen the quality of acupuncture clinical trials, in accordance with WHO handbook for guideline development and the Reporting Items for practice Guidelines in HealThcare. The guideline will help to improve the quality of acupuncture clinical trials.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

We will search for studies on the quality of acupuncture clinical trials using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, China Science and Technology Journal Database, The Cochrane Library, the WHO and Health Technology Assessment websites, and other sources. We will also check reference lists and contact experts in the field. We will systematically evaluate the quality of acupuncture clinical trials, and extract and summarise the quality problems and countermeasures of such trials. We will also systematically review clinical trial quality control manuals and systems and formulate research questions on quality control in acupuncture clinical trials. Finally, we will develop the guideline and establish a comprehensive quality control system to ensure high quality acupuncture clinical trials. We will also evaluate the guideline and will update the guideline to reflect new scientific evidence.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethics committee approval and informed consent are not required for developing guideline because only published data will be used, however, we will interview the patients, the ethics committee approval has been got from West China Hospital of Sichuan Unversity (Number: 2021-1188). We will publish all manuscripts arising from this research and present the findings at conferences.

GUIDELINE REGISTRATION NUMBER

IPGRP-2021CN093.

Barriers and determinants of asthma control in children and adolescents in Africa: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

To identify reasons for poor asthma control in African children and adolescents.

DESIGN

Systematic review DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Scopus, CINHAL, PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases were systematically searched up to 31 May 2020. Hand searching was done on Sabinet, African Journal online and Google Scholar.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

Studies identifying barriers to asthma control, where asthma control was assessed by the validated Asthma Control Test/Child Asthma Control Test and/or Asthma Control Questionnaire were included.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

Two reviewers independently selected studies for inclusion with disagreements resolved by a research team discussion, including a third reviewer. Data were extracted using the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care data collection form. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. Identified barriers were reported in a thematic narrative synthesis.

PRIMARY OUTCOMES

Poorly controlled asthma and associated factors.

RESULTS

From 914 records, three studies conducted between 2014 and 2019 in Nigeria, Uganda and South Africa met the inclusion criteria. A total of 883 children aged 4-19 years were analysed. Older age, concurrent allergy and city-dwelling significantly impacted asthma control. Few children with asthma symptoms in the community had ever used inhaled corticosteroids (6.7%) and identified reasons included lack of asthma diagnosis (38.8%) and no prescribed treatment (47.6%).

CONCLUSION

Asthma control in African children is impacted by age, allergy, urbanisation and lack of access to asthma diagnosis and treatment. More studies focusing on identifying barriers to asthma control in Africa are needed.

PROSPERO

Registration no: CRD42020196755).

Effects of Reducing the South and Reinforcing the North Method on Inflammatory Injury Induced by Hyperlipidemia

Inflammation is the pathophysiological basis of hyperlipidemia-related disease (HRD). Reducing the south and reinforcing the north method (RSRN) has a positive effect on HRD. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of RSRN are still unclear in the treatment of HRD. We obtained RSRN compounds from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) and identified potential targets of these compounds through target fishing based on the TCMSP databases. Next, we identified the HRD targets by using multiple databases. Then, the overlapping genes between the RSRN potential targets and the HRD targets were used to establish a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and we further analyzed their interactions and identified the major hub genes in this network. Subsequently, the Metascape database was utilized to conduct the enrichment of Gene Ontology biological processes (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. A total of 187 potential active components and 106 related core targets were obtained and identified overall. Then after the Metascape enrichment analysis, a total of 148 KEGG pathways were screened, which were mainly associated with AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Furthermore, 34 hub genes, such as AKT1, NF-κBp65(RELA), IκBα(CHUK), MAPK8, and MAPK14, CCND1, were considered potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, evaluations of protein levels of NF-κBp65, IκBα, TNF-α, IL-1 ß, and IL-6 were performed for experimental validation. RSRN can reduce the expression of NF-κBp65 protein, increase the level of IκBα protein, and reduce the protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in ovariectomized rats. The results indicate that the mechanism of RSRN against inflammation may be related to AKT1, NF-κBp65, IκBα, MAPK8, and MAPK14, as well as TNF, NF-kappa B, PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.

Network Pharmacology/Metabolomics-Based Validation of AMPK and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway as a Central Role of Shengqi Fuzheng Injection Regulation of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer-Related Fatigue

Chinese herbal medicines have multiple targets and properties, and their use in multidisciplinary cancer therapies has consequently received increasing attention. Here, we have investigated the possible active ingredients associated with cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in the Shengqi Fuzheng Injection (SFI). In vitro cell models were used to measure the regulation effects of SFI on CRF. Metabolomic analysis was used to identify the potential genes and pathways in C2C12 mouse myoblasts treated with SFI, and the interaction of compounds and CRF targets was predicted using network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses. The putative pathways were further verified using immuno-blotting assays. The results showed that SFI significantly inhibited muscle cell apoptosis and increased the mitochondrial membrane potential of muscle cells. The network pharmacology analysis results identified 36 candidate compounds, and 244 potential targets were yielded by SFI, and they shared 10 key targets associated with cancer-related fatigue. According to the enrichment analysis and experimental validation, SFI might ameliorate muscle cell mitochondrial function by activating AMPK and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, and the expression changes of mitochondrial metabolic enzymes MnSOD and apoptosis-associated proteins Bax and Bcl-2 were also triggered. The functions and mechanisms of SFI in anticancer-related fatigue were found here to be at least partly due to the targeting of the AMPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, and this has highlighted new potential applications for network pharmacology when researching Chinese Medicines.

Network Pharmacology-Based Strategy for Elucidating the Molecular Basis Forthe Pharmacologic Effects of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.)

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.) is used widely in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) due to its numerous pharmacologic effects. However, the mechanisms of action of the chemical constituents of licorice and their structure–function relationships are not fully understood. To address these points, we analyzed the chemical compounds in licorice listed in the TCM Systems Pharmacology database and TCM Integrated database. Target proteins of the compounds were predicted using Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of TCM v2.0. Information on the pharmacologic effects of licorice was obtained from the 2020 Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and disease-related genes that have been linked to these effects were identified from the Encyclopedia of TCM database. Pathway analyses using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database were carried out for target proteins, and pharmacologic networks were constructed based on drug target–disease-related gene and protein–protein interactions. A total of 451 compounds were analyzed, of which 211 were from the medicinal parts of the licorice plant. The 241 putative targets of 106 bioactive compounds in licorice comprised 52 flavonoids, 47 triterpenoids, and seven coumarins. Four distinct pharmacologic effects of licorice were defined: 61 major hubs were the putative targets of 23 compounds in heat-clearing and detoxifying effects; 68 were targets of six compounds in spleen-invigorating and qi-replenishing effects; 28 were targets of six compounds in phlegm-expulsion and cough-suppressant effects; 25 compounds were targets of six compounds in spasm-relieving and analgesic effects. The major bioactive compounds of licorice were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight–tandem mass spectrometry. The anti-inflammatory properties of liquiritin apioside, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid and isoliquiritin apioside were demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis. Liquiritin apioside, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, kaempferol, and kumatakenin were the main active flavonoids, and 18α- and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid were the main active triterpenoids of licorice. The former were associated with heat-clearing and detoxifying effects, whereas the latter were implicated in the other three pharmacologic effects. Thus, the compounds in licorice have distinct pharmacologic effects according to their chemical structure. These results provide a reference for investigating the potential of licorice in treatment of various diseases.

Anti-apoptosis mechanism of triptolide based on network pharmacology in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis rats

Triptolide (TPL), the active component of Tripterygium wilfordii, exhibits anti-cancer and antioxidant functions. We aimed to explore the anti-apoptosis mechanism of TPL based on network pharmacology and in vivo and in vitro research validation using a rat model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The chemical structures and pharmacological activities of the compounds reported in T. wilfordii were determined and used to perform the network pharmacology analysis. The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP) was then used to identify the network targets for 16 compounds from Tripterygium wilfordii. Our results showed that 47 overlapping genes obtained from the GeneCards and OMIM databases were involved in the occurrence and development of FSGS and used to construct the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network using the STRING database. Hub genes were identified via the MCODE plug-in of the Cytoscape software. IL4 was the target gene of TPL in FSGS and was mainly enriched in the cell apoptosis term and p53 signaling pathway, according to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. TPL inhibited FSGS-induced cell apoptosis in rats and regulated IL4, nephrin, podocin, and p53 protein levels via using CCK8, TUNEL, and Western blot assays. The effects of IL4 overexpression, including inhibition of cell viability and promotion of apoptosis, were reversed by TPL. TPL treatment increased the expression of nephrin and podocin and decreased p53 expression in rat podocytes. In conclusion, TPL inhibited podocyte apoptosis by targeting IL4 to alleviate kidney injury in FSGS rats.

Synergistic Network Pharmacology for Traditional Chinese Medicine Liangxue Tongyu Formula in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke

Background

Nowadays, acute intracerebral hemorrhage stroke (AICH) still causes higher mortality. Liangxue Tongyu Formula (LXTYF), originating from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, is widely used as auxiliary treatment for AICH.

Objective

To dig into the multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway mechanism of LXTYF on treating AICH via network pharmacology and RNA-seq.

Methods

Network pharmacology analysis was used by ingredient collection, target exploration and prediction, network construction, and Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG analysis, with the Cytoscape software and ClusterProfiler package in R. The RNA-seq data of the AICH-rats were analyzed for differential expression and functional enrichments. Herb-Compound-Target-Pathway (H-C-T-P) network was shown to clarify the mechanism of LXTYF for AICH.

Results

76 active ingredients (quercetin, Alanine, kaempferol, etc.) of LXTYF and 376 putative targets to alleviate AICH (PTGS2, PTGS1, ESR1, etc.) were successfully identified. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network indicated the important role of STAT3. The functional enrichment of GO and KEGG pathway showed that LXTYF is most likely to influence MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways for AICH treatment. From the RNA-seq of AICH-rats, 583 differential mRNAs were identified and 14 of them were consistent with the putative targets of LXTYF for AICH treatment. The KEGG pathway enrichment also implied that the MAPK signaling pathway was the most correlated one among all the related signaling pathways. Many important targets with expression changes of LXTYF for AICH treatment and their related pathways are great markers of antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptosis, and lowering blood pressure, which indicated that LXTYF may play mutiroles in the mechanisms for AICH treatment.

Conclusion

The LXTYF attenuates AICH partially by antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptosis and lowers blood pressure roles through regulating the targets involved MAPK, calcium, apoptosis, and TNF signaling pathway, which provide notable clues for further experimental validation.

Recent advances in the aetiology of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS)

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common disease of oral mucosa, which almost attacks each individual once in their lifespan. Although plenty of factors have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of RAS, the aetiology of RAS is still controversial, which might lead to limited clinical therapies in accordance with each RAS patient. This review mainly illustrates recent advances in potential causes associated with RAS in detail. Deeper comprehension of the aetiology of RAS will support doctors and researchers to make a better management of RAS patients and to discover new treatments. The aetiology of RAS is complicated, hence we should take a comprehensive view into its aetiology, with multiple potential factors being considered. Sample collection of RAS patients have greatly limited the progress in the aetiology of RAS. A research model of multiagency cooperation can help achieve perfect sample collection of year-round and multiposition.

A network pharmacology perspective for deciphering potential mechanisms of action of Solanum nigrum L. in bladder cancer

BACKGROUND

Solanum nigrum L. decoction has been used as a folklore medicine in China to prevent the postoperative recurrence of bladder cancer (BC). However, there are no previous pharmacological studies on the protective mechanisms of this activity of the plant. Thus, this study aimed to perform a systematic analysis and to predict the potential action mechanisms underlying S. nigrum activity in BC based on network pharmacology.

METHODS

Based on network pharmacology, the active ingredients of S. nigrum and the corresponding targets were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicines for Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform database, and BC-related genes were screened using GeneCards and the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database. In addition, ingredient-target (I-T) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using STRING and Cytoscape, Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted, and then the pathways directly related to BC were integrated manually to reveal the pharmacological mechanism underlying S. nigrum-medicated therapeutic effects in BC.

RESULTS

Seven active herbal ingredients from 39 components of S. nigrum were identified, which shared 77 common target genes related to BC. I-T network analysis revealed that quercetin was associated with all targets and that NCOA2 was targeted by four ingredients. Besides, interleukin 6 had the highest degree value in the PPI network, indicating a hub role. A subsequent gene enrichment analysis yielded 86 significant GO terms and 89 significant pathways, implying that S. nigrum had therapeutic benefits in BC through multi-pathway effects, including the HIF-1, TNF, P53, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, apoptosis and bladder cancer pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

S. nigrum may mediate pharmacological effects in BC through multi-target and various signaling pathways. Further validation is required experimentally. Network pharmacology approach provides a predicative novel strategy to reveal the holistic mechanism of action of herbs.

Network Pharmacology-Based Strategy to Investigate Pharmacological Mechanisms of Qiaoshao Formula for Treatment of Premature Ejaculation

Background

Qiaoshao (QS) formula, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) comprising seven herbs, has been clinically proven to have a favorable treatment effect on premature ejaculation (PE). However, its underlying pharmacological mechanisms in the treatment of PE need to be further clarified.

Methods

In the present study, a network pharmacology-based strategy was adopted. The active compounds of QS formula were obtained from the Chinese medicine database, and the potential targets of these compounds were collected from the DrugBank database to construct compound-compound targets network. PE-related targets were identified from human disease databases and used to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Compound-disease target PPI network was constructed by merging the PPI network of disease-targets and compound-targets. Cluster and enrichment analyses were performed on the PPI network of disease targets and compound-disease targets. The influence of QS formula on serum 5-HT, NO, oxytocin, and thyroid hormones of PE patients was verified.

Results

Four primary pharmacological networks of QS formula were constructed, including the compound-compound targets network, PPI network of PE-related targets and compound-disease targets, and the QS-PE mechanism network. The module and pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the QS formula had the potential to affect varieties of biological process and pathways, such as nitric oxide biosynthetic process, oxytocin, thyroid hormone, TNF, PI3K-Akt, and the HIF-1 signaling pathway, that play an important role in the pathogenesis of PE. Meanwhile, the QS formula has been clinically confirmed to regulate the serum level of 5-HT, NO, oxytocin, and TT in PE patients.

Conclusion

This study preliminarily discovered the potential targets and pathways of QS formula in the treatment of PE, which laid a good foundation for further experimental research.

Study on Mechanism of Iridoid Glycosides Derivatives from Fructus Gardeniae in Jiangxi Province by Network Pharmacology

Objective

To investigate the pharmacological mechanism of the iridoid glycosides from Fructus Gardeniae in Jiangxi province by network pharmacology. To provide a valuable research strategy for the rational use and in-depth research and development of Fructus Gardeniae from Jiangxi.

Method

Previous research results of our group show that the contents of iridoid glycosides in Fructus Gardeniae from Jiangxi province have a significant difference compared with other regions (P < 0.05). Based on our previous experimental results, this study selected six characteristic high-content bioactive iridoid glycosides components of Fructus Gardeniae from Jiangxi province as candidate components. TCMSP database was used to obtain the process parameters of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of candidate components. PubChem and SWISS online database were used to predict the related targets. Cytoscape software was used to the construct compound-target-disease (C-T-D) network of the Fructus Gardeniae iridoid glycosides ingredients. Furthermore, the GO biological process analysis and the pathway enrichment analysis were carried out using the CTD online analysis platform; then, an illustrated network that contains the main “chemicals-targets-pathway (C-T-P)” was constructed to analyze main biological pathways for obtaining the deep mechanism of Fructus Gardeniae in Jiangxi.

Results

6 iridoid glycosides, namely geniposide, gardenoside, geniposidic acid, genipin 1-gentiobioside, gardoside, and shanzhiside, from Fructus Gardeniae in Jiangxi province were obtained as candidate components through previous work and network pharmacology screening. 36 corresponding targets were acted, such as BCL2, MAPT, F2, BCL2L1, PRKCD, PRKCB, HIF1A, and PRKCA. These targets could joint in pathways, such as signaling by GPCR, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, and ion channel transport. Interestingly, these pathways were highly associated with liver diseases, neurological diseases, hypertension, neoplasms, hyperalgesia, and inflammation. Remarkably, we boldly speculate that the Fructus Gardeniae from Jiangxi province can play a pharmacological role in hepatic encephalopathy through regulating multiple signaling pathways in an integrated manner.

Conclusion

The method based on system pharmacology could help to find the key targets of characteristic high-content chemical constituents of herb from different producing areas, the signaling pathway and disease network of TCM, and provide useful information and data support for giving a further study on traditional Chinese medicine resources in different regions of China.

Bioinformatics and experimental studies of anti-leukemic activity from 6-gingerol demonstrate its role in p53 mediated apoptosis pathway

6-gingerol is a traditional medicine that possesses anti-cancer activity against several types of cancer. However, the mechanism of action still remains unclear. Therefore, this study explored the effects of 6-gingerol on anti-leukemic mechanisms in NB4, MOLT4, and Raji leukemic cell. Results indicated that 6-gingerol inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in these 3 cell lines. Moreover, 6-gingerol was shown to increase the mRNA expression of the caspase family thereby suggesting that 6-gingerol induced apoptosis through the caspase-dependent pathway. To explore the signaling pathway regulating 6-gingerol induced apoptosis, we utilized and integrated the network pharmacology approach together with experimental investigations. Targets of 6-gingerol were identified from ChEMBL and STITCH databases, which were used for constructing the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Results from the PPI network indicated that p53 was a key regulator. Moreover, it was found that 6-gingerol could increase the levels of p53 mRNA in all leukemic cell lines. Thus, 6-gingerol has shown to have anti-cancer activity. In addition, p53, BAX and BCL2 could be involved in the apoptosis pathway of these leukemic cells. This study is anticipated to be useful for the development of 6-gingerol as an anti-leukemic drug in the future.

Network pharmacology-based study on the mechanism of Yiganling capsule in hepatitis B treatment

Background

Yiganling (YGL) capsule is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation consisting of eight herbs that has been clinically proven to have a favorable treatment effect on Hepatitis B (HB). However, due to its multiple targets and multi-pharmacological effects, the mechanisms of YGL capsule in the treatment of HB are unknown.

Methods

First, the chemical constituents of YGL capsules were obtained from the Chinese medicine database, and YGL capsules were constructed. Second, active compounds were screened by the ADME model. The target fishing model was used to screen the corresponding targets of active compounds and to construct a compounds and compound targets network. Using human disease databases and literature mining, we systematically identified genes associated with HB, constructed disease-specific protein-protein interaction networks, and performed clustering and enrichment analyses of these networks. These networks were then merged to obtain a compound-disease target network, and cluster and enrichment analyses were performed on the compound-disease target network to acquire a compounds-disease targets-mechanism network and a clustering network.

Results

We successfully built eight pharmacological network diagrams, including four primary networks and other network maps. The four dominating network maps included a HB disease-associated protein-protein interaction network, a YGL capsule compounds-target network, a YGL capsule ingredient target-HB disease target network, and a YGL-HB disease mechanism network. Other networks included a pathway of HB disease targets, the HB disease protein-protein interaction cluster analysis network, and the YGL-HB target clustering network.

Conclusion

This study successfully forecasted, illuminated, and confirmed the synergistic effects of HB disease molecules and discovered the potential of HB relevant targets, clusters, and target-related biological processes and signaling pathways. Our research not only provides theoretical support for the molecular and pharmacological mechanisms of YGL capsule in HB treatment, but also provides new research methods for the study of the other traditional Chinese medicinal compounds.

A Systems Pharmacology Approach for Identifying the Multiple Mechanisms of Action for the Rougui-Fuzi Herb Pair in the Treatment of Cardiocerebral Vascular Diseases

Cardiocerebral vascular diseases (CCVDs) are the main reasons for high morbidity and mortality all over the world, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, and so on. Chinese herbs pair of the Cinnamomum cassia Presl (Chinese name, rougui) and the Aconitum carmichaelii Debx (Chinese name, fuzi) can be effective in CCVDs, which is recorded in the ancient classic book Shennong Bencao Jing, Mingyibielu and Thousand Golden Prescriptions. However, the active ingredients and the molecular mechanisms of rougui-fuzi in treatment of CCVDs are still unclear. This study was designed to apply a system pharmacology approach to reveal the molecular mechanisms of the rougui-fuzi anti-CCVDs. The 163 candidate compounds were retrieved from Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). And 84 potential active compounds and the corresponding 42 targets were obtained from systematic model. The underlying mechanisms of the therapeutic effect for rougui-fuzi were investigated with gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Then, component-target-disease (C-T-D) and target-pathway (T-P) networks were constructed to further dissect the core pathways, potential targets, and active compounds in treatment of CCVDs for rougui-fuzi. We also constituted protein-protein in interaction (PPI) network by the reflect target protein of the crucial pathways against CCVDs. As a result, 21 key compounds, 8 key targets, and 3 key pathways were obtained for rougui-fuzi. Afterwards, molecular docking was performed to validate the reliability of the interactions between some compounds and their corresponding targets. Finally, UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS^E and GC-MS/MS were analyzed to detect the active ingredients of rougui-fuzi. Our results may provide a new approach to clarify the molecular mechanisms of Chinese herb pair in treatment with CCVDs at a systematic level.