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Liu X, Yu Y, Garcia LA, Au ML, Tran M, Zhang J, Lou A, Liu Y, Wu H. A grape-supplemented diet prevented ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced cataract by regulating Nrf2 and XIAP pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 129:109636. [PMID: 38561079 PMCID: PMC11107911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate if grape consumption, in the form of grape powder (GP), could protect against ultraviolet (UV)-induced cataract. Mice were fed with the regular diet, sugar placebo diet, or a grape diet (regular diet supplemented with 5%, 10%, and 15% GP) for 3 months. The mice were then exposed to UV radiation to induce cataract. The results showed that the GP diet dose-dependently inhibited UV-induced cataract and preserved glutathione pools. Interestingly, UV-induced Nrf2 activation was abolished in the groups on the GP diet, suggesting GP consumption may improve redox homeostasis in the lens, making Nrf2 activation unnecessary. For molecular target prediction, a total of 471 proteins regulated by GP were identified using Agilent Literature Search (ALS) software. Among these targets, the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) was correlated with all of the main active ingredients of GP, including resveratrol, catechin, quercetin, and anthocyanins. Our data confirmed that GP prevented UV-induced suppression of XIAP, indicating that XIAP might be one of the critical molecular targets of GP. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that GP protected the lens from UV-induced cataract development in mice. The protective effects of GP may be attributed to its ability to improve redox homeostasis and activate the XIAP-mediated antiapoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Luís Aguilera Garcia
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - My-Lien Au
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Myhoa Tran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Jinmin Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander Lou
- The Village School, Houston, Texas, USA; Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Hongli Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
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2
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Deng K, Huang Q, Yan X, Dai Y, Zhao J, Xiong X, Wang H, Chen X, Chen P, Liu L. Facile fabrication of a novel, photodetachable salecan-based hydrogel dressing with self-healing, injectable, and antibacterial properties based on metal coordination. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130551. [PMID: 38431010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Achieving the controllable detachment of polysaccharide-based wound dressings is challenging. In this study, a novel, photodetachable salecan-based hydrogel dressing with injectable, self-healing, antibacterial, and wound healing properties was developed using a green and facile approach. A salecan hydrogel with a uniform porous structure and water content of 90.4 % was prepared by simply mixing salecan and an Fe3+-citric acid complexing solution in an acidic D-(+)-glucono-1,5-lactone environment. Metal coordinate interactions were formed between the released Fe3+ ions and carboxyl groups on the salecan polysaccharide, inducing homogeneous gelation. Benefiting from this dynamic and reversible crosslinking, the salecan hydrogel exhibited self-healing and injectable behavior, facilitating the formation of the desired shapes in situ. The exposure of Fe3+-citric acid to UV light (365 nm) resulted in the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ through photochemical reactions, enabling phototriggered detachment. Moreover, the hydrogel exhibited excellent biocompatibility and satisfactory antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus of 72.5 % and 85.3 %, respectively. The adhesive strength of the salecan hydrogel to porcine skin was 1.06 ± 0.12 kPa. In vivo wound healing experiments further highlighted the advantages of the prepared hydrogel in alleviating the degree of wound inflammation and promoting tissue regeneration within 12 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Deng
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Qin Huang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Xiaotong Yan
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yan Dai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Sichuan Synlight Biotech Ltd., 88 Keyuan South Road, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Hailan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xianggui Chen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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3
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Montero P, Villarroel MJ, Roger I, Morell A, Milara J, Cortijo J. Obacunone Photoprotective Effects against Solar-Simulated Radiation-Induced Molecular Modifications in Primary Keratinocytes and Full-Thickness Human Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11484. [PMID: 37511243 PMCID: PMC10380981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar radiation can cause damage to the skin, leading to various adverse effects such as sunburn, reactive oxygen species production, inflammation, DNA damage, and photoaging. To study the potential of photoprotective agents, full-thickness skin models are increasingly being used as in vitro tools. One promising approach to photoprotection involves targeting the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2, which is responsible for regulating various cellular defense mechanisms, including the antioxidant response, inflammatory signaling, and DNA repair. Obacunone, a natural triterpenoid, has been identified as a potent Nrf2 agonist. The present study aims to evaluate the relevance of full-thickness (FT) skin models in photoprotection studies and to explore the potential photoprotective effects of obacunone on those models and in human keratinocytes. Phenion® full-thickness skin models and keratinocytes were incubated with increasing concentrations of obacunone and irradiated with solar-simulated radiation (SSR). Various photodamage markers were evaluated, including histological integrity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, photoaging-related dermal markers, and photocarcinogenesis markers. Increasing doses of SSR were found to modulate various biomarkers related to sun damage in the FT skin models. However, obacunone attenuated cytotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, sunburn reaction, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis in both keratinocytes and full thickness skin models exposed to SSR. These results suggest that obacunone may have potential as a photoprotective agent for preventing the harmful effects of solar radiation on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Montero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46185 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria José Villarroel
- Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Roger
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46185 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anselm Morell
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Javier Milara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Ghica A, Drumea V, Moroșan A, Mihaiescu DE, Costea L, Luță EA, Mihai DP, Balaci DT, Fița AC, Olaru OT, Boscencu R, Gîrd CE. Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Potential of Selected Extracts from Betula alba var. pendula Roth., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., and Avena sativa L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2510. [PMID: 37447070 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to obtain, characterize, and evaluate the antioxidant potential of some extracts obtained from the bark of Betula alba var. pendula Roth., the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., and the green herb of the Avena sativa. The results revealed that the lowest IC50 value, determined by all three methods, was obtained for Betulae extractum (BE) (73.6 µg/mL-DPPH method, 11.2 µg/mL-ABTS method, and 58.7 µg/mL-FRAP method), followed by Liquiritiae extractum (LE) (805.6 µg/mL, 92.1 µg/mL, and 722 µg/mL) and Avenae extractum (1.13 mg/mL-DPPH method, 99.7 µg/mL-ABTS method, and 135.1 µg/mL-FRAP method). These results correlate with total polyphenols content (expressed in g tannic acid/100 g dry extract), with BE having more polyphenols than LE and AE (47.96 ± 9.7083 for BE, compared with 9.31 ± 0.9913 for LE and 40.55 ± 6.3715 for AE). The total flavonoid content (expressed as g rutoside/100 g dry extract) is similar for BE and LE (3.75 ± 0.3140 and 3.44 ± 0.3037) and smaller for AE (1.95 ± 0.0526). Therefore, Betulae extractum has the strongest antioxidant action, with an IC50 value very close to the standard used as a reference (ascorbic acid-16.5 μg/mL solution). The FT-ICR-MS analysis confirmed the presence of the major compounds in all three extracts. The antioxidant properties of the studied extracts were further supported by molecular docking experiments that revealed the potential of the analyzed phytochemicals to act as both noncovalent and covalent activators of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, with promising benefits in treating various skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Ghica
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
- Biotehnos SA, Gorunului Street No. 3-5, 075100 Otopeni, Romania
| | - Veronica Drumea
- Biotehnos SA, Gorunului Street No. 3-5, 075100 Otopeni, Romania
| | - Alina Moroșan
- Department of Organic Chemistry "Costin Nenițescu", Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Eduard Mihaiescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry "Costin Nenițescu", Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liliana Costea
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emanuela Alice Luță
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Paul Mihai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dalila Teodora Balaci
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ancuța Cătălina Fița
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Tudorel Olaru
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rica Boscencu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cerasela Elena Gîrd
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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5
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Vanella L, Consoli V, Burò I, Gulisano M, Giglio MS, Maugeri L, Petralia S, Castellano A, Sorrenti V. Standardized Extract from Wastes of Edible Flowers and Snail Mucus Ameliorate Ultraviolet B-Induced Damage in Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10185. [PMID: 37373341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted the ability of snail mucus in maintaining healthy skin conditions due to its emollient, regenerative, and protective properties. In particular, mucus derived from Helix aspersa muller has already been reported to have beneficial properties such as antimicrobial activity and wound repair capacity. In order to enhance the beneficial effects of snail mucus, a formulation enriched with antioxidant compounds derived from edible flower waste (Acmella oleracea L., Centaurea cyanus L., Tagetes erecta L., Calendula officinalis L., and Moringa oleifera Lam.) was obtained. UVB damage was used as a model to investigate in vitro the cytoprotective effects of snail mucus and edible flower extract. Results demonstrated that polyphenols from the flower waste extract boosted the antioxidant activity of snail mucus, providing cytoprotective effects in keratinocytes exposed to UVB radiation. Additionally, glutathione content, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation levels were reduced following the combined treatment with snail mucus and edible flower waste extract. We demonstrated that flower waste can be considered a valid candidate for cosmeceutical applications due to its potent antioxidant activity. Thus, a new formulation of snail mucus enriched in extracts of edible flower waste could be useful to design innovative and sustainable broadband natural UV-screen cosmeceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Vanella
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- CERNUT-Research Centre for Nutraceuticals and Health Products, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Consoli
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- CERNUT-Research Centre for Nutraceuticals and Health Products, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Ilaria Burò
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Gulisano
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Ludovica Maugeri
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Petralia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Castellano
- Mediterranean Nutraceutical Extracts (Medinutrex), Via Vincenzo Giuffrida 202, 95128 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Sorrenti
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- CERNUT-Research Centre for Nutraceuticals and Health Products, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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6
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Frantz MC, Rozot R, Marrot L. NRF2 in dermo-cosmetic: From scientific knowledge to skin care products. Biofactors 2023; 49:32-61. [PMID: 36258295 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the organ that is most susceptible to the impact of the exposome. Located at the interface with the external environment, it protects internal organs through the barrier function of the epidermis. It must adapt to the consequences of the harmful effects of solar radiation, the various chemical constituents of atmospheric pollution, and wounds associated with mechanical damage: oxidation, cytotoxicity, inflammation, and so forth. In this biological context, a capacity to adapt to the various stresses caused by the exposome is essential; otherwise, more or less serious conditions may develop accelerated aging, pigmentation disorders, atopy, psoriasis, and skin cancers. Nrf2-controlled pathways play a key role at this level. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that controls genes involved in oxidative stress protection and detoxification of chemicals. Its involvement in UV protection, reduction of inflammation in processes associated with healing, epidermal differentiation for barrier function, and hair regrowth, has been demonstrated. The modulation of Nrf2 in the skin may therefore constitute a skin protection or care strategy for certain dermatological stresses and disorders initiated or aggravated by the exposome. Nrf2 inducers can act through different modes of action. Keap1-dependent mechanisms include modification of the cysteine residues of Keap1 by (pro)electrophiles or prooxidants, and disruption of the Keap1-Nrf2 complex. Indirect mechanisms are suggested for numerous phytochemicals, acting on upstream pathways, or via hormesis. While developing novel and safe Nrf2 modulators for skin care may be challenging, new avenues can arise from natural compounds-based molecular modeling and emerging concepts such as epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger Rozot
- Advanced Research, L'OREAL Research & Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Laurent Marrot
- Advanced Research, L'OREAL Research & Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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7
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Zakic T, Stojanovic S, Jankovic A, Korac A, Pekovic-Vaughan V, Korac B. Redox-metabolic reprogramming of skin in mice lacking functional Nrf2 under basal conditions and cold acclimation. Biofactors 2022. [PMID: 36585756 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive responses to environmental and physiological challenges, including exposure to low environmental temperature, require extensive structural, redox, and metabolic reprogramming. Detailed molecular mechanisms of such processes in the skin are lacking, especially the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and other closely related redox-sensitive transcription factors Nrf1, Nrf3, and nuclear respiratory factor (NRF1). To investigate the role of Nrf2, we examined redox and metabolic responses in the skin of wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking functional Nrf2 (Nrf2 KO) at room (RT, 24 ± 1°C) and cold (4 ± 1°C) temperature. Our results demonstrate distinct expression profiles of major enzymes involved in antioxidant defense and key metabolic and mitochondrial pathways in the skin, depending on the functional Nrf2 and/or cold stimulus. Nrf2 KO mice at RT displayed profound alterations in redox, mitochondrial and metabolic responses, generally akin to cold-induced skin responses in WT mice. Immunohistochemical analyses of skin cell compartments (keratinocytes, fibroblasts, hair follicle, and sebaceous gland) and spatial locations (nucleus and cytoplasm) revealed synergistic interactions between members of the Nrf transcription factor family as part of redox-metabolic reprogramming in WT mice upon cold acclimation. In contrast, Nrf2 KO mice at RT showed loss of NRF1 expression and a compensatory activation of Nrf1/Nrf3, which was abolished upon cold, concomitant with blunted redox-metabolic responses. These data show for the first time a novel role for Nrf2 in skin physiology in response to low environmental temperature, with important implications in human connective tissue diseases with altered thermogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zakic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sara Stojanovic
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Jankovic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Vanja Pekovic-Vaughan
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bato Korac
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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Zhu S, Qin W, Liu T, Liu T, Ma H, Hu C, Yue X, Yan Y, Lv Y, Wang Z, Zhao Z, Wang X, Liu Y, Xia Q, Zhang H, Li N. Modified Qing’e Formula protects against UV-induced skin oxidative damage via the activation of Nrf2/ARE defensive pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:976473. [PMID: 36386207 PMCID: PMC9650274 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.976473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light triggers the rapid generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin cells, which increases oxidative stress damage and leads to photoaging. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) modulates the antioxidant defense of skin cells against environmental factors, especially ultraviolet radiation. Natural products that target Nrf2-regulated antioxidant reactions are promising candidates for anti-photoaging. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Modified Qing’e Formula (MQEF) on UV-induced skin oxidative damage and its molecular mechanisms. In this study, the photoaging models of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and ICR mice were established by UV irradiation. In vitro models showed that MQEF displayed potent antioxidant activity, significantly increased cell viability and reduced apoptosis and excess ROS levels. Meanwhile, the knockdown of Nrf2 reversed the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of MQEF. In vivo experiments indicated that MQEF could protect the skin against UV-exposed injury which manifested by water loss, sensitivity, tanning, wrinkling, and breakage of collagen and elastic fibers. The application of MQEF effectively increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in mice. In addition, MQEF was able to activate Nrf2 nuclear translocation in mouse skin tissue. In summary, MQEF may attenuate UV-induced photoaging by upregulating Nrf2 expression and enhancing antioxidant damage capacity. MQEF may be a potential candidate to prevent UV-induced photoaging by restoring redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxiao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Cunyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingshuang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingmei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Han Zhang, ; Nan Li,
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Han Zhang, ; Nan Li,
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9
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Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Physalis alkekengi L. Extracts In Vitro and In Vivo: Potential Application for Skin Care. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7579572. [PMID: 36310614 PMCID: PMC9605834 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7579572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory skin disorders are becoming major issues threatening public health with increasing prevalence. This study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antisenescent activities of traditional folk medicinal plant, Physalis alkekengi L. extracts to alleviate skin inflammation and its possible mechanisms. METHODS Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated murine macrophages RAW264.7 and human skin keratinocytes HaCaT were incubated with the plant extracts, respectively. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was tested by using Griess reagents. The activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was detected through a fluorescence microplate reader. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell apoptosis were quantified by flow cytometry. The proinflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA and qRT-PCR. Human skin fibroblasts (HFF-1) were coincubated with D-galactose (D-gal) and the plant extracts. The senescence associated-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) was stained to evaluate cellular senescence. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), IL-1β, was measured through ELISA. The mRNA of IL-1α in SLS-stimulated and PGE2 in UV-radiated 3D skin models were detected by qRT-PCR. In vivo ROS production and neutrophil recruitment in CuSO4-treated zebrafish models were observed by fluorescence microscopy. Inflammation-related factors were measured by qRT-PCR. Results. In vitro, Physalis alkekengi L. significantly reduced NO production, NOS activity, cell apoptosis, transcription of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and ROS production. These plant extracts markedly attenuated SA-β-gal and IL-1β and downregulated the production of IL-1α and PGE2. In vivo, the plant extracts dramatically dampened ROS production, the number of neutrophils, and proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Cumulatively, this work systematically demonstrated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antisenescent properties of Physalis alkekengi L. and proposed the possible roles of Physalis alkekengi L. in inflammatory signaling pathways, providing an effective natural product for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.
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Photoprotective Effects of Cannabidiol against Ultraviolet-B-Induced DNA Damage and Autophagy in Human Keratinocyte Cells and Mouse Skin Tissue. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196740. [PMID: 36235276 PMCID: PMC9572435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) has emerged as a phytocannabinoid with various beneficial effects for the skin, including anti-photoaging effects, but its mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated. The study assessed CBD’s photoprotective effects against acute ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced damage in HaCaT human keratinocyte cells and murine skin tissue. CBD (8 μM) alleviated UVB-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and G2/M cell cycle arrest in HaCaT cells. The contents of γH2AX and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers were decreased after CBD treatment. CBD reduced the production of reactive oxygen species and modulated the expression of antioxidant-related proteins such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in UVB-stimulated HaCaT cells. Furthermore, CBD mitigated the UVB-induced cytotoxicity by activating autophagy. In addition, a cream containing 5% CBD showed effectiveness against UVB-induced photodamage in a murine model. The CBD cream improved the skin’s condition by lowering the photodamage scores, reducing abnormal skin proliferation, and decreasing expression of the inflammation-related protein cyclooxygenase-2 in UVB-irradiated skin tissue. These findings indicate that CBD might be beneficial in alleviating UVB-induced skin damage in humans. The photoprotective effects of CBD might be attributed to its modulatory effects on redox homeostasis and autophagy.
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11
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Kahremany S, Hofmann L, Gruzman A, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Cohen G. NRF2 in dermatological disorders: Pharmacological activation for protection against cutaneous photodamage and photodermatosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:262-276. [PMID: 35753587 PMCID: PMC9350913 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The skin barrier and its endogenous protective mechanisms cope daily with exogenous stressors, of which ultraviolet radiation (UVR) poses an imminent danger. Although the skin is able to reduce the potential damage, there is a need for comprehensive strategies for protection. This is particularly important when developing pharmacological approaches to protect against photocarcinogenesis. Activation of NRF2 has the potential to provide comprehensive and long-lasting protection due to the upregulation of numerous cytoprotective downstream effector proteins that can counteract the damaging effects of UVR. This is also applicable to photodermatosis conditions that exacerbate the damage caused by UVR. This review describes the alterations caused by UVR in normal skin and photosensitive disorders, and provides evidence to support the development of NRF2 activators as pharmacological treatments. Key natural and synthetic activators with photoprotective properties are summarized. Lastly, the gap in knowledge in research associated with photodermatosis conditions is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Kahremany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel; The Skin Research Institute, The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Masada, 86910, Israel
| | - Lukas Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Guy Cohen
- The Skin Research Institute, The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Masada, 86910, Israel; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat Campus, Eilat, 8855630, Israel.
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12
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Chaiprasongsuk A, Panich U. Role of Phytochemicals in Skin Photoprotection via Regulation of Nrf2. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:823881. [PMID: 35645796 PMCID: PMC9133606 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.823881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological studies have become increasingly valuable in the development of botanical products and their bioactive phytochemicals as novel and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for various diseases including skin photoaging and photodamage-related skin problems including abnormal pigmentation and inflammation. Exploring the roles of phytochemicals in mitigating ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced skin damage is thus of importance to offer insights into medicinal and ethnopharmacological potential for development of novel and effective photoprotective agents. UVR plays a role in the skin premature aging (or photoaging) or impaired skin integrity and function through triggering various biological responses of skin cells including apoptosis, oxidative stress, DNA damage and inflammation. In addition, melanin produced by epidermal melanocytes play a protective role against UVR-induced skin damage and therefore hyperpigmentation mediated by UV irradiation could reflect a sign of defensive response of the skin to stress. However, alteration in melanin synthesis may be implicated in skin damage, particularly in individuals with fair skin. Oxidative stress induced by UVR contributes to the process of skin aging and inflammation through the activation of related signaling pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1), the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) in epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. ROS formation induced by UVR also plays a role in regulation of melanogenesis in melanocytes via modulating MAPK, PI3K/Akt and the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R)-microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) signaling cascades. Additionally, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-regulated antioxidant defenses can affect the major signaling pathways involved in regulation of photoaging, inflammation associated with skin barrier dysfunction and melanogenesis. This review thus highlights the roles of phytochemicals potentially acting as Nrf2 inducers in improving photoaging, inflammation and hyperpigmentation via regulation of cellular homeostasis involved in skin integrity and function. Taken together, understanding the role of phytochemicals targeting Nrf2 in photoprotection could provide an insight into potential development of natural products as a promising strategy to delay skin photoaging and improve skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uraiwan Panich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Uraiwan Panich,
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Anti-Photoaging Effect of Hydrolysates from Pacific Whiting Skin via MAPK/AP-1, NF-κB, TGF-β/Smad, and Nrf-2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in UVB-Induced Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050308. [PMID: 35621960 PMCID: PMC9147990 DOI: 10.3390/md20050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light promotes the breakdown of collagen in the skin and disrupts the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, leading to skin wrinkling. Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) is a fish abundant on the Pacific coast. In the current study, we investigated the anti-wrinkle effect of hydrolysate from Pacific whiting skin gelatin (PWG) in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts and the molecular mechanisms involved. PWG effectively restored type 1 procollagen synthesis reduced by UVB-irradiation. Also, we found that PWG inhibited collagen degradation by inhibiting MMP1 expression. Furthermore, PWG decreased cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β associated with inflammatory responses and increased antioxidant enzymes, HO-1, SOD, GPx, CAT, and GSH content, a defense system against oxidative stress. In terms of molecular mechanisms, PWG increased collagen synthesis through activating the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Smad pathway and decreased collagen degradation through inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinases/activator protein 1 (MAPK/AP-1) pathway. It also suppressed the inflammatory response through suppressing the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and increased antioxidant enzyme activity through activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2/heme oxygenase 1 (Nrf-2/HO-1) pathway. These multi-target mechanisms suggest that PWG may serve as an effective anti-photoaging material.
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Kahremany S, Hofmann L, Eretz-Kdosha N, Silberstein E, Gruzman A, Cohen G. SH-29 and SK-119 Attenuates Air-Pollution Induced Damage by Activating Nrf2 in HaCaT Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312371. [PMID: 34886097 PMCID: PMC8656889 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution has been repeatedly linked to numerous health-related disorders, including skin sensitization, oxidative imbalance, premature extrinsic aging, skin inflammation, and increased cancer prevalence. Nrf2 is a key player in the endogenous protective mechanism of the skin. We hypothesized that pharmacological activation of Nrf2 might reduce the deleterious action of diesel particulate matter (DPM), evaluated in HaCaT cells. SK-119, a recently synthesized pharmacological agent as well as 2,2′-((1E,1′E)-(1,4-phenylenebis(azaneylylidene))bis(methaneylylidene))bis(benzene-1,3,5-triol) (SH-29) were first evaluated in silico, suggesting a potent Nrf2 activation capacity that was validated in vitro. In addition, both compounds were able to attenuate key pathways underlying DPM damage, including cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, tested by DC-FDA and MitoSOX fluorescent dye, respectively. This effect was independent of the low direct scavenging ability of the compounds. In addition, both SK-119 and SH-29 were able to reduce DPM-induced IL-8 hypersecretion in pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Lastly, the safety of both compounds was evaluated and demonstrated in the ex vivo human skin organ culture model. Collectively, these results suggest that Nrf2 activation by SK-119 and SH-29 can revert the deleterious action of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Kahremany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (S.K.); (L.H.)
- The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, The Skin Research Institute, Masada 8691000, Israel;
| | - Lukas Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (S.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Noy Eretz-Kdosha
- The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, The Skin Research Institute, Masada 8691000, Israel;
| | - Eldad Silberstein
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410100, Israel;
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (S.K.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Guy Cohen
- The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, The Skin Research Institute, Masada 8691000, Israel;
- Eilat Campus, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat 8855630, Israel
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (G.C.)
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15
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Schalka S, Silva MS, Lopes LF, de Freitas LM, Baptista MS. The skin redoxome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 36:181-195. [PMID: 34719068 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Redoxome is the network of redox reactions and redox active species (ReAS) that affect the homeostasis of cells and tissues. Due to the intense and constant interaction with external agents, the human skin has a robust redox signalling framework with specific pathways and magnitudes. The establishment of the skin redoxome concept is key to expanding knowledge of skin disorders and establishing better strategies for their prevention and treatment. This review starts with its definition and progress to propose how the master redox regulators are maintained and activated in the different conditions experienced by the skin and how the lack of redox regulation is involved in the accumulation of several oxidation end products that are correlated with various skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schalka
- Medcin Skin Research Center, Osasco, Brazil
| | - M S Silva
- Medcin Skin Research Center, Osasco, Brazil
| | - L F Lopes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L M de Freitas
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Baptista
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Xian D, Guo M, Xu J, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Zhong J. Current evidence to support the therapeutic potential of flavonoids in oxidative stress-related dermatoses. Redox Rep 2021; 26:134-146. [PMID: 34355664 PMCID: PMC8354022 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2021.1962094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin, as a crucial external defense organ, is more vulnerable to oxidative stress (OS) insult, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated OS in particular. OS results from a redox imbalance caused by various extrinsic stimuli and occurs once the oxidants production overwhelming the antioxidants capacity, through mediating in DNA damage, lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation and a serial of signaling pathways activation/inactivation, thereby offering favorable conditions for the occurrence and development of numerous diseases especially some dermatoses, e.g. psoriasis, vitiligo, skin photodamage, skin cancer, systemic sclerosis (SSc), chloasma, atopic dermatitis (AD), pemphigus, etc. Targeting OS molecular mechanism, a variety of anti-OS agents emerge, in which flavonoids, natural plant extracts, stand out. OBJECTIVES To discuss the possible mechanisms of OS mediating in dermatoses and summarize the properties of flavonoids as well as their applications in OS-related skin disorders. METHODS Published papers on flavonoids and OS-related skin diseases were collected and reviewed via database searching on PubMed, MEDLINE and Embase, etc. RESULTS It has been confirmed that flavonoids, belonging to polyphenols, are a class of plant secondary metabolites widely distributed in various plants and possess diverse bioactivities especially their potent antioxidant capacity. Moreover, flavonoids benefit to suppress OS via eliminating free radicals and mediating the corresponding signals, further excellently working in the prevention and management of OS-related skin diseases. CONCLUSION Flavonoids have the potential therapeutic effects on oxidative stress-related dermatoses. However, more studies on specific mechanism as well as the dosage of flavonoids are needed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehai Xian
- Department of Anatomy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Menglu Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixiang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangmeng Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiao Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
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Calniquer G, Khanin M, Ovadia H, Linnewiel-Hermoni K, Stepensky D, Trachtenberg A, Sedlov T, Braverman O, Levy J, Sharoni Y. Combined Effects of Carotenoids and Polyphenols in Balancing the Response of Skin Cells to UV Irradiation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071931. [PMID: 33808148 PMCID: PMC8036680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral carotenoids and polyphenols have been suggested to induce photo-protective effects. The aim of the study was to test whether the combination of carotenoids and polyphenols produce greater protective effects from UV-induced damage to skin cells. Such damage is characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress; thus, the photo-protective effect can be partially explained by modulating the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and antioxidant response element/Nrf2 (ARE/Nrf2) transcription systems, known as important regulators of these two processes. Indeed, it was found in keratinocytes that carotenoids and polyphenols inhibit UVB-induced NFκB activity and release of cytokine IL-6. A combination of tomato extract with rosemary extract inhibited UVB-induced release of IL-6 more than each of the compounds alone. Moreover, this combination synergistically activated ARE/Nrf2 transcription systems. Inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNFα induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which leads to collagen breakdown; thus, it is important to note that carnosic acid reduced TNFα-induced MMP-1 secretion from human dermal fibroblasts. The in vitro results suggest beneficial effects of phytonutrient combinations on skin health. To assure that clinical experiments to prove such effects in humans are feasible, the human bioavailability of carotenoids from tomato extract was tested, and nearly a twofold increase in their plasma concentrations was detected. This study demonstrates that carotenoids and polyphenols cooperate in balancing UV-induced skin cell damage, and suggests that NFκB and ARE/Nrf2 are involved in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Calniquer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (G.C.); (M.K.); (H.O.); (D.S.); (A.T.); (J.L.)
| | - Marina Khanin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (G.C.); (M.K.); (H.O.); (D.S.); (A.T.); (J.L.)
| | - Hilla Ovadia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (G.C.); (M.K.); (H.O.); (D.S.); (A.T.); (J.L.)
| | | | - David Stepensky
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (G.C.); (M.K.); (H.O.); (D.S.); (A.T.); (J.L.)
| | - Aviram Trachtenberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (G.C.); (M.K.); (H.O.); (D.S.); (A.T.); (J.L.)
| | - Tanya Sedlov
- Lycored Ltd., Hebron Rd. P.O.B. 320, Beer Sheva 84102, Israel; (T.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Oleg Braverman
- Lycored Ltd., Hebron Rd. P.O.B. 320, Beer Sheva 84102, Israel; (T.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Joseph Levy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (G.C.); (M.K.); (H.O.); (D.S.); (A.T.); (J.L.)
| | - Yoav Sharoni
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (G.C.); (M.K.); (H.O.); (D.S.); (A.T.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-52-4830-883
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Ko HJ, Kim J, Ahn M, Kim JH, Lee GS, Shin T. Ergothioneine alleviates senescence of fibroblasts induced by UVB damage of keratinocytes via activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and HSP70 in keratinocytes. Exp Cell Res 2021; 400:112516. [PMID: 33577831 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation induces skin damage and photoaging through several deleterious effects, including generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis of epidermal cells, inflammation, and collagen degradation in fibroblasts. Ergothioneine (EGT) is a naturally occurring amino acid with potential biological properties. We evaluated whether EGT protects against UVB-induced photoaging using a keratinocyte/fibroblast co-culture system. Keratinocytes were pretreated with EGT, irradiated with UVB, and co-cultured with fibroblasts. In keratinocytes, ROS production and apoptosis were assessed. We also analyzed the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, HSP70, proapoptotic proteins, and paracrine cytokines by Western blotting and real-time PCR. Collagen degradation-related genes and senescence were also assessed in fibroblasts. EGT pretreatment of keratinocytes significantly inhibited downregulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and HSP70, and protected keratinocytes by suppressing production of ROS and cleavage of proapoptotic proteins, including caspase-8 and PARP. Furthermore, EGT significantly reduced the paracrine cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In co-cultures of fibroblasts with EGT-treated keratinocytes, the expression levels of collagen degradation-related genes and fibroblast senescence were significantly decreased; however, synthesis of procollagen type I was significantly increased. Our results confirm that EGT suppresses the modification of collagen homeostasis in fibroblasts by preventing downregulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and HSP70 in keratinocytes following UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Ko
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Skin science research team, Creation & Innovation research institute, It's hanbul Co., LTD., Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06101, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Kim
- Skin science research team, Creation & Innovation research institute, It's hanbul Co., LTD., Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06101, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Soo Lee
- Skin science research team, Creation & Innovation research institute, It's hanbul Co., LTD., Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06101, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Chen LY, Huang CN, Liao CK, Chang HM, Kuan YH, Tseng TJ, Yen KJ, Yang KL, Lin HC. Effects of Rutin on Wound Healing in Hyperglycemic Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111122. [PMID: 33202817 PMCID: PMC7696622 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term poor glycemic control negatively affects macrovascular and microvascular diseases, as well as wound restoration. Buckwheat is a good source of rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutoside) and has benefits in regulating blood sugar. This study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of rutin on wound healing in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats. Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal (NDM), hyperglycemic (DM), and hyperglycemic with rutin (DMR). After induction of hyperglycemia for 2 days, a 15 × 15 mm wound was induced on the back of each rat. Intraperitoneal injection of rutin significantly ameliorated diabetes-induced body weight loss and improved metabolic dysfunctions of hyperglycemic rats. Based on appearance and histopathological staining, rutin promotes wound healing and inhibits production of inflammatory cells. The immunoblotting data indicated that rutin promotes production of antioxidant enzymes induced by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), inhibits the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) regulated by NF-κB, and decreases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It also promotes the expression of neurogenic-related protein (UCH-L1). The aforementioned results indicated that rutin reduces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in hyperglycemic rats, promoting wound healing and subsequently reducing the risk of wound ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-You Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (C.-K.L.); (T.-J.T.); (K.-J.Y.); (K.-L.Y.)
- Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ning Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan;
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kai Liao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (C.-K.L.); (T.-J.T.); (K.-J.Y.); (K.-L.Y.)
- Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ming Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 40201, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - To-Jung Tseng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (C.-K.L.); (T.-J.T.); (K.-J.Y.); (K.-L.Y.)
- Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jung Yen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (C.-K.L.); (T.-J.T.); (K.-J.Y.); (K.-L.Y.)
| | - Kai-Lin Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (C.-K.L.); (T.-J.T.); (K.-J.Y.); (K.-L.Y.)
| | - Hsing-Chun Lin
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-24739595-34301
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20
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Li R, Zhang P, Li C, Yang W, Yin Y, Tao K. Tert-butylhydroquinone mitigates Carbon Tetrachloride induced Hepatic Injury in mice. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2095-2103. [PMID: 32922170 PMCID: PMC7484658 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.45842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) is an antioxidant compound that exhibits cytoprotective effect in many tissues under pathological condition. However, its role in carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver injury is still unclear. Here we established a carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic injury model in mice to determine whether tBHQ can mitigate CCL4 induced liver damage. In our study, we found tBHQ exhibited protective effects in CCL4 treated mice model. TBHQ markedly improved hepatic function and decreased hepatic histopathological damage in vivo. In addition, tBHQ reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice model. Moreover, tBHQ mitigated apoptosis of hepatocytes, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in vivo and in vitro. We also found the possible mechanism of protective effects of tBHQ was associated with activation of Nrf2/ heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway. In conclusion, our study revealed tBHQ can be a potential therapeutic drug in treatment of acute hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuping Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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21
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Park C, Lee H, Noh JS, Jin CY, Kim GY, Hyun JW, Leem SH, Choi YH. Hemistepsin A protects human keratinocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress through activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 691:108512. [PMID: 32712291 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemistepsin A, a sesquiterpene lactone compound isolated from Hemistepta lyrata, has been identified a variety of pharmacological actions including anti-hepatotoxic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Nevertheless, the antioxidant effects of hemistepsin A and the underlying mechanisms have not been investigated properly. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the protective effect of hemistepsin A against oxidative stress in HaCaT human keratinocytes. The results demonstrated that hemistepsin A suppressed 500 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage by blocking ROS accumulation. 10 μM Hemistepsin A also prevented apoptosis by preventing the mitochondrial dysfunction and the cytosolic release of cytochrome c, reducing the rate of Bax/Bcl-2 expression, and decreasing the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, suggesting that hemistepsin A protected cells from H2O2-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. In addition, hemistepsin A markedly promoted the activation of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which was associated with the enhanced expression and activity of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the presence of 500 μM H2O2. However, inhibiting the expression of HO-1 by artificially blocking the expression of Nrf2 or HO-1 using siRNA significantly eliminated the protective effect of hemistepsin A, indicating that hemistepsin A activates the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in HaCaT cells to protect against oxidative stress. Therefore, these results suggest that hemistepsin A may be useful as a potential therapeutic agent against various oxidative stress-related skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Park
- Division of Basic Sciences, College of Liberal Studies, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesook Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Sook Noh
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Tongmyong University, Busan, 48520, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng-Yun Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Leem
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Kitakaze T, Yoshioka Y, Furuyashiki T, Ashida H. Enzymatically synthesized glycogen protects inflammation induced by urban particulate matter in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 67:29-35. [PMID: 32801466 PMCID: PMC7417792 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban particulate matters (PM) exposure is significantly correlated with extrinsic skin aging signs and skin cancer incidence. PM contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and they act as the agonists of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Activation of AhR promotes generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. Enzymatically synthesized glycogen (ESG), which is synthesized from starch, possesses various functions, such as anti-tumor, anti-obesity and antioxidant. However, the effects of ESG on PM-induced skin inflammation remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether ESG has a protective effect on PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in human epidermal keratinocytes. ESG inhibited PM-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines IL6, TNFA and PTGS2. ESG also inhibited PM-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs and ROS accumulation. However, ESG had no effect on PM-induced expression of CYP1A1, one of the target proteins of AhR. On the other hand, ESG increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and expression of antioxidant proteins, HO-1 and NQO1. These results suggest that ESG suppressed PM-induced inflammation by decreasing ROS accumulation through the Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kitakaze
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasukiyo Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Furuyashiki
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ashida
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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23
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Ahn JH, Kim DW, Park CW, Kim B, Sim H, Kim HS, Lee TK, Lee JC, Yang GE, Her Y, Park JH, Sim TH, Lee HS, Won MH. Laminarin Attenuates Ultraviolet-Induced Skin Damage by Reducing Superoxide Anion Levels and Increasing Endogenous Antioxidants in the Dorsal Skin of Mice. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E345. [PMID: 32629814 PMCID: PMC7401269 DOI: 10.3390/md18070345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated that marine carbohydrates display anti-oxidant, anti-melanogenic, and anti-aging activities in the skin. Laminarin (LA), a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide, is found in brown algae. The benefits of LA in ultraviolet B (UVB) induced photodamage of the skin have not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pre-treated LA on histopathological changes and oxidative damage in mouse dorsal skin on day 5, following repeated UVB exposure. Histopathology, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical studies showed that epidermal thickness in the UVB group was significantly increased; however, the thickness in the UVB group treated with LA (LA/UVB group) was less compared with that of the UVB group. Collagen fibers in the dermis of the UVB group were significantly decreased and destroyed, whereas, in the LA/UVB group, the density of collagen fibers was significantly increased compared with that of the UVB group. Oxidative stress due to superoxide anion production measured via dihydroethidium fluorescence staining was dramatically increased in the UVB group, whereas in the LA/UVB group, the oxidative stress was significantly decreased. Expressions of SOD1, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were markedly reduced in the UVB group, whereas in the LA/UVB group, they were significantly higher along with SOD2 than in the control group. Taken together, our results indicate that LA pretreatment prevents or attenuates skin damage, by decreasing oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant enzymes in mouse dorsal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Korea; (J.H.A.); (T.-K.L.)
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea; (C.W.P.); (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea;
| | - Cheol Woo Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea; (C.W.P.); (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea; (C.W.P.); (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Hyejin Sim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea; (C.W.P.); (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Hyun Sook Kim
- Leefarm Co., Ltd., Hongcheon, Gangwon 25117, Korea; (H.S.K.); (T.H.S.)
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Korea; (J.H.A.); (T.-K.L.)
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea; (C.W.P.); (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Go Eun Yang
- Department of Radiology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Korea;
| | - Young Her
- Department of Dermatology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Korea;
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066, Korea;
| | - Tae Heung Sim
- Leefarm Co., Ltd., Hongcheon, Gangwon 25117, Korea; (H.S.K.); (T.H.S.)
| | - Hyun Sam Lee
- Leefarm Co., Ltd., Hongcheon, Gangwon 25117, Korea; (H.S.K.); (T.H.S.)
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea; (C.W.P.); (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
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