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Tayal D, Jain P, Goswami B. D-dimer - a multifaceted molecule. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2024; 45:75-84. [PMID: 38716869 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2022-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
D-dimer, a universally unique marker for fibrin degradation, is generated through the enzymatic interplay of thrombin, factor XIIIa, and plasmin. The emergence of D-dimer-containing fibrin molecules occurs in both intravascular and extravascular spaces during pivotal physiological processes like haemostasis, thrombosis, and tissue repair. Given the inherently physiological nature of fibrin formation and fibrinolysis, basal levels of D-dimer fragments are present in plasma. Beyond its role as a marker of routine physiological processes, aberrations in D-dimer levels are indicative of a spectrum of conditions, both non-pathological and pathological. The clinical utility of D-dimer has been firmly established, particularly in scenarios like venous thromboembolism (VTE), pulmonary embolism (PE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Additionally, recent applications have extended to assess the prognosis of COVID-19. While D-dimer is commonly associated with thrombotic conditions, its elevation is not confined to these conditions alone. Elevated D-dimer levels are observed across various diseases, where its significance extends beyond diagnostic indicators to prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Tayal
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease, New Delhi, India
| | - Prerna Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease, New Delhi, India
| | - Binita Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Zhang Y, Li T, Yue CY, Liu Y. Associations of serum D-dimer and glycosylated hemoglobin levels with third-trimester fetal growth restriction in gestational diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:914-922. [PMID: 38766442 PMCID: PMC11099364 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i5.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a special type of diabetes that commonly occurs in women during pregnancy and involves impaired glucose tolerance and abnormal glucose metabolism; GDM is diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy and can affect fetal growth and development. AIM To investigate the associations of serum D-dimer (D-D) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels with third-trimester fetal growth restriction (FGR) in GDM patients. METHODS The clinical data of 164 pregnant women who were diagnosed with GDM and delivered at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University from January 2021 to January 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. Among these women, 63 whose fetuses had FGR were included in the FGR group, and 101 women whose fetuses had normal body weights were included in the normal body weight group (normal group). Fasting venous blood samples were collected from the elbow at 28-30 wk gestation and 1-3 d before delivery to measure serum D-D and HbA1c levels for comparative analysis. The diagnostic value of serum D-D and HbA1c levels for FGR was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis, and the influencing factors of third-trimester FGR in GDM patients were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS Serum fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, D-D and HbA1c levels were significantly greater in the FGR group than in the normal group, while the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance values were lower (P < 0.05). Regarding the diagnosis of FGR based on serum D-D and HbA1c levels, the areas under the curves (AUCs) were 0.826 and 0.848, the cutoff values were 3.04 mg/L and 5.80%, the sensitivities were 81.0% and 79.4%, and the specificities were 88.1% and 87.1%, respectively. The AUC of serum D-D plus HbA1c levels for diagnosing FGR was 0.928, and the sensitivity and specificity were 84.1% and 91.1%, respectively. High D-D and HbA1c levels were risk factors for third-trimester FGR in GDM patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION D-D and HbA1c levels can indicate the occurrence of FGR in GDM patients in the third trimester of pregnancy to some extent, and their combination can be used as an important index for the early prediction of FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The People’s Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chao-Yan Yue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Hematology, The People’s Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
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Sokol Karadjole V, D’Amato A, Milošević M, Herman M, Mikuš M, Laganà AS, Chiantera V, Etrusco A. Impact of Thrombophilic Polymorphisms in Antenatal Women on Perinatal Health: A Single-Center Prospective Study. J Pers Med 2024; 14:433. [PMID: 38673060 PMCID: PMC11050971 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite pregnancy's hypercoagulable state, the correlation between inherited thrombophilia and thrombotic adverse pregnancy outcomes remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of inherited thrombophilic polymorphisms among asymptomatic pregnant individuals and to examine their potential correlation with adverse perinatal outcomes. METHODS in this single-center prospective study, 105 healthy pregnant women were included. Genotyping was conducted for factor V Leiden (FVL), prothrombin gene mutation, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme (MTHFR) C677T, MTHFR A1298C, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), alongside the assessment of protein C (PC), protein S (PS), and antithrombin (AT) levels. The study analyzed the association between inherited thrombophilic polymorphisms and pregnancy complications linked to placental insufficiency, such as gestational hypertension (GH), preeclampsia (PE), intrauterine death (IUD), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and placental abruption. RESULTS The prevalence of identifiable thrombophilic polymorphism mutations was 61.9% (95% confidence interval-CI 52.4-70.8%), with the most common single mutation being PAI-1 4G/5G (12/105, 11.4%, 95% CI 6.4-18.5). The most frequent combined mutation was heterozygosity for MTHFR C677T and PAI-1 (12/105, 11.4%, 95% CI 6.4-18.5). Notably, no FVL homozygous carriers or single homozygous and heterozygous carriers for prothrombin polymorphisms were found. Additionally, no deficiencies in PC and AT were detected among participants. Except for homozygosity for PAI-1, none of the studied polymorphisms demonstrated a significant association with pregnancy complications linked to placental insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS The asymptomatic carriers of inherited thrombophilic polymorphisms do not have an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Sokol Karadjole
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.S.K.); (M.H.); (M.M.)
- School of Medicine Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Antonio D’Amato
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Policlinico of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Milan Milošević
- School of Medicine Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- School of Medicine, Andrija Štampar School of Public Health, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mislav Herman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.S.K.); (M.H.); (M.M.)
- School of Medicine Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Mislav Mikuš
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.S.K.); (M.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Paolo Giaccone” Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.S.L.); (A.E.)
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Vito Chiantera
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Etrusco
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Paolo Giaccone” Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.S.L.); (A.E.)
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
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Hernandez MM, Buckley A, Mills A, Meislin R, Cromwell C, Bianco A, Strong N, Arinsburg S. Multidisciplinary management of a pregnancy complicated by Glanzmann thrombasthenia: A case report. Transfusion 2023; 63:2384-2391. [PMID: 37952246 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder of platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptors. Pregnant patients with GT are at increased risk of maternal and fetal bleeding. There is a paucity of literature on the peripartum management of patients. CASE DESCRIPTION We present the antepartum through the postpartum course of a patient with GT who was managed by a multidisciplinary approach that included communication across maternal-fetal medicine, hematology, transfusion medicine, and anesthesiology services. In addition to routine prepartum obstetric imaging and hematologic laboratory studies, we proactively monitored the patient for anti-platelet antibodies every 4-6 weeks to gauge the risk for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, we prioritized uterotonics, tranexamic acid, and transfusion of HLA-matched platelets to manage bleeding for mother and fetus intrapartum through the postpartum periods. CONCLUSION To date, there are limited guidelines for managing bleeding or preventing alloimmunization during pregnancy in patients with GT. Here, we present a complex case with aggressive management of bleeding prophylactically for the mother while serially monitoring both mother and fetus for peripartum bleeding risks and events. Moreover, future studies warrant continued evaluation of these approaches to mitigate increased bleeding risks in subsequent pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ayisha Buckley
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ariana Mills
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Meislin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caroline Cromwell
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angela Bianco
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Noel Strong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Suzanne Arinsburg
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Samfireag M, Potre O, Potre C, Moleriu RD, Petre I, Borsi E, Hoinoiu T, Petre I, Popoiu TA, Iurciuc S, Anghel A. Maternal and Newborn Characteristics-A Comparison between Healthy and Thrombophilic Pregnancy. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2082. [PMID: 37895463 PMCID: PMC10608229 DOI: 10.3390/life13102082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A thrombophilic woman is more likely to experience difficulties during pregnancy, difficulties that will also affect the development of the newborn. This study aims to compare maternal and newborn characteristics between healthy and thrombophilic pregnancy. The following characteristics were analysed: maternal characteristics (BMI- body mass index, haemostasis parameters, thrombophilia-specific treatment) and newborn characteristics (gestational period, birth weight, the Apgar score). This follow-up study spanning five years, from 2018 to 2022, focuses on a cohort of 500 women who underwent delivery hospitalization in the western region of Romania. The maternal characteristics influence the newborn: the greater the weight of the mother with thrombophilia, the more the chances that the fetus will have a lower birth weight; increasing the dose of LMWH (low molecular weight heparin), connected with the necessity to control the homeostasis parameters, the more likely the fetus will be born with a lower birth weight. A pregnant woman with thrombophilia, treated appropriately, having a normal weight, and not presenting other risk factors independent of thrombophilia, will have a newborn with characteristics similar to a healthy pregnant woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miruna Samfireag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Clinical Practical Skills, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.S.); (T.H.)
- Advanced Cardiology and Hemostaseology Research Center, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Potre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Hematology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Cristina Potre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Hematology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Radu-Dumitru Moleriu
- Department III of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.-D.M.); (I.P.); (T.-A.P.)
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Computer Science, West University of Timisoara, No. 4 Vasile Parvan Boulevard, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Izabella Petre
- Department XII of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Discipline III of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ema Borsi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Hematology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Teodora Hoinoiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Clinical Practical Skills, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.S.); (T.H.)
- Advanced Cardiology and Hemostaseology Research Center, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ion Petre
- Department III of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.-D.M.); (I.P.); (T.-A.P.)
| | - Tudor-Alexandru Popoiu
- Department III of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.-D.M.); (I.P.); (T.-A.P.)
| | - Stela Iurciuc
- Department VI of Cardiology, Discipline of Internal Medicine and Ambulatory Care, Prevention and Cardiovascular Recovery, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Andrei Anghel
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Discipline of Biochemistry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Incognito GG, Distefano REC, Campo G, Gulino FA, Gulisano C, Gullotta C, Gullo G, Cucinella G, Tuscano A, Bruno MT, Palumbo M. Comparison of Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes between SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Retrospective, Monocentric Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6329. [PMID: 37834972 PMCID: PMC10573122 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on maternal and neonatal outcomes during pregnancy is still poorly understood, and the emergence of different variants has further complicated our understanding of the virus's effects. This retrospective, monocentric study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by analyzing the outcomes of pregnant women with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection caused by the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants. The study, conducted between December 2020 and March 2022 at San Marco Hospital, included 313 pregnant women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The results showed that the Delta variant was associated with a significantly higher incidence of adverse outcomes, such as premature births, maternal intensive care unit admission, intrauterine growth restriction, and small for gestational age infants. Additionally, the Delta variant was linked to lower Apgar scores, higher maternal and fetal mortality rates, and increased levels of various biomarkers indicating more severe illness. Finally, the Delta variant also presented a greater possibility of vertical transmission. These findings underscore the complexity of understanding the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on pregnancy outcomes, especially considering the distinctive characteristics of different variants. By better understanding the specific impacts of each variant, appropriate preventive measures and management strategies can be implemented to optimize maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giosuè Giordano Incognito
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.G.I.); (R.E.C.D.); (G.C.); (C.G.); (A.T.); (M.T.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Rosario Emanuele Carlo Distefano
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.G.I.); (R.E.C.D.); (G.C.); (C.G.); (A.T.); (M.T.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Giorgia Campo
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.G.I.); (R.E.C.D.); (G.C.); (C.G.); (A.T.); (M.T.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Ferdinando Antonio Gulino
- Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology of Adults and Developmental Age, University Hospital “G. Martino”, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Chiara Gulisano
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.G.I.); (R.E.C.D.); (G.C.); (C.G.); (A.T.); (M.T.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Chiara Gullotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Gullo
- Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti (AOOR) Villa Sofia Cervello, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Gaspare Cucinella
- Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti (AOOR) Villa Sofia Cervello, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Attilio Tuscano
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.G.I.); (R.E.C.D.); (G.C.); (C.G.); (A.T.); (M.T.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Maria Teresa Bruno
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.G.I.); (R.E.C.D.); (G.C.); (C.G.); (A.T.); (M.T.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Marco Palumbo
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.G.I.); (R.E.C.D.); (G.C.); (C.G.); (A.T.); (M.T.B.); (M.P.)
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Brandt JS, Ananth CV. Placental abruption at near-term and term gestations: pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 228:S1313-S1329. [PMID: 37164498 PMCID: PMC10176440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Placental abruption is the premature separation of the placenta from its uterine attachment before the delivery of a fetus. The clinical manifestations of abruption typically include vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain with a wide variety of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns. Clinical challenges arise when pregnant people with this condition present with profound vaginal bleeding, necessitating urgent delivery, especially when there is a concern for maternal and fetal compromise and coagulopathy. Abruption occurs in 0.6% to 1.2% of all pregnancies, with nearly half of abruption occurring at term gestations. An exposition of abruption at near-term (defined as the late preterm period from 34 0/7 to 36 6/7 weeks of gestation) and term (defined as ≥37 weeks of gestation) provides unique insights into its direct effects, as risks associated with preterm birth do not impact outcomes. Here, we explore the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and diagnosis of abruption. We discuss the interaction of chronic processes (decidual and uteroplacental vasculopathy) and acute processes (shearing forces applied to the abdomen) that underlie the pathophysiology. Risk factors for abruption and strengths of association are summarized. Sonographic findings of abruption and fetal heart rate tracings are presented. In addition, we propose a management algorithm for acute abruption that incorporates blood loss, vital signs, and urine output, among other factors. Lastly, we discuss blood component therapy, viscoelastic point-of-care testing, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and management of abruption complicated by fetal death. The review seeks to provide comprehensive, clinically focused guidance during a gestational age range when neonatal outcomes can often be favorable if rapid and evidence-based care is optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Brandt
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ.
| | - Cande V Ananth
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ; Cardiovascular Institute of New Jersey and Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ
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Zhu Y, Liu Z, Miao C, Wang X, Liu W, Chen S, Gao H, Li W, Wu Z, Cao H, Li H. Trajectories of maternal D-dimer are associated with the risk of developing adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: a prospective birth cohort study. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 543:117324. [PMID: 37003516 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationships of maternal D-dimer trajectories with the risk of developing adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes (AMPOs). METHODS A prospective birth cohort study was conducted in China, and 7,095 women who had singleton birth were included. The latent class growth model was used to determine the maternal D-dimer trajectory. RESULTS Three maternal D-dimer trajectories were identified: (1) slight increase (43.6%), (2) rapid rise (51.3%), (3) sustained high (5.1%). Compared to pregnant women with a slight increase in D-dimer trajectory, the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, placenta previa, macrosomia, large for gestational age (LGA), and increased postpartum bleeding was significantly increased in those with a rapid rise trajectory (adjusted OR=1.22, 2.00, 1.80, and 1.56, adjusted β=15.92∼25.1ml, respectively, P<0.05), and women with a sustained high trajectory also demonstrated a relatively elevated risk of macrosomia and LGA (adjusted OR=2.11 and 1.82, respectively, P<0.05). While the odds of pregnancy-induced hypertension, low birth weight, and small for gestational age in pregnant women with the rapid rise D-dimer trajectory and fetal distress in those with sustained high trajectory exhibited a reduction (adjusted OR=0.62, 0.38, 0.54, and 0.64, respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSION This study highlights the influence of inappropriate maternal D-dimer trajectories on the risk of AMPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Zhu
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Critical Disease Research, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Zhaozhen Liu
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China; Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fuzhou 350012, China
| | - Chong Miao
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China; Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fuzhou 350012, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China; Fujian Children's Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Shali Chen
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China; Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fuzhou 350012, China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China; Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fuzhou 350012, China
| | - Wei Li
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China; Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fuzhou 350012, China
| | - Zhengqin Wu
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China; Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fuzhou 350012, China
| | - Hua Cao
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Critical Disease Research, Fuzhou 350001, China.
| | - Haibo Li
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Critical Disease Research, Fuzhou 350001, China
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Damman E, Trecourt A, de la Fournière B, Lebreton F, Gaillot-Durand L, Fichez A, Chauvy L, Thonnon C, Destras G, Devouassoux-Shisheboran M, Allias F. Predictive factors for severe placental damage in pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Placenta 2023; 136:1-7. [PMID: 36963271 PMCID: PMC10022462 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SARS-Cov-2 infection during pregnancy can lead to severe placental lesions characterized by massive perivillous fibrin deposition, histiocytic intervillositis and trophoblast necrosis. Diffuse placental damage of this kind is rare, but can sometimes lead to obstetric complications, such as intrauterine fetal death (IUFD). The objectives of this study were to identify possible predictors of severe placental lesions. METHODS We retrospectively studied 96 placentas from SARS-Cov-2 positive pregnant women who gave birth between March 2020 and March 2022. Cases with and without severe placental lesions were compared in terms of clinical and laboratory findings. RESULTS Twelve of the 96 patients had severe placental lesions. There was no significant association with diabetes, obesity or severe clinical maternal disease. In contrast, presence of severe placental lesions was significantly associated with neonatal intensive care, cesarean section, prematurity, IUFD, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), gestational age, maternal hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia. No cases of severe placental lesions were observed in vaccinated patients or in those with the Omicron variant. DISCUSSION In these patients, severe placental lesions due to SARS-Cov-2 were significantly associated with the presence of coagulation abnormalities (hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia), IUGR and gestational age. These results support laboratory and ultrasound monitoring of these parameters in pregnant women with SARS-Cov-2 infection, especially during the second trimester, to predict potential negative fetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Damman
- Medipath Montpellier, 80 rue de Pythagore, 34170, Castelnau-Le-Lez, France
| | - Alexis Trecourt
- Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Benoit de la Fournière
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospices civils de Lyon, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69004, Lyon, France
| | - Frédérique Lebreton
- Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Lucie Gaillot-Durand
- Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Axel Fichez
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospices civils de Lyon, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69004, Lyon, France
| | - Lauriane Chauvy
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Cyrielle Thonnon
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Gregory Destras
- Department of Virology, Infective Agents Institute, National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Hospices civils de Lyon, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69004, Lyon, France
| | - Mojgan Devouassoux-Shisheboran
- Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Fabienne Allias
- Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France.
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10
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Othman M, Pradhan A. Laboratory Testing of Hemostasis in Pregnancy: A Brief Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2663:111-125. [PMID: 37204707 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3175-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Normal pregnancy is associated with significant physiological changes in the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems with an inclination toward a hypercoagulable state. This includes an increase in plasma levels of most clotting factors, a decrease in endogenous anticoagulants, and inhibition of fibrinolysis. Although these changes are critical in maintaining placental function and reducing postpartum hemorrhage, they may contribute to an increased risk of thromboembolism, particularly toward the end of pregnancy and during puerperium. Hemostasis parameters and the non-pregnant population reference ranges cannot be used in the assessment of bleeding or thrombotic complication risk during pregnancy, and pregnancy-specific information and reference ranges are not always available to support the interpretation of laboratory tests. This review aims to summarize the use of relevant hemostasis tests to promote evidence-based interpretation of laboratory test results as well as discuss challenges associated with testing during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Othman
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
- School of Baccalaureate Nursing, St. Lawrence College, Kingston, ON, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Anushka Pradhan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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11
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Müller J, Büchsel M, Timme M, App U, Miesbach W, Sachs UJ, Krause M, Scholz U. Reference Intervals in Coagulation Analysis. Hamostaseologie 2022; 42:381-389. [PMID: 36549290 DOI: 10.1055/a-1945-9490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation analysis is characterized by the application of a variety of materials, reagents, and analyzers for the determination of the same parameter, or analyte, by different laboratories worldwide. Accordingly, the application of common reference intervals, that, by definition, would represent a "range of values (of a certain analyte) that is deemed normal for a physiological measurement in healthy persons," is difficult to implement without harmonization of procedures. In fact, assay-specific reference intervals are usually established to allow for the discrimination of normal and abnormal values during evaluation of patient results. While such assay-specific reference intervals are often determined by assay manufacturers and subsequently adopted by customer laboratories, verification of transferred values is still mandatory to confirm applicability on site. The same is true for reference intervals that have been adopted from other laboratories, published information, or determined by indirect data mining approaches. In case transferable reference intervals are not available for a specific assay, a direct recruiting approach may or needs to be applied. In comparison to transferred reference interval verification, however, the direct recruiting approach requires a significantly higher number of well-defined samples to be collected and analyzed. In the present review, we aim to give an overview on the above-mentioned aspects and procedures, also with respect to relevant standards, regulations, guidelines, but also challenges for both, assay manufacturers and coagulation laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Müller
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Büchsel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Timme
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Urban App
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Eschborn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Miesbach
- Medical Clinic 2, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrich J Sachs
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Krause
- Center of Hemostasis, MVZ Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Scholz
- Center of Hemostasis, MVZ Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Šarac J, Havaš Auguštin D, Zajc Petranović M, Novokmet N, Bočkor L, Stanišić L, Petherick E, Karelović D, Šelović A, Mrdjen Hodžić R, Musić Milanović S, Demerath EW, Schell LM, Cameron N, Missoni S. Testing the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations on maternal reproductive health and associated neonatal characteristics in a transitional, Mediterranean population. Ann Hum Biol 2022; 49:91-99. [PMID: 35604837 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2022.2080863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) are significant risk factors for maternal and neonatal health. AIM To assess pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG during pregnancy and their association with different maternal and neonatal characteristics in the transitional Mediterranean population from the Eastern Adriatic islands. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 262 mother-child dyads from the CRoatian Islands' Birth Cohort Study (CRIBS) were included in the study. Chi-square test, ANOVA and regression analysis were used to test the association between selected characteristics. RESULTS 22% of women entered pregnancy with overweight/obesity and 46.6% had excessive GWG. Pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity were significantly associated with elevated triglycerides uric acid levels, and decreased HDL cholesterol in pregnancy. Excessive GWG was associated with elevated fibrinogen and lipoprotein A levels. Women with high pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG values were more likely to give birth to babies that were large for gestational age (LGA), additionally confirmed in the multiple logistic regression model. CONCLUSION High maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG were both significantly associated with deviated biochemical parameters and neonatal size. More careful monitoring of maternal nutritional status can lead to better pre- and perinatal maternal health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Šarac
- Center for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia.,Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Havaš Auguštin
- Center for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia.,Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Luka Bočkor
- Center for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia.,Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lada Stanišić
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Split University Hospital Centre, Split, Croatia
| | - Emily Petherick
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Deni Karelović
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Split University Hospital Centre, Split, Croatia
| | - Alen Šelović
- Gynaecological practice Dr. Alen Šelović, Bjelovar, Croatia
| | | | - Sanja Musić Milanović
- Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.,University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, School of Public Health "Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | - Noel Cameron
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Saša Missoni
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia.,"J. J. Strossmayer" University, School of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
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13
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Samfireag M, Potre C, Potre O, Tudor R, Hoinoiu T, Anghel A. Approach to Thrombophilia in Pregnancy-A Narrative Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58050692. [PMID: 35630108 PMCID: PMC9145888 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58050692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thrombophilia is a genetic predisposition to hypercoagulable states caused by acquired haemostasis conditions; pregnancy causes the haemostatic system to become hypercoagulable, which grows throughout the pregnancy and peaks around delivery. Genetic testing for thrombophilic gene mutations is evaluated using different methodologies of real-time polymerase chain reaction and DNA microarrays of specific genes. Adapting the general care of the pregnant woman to the particularities caused by thrombophilia is an important component, so screening is preferred to assess the degree of genetic damage that manifests itself as a risk of thrombosis. The major goal of this narrative review was to quantitatively evaluate the literature data on the specific care of pregnant women with thrombophilia that are at risk of developing unplanned miscarriages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miruna Samfireag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Clinical Practical Skills, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.S.); (T.H.)
- Advanced Cardiology and Hemostaseology Research Center, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Potre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Hematology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ovidiu Potre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Hematology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Raluca Tudor
- Department of Neurosciences, Discipline of Neurology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Teodora Hoinoiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Clinical Practical Skills, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.S.); (T.H.)
- Advanced Cardiology and Hemostaseology Research Center, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andrei Anghel
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Discipline of Biochemistry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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14
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Fu M, Liu J, Xing J, Dai Y, Ding Y, Dong K, Zhang X, Yuan E. Reference intervals for coagulation parameters in non-pregnant and pregnant women. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1519. [PMID: 35087162 PMCID: PMC8795382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Established reference intervals (RIs) of coagulation parameters generally based on the general population are not applicable to specific women. In order to accurately evaluate the coagulation status of non-pregnant women and pregnant women, specific RIs should be established. Our study recruited 465 non-pregnant women and 1972 pregnant women aged 20-45 years. Eight tests including antithrombin (AT), protein C (PC), free protein S (fPS), lupus anticoagulant (LA), D-dimer, fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), coagulation factor VII (FVII), and factor VIII (FVIII) were performed on ACL TOP automated coagulation instrument. The RIs for these tests were established in non-pregnant and pregnant women at different gestational weeks. Compared to the non-pregnant group, the medians of AT and fPS were lower, while the medians of PC, LA normalized ratio, D-dimer, FDP, FVII, and FVIII were higher. During pregnancy, AT and fPS activity showed a decreasing trend, with the increase of gestational age. PC activity, LA normalized ratio, D-dimer concentrations, FDP concentrations, FVII, and FVIII activity presented an increasing trend, with the increase of gestational age. The non-pregnant women-specific RIs and the gestational age-specific RIs of AT, PC, fPS, LA normalized ratio, D-dimer, FDP, FVII, and FVIII needed to be established for accurate clinical diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.7 Front Kangfu Street, Er'qi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Henan Human Sperm Bank, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jinfang Xing
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.7 Front Kangfu Street, Er'qi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yanpeng Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.7 Front Kangfu Street, Er'qi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yanzi Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.7 Front Kangfu Street, Er'qi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Kainan Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.7 Front Kangfu Street, Er'qi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xuewei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.7 Front Kangfu Street, Er'qi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Enwu Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.7 Front Kangfu Street, Er'qi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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15
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Elieh Ali Komi D, Rahimi Y, Asghari R, Jafari R, Rasouli J, Mohebalizadeh M, Abbasi A, Nejadrahim R, Rezazadeh F, Shafiei-Irannejad V. Investigation of the Molecular Mechanism of Coagulopathy in Severe and Critical Patients With COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:762782. [PMID: 34975853 PMCID: PMC8716500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.762782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulopathy is a frequently reported finding in the pathology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, the molecular mechanism, the involved coagulation factors, and the role of regulatory proteins in homeostasis are not fully investigated. We explored the dynamic changes of nine coagulation tests in patients and controls to propose a molecular mechanism for COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Coagulation tests including prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen (FIB), lupus anticoagulant (LAC), proteins C and S, antithrombin III (ATIII), D-dimer, and fibrin degradation products (FDPs) were performed on plasma collected from 105 individuals (35 critical patients, 35 severe patients, and 35 healthy controls). There was a statically significant difference when the results of the critical (CRT) and/or severe (SVR) group for the following tests were compared to the control (CRL) group: PTCRT (15.014) and PTSVR (13.846) (PTCRL = 13.383, p < 0.001), PTTCRT (42.923) and PTTSVR (37.8) (PTTCRL = 36.494, p < 0.001), LACCRT (49.414) and LACSVR (47.046) (LACCRL = 40.763, p < 0.001), FIBCRT (537.66) and FIBSVR (480.29) (FIBCRL = 283.57, p < 0.001), ProCCRT (85.57%) and ProCSVR (99.34%) (ProCCRL = 94.31%, p = 0.04), ProSCRT (62.91%) and ProSSVR (65.06%) (ProSCRL = 75.03%, p < 0.001), D-dimer (p < 0.0001, χ2 = 34.812), and FDP (p < 0.002, χ2 = 15.205). No significant association was found in the ATIII results in groups (ATIIICRT = 95.71% and ATIIISVR = 99.63%; ATIIICRL = 98.74%, p = 0.321). D-dimer, FIB, PT, PTT, LAC, protein S, FDP, and protein C (ordered according to p-values) have significance in the prognosis of patients. Disruptions in homeostasis in protein C (and S), VIII/VIIIa and V/Va axes, probably play a role in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elieh Ali Komi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Rahimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rahim Asghari
- Hematology, Immune Cell Therapy, and Stem Cells Transplantation Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Hematology, Immune Cell Therapy, and Stem Cells Transplantation Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Javad Rasouli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebalizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ata Abbasi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rahim Nejadrahim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Farzin Rezazadeh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Shafiei-Irannejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- *Correspondence: Vahid Shafiei-Irannejad,
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16
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Rangchaikul P, Venketaraman V. SARS-CoV-2 and the Immune Response in Pregnancy with Delta Variant Considerations. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:993-1008. [PMID: 34940401 PMCID: PMC8700906 DOI: 10.3390/idr13040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As of September 2021, there has been a total of 123,633 confirmed cases of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the US according to the CDC, with maternal death being 2.85 times more likely, pre-eclampsia 1.33 times more likely, preterm birth 1.47 times more likely, still birth 2.84 times more likely, and NICU admission 4.89 times more likely when compared to pregnant women without COVID-19 infection. In our literature review, we have identified eight key changes in the immunological functioning of the pregnant body that may predispose the pregnant patient to both a greater susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, as well as a more severe disease course. Factors that may impede immune clearance of SARS-CoV-2 include decreased levels of natural killer (NK) cells, Th1 CD4+ T cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), a decreased phagocytic index of neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes, as well as the immunomodulatory properties of progesterone, which is elevated in pregnancy. Factors that may exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 morbidity through hyperinflammatory states include increases in the complement system, which are linked to greater lung injury, as well as increases in TLR-1 and TLR-7, which are known to bind to the virus, leading to increased proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, which are already elevated in normal pregnant physiology. Other considerations include an increase in angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the maternal circulation, leading to increased viral binding on the host cell, as well as increased IL-6 and decreased regulatory T cells in pre-eclampsia. We also focus on how the Delta variant has had a concerning impact on SARS-CoV-2 cases in pregnancy, with an increased case volume and proportion of ICU admissions among the infected expecting mothers. We propose that the effects of the Delta variant are due to a combination of (1) the Delta variant itself being more transmissible, contagious, and efficient at infecting host cells, (2) initial evidence pointing to the Delta variant causing a significantly greater viral load that accumulates more rapidly in the respiratory system, (3) the pregnancy state being more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, as discussed in-depth, and (4) the lower rates of vaccination in pregnant women compared to the general population. In the face of continually evolving strains and the relatively low awareness of COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant women, it is imperative that we continue to push for global vaccine equity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
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