Research Advances in the Mechanisms of Hyperuricemia-Induced Renal Injury

Management of hypertension addressing hyperuricaemia: introduction of nano-based approaches

Uric acid (UA) levels in blood serum have been associated with hypertension, indicating a potential causal relationship between high serum UA levels and the progression of hypertension. Therefore, the reduction of serum UA level is considered a potential strategy for lowering and mitigating blood pressure. If an individual is at risk of developing or already manifesting elevated blood pressure, this intervention could be an integral part of a comprehensive treatment plan. By addressing hyperuricaemia, practitioners may subsidize the optimization of blood pressure regulation, which illustrates the importance of addressing UA levels as a valuable strategy within the broader context of hypertension management. In this analysis, we outlined the operational principles of effective xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricaemia and hypertension, along with an exploration of the contribution of nanotechnology to this field.

Review of Codonopsis Radix biological activities: A plant of traditional Chinese tonic

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Codonopsis Radix, commonly known as Dangshen in Chinese, is frequently used to treat deficiencies of spleen and lung Qi, gastrointestinal discomfort, fatigue, asthmatic breathing, sallow complexion, lack of strength, shortness of breath, deficiencies of both Qi and blood, as well as impairments to both Qi and body fluids in suboptimal health status.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This review systematically expounds on the modern pharmacological studies related to the use of Codonopsis Radix in invigorating Qi and nourishing the body in recent years. The aim is to provide theoretical research and reference for the in-depth and systematic exploration and development of the applications of Codonopsis Radix in the fields of food and medicine.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study employs "Codonopsis Radix," "Codonopsis," and "Dangshen" as keywords to gather pertinent information on Codonopsis Radix medicine through electronic searches of classical literature and databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Wiley, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and Baidu Scholar.

RESULTS

From previous studies, activities such as immune system modulation, gastrointestinal motility regulation, cardiac function revitalization, lung function improvement, blood circulation enhancement, aging process deceleration, learning and memory augmentation, fatigue resistance enhancement, and liver and kidney damage protection of Codonopsis Radix have been reported. Recognized as an important medicine and food homologous traditional Chinese herbal remedy for supplementing deficiencies, its mode of action is multi-elemental, multi-systemic, multi-organ, multi-mechanistic, and multi-targeted. Furthermore, the benefits of its tonic surpass its therapeutic value, establishing it as an extraordinary preventive and therapeutic medicine.

CONCLUSIONS

With its long history of traditional applications and the revelations of contemporary pharmacological research, Codonopsis Radix exhibits great potential as both a therapeutic agent and a dietary supplement for further research in medicine, nutrition, and healthcare.

Development of a machine learning-based model for the prediction and progression of diabetic kidney disease: A single centred retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a diabetic microvascular complication often characterized by an unpredictable progression. Hence, early detection and recognition of patients vulnerable to progression is crucial.

OBJECTIVE

To develop a prediction model to identify the stages of DKD and the factors contributing to progression to each stage using machine learning.

METHODOLOGY

A retrospective study was conducted in a South Indian tertiary care hospital and collected the details of patients diagnosed with DKD from January 2017 to January 2022. Bayesian optimization-based machine learning techniques such as classification and regression were employed. The model was developed with the help of an optimization framework that effectively balances classification, prediction accuracy, and explainability.

RESULTS

Of the 311 patients diagnosed with DKD, 227 were selected for the study. A system for predicting DKD has been created for a patient dataset utilizing a variety of machine-learning approaches. The eXtreme gradient (XG) Boost method excelled, achieving 88.75% accuracy, 88.57% precision, 91.4% sensitivity,100% specificity, and 89.49% F1-score. An interpretable data-driven method highlights significant features for early DKD diagnosis. The best explainable prediction model uses the XG Boost classifier, revealing serum uric acid, urea, phosphorous, red blood cells, calcium, and absolute eosinophil count as the major predictors influencing the progression of DKD. In the case of regression models, the gradient boost regressor performed the best, with an R2 score of 0.97.

CONCLUSION

Machine learning algorithms can effectively predict the stages of DKD and thus help physicians in providing patients with personalized care at the right time.

Uncovering the Potential Mechanisms and Effects of Hyperuricemia and its Associated Diseases on Male Reproduction

Male fertility and metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes, are closely connected. Since hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome are strongly related, male fertility and hyperuricemia may, to some degree, be associated. According to recent studies, hyperuricemia imposes various effects on sex hormones, semen quality, and male erectile dysfunction. Some researchers claim that uric acid worsens male semen and raises the risk of erectile dysfunction (ED), while others state that it safeguards both penile erection and male semen. Additionally, it has been shown that gout and metabolic syndrome also raise the risk of ED. To clarify this controversy, the influence and potential mechanisms of hyperuricemia on ED, semen quality, sex hormone levels, and the effects of hyperuricemia-related disorders on ED will be comprehensively summarized.

Total Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes in Patients with Gout: A Retrospective Analysis of Matched Large Cohorts

Background

Gout is the most prevalent form of inflammatory arthritis in the world. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) has emerged as a widely sought-after and highly effective surgical procedure for advanced hip diseases. However, there is a lack of research on the impact of gout on primary THA outcomes in large cohorts. This study aimed to address this gap by primarily investigating complications following THA in patients with or without gout.

Methods

Patients with records of gout in the 2 years leading up to their primary THA and who also have at least 2 years of follow-up were identified using a national insurance database and compared to a 5:1 matched control. A total of 32,466 patients with gout and 161,514 patients without gout undergoing THA were identified. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were done for medical complications up to 90 days and surgical complications up to 2 years. In addition, 90-day emergency department (ED) visits and inpatient readmission were also documented.

Results

Patients with gout demonstrated higher rates of medical complications including deep vein thrombosis, transfusion, acute kidney injury, and urinary tract infection than non-gout patients (p < 0.001). Gout patients also showed higher rates of pulmonary embolism (p = 0.017). Increased incidences of surgical complications were identified in gout patients, specifically wound complications and periprosthetic joint infection (p < 0.001). There was an increased risk of revision for gout patients up to 90 days (p = 0.003), 1 year (p = 0.027), and 2 years (p = 0.039). There was also an increased risk of dislocation for gout patients up to 90 days (p = 0.022) and 1 year (p = 0.047), but not at 2 years. No significant difference was observed in aseptic loosening or periprosthetic fracture. Additionally, gout patients also demonstrated a higher likelihood of 90-day ED visits and readmission (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Primary THA in gout patients is associated with increased risks of multiple medical and surgical complications. Our findings provide insights into the planning and expectation of THA for patients with gout. These insights have the potential to benefit the decision-making process for gout patients considering THA.

Impact of age on eGFR dynamics following sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor therapy: A real-world study

AIM

The initial decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), often known as the "initial dip," associated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) is typically transient but may be more pronounced in older patients.

METHODS

We analyzed real-world data from 2,070 patients newly prescribed SGLT2i, tracking eGFR changes at baseline and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after initiation. We defined a significant initial dip as over 10 % reduction in eGFR at 3 months. In addition, the 1-year change in eGFR after the initial decline was also assessed.

RESULTS

Of the total patients, 34.5 % were aged 60-69 years, 21.1 % were aged 70-79 years, and 11.5 % were aged 80 years or older. About 21.4 % experienced a significant dip at 3 months. The incidence of initial dip increases with age, with the highest incidence (38.7 %) in those aged 80 + . Despite the initial decline, subsequent eGFR was stable over one year in all age groups. Factors such as age, lower hemoglobin, higher uric acid levels, and use of RAS blockers were linked to the initial dip.

CONCLUSIONS

Older patients showed a more pronounced initial eGFR decline after starting SGLT2i, but it stabilized for one year without further deterioration, similar to younger patients.

Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: to treat or not a threat? A clinical and evidence-based approach to the management of hyperuricemia in the context of cardiovascular diseases

Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is defined by serum uric acid levels above 6.2 mg/dl in women and 7 mg/dl in men. In the presence of monosodium urate crystal formation and articular inflammation, hyperuricemia may become symptomatic (namely nephrolithiasis and gout). Uric acid results from purine catabolism and is at the centre of a complex metabolic interplay that involves oxidative stress, inflammation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation and insulin resistance. Uric acid levels present a continuous relation with conditions like hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are reported to have an impact on risk of cardiovascular events. However, whether elevated uric acid is a causal agent and thus a possible therapeutic target is still uncertain and matter of further investigation. Treating symptomatic hyperuricemia involves lowering uric acid drugs and controlling inflammation. Urate-lowering agents are well tolerated but show minimal impact on cardiovascular events in patients with gout. Use of direct-acting urate-lowering agents in asymptomatic hyperuricemia associated with cardiovascular diseases does not warrant a clear benefit, whereas addressing cardiovascular issues with guideline-recommended therapies lowers uric acid and reduces the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Regular assessment of uric acid and clinical symptoms is advised before starting and renewing a urate-lowering treatment.

Preexisting Hyperuricemia Before High-Altitude Ascent is Associated with a Slower Recovery of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Following Descent

Zhao, Linggong, Yujie Huang, and Xiaoling Tan. Preexisting hyperuricemia before high-altitude ascent is associated with a slower recovery of estimated glomerular filtration rate following descent. High Alt Med Biol. 00:00-00, 2024. Objectives: Hypoxia at high altitudes results in elevated uric acid (UA) and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). However, the impact of a prolonged high-altitude sojourn on UA levels and renal function in patients with preexisting hyperuricemia warrants further exploration. The study was to investigate the eGFR and related factors in patients with preexisting hyperuricemia following exposure to high altitude. Methods: The study included 345 participants, who worked at a high altitude for 1 year. Anthropometric and laboratory indices were collected before ascent (i.e., baseline), as well as 20 and 80 days after descent. The participants were categorized into individuals with hyperuricemia (HUA) or normal uric acid (NUA) group based on the presence or absence of hyperuricemia at baseline. Results: No difference in baseline eGFR was observed between the two groups before ascend or on day 20 after descent (p > 0.05). However, on day 80, eGFR of the HUA group was lower compared with the NUA group (p < 0.05). Correlations existed between post-descent eGFR levels and variables, including sampling time, UA levels, total and direct bilirubin, and baseline grouping. Conclusions: After high-altitude exposure, the recovery of eGFR was delayed in participants with preexisting hyperuricemia. Preexisting hyperuricemia and high-altitude hypoxia jointly contribute to renal impairment.

Risk factors of disease activity and renal damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

PURPOSE

To evaluate the clinical features of patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and explore the risk factors of disease activity and renal damage.

METHODS

A retrospective study involving 194 patients were performed. Patients were divided into lupus nephritis (LN) group (63.40%) and non-LN group (36.60%), different disease activity group, and different renal function group according to the clinical data. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that albumin (ALB), uric acid (UC), total cholesterol (TC), and anti-dsDNA antibodies were the influencing factors of LN in patients with SLE (P < 0.05); ALB, UC, and complement 3(C3) were the influencing factors of lupus disease activity (P < 0.05); UC, C3, and hemoglobin (HB) were the influencing factors of abnormal renal function in SLE patients.

RESULTS

The results of the ROC curve showed that ALB, UA, and TC had certain predictive value for combined LN in patients with SLE, and the predictive value of ALB was greater than that of TC (P < 0.05); ALB, UA, and C3 being predictors of the activity of patients with SLE; BUN, UA, and HB all had certain predictive value for the abnormal renal function in patients with LN. SLE patients have the high incidence of renal impairment.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study suggest that patients with SLE should regularly monitor the levels of ALB, UA, TC, C3, and HB, as well as pay attention to the intervention of hyperlipidemia and hyperuricemia in patients with SLE to better control disease progression.

Xanthoceras sorbifolium leaves alleviate hyperuricemic nephropathy by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to regulate uric acid transport

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In China, Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge was first documented as "Wen Guan Hua" in the "Jiu Huang Ben Cao" in 1406 A.D. According to the "National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine," X. sorbifolium leaves are sweet and flat in nature and can dispel wind and dampness, suggesting that their extract can be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. X. sorbifolium Bunge has also been used to treat arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, chronic hepatitis, and rheumatism, complications associated with hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN), a condition characterized by kidney damage resulting from high levels of uric acid (UA) in the blood.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of a 70% ethanol extract from X. sorbifolium leaves (EX) in alleviating HN.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A mouse model of hyperuricemia was established to initially evaluate the hypouricemic effects and determine the effective dose of EX. Phytochemical analyses were conducted using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The potential key pathways of EX in the alleviation of HN were inferred using network pharmacology and bioinformatics. An HN rat model was then established, and experiments including biomarker detection, western blotting, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemical and Masson's trichrome staining, and transmission electron microscopy were conducted to evaluate the effect of EX on UA transporter expression in vitro.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses revealed that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway was the key pathway for the alleviation of HN progression by EX. EX treatment reduced serum biomarkers in HN rats, downregulated the expression of p-PI3K, p-AKT, glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), urate transporter 1 (URAT1), Collagen I, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9, and upregulated the expression of ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) to improve renal interstitial fibrosis in HN rats. A high content of both quercitrin and cynaroside were identified in EX; their administration inhibited the increased expression of GLUT9 and URAT1 in damaged HK-2 cells.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides evidence that EX alleviates HN. The potential mechanism underlying this effect may be the regulation of UA transporters, such as GLUT9 and URAT1, by limiting the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to improve renal injury.

Correlation and influencing factors of neurophysiological examinations and serum uric acid in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: an exploratory study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the correlation and influencing factors between neurophysiological examinations, serum uric acid (SUA), and glucose metabolism in patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN).

METHODS

A total of 114 patients with DPN who received treatment at the Endocrinology Department of our hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were included. According to the median blood uric acid level, the patients were divided into high SUA group and low SUA group, and the demographic data, blood glucose indexes and motor nerve electrophysiological examination results of the two groups were compared.

RESULTS

The level of FPG and HbA1c was higher in the high SUA group. The motor nerve latency of the high SUA group was higher, the motor nerve amplitude and motor nerve conduction velocity of the high SUA group were lower than those of the low SUA group. SUA was positively correlated with motor nerve latency and negatively correlated with motor nerve amplitude and conduction velocity.

CONCLUSION

In DPN, high SUA levels are associated with poor glycemic control. With the increase in SUA levels, the motor nerve latency in patients with T2DM is prolonged, and amplitude and conduction velocity decrease, and high SUA is a risk factor and potential predictor of DPN.

Nonlinear relationship between oxidative balance score and hyperuricemia: analyses of NHANES 2007-2018

BACKGROUND

Limited data regarding the correlation between oxidative balance score (OBS) and hyperuricemia highlights the necessity for thorough investigations. This study aims to examine the link between OBS, which incorporates dietary and lifestyle factors, and the occurrence of hyperuricemia.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 13,636 participants from the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The oxidative balance score (OBS) was determined based on four lifestyle factors and sixteen dietary nutrients. We assessed the levels of serum uric acid (SUA) and the occurrence of hyperuricemia as outcomes. Weighted logistic regression and linear models were used for statistical analysis, using Restricted Cubic Splines (RCS) to examine potential nonlinear associations. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity assessments were performed to identify any variations and ensure the robustness of the findings.

RESULTS

Higher OBS was consistently correlated with decreased SUA levels and a reduced prevalence of hyperuricemia. RCS highlighted a significant negative nonlinear association, particularly in females. Subgroup analysis revealed gender-based differences and interactive correlation, providing additional insights regarding OBS and hyperuricemia relationship.

CONCLUSION

This study underscores a robust negative correlation between OBS and SUA levels as well as the incidence of hyperuricemia, emphasizing the importance of dietary and lifestyle factors. Incorporating RCS, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity assessments enhances the depth of our findings, providing valuable insights for further research.

Association of time-averaged serum uric acid level with clinicopathological information and long-term outcomes in patients with IgA nephropathy

Objective

Whether serum uric acid (SUA) at baseline could been identiûed as a risk factor for progression in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients remains unclear, therefore, long- term SUA control levels must be monitored. We aimed to investigate the relevant factors affecting time-averaged SUA (TA-SUA) and to assess the prognostic value of TA-SUA in IgAN.

Methods

This retrospective study included 152 patients with IgAN. The relationships between TA-SUA and clinicopathological features and renal outcomes (defined as the doubling of the baseline serum creatinine level or end-stage renal disease) were analyzed in groups divided by quartiles of TA-SUA levels, the presence of hyperuricemia, and sex.

Results

Patients with high TA-SUA levels had higher levels of baseline SUA, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), triglycerides, serum C3 and serum C4 and were more likely to be male and have hypertension, proteinuria, poor renal function, and pathological injuries including high grades of tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis (T1-T2). These patients had a poorer prognosis compared with patients with low TA-SUA levels. The TA-SUA level was positively correlated with baseline age and BUN, triglycerides, serum C3, and serum C4 levels, and negatively correlated with baseline eGFR. Survival curve analysis indicated that persistent hyperuricemia was associated with significantly poorer renal outcomes than normo-uricemia in both men and women. The TA-SUA level also was an independent predictor of renal outcome in patients with IgAN, with optimal cutoû values of 451.38 µmol/L (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.934) for men and 492.83 µmol/L (AUC = 0.768) for women.

Conclusions

The TA-SUA level is associated with triglyceride level, complement component levels, renal function, and pathological severity of IgAN, and it may be a prognostic indicator in male and female patients with IgAN.

The systemic oxidative stress score has a prognostic value on gastric cancer patients undergoing surgery

Background

Oxidative stress is strongly associated with the development, recurrence metastasis, and treatment of gastric cancer. It is yet unknown, though, how systemic oxidative stress levels relate to the surgically treated gastric cancer patients' clinical results. This research aims to investigate the prognostic effect of systemic oxidative stress score, also known as systematic oxidative stress score (SOS), on gastric cancer patients undergoing surgical treatment.

Methods

Development of the SOS Formula through Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator LASSO Cox Regression. By using optimal cut-off values, the 466 patients included in the study had been split into high SOS and low SOS groups. Utilizing Chi-square test and the Wilcoxon rank sum test, this research examined the relationship between SOS and clinical traits. With the aid of Kaplan-Meier and COX regression analysis, the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer was examined.

Results

SOS consisted of four oxidative stress-related laboratory indices. Univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses revealed that SOS, Age, CA724, Radical resection and TNM stage were crucial prognostic factors for OS, and the independent prognostic factors for PFS included Age, CA724, TNM stage and SOS. They could have their prognosis correctly predicted using a nomogram built around SOS and independent prognostic variables.

Conclusion

SOS is a practical and reasonably priced tool for determining a patient's prognosis for gastric cancer. More notably, SOS is an accurate prognostic factor for patients with advanced gastric cancer who has undergone radical surgery.

Safety and Efficacy of Dotinurad on Uric Acid in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease With Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Below 25 mL/Min/1.73 m²

Introduction Dotinurad is being developed as a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor. However, its effect on lowering serum uric acid (UA) levels in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with severe renal dysfunction is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dotinurad on renal function in CKD patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 25 mL/min/1.73 m2. Methods Seven patients with CKD who received dotinurad 0.5 mg to 4 mg per day were studied retrospectively. Changes in UA, eGFR, and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR) were analyzed. The observation period was 10.9±2.1 months. Results Serum UA levels were decreased and maintained with dotinurad administration. Nevertheless, there were no improvements noted in renal function. Additionally, no serious adverse effects were identified in any of the patients throughout the observation period. Conclusion Although the sample size in this study was small, our findings demonstrate the efficacy of dotinurad in individuals with advanced CKD who have an eGFR lower than 25 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Fuling-Zexie formula attenuates hyperuricemia-induced nephropathy and inhibits JAK2/STAT3 signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Fuling-Zexie (FZ) formula, a traditional Chinese herbal prescription composed of Poria cocos (Schwan.) Wolf. (Poria), Pueraria lobate (Willd.) Howe. (Puerariae Lobatae Radix), Alisma orientale (Sam.) Julep. (Alismatis Rhizoma), and Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) Dc. (Atractylodis Rhizoma), has been clinically used to ameliorate hyperuricemia (HUA) and its associated renal injury.

AIM OF STUDY

This study aims to explore the action and mechanism of FZ on renal inflammation and dysfunction caused by HUA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

FZ was orally administered to rapid HUA mouse induced by potassium oxonate (PO) and hypoxanthine (HX) for 7 days. Serum levels of uric acid (UA), creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), xanthine oxidase (XOD), adenosine deaminase (ADA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urine levels of UA, CRE and urinary albumin were determined by biochemical assays. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were tested by ELISA. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining were used to examine kidney and liver histopathological alterations. The expressions of renal glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), phospho-janus kinase 2 (p-JAK2), p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3), suppression of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and cleaved-cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (cleaved-Cas-1) were detected by western blots. The potential protein targets and pathways of FZ intervention on HUA were predicted by network pharmacology. The constituents in FZ aqueous extract were analyzed by UPLC-MS.

RESULTS

FZ reduced serum UA, CRE, BUN, and urinary albumin and increased urine UA, CRE levels in HUA mice. In addition, the treatment with FZ to HUA mice inhibited the elevated serum levels of XOD and ADA, and regulated renal urate transports including OAT1, GLUT9 and ABCG2. FZ also attenuated kidney inflammation and fibrosis and downregulated the expressions of IL-1β, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, SOCS3, IL-6, NLRP3, ASC, and cleaved-Cas-1. Thirteen compounds were identified in the FG, including L-phenylalanine, D-tryptophan, 3'-hydroxypuerarin, Puerarin, 3'-Methoxy Puerarin, Daidzin, Pueroside A, formononetin-8-C- [xylosyl (1→6)]-glucoside, Ononin, Alisol I 23-acetate, 16-oxo-alisol A, Alisol C and Alisol A.

CONCLUSION

FZ inhibits serum UA generation and promotes urine UA excretion as well as attenuates kidney inflammation and fibrosis in HUA mouse with nephropathy. The underlying mechanism of its action may be associated with suppression of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This formula may offer a novel source for developing anti-HUA drugs.

Relieving urinary tract obstructions may increase the risk of gouty arthritis in patients with hyperuricemia and postrenal obstructions

To evaluate the effect of relieving urinary tract obstructions (RUO) on the risk of gouty arthritis in patients with postrenal obstructions and hyperuricemia. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 130 patients with urinary tract obstructions at Rongcheng People's Hospital from 2018 to 2021. Patients were divided into groups A (n = 62) and B (n = 68) according to the treatment method. Patients in group A underwent conservative treatments, such as drugs, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), and hemodialysis. Patients in Group B underwent catheterization, cystostomy, nephrostomy, or double J ureteral catheterization for rapid RUO. The ages of groups A and B were 58.40 ± 17.69 and 59.63 ± 16.12 years, respectively (P = .42). Before treatment, the serum uric acid values were 572.05 ± 106.93 and 567.79 ± 97.21 µmol/L, respectively (P = .94); serum creatinine values were 226.66 ± 269.67 and 280.15 ± 200.75 µmol/L, respectively (P = .88); and urine volumes were 913.23 ± 481.92 and 886.18 ± 552.72 mL/24 h, respectively (P = .08). No significant differences in the general data were identified between the two groups (P > .05). The effects of the two treatments on the incidence of gout in patients with hyperuricemia complicated by postrenal obstruction were compared based on changes in uric acid level, creatinine level, and urine volume within 1 week after treatment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze clinical factors that increased the incidence of gout after RUO. The gout incidence rates in group A before and after treatment were 8.1% (5/62) and 6.5% (4/62), respectively (P > .99). The gout incidence rates in group B before and after treatment were 4.4% (3/68) and 19.1% (10/68), respectively (P = .01). Group B had a statistically significant increase in the gout incidence rate after RUO (P < .05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that having an age > 60 years, urine volume ≤400 mL/24 h, and creatinine level > 186 µmol/L before treatment were risk factors for gout in patients with hyperuricemia after RUO. Relieving urinary tract obstruction increases the risk of gouty arthritis in patients with hyperuricemia and acute postrenal obstruction. Age, urine volume, and creatinine levels before treatment are risk factors for gout in patients with hyperuricemia after RUO.

Analysis of Polyphenol Extract from Hazel Leaf and Ameliorative Efficacy and Mechanism against Hyperuricemia Zebrafish Model via Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Hazel leaf, a by-product of hazelnuts, is commonly used in traditional folk medicine in Portugal, Sweden, Iran and other regions for properties such as vascular protection, anti-bleeding, anti-edema, anti-infection, and pain relief. Based on our previous studies, the polyphenol extract from hazel leaf was identified and quantified via HPLC fingerprint. The contents of nine compounds including kaempferol, chlorogenic acid, myricetin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, resveratrol, luteolin, gallic acid and ellagic acid in hazel leaf polyphenol extract (ZP) were preliminary calculated, among which kaempferol was the highest with 221.99 mg/g, followed by chlorogenic acid with 8.23 mg/g. The inhibition of ZP on α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase activities was determined via the chemical method, and the inhibition on xanthine oxidase was better. Then, the effect of ZP on hyperuricemia zebrafish was investigated. It was found that ZP obviously reduced the levels of uric acid, xanthine oxidase, urea nitrogen and creatinine, and up-regulated the expression ofOAT1 and HPRT genes in hyperuricemia zebrafish. Finally, the targeted network pharmacological analysis and molecular docking of nine polyphenol compounds were performed to search for relevant mechanisms for alleviating hyperuricemia. These results will provide a valuable basis for the development and application of hazel leaf polyphenols as functional ingredients.

Chinese Sumac (Rhus chinensis Mill.) Fruits Prevent Hyperuricemia and Uric Acid Nephropathy in Mice Fed a High-Purine Yeast Diet

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a prevalent chronic disease, characterized by excessive blood uric acid levels, that poses a significant health risk. In this study, the preventive effects and potential mechanisms of ethanol extracts from Chinese sumac (Rhus chinensis Mill.) fruits on HUA and uric acid nephropathy were comprehensively investigated. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in uric acid levels in hyperuricemia mice after treatment with Chinese sumac fruit extract, especially in the high-dose group, where the blood uric acid level decreased by 39.56%. Visual diagrams of the kidneys and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections showed the extract's effectiveness in protecting against kidney damage caused by excessive uric acid. Further investigation into its mechanism revealed that the extract prevents and treats hyperuricemia by decreasing uric acid production, enhancing uric acid excretion, and mitigating the oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions induced by excessive uric acid in the kidneys. Specifically, the extract markedly decreased xanthine oxidase (XOD) levels and expression in the liver, elevated the expression of uric acid transporters ABCG2, and lowered the expression of uric acid reabsorption proteins URAT1 and SLC2A9. Simultaneously, it significantly elevated the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GSH) while reducing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, the expression of uric-acid-related proteins NLRP3, ACS, and Caspase-3 and the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly reduced. The experimental results confirm that Chinese sumac fruit extract can improve HUA and uric acid nephropathy in mice fed a high-purine yeast diet. This finding establishes a theoretical foundation for developing Chinese sumac fruit as a functional food or medicine for preventing and treating HUA.

Anti-Hyperuricemia Activity and Potential Mechanisms of Medicinal Mushroom Activity: A Review of Preclinical Studies

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is characterized by abnormally elevated levels of serum uric acid, the product of purine metabolism. The primary symptom of HUA is gout; however, asymptomatic HUA is associated with complications such as hypertension, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. The activation of xanthine oxidase (XO), a pivotal enzyme in uric acid biosynthesis, is coupled with extensive reactive oxygen species generation, leading to inflammatory responses, and triggers the development of HUA and its complications. In clinical practice, XO inhibitors are primarily used to treat HUA; however, their prolonged use is accompanied by serious adverse effects. Mushrooms and their bioactive constituents have shown promising anti-HUA activities in both in vitro and in vivo studies, including inhibition of urate production, modulation of renal urate transporters, enhancement of intestinal uric acid excretion, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimetabolic syndrome properties. Clinical trials are necessary to validate the beneficial effects and safety of mushrooms in preventing or alleviating HUA and attenuating the associated complications. This review presents contemporary insights into the pathogenesis of HUA, the bioactive components of mushrooms, their therapeutic potential, and the underlying mechanisms involved in ameliorating HUA.

Uric acid promotes interleukin-17 expression to cause kidney injury

Uric acid, an oxidation end-product of purine metabolism, is reportedly to be a risk factor for kidney injury. However, its underlying mechanism is still a mystery. This study aimed to reveal the detailed roles of uric acid in inducing kidney injury and the possible mechanisms. Injection of rats with uric acid significantly increased tubular injury score, and levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and urine kidney injury molecule-1. Uric acid increased the expression of collagen I, alpha-smooth muscle actin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis result showed the IL-17 signaling pathway as the most significantly enriched pathway involved in hyperuricemia-related kidney injury. Long-term injection of uric acid induced significant production of IL-17 and recruitment of Th17 cells. Treating rats with the anti-IL-17 mAb attenuated uric acid-induced kidney injury, accompanied by the inactivation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In conclusion, uric acid was confirmed to be a risk factor for kidney injury via inducing IL-17 expression. Neutralization of IL-17 using the specific mAb relieved uric acid-induced kidney injury via inhibition of NF-κB signaling.

In vivo comprehensive metabolite profiling of esculetin and esculin derived from chicory in hyperuricemia rats using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry

Chicory, renowned for its multifaceted benefits, houses two vital coumarins, esculetin and esculin, both instrumental in reducing uric acid. This study emphasizes the metabolic pathways of esculetin and esculin under both standard and hyperuricemia conditions. Hyperuricemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using oxonic acid potassium salt (300 mg·kg-1 ) and a 10% fructose water regimen over 21 days. Leveraging the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry, we analyzed the fragmentation behaviors of esculetin and esculin in rat bio-samples. Post oral-intake of esculetin or esculin, a notable dip in serum uric acid levels was observed in hyperuricemia rats. The investigation unveiled 24 esculetin metabolites and 14 for esculin. The metabolic pathways of both compounds were hydrolysis, hydroxylation, hydrogenation, dehydroxylation, glucuronidation, sulfation, and methylation. Interestingly, certain metabolites presented variations between standard and hyperuricemia rats, indicating that elevated levels of uric acid may affect enzyme activity linked to these metabolic reactions. This is the first systematic study on comparison of metabolic profiles of esculetin and esculin in both normal and hyperuricemia states, which was helpful to enrich our understanding of the complicated structure-activity relationships between esculin and esculetin and shed light to their action mechanism.

Targeting toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the NLRP3 inflammasome: Novel and emerging therapeutic targets for hyperuricaemia nephropathy

The clinical manifestation of hyperuricaemia, known as hyperuricaemia nephropathy, is relatively common. Its pathophysiology is largely based on chronic inflammation in circulatory and renal tissues. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a subclass of innate immune receptors, detects both pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), initiating inflammatory and immune responses that lead to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). These cytokines are pivotal in renal inflammation, especially in conditions like hyperuricaemia, acute renal injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and acute renal failure. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, an essential component of the innate immune signaling complex, plays a central role in inflammation. It finely regulates the activation of caspase-1 and the production and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, mediating and amplifying the inflammatory cascade response. Activation of TLR4 indirectly promotes the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome by regulating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, thereby amplifying the inflammatory process and playing a significant pro-inflammatory role in hyperuricaemia nephropathy. TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome are anticipated to be novel markers and therapeutic targets for assessing treatment efficacy and prognosis in hyperuricaemia nephropathy. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the structural composition and biological functions of TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome and systematically reviews their relevance in the pathogenesis of hyperuricaemia nephropathy.

Dioscorea nipponica Makino: A comprehensive review of its chemical composition and pharmacology on chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread ailment that significantly impacts global health. It is characterized by high prevalence, poor prognosis, and substantial healthcare costs, making it a major public health concern. The current clinical treatments for CKD are not entirely satisfactory, leading to a high demand for alternative therapeutic options. Chinese herbal medicine, with its long history, diverse varieties, and proven efficacy, offers a promising avenue for exploration. One such Chinese herbal medicine, Dioscorea nipponica Makino (DNM), is frequently used to treat kidney diseases. In this review, we have compiled studies examining the mechanisms of action of DNM in the context of CKD, focusing on five primary areas: improvement of oxidative stress, inhibition of renal fibrosis, regulation of metabolism, reduction of inflammatory response, and regulation of autophagy.

Analysis of clinical efficacy of comprehensive nursing intervention on elderly patients with hypertension combined with hyperuricemia

Objective

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the comprehensive nursing intervention on elderly patients with hypertension combined with hyperuricemia.

Methods

This was a retrospective study. One hundred elderly patients with hypertension combined with hyperuricemia admitted to the Baoding No.1 Central Hospital from May 2019 to May 2020 were included and randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the control group were treated with conventional nursing intervention, while those in the experimental group were treated with comprehensive nursing intervention based on the therapy in the control group. The improvement of compliance behavior, clinical efficacy, quality of life and satisfaction with hypertension combined with hyperuricemia before and after treatment were compared and analyzed between the two groups. The proportion of patients in both groups who developed gout or renal insufficiency was recorded, and their long-term treatment outcomes were compared and analyzed.

Results

After the comprehensive nursing intervention, the number of cases of compliance behaviors in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group(p<0.05). The systolic and diastolic blood pressure and uric acid levels were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control group after the intervention(p=0.00). The scores of physical function, psychological function, social function and material life status improved significantly in the experimental group compared to the control group after the intervention(p=0.00). The satisfaction rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group(p=0.02). The proportion of patients in the experimental group who developed gout was significantly lower than that in the control group(p=0.03).

Conclusion

Comprehensive nursing intervention plays a vital role in the treatment and prognosis of hypertension combined with hyperuricemia.

Effect of Intestinal Flora on Hyperuricemia-Induced Chronic Kidney Injury in Type 2 Diabetic Patients and the Therapeutic Mechanism of New Anti-Diabetic Prescription Medications

This article examined the current research on hyperuricemia (HUA) exacerbating diabetic kidney damage and novel anti-diabetic medications for treating these people. Hyperuricemia and type 2 diabetes (T2D), both of which are frequent metabolic disorders, are closely connected. Recent studies have shown that hyperuricemia can increase kidney injury in T2D patients by aggravating insulin resistance, by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and by stimulating inflammatory factors, and the diversity, distribution, and metabolites of intestinal flora. Considering this, there are just a few of the research examining the effect of hyperuricemia on diabetic kidney injury via intestinal flora. Through the gut-kidney axis, intestinal flora primarily influences renal function. The primary mechanism is that variations in diversity, distribution, and metabolites of intestinal flora led to alterations in metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids, Indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate, Trimethylamine N-oxide TMAO). This article reviewed the research and investigates the association between hyperuricemia and T2D, as well as the influence of hyperuricemia on diabetic kidney injury via intestinal flora. In addition, the current novel antidiabetic drugs are discussed, and their characteristics and mechanisms of action are reviewed. These novel antidiabetic drugs include SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, DDP-4 inhibitors, glucokinase (GK) enzyme activators (GK agonists), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA). Recent studies suggest that these new anti-diabetic medications may have a therapeutic effect on hyperuricemia-induced kidney impairment in diabetes patients via various mechanisms. Some of these medications may reduce blood uric acid levels, while others may improve kidney function by attenuating the overstimulation of RAAS or by decreasing insulin resistance and inflammation in the kidneys. These novel antidiabetic medicines may have a multifaceted approach to treating hyperuricemia-induced kidney impairment in diabetic patients; nevertheless, additional study is required to establish their efficacy and comprehend their specific mechanisms.

Biodegradation of Inosine and Guanosine by Bacillus paranthracis YD01

Both inosine and guanosine are precursors of uric acid that may cause the diseases of hyperuricemia and gout in humans. Here, a promising bacterial strain for efficiently biodegrading both inosine and guanosine was successfully isolated from a healthy human intestine and identified as Bacillus paranthracis YD01 with 16S rRNA analysis. An initial amount of 49.6 mg·L-1 of inosine or 49.9 mg·L-1 of guanosine was completely removed by YD01 within 12 h, which showed that YD01 had a strong ability to biodegrade inosine and guanosine. Furthermore, the initial amount of 49.2 mg·L-1 of inosine or 49.5 mg·L-1 of guanosine was totally catalyzed by the intracellular crude enzymes of YD01 within 6 h, and the initial inosine amount of 49.6 mg·L-1 or guanosine of 49.7 mg·L-1 was biodegraded by the extracellular crude enzymes of YD01 within 9 h. Illumina Hiseq sequencing and database gene annotation were used to elucidate the genomic characteristics of B. paranthracis YD01. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase, encoded by gene 1785, gene 3933, and gene 4403, was found in the KEEG database, which played a crucial role in the biodegradation of inosine and guanosine. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the mechanisms for biodegrading inosine and guanosine using B. paranthracis YD01.

Clinicopathological characteristics and associated factors of idiopathic membranous nephropathy with hyperuricemia: a single-centered cross-sectional study

PURPOSE

This study was designed to investigate the clinicopathological features of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) with hyperuricemia (HUA), together with associated factors within 10 years in a single centre in Shandong Province.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, we analysed the clinical and pathological data of 694 IMN patients in our hospital from January 2010 to December 2019. Based on serum uric acid (UA) level, the patients were divided into hyperuricemia (HUA) group (n = 213) and normal serum uric acid (NUA) group (n = 481). Multi-variate logistic regression analysis was conducted on to screen the associated factors of HUA.

RESULTS

213 (30.69%) IMN patient were complicated with HUA. Compared with the patients with NUA, significant increase was noticed in the proportion of patients showing edema, concurrent hypertensive disease or diabetes mellitus (DM), as well as the proportion of positive glomerular capillary loop IgM and positive C1q in the HUA group (P < 0.05). In addition, significant increase was noticed in the 24 h urine protein, serum creatinine, triglycerides, complement C3 and complement C4 in HUA group compared with those of NUA group (all P < 0.05). With gender as a control factor, multi-variate logistic regression analysis showed positive glomerular capillary loops C1q, serum albumin, serum phosphorus were associated with IMN combined with HUA in male, while triglycerides and serum creatinine were associated with IMN combined with HUA in female counterparts.

CONCLUSION

About 30.69% of IMN patients had HUA, with a male predominance than female. In male patients with IMN, higher serum albumin level and serum phosphorus level were associated with higher incidence of HUA, while in female IMN patients, higher serum triglyceridemia and serum creatinine level were associated with higher incidence of HUA. Therefore, it can be targeted to prevent the occurrence of HUA in IMN.

Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index Is Negatively Associated with Hyperuricemia in US Adults: An Analysis of NHANES 2007-2018

Hyperuricemia and its complications are severe risks to human health. Dietary intervention is considered an essential part of the management of hyperuricemia. Studies have reported that the intake of antioxidants has a positive effect on hyperuricemia. Here, we collected data from 8761 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for this analysis. Daily intakes of vitamins A, C, and E; manganese; selenium; and zinc were calculated as the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI). The participants were divided into four groups (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) according to the CDAI. Univariate analysis was used to assess the association of covariates with hyperuricemia. The association between the CDAI and hyperuricemia was evaluated using multinomial logistic regression, and its stability was determined by stratified analysis. Our results revealed that the CDAI has a significant negative association with hyperuricemia (Q2: 0.81 (0.69, 0.95); Q3: 0.75 (0.62, 0.90); Q4: 0.65 (0.51, 0.82); P < 0.01). The results of stratified analysis emphasize that this association between CDAI and hyperuricemia is stable. In conclusion, this study suggested a negative association between the CDAI and hyperuricemia.

Serum metabolomics of hyperbilirubinemia and hyperuricemia in the Tibetan plateau has unique characteristics

Few studies have provided data on the metabolomics characteristics of metabolic diseases such as hyperuricemia and hyperbilirubinemia in the Tibetan plateau. In the current study, we sought to investigate the serum metabolomics characteristics of hyperbilirubinemia and hyperuricemia in the Tibetan plateau, with the aim to provide a basis for further research on their pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. The study participants were born in low-altitude areas below 1000 m and had no prior experience living in a high-altitude area before entering Golmud, Tibet (average elevation: 3000 m) and Yushu, Qinghai (average elevation: 4200 m). Thirty-four participants with hyperbilirubinemia (18 in Golmud and 16 in Yushu), 24 participants with hyperuricemia, and 22 healthy controls were enrolled. The serum samples of subjects were separated and then sent to a local tertiary hospital for biochemical examination. Serum widely targeted technology, based on the ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) platform, was used to detect serum metabolites and differential metabolites. Compared to the healthy controls, hyperbilirubinemia patients from Golmud showed 19 differential metabolites, hyperbilirubinemia patients from Yushu showed 12 differential metabolites, and hyperuricemia patients from Yushu showed 23 differential metabolites. Compared to the hyperbilirubinemia patients from Golmud that is at a low altitude, the Yushu groups had 33 different metabolites. Differential metabolites are primarily classified into amino acids and their derivatives, nucleotides and their derivatives, organic acids and their derivatives, and lipids/fatty acids. These are related to metabolic pathways such as caffeine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism. Hyperbilirubinemia and hyperuricemia in the Tibetan plateau have unique serum metabolomics characteristics. Glycine derivatives and arachidonic acid and its derivatives were associated with plateau hyperbilirubinemia, and vanillic acid and pentadecafluorooctanoic acid were associated with plateau hyperuricemia.

Fucoidan from Saccharina japonica Alleviates Hyperuricemia-Induced Renal Fibrosis through Inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway

Fucoidan is a native sulfated polysaccharide mainly isolated from brown seaweed, with diverse pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antifibrosis. Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a common metabolic disease worldwide and mainly causes hyperuricemic nephropathy, including chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal fibrosis. The present study investigated the protective function of fucoidan in renal fibrosis and its pharmacological mechanism. The renal fibrotic model was established with the administration of potassium oxonate for 10 weeks. The protein levels of related factors were assessed in HUA mice by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting. The results showed that fucoidan significantly reduced the levels of serum uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and collagen I, and improved kidney pathological changes. Furthermore, renal fibrosis had been remarkably elevated through the inhibition of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression after fucoidan intervention, suppressing the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway activation. Together, this study provides experimental evidence that fucoidan may protect against hyperuricemia-induced renal fibrosis via downregulation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Relationship between serum uric acid and estimated glomerular filtration rate in adolescents aged 12-19 years with different body mass indices: a cross-sectional study

Background

Globally, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing public health concern. Serum uric acid (SUA) is an easily detectable and readily available biochemical indicator that has long been recognized as an independent risk factor for CKD. In addition, studies have indicated a potential relationship between SUA and body mass index (BMI). However, studies on the effect of SUA levels on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in adolescents with different BMIs are very rare.

Methods

Weighted multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the independent relationship between SUA and log-transformed eGFR. Additionally, we used a weighted generalized additive model and smooth curve fitting to describe the nonlinear relationships in the subgroup analysis.

Results

First, SUA was negatively associated with log-transformed eGFR even after adjusting for all covariates (β=-0.0177, 95% CI: -0.0203-0.0151, P<0.0001). Second, the results of the stratified analysis found that after adjusting for all covariates, the decrease in log-transformed eGFR due to changes in per SUA levels (Per 1, mg/dL increase) was elevated in female adolescents (β=-0.0177, 95% CI: -0.0216, -0.0138, P<0.0001), adolescents aged 12-15 years (β=-0.0163, 95% CI: -0.0200, -0.0125, P<0.0001) and black (β=-0.0199, 95% CI: -0.0251, -0.0148, P<0.0001) adolescents. Furthermore, we found that adolescents with a higher BMI had higher SUA levels, and the effect of SUA on eGFR was significantly higher in underweight adolescents (β=-0.0386, 95% CI: (-0.0550, -0.0223), P<0.0001).

Conclusion

SUA was negatively associated with the eGFR in adolescents aged 12-19 years. Furthermore, we found for the first time that SUA affects the eGFR differently in adolescents with different BMIs. This effect was particularly significant in underweight adolescents.

Self-Assembled nanoparticles Combining Berberine and Sodium Taurocholate for Enhanced Anti-Hyperuricemia Effect

Propose

Berberine (BBR) is extensively studied as an outstanding anti-hyperuricemia drug. However, the clinical application of BBR was limited due to its poor absorption and low bioavailability. Therefore, there is an urgent necessity to find a novel drug formulation to address the issues of BBR in clinical application.

Methods

Herein, we conducted the solubility, characterization experiments to verify whether BBR and sodium taurocholate (STC) self-assembled nanoparticles (STC@BBR-SANPs) could form. Furthermore, we proceeded the release experiment in vitro and in vivo to investigate the drug release effect. Finally, we explored the therapeutic effect of STC@BBR-SANPs on hyperuricemia (HUA) through morphological observation of organs and measurement of related indicators.

Results

The solubility, particle size, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and stability studies showed that the stable STC@BBR-SANPs could be formed in the BBR-STC system at ratio of 1:4. Meanwhile, the tissue distribution experiments revealed that the STC@BBR-SANPs could accelerate the absorption and distribution of BBR. In addition, the pharmacology study demonstrated that both BBR and STC@BBR-SANPs exhibited favorable anti-HUA effects and nephroprotective effects, while STC@BBR-SANPs showed better therapeutic action than that of BBR.

Conclusion

This work indicated that STC@BBR-SANPs can be self-assembly formed, and exerts excellent uric acid-lowering effect. STC@BBR-SANPs can help to solve the problems of poor solubility and low absorption rate of BBR in clinical use, and provide a new perspective for the future development of BBR.

Protease-Activated Receptor-2 and Phospholipid Metabolism Analysis in Hyperuricemia-Induced Renal Injury

Interstitial inflammation is an important mechanism of pathological damage in renal injury caused by hyperuricemia. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is a class of targets that act upstream of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway and is involved in various inflammatory diseases. We induced a hyperuricemia model in rats by adenine and ethambutol gavage in an in vivo experiment. We demonstrated that PAR2 and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway expression were significantly upregulated in renal tissues, with massive inflammatory cell infiltration in the renal interstitium and renal tissue injury. Treating hyperuricemic rats with AZ3451, a selective metabotropic antagonist of PAR2, we demonstrated that PAR2 antagonism inhibited the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway and attenuated tubular dilation and tubulointerstitial inflammatory cell infiltration. The phospholipid metabolism profiles provided a perfect separation between the normal and hyperuricemic rats. In addition, we also found that AZ3451 can affect phospholipid metabolism. Our work suggests that PAR2 may mediate hyperuricemia-mediated renal injury by activating the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. The PAR2 antagonist AZ3451 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for hyperuricemia-induced inflammatory responses.

Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews leaf extract and its main component apigenin 7-O-glucoside ameliorate hyperuricemia by inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity and regulating renal urate transporters

BACKGROUND

Hyperuricemia is an important pathological basis of gout and a distinct hazard factor for metabolic syndromes and cardiovascular and chronic renal disease, but lacks safe and effective treatments currently. Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews leaf effectively reduced serum uric acid in gout patients; however, the material foundation and the mechanism remain unclear.

PURPOSE

To determine the primary active components and mechanism of P. suffruticosa leaf in hyperuricemic mice.

METHODS

The chemical constituents of P. suffruticosa leaf was identified using high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. The anti-hyperuricemic activity of P. suffruticosa leaf extract (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) and its components was evaluated in hyperuricemic mice induced by a high purine diet for 14 days. Then, the urate-lowering effects of apigenin 7-O-glucoside (0.09, 0.18, and 0.36 mg/kg) were assessed in another hyperuricemic mice model built by administrating potassium oxonate and adenine for 4 weeks. The inhibitory effect of apigenin 7-O-glucoside on uric acid production was elucidated by investigating xanthine oxidase activity in vitro and in serum and the liver and through molecular docking. Immunofluorescence and western blot analyses of the expression of renal urate transporter 1 (URAT1), glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), organic anion transporters 1 (OAT1), and ATP-binding cassette G member 2 (ABCG2) proteins elucidated how apigenin 7-O-glucoside promoted uric acid excretion.

RESULTS

Six compounds were identified in P. suffruticosa leaf: gallic acid, methyl gallate, oxypaeoniflorin, paeoniflorin, galloylpaeoniflorin, and apigenin 7-O-glucoside. P. suffruticosa leaf extract significantly attenuated increased serum uric acid, creatinine, and xanthine oxidase activity in hyperuricemic mice. Apigenin 7-O-glucoside from P. suffruticosa leaf reduced uric acid, creatinine, and malondialdehyde serum levels, increased superoxide dismutase activity, and partially restored the spleen coefficient in hyperuricemic mice. Apigenin 7-O-glucoside inhibited xanthine oxidase activity in vitro and decreased serum and liver xanthine oxidase activity and liver xanthine oxidase protein expression in hyperuricemic mice. Molecular docking revealed that apigenin 7-O-glucoside bound to xanthine oxidase. Apigenin 7-O-glucoside facilitated uric acid excretion by modulating the renal urate transporters URAT1, GLUT9, OAT1, and ABCG2. Apigenin 7-O-glucoside protected against renal damage and oxidative stress caused by hyperuricemia by reducing serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, malondialdehyde, and renal reactive oxygen species levels; increasing serum and renal superoxide dismutase activity; restoring the renal coefficient; and reducing renal pathological injury.

CONCLUSION

Apigenin 7-O-glucoside is the main urate-lowering active component of P. suffruticosa leaf extract in the hyperuricemic mice. It suppressed liver xanthine oxidase activity to decrease uric acid synthesis and modulated renal urate transporters to stimulate uric acid excretion, alleviating kidney damage caused by hyperuricemia.

Protective effects of peanut skin extract on high-fat and high-fructose diet-induced kidney injury in rats

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming a major public health problem worldwide. This study aimed to explore whether peanut skin extract (PSE) has protective effects against high-fat and high-fructose (HF) diet-induced kidney injury. Rats were fed HF diet in the whole experiment, while rats in PSE-treated groups were supplemented with PSE. Finally, PSE reduced kidney tissue weight, perinephric fat weight, and levels of serum ammonia, creatinine, and urea nitrogen, along with decreases of renal IL-1β and TNF-α level. Histological examination indicated that PSE alleviated renal tubular dilatation, and degeneration and partial exfoliation of renal tubular epithelial cells. In addition, PSE decreased serum and urinary uric acid level, together with reductions of XOD production and XOD activity both in serum and liver, and down-regulated expressions of renal NLRP3 and ERS proteins. Thus, PSE may be a potential functional food for protecting against renal injury in high energy intake.

Accumulation of Renal Fibrosis in Hyperuricemia Rats Is Attributed to the Recruitment of Mast Cells, Activation of the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 Pathway, and Aggravation of Oxidative Stress

Renal fibrosis is relentlessly progressive and irreversible, and a life-threatening risk. With the continuous intake of a high-purine diet, hyperuricemia has become a health risk factor in addition to hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Hyperuricemia is also an independent risk factor for renal interstitial fibrosis. Numerous studies have reported that increased mast cells (MCs) are closely associated with kidney injury induced by different triggering factors. This study investigated the effect of MCs on renal injury in rats caused by hyperuricemia and the relationship between MCs and renal fibrosis. Our results reveal that hyperuricemia contributes to renal injury, with a significant increase in renal MCs, leading to renal fibrosis, mitochondrial structural disorders, and oxidative stress damage. The administration of the MCs membrane stabilizer, sodium cromoglycate (SCG), decreased the expression of SCF/c-kit, reduced the expression of α-SMA, MMP2, and inhibited the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway, thereby alleviating renal fibrosis. Additionally, SCG reduced renal oxidative stress and mitigated mitochondrial structural damage by inhibiting Ang II production and increasing renal GSH, GSH-Px, and GR levels. Collectively, the recruitment of MCs, activation of the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway, and Ang II production drive renal oxidative stress, ultimately promoting the progression of renal fibrosis in hyperuricemic rats.

Structure-activity relationship, bioactivities, molecular mechanisms, and clinical application of nuciferine on inflammation-related diseases

Nuciferine aporphine alkaloid mainly exists in Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn and is a beneficial to human health, such as anti-obesity, lowering blood lipid, prevention of diabetes and cancer, closely associated with inflammation. Importantly, nuciferine may contribute to its bioactivities by exerting intense anti-inflammatory activities in multiple models. However, no review has summarized the anti-inflammatory effect of nuciferine. This review critically summarized the information regarding the structure-activity relationships of dietary nuciferine. Moreover, biological activities and clinical application on inflammation-related diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, liver, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, as well as their potential mechanisms, involving oxidative stress, metabolic signaling, and gut microbiota has been reviewed. The current work provides a better understanding of the anti-inflammation properties of nuciferine against multiple diseases, thereby improving the utilization and application of nuciferine-containing plants across functional food and medicine.

Research progress on the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia by medicinal and edible plants and its bioactive components

Hyperuricemia is another common metabolic disease, which is considered to be closely related to the development of many chronic diseases, in addition to the "three highs." Currently, although drugs show positive therapeutic effects, they have been shown to produce side effects that can damage the body. There is growing evidence that medicinal and edible plants and their bioactive components have a significant effect on hyperuricemia. In this paper, we review common medicinal and edible plants with uric acid-lowering effects and summarize the uric acid-lowering mechanisms of different bioactive components. Specifically, the bioactive components are divided into five categories: flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and saponins. These active substances exhibit positive uric acid-lowering effects by inhibiting uric acid production, promoting uric acid excretion, and improving inflammation. Overall, this review examines the potential role of medicinal and edible plants and their bioactive components as a means of combating hyperuricemia, with the hope of providing some reference value for the treatment of hyperuricemia.

Y-box binding protein 1 promotes chromatin accessibility to aggravate liver fibrosis

Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1) has been reported to be involved in the transcriptional regulation of various pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. However, its precise role and mechanism in regulating hepatic fibrosis remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of YBX1 on liver fibrosis and its potential mechanism. The expression of YBX1 in human liver microarray, mice tissues and primary mouse hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was validated to be upregulated in several hepatic fibrosis models (CCl₄ injection, TAA injection, and BDL). Hepatic-specific Ybx1 overexpression exacerbated the liver fibrosis phenotypes in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the knockdown of YBX1 significantly improved TGF-β-induced fibrosis in the LX2 cell (a hepatic stellate cell line). Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) of hepatic-specific Ybx1 overexpression (Ybx1-OE) mice with CCl₄ injection showed increasing chromatin accessibility than CCl₄ only group. Functional enrichments of open regions in the Ybx1-OE group indicated that extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, lipid purine metabolism, and oxytocin-related pathways were more accessible in the Ybx1-OE group. Accessible regions of the Ybx1-OE group in the promoter also suggested significant activation of genes related to liver fibrogenesis, such as response to oxidative stress and ROS, lipid localization, angiogenesis and vascular development, and inflammatory regulation. Moreover, we screened and validated the expression of candidate genes (Fyn, Axl, Acsl1, Plin2, Angptl3, Pdgfb, Ccl24, and Arg2), which might be potential targets of Ybx1 in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.

Association of uric acid with the decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate in middle-aged and elderly populations: evidence based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

OBJECTIVE

Whether uric acid (UA) has an effect on renal function remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the association between serum UA with the decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in middle-aged and elderly populations in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).

DESIGN

Longitudinal cohort study.

SETTING

This was a second analysis of a public dataset (CHARLS).

PARTICIPANTS

In this study, 4538 middle-aged and elderly individuals were screened after removing individuals younger than 45 years old, with kidney disease, malignant tumour and missing values.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Blood tests were performed both in 2011 and 2015. Decline in eGFR was defined as an eGFR decrease of more than 25% or deterioration of the eGFR stage during the 4-year follow-up period. Logistic models corrected for multiple covariables were used to analyse the association of UA with the decline in eGFR.

RESULTS

The median (IQR) concentrations of serum UA grouped by quartiles were 3.1 (0.6), 3.9 (0.3), 4.6 (0.4) and 5.7 (1.0) mg/dL, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, the OR of the decline in eGFR was higher for quartile 2 (3.5-<4.2 mg/dL: OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.64; p<0.01), quartile 3 (4.2-<5.0 mg/dL: OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.36 to 2.18; p<0.001) and quartile 4 (≥5.0 mg/dL: OR 2.04; 95% CI 1.58 to 2.63; p<0.001) when compared with quartile 1 (<3.5 mg/dL), and the p value for the trend was <0.001.

CONCLUSIONS

Over a 4-year follow-up period, we found that elevated UA was associated with a decline in eGFR in the middle-aged and elderly individuals with normal renal function.

Alterations in the intestinal microbiome and metabolic profile of patients with cirrhosis supplemented with lactulose, Clostridium butyricum, and Bifidobacterium longum infantis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

Background

Liver cirrhosis is commonly accompanied by intestinal dysbiosis and metabolic defects. Many clinical trials have shown microbiota-targeting strategies represent promising interventions for managing cirrhosis and its complications. However, the influences of the intestinal metagenomes and metabolic profiles of patients have not been fully elucidated.

Methods

We administered lactulose, Clostridium butyricum, and Bifidobacterium longum infantis as a synbiotic and used shotgun metagenomics and non-targeted metabolomics to characterize the results.

Results

Patients treated with the synbiotic for 12 weeks had lower dysbiosis index (DI) scores than placebo-treated patients and patients at baseline (NIP group). We identified 48 bacterial taxa enriched in the various groups, 66 differentially expressed genes, 18 differentially expressed virulence factor genes, 10 differentially expressed carbohydrate-active enzyme genes, and 173 metabolites present at differing concentrations in the Synbiotic versus Placebo group, and the Synbiotic versus NIP group. And Bifidobacteria species, especially B. longum, showed positive associations with many differentially expressed genes in synbiotic-treated patients. Metabolites pathway enrichment analysis showed that synbiotic significantly affected purine metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. And the purine metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis were no longer significant differences in the Synbiotic group versus the healthy controls group. In conclusion, although littles influence on clinical parameters in the early intervention, the synbiotic showed a potential benefit to patients by ameliorating intestinal dysbiosis and metabolic defects; and the DI of intestinal microbiota is useful for the evaluation of the effect of clinical microbiota-targeting strategies on cirrhotic patients.

Clinical Trial Registration

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifiers NCT05687409.

Ameliorative effect of cheqianzi decoction on hyperuricemia and kidney injury and underlying mechanism in rats

Cheqianzi Decoction (CQD) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula comprising four herbs and is recorded in the Ancient Materia Medica "Shengji Zonglu". Individually, these four herbs have been shown to reduce uric acid (UA) levels, to treat hyperuricemia (HUA), and alleviate kidney damage. However, the therapeutic efficacy of the CQD and related mechanism are not yet clear. In this study, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed that the contents of the chemical components of the four herbal medicines were in accordance with the provisions of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. A total of 99 potential targets were identified in the network pharmacology analysis of CQD, indicating its involvement in the regulation of inflammatory and apoptotic signaling pathways, and potential value for treating HUA and alleviating kidney injury. In vivo pharmacodynamic studies showed that compared with the Model group, significantly decreased levels of serum uric acid (SUA), serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (all P < 0.05), and inflammatory factors (P < 0.01) were detected in the CQD group. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses showed that compared with the Model group, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette efflux transporter G2 (ABCG2) expression in the CQD group was significantly upregulated (P < 0.01) at both the mRNA and protein levels, while mRNA expression of Caspase3 and NOD-like receptor family member 3 (NLRP3) (P < 0.05) and protein expression of NLRP3 (P < 0.01) were significantly downregulated. In conclusion, CQD promotes UA excretion by activating ABCG2, and induces inflammasome NLRP3-mediated reduction in inflammatory and apoptotic factors to achieve renal protection. Thus, our findings indicate the therapeutic potential of CQD in HUA with kidney injury.

Protective effect of sodium butyrate on intestinal barrier damage and uric acid reduction in hyperuricemia mice

PURPOSE

The goal of this study was to examine the role of sodium butyrate in preserving the intestinal mucosal barrier and reducing hyperuricemia (HUA).

METHODS

First, we established a mouse model of HUA via intraperitoneal injection of potassium oxonate together with a yeast-rich diet to detect the levels of serum uric acid (UA) and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Then, in vitro, different concentrations of UA and sodium butyrate (NaB) were used to treat LS174T and Caco2 cells. The effects of UA and NaB on the gut barrier were determined based on the expression levels of MUC2, ZO-1, and Occludin.Finally, C57BL/6 mice were used to model HUA, and these mice were administered 200 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 NaB by gavage to counter the HUA. The effect of NaB on HUA in the intestinal tract was elucidated by determining serum UA levels, inflammatory parameters, epithelial barrier integrity, and via histological analysis.

RESULTS

The data showed that the content of fecal SCFAs in HUA mice decreased. Additionally, in LS174T and Caco2 cells, NaB reversed the decrease of ZO-1, Occludin, and MUC2 protein expression caused by high UA levels. Furthermore, NaB decreased serum UA of HUA mice, and reversed both the decreased expression of MUC2, ZO-1, Occludin, and ABCG2 proteins and the increased level of inflammatory factors in the intestinal tissues of these mice.

CONCLUSION

The HUA mouse model showed intestinal barrier damage. NaB protected the intestinal barrier of HUA mice and reduced the serum UA level.

Hyperuricemia Predicts the Progression of Type 2 Diabetic Kidney Disease in Chinese Patients

INTRODUCTION

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has a high global disease burden and substantially increases the risk of end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular events. High levels of serum uric acid (SUA), or hyperuricemia, may indicate patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) at risk for kidney disease.

METHODS

This study explored the association between SUA levels and progression of kidney disease among patients with T2D. A cross-sectional study of 993 Chinese patients aged 20-75 years with T2D and DKD was conducted. Patients were stratified by progression risk of kidney disease based on estimated glomerular filtration rate and ratio of urinary albumin to creatinine, according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Ordinal logistic regression was used to assess associations between SUA and different KDIGO risk categories.

RESULTS

Among 768 patients in the final analysis, those with hyperuricemia and higher SUA were more likely to be assigned to higher KDIGO risk categories. Patients with SUA > 420 μmol/L were ninefold more likely to be in a higher KDIGO risk category than those with SUA < 300 μmol/L (odds risk 9.74, 95% confidence interval 5.47-17.33, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Hyperuricemia may be associated with higher risk of DKD progression in individuals with T2D.

Notopterol Ameliorates Hyperuricemia-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Mice

Notopterol is a naturally occurring furanocoumarin compound found in the root of Notopterygium incisum. Hyperuricemia involves the activation of chronic inflammation and leads to cardiac damage. Whether notopterol has cardioprotective potential in hyperuricemia mice remains elusive. The hyperuricemic mouse model was constructed by administration of potassium oxonate and adenine every other day for six weeks. Notopterol (20 mg/kg) and allopurinol (10 mg/kg) were given daily as treatment, respectively. The results showed that hyperuricemia dampened heart function and reduced exercise capacity. Notopterol treatment improved exercise capacity and alleviated cardiac dysfunction in hyperuricemic mice. P2X7R and pyroptosis signals were activated both in hyperuricemic mice and in uric acid-stimulated H9c2 cells. Additionally, it was verified that inhibition of P2X7R alleviated pyroptosis and inflammatory signals in uric acid-treated H9c2 cells. Notopterol administration significantly suppressed expression levels of pyroptosis associated proteins and P2X7R in vivo and in vitro. P2X7R overexpression abolished the inhibition effect of notopterol on pyroptosis. Collectively, our findings suggested that P2X7R played a critical role in uric acid-induced NLRP3 inflammatory signals. Notopterol inhibited pyroptosis via inhibiting the P2X7R/NLRP3 signaling pathway under uric acid stimulation. Notopterol might represent a potential therapeutic strategy against pyroptosis and improve cardiac function in hyperuricemic mice.

High-Fructose Diet-Induced Hyperuricemia Accompanying Metabolic Syndrome-Mechanisms and Dietary Therapy Proposals

Fructose is often used as a food ingredient due to its low production costs and sweetening power. In recent years, it has been noticed that people on a Western diet high in fructose have high levels of uric acid in their blood. It was recognized that the specific metabolism of fructose in the body might cause increased production of uric acid, which then may affect the intensification of lipogenesis and the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), insulin resistance, gout, cardiovascular diseases, leptin resistance, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. So far, to treat hyperuricemia, it has been recommended to use a low-purine diet characterized by limiting protein-containing products. However, this recommendation often leads to an increased intake of carbohydrate-rich foods that may contain fructose. Increased fructose consumption may enhance the secretion of uric acid again and, consequently, does not have therapeutic effects. Therefore, instead of a low-purine diet, using healthy diets, such as DASH or the Mediterranean diet, which can benefit metabolic parameters, could be a better proposal. This article provides an overview of this approach, focusing on MetS and hyperuricemia among high-fructose dieters.

Ghrelin and Leptin among Patients with Urolithiasis with Concomitant Hyperuricemia and Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction: The study evaluated the selected appetite hormones (ghrelin, leptin) and inflammatory parameters (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)) in patients with urolithiasis, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and hyperuricemia. Materials: 57 patients with urolithiasis, MetS and hyperuricemia (UP group) and 29 healthy people as the control group (CG group) were recruited to the study. All persons were 22-60 age. Methods: After preliminary testing, the qualified participants were evaluated for fasting serum levels of ghrelin, leptin, IL-6, and TNF-α. Results: Our results revealed differences between average values of leptin (p = 0.045), ghrelin (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p < 0.001), and TNF-α (p < 0.001) in the studied groups. Moreover, in the UP group, significant correlations were found between ghrelin and leptin; between these hormones and IL-6, and between leptin and uric acid (UA). Besides, leptin concentration increased significantly along with the changes in the body mass index (BMI) categories in the UP group. Conclusions: This study showed that patients with urolithiasis, concomitant MetS, and high UA levels may have problems managing appetite hormones.

The Nephroprotective Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa Leaf and Ellagic Acid in Vitro and in Vivo Models of Hyperuricemic Nephropathy

Hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN) is caused by urate crystals that get deposited in the kidney and contribute to renal fibrosis. Uric acid (UA) has been proven to directly cause renal mesangial cell oxidative stress and fibrosis in the pathogenesis of HN. Some antioxidants can be used as chemopreventive agents of HN. Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf extracts (HLE), rich in polyphenol, have been shown to possess hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, antiatherosclerotic, and anticancer effects. The aim of the study is to examine the inhibitory effect of HLE and its main component ellagic acid (EA) on renal fibrosis. In vitro, mouse renal glomerular mesangial SV40MES13 cells pretreated with UA were demonstrated to trigger obvious morphological changes and viability loss, as well as affect matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activities. Noncytotoxic doses of HLE and EA abolished the UA-induced cell injury and MMP-2/9 secretion. In addition, HLE and EA exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on the UA-treated cells with a reduction in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) production. Next, the UA-activated pro-fibrotic factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) were inhibited by HLE or EA. Mechanistic assays indicated that antifibrotic effects of HLE might be mediated via TGF-β/Smad signaling, as confirmed by the transfection of Smad7 siRNA. In vivo, HLE and EA supplementations significantly alleviated HN development, which may result from inhibiting adenine-induced TGF-β production accompanying oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as fibrogenesis. Our data imply that EA-enriched HLE regulates the TGF-β/Smad signaling, which in turn led to reduced renal mesangial cell injury and fibrosis in HN and provided a new mechanism for its nephroprotective activity.

Associations between long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate pollution with the decline of kidney function and hyperuricemia: a longitudinal cohort study

Evidence of associations between ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and risks of decline of kidney function and hyperuricemia is limited. We aimed to investigate the associations between long-term exposure to PM_2.5 with decline of kidney function and hyperuricemia in China. We conducted a two-stage study based on China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2015. Cox proportional hazard regression models and restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the associations of PM_2.5 with risks of decline of kidney function and hyperuricemia. Latent class trajectory models (LCTM) were used to identify trajectories of PM_2.5 from 2011 to 2015 in the sensitivity analysis. A total of 9760 participants were included in baseline analysis, and 5902 participants were in follow-up analysis. PM_2.5 was associated with the risks of decline of kidney function [hazard ratio (HR): 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.03, 4.44)] and hyperuricemia [HR 1.40 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.79)] in the second quartile group versus the lowest quartile group of PM_2.5. We also observed nonlinear relationships between PM_2.5 and the risks of the decline of kidney function and hyperuricemia (P_non-linear < 0.001). In sensitivity analysis, four trajectory groups were identified. "Maintaining a high PM_2.5" [odds ratio (OR): 2.20; 95%CI: (1.78, 2.73)] and "moderately high starting PM_2.5 then steadily decreased" [OR (95%CI): 5.15 (1.55, 16.13)] were associated with hyperuricemia risk, using "low starting PM_2.5 then steadily decreased" trajectory as reference. In conclusion, improved air quality is essential for prevention of decline of kidney function and hyperuricemia.