Autophagy Induced by ROS Aggravates Testis Oxidative Damage in Diabetes via Breaking the Feedforward Loop Linking p62 and Nrf2

Titanium nanostructure mitigating doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity in rats via regulating major autophagy signaling pathways

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a powerful antineoplastic FDA-approved anthracycline-derived antibiotic and is considered as the most suitable intervention for solid tumors and hematological cancers therapy. However, its therapeutic application is highly limited due to acute and chronic renal, hematological and testicular toxicity. Oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in germ cells as well as low sperm count, motility and disturbing steroidogenesis are the principal machineries of DOX-induced testicular toxicity. Nevertheless, the comprehensive molecular pathways responsible for DOX-induced testicular damage are not yet fully understood. The current study aims to clarify the role of autophagy and apoptotic signaling pathways in testicular toxicity induced by DOX in the rat model. The study also investigates the potential role of both titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) loaded with DOX and Lactoferrin in combination with DOX in mitigating testicular toxicity induced by DOX the standard antitumor drug. In the present study, male Wister albino rats were intoxicated with a total cumulative dose of DOX (18 mg/kg) via intra-peritoneal injection and served as positive control group. The other two groups administered either TiO2NP-DOX or lactoferrin-DOX. Furthermore, biochemical and molecular analyses were then performed. DOX intoxication induced testicular toxicity, revealing mineral imbalance as indicated by an increase in both calcium and magnesium concentrations. Administration of either TiO2NP-DOX or lactoferrin-DOX resulted in a significant modulation of disrupted mineral concentrations, with TiO2NP-DOX showing superiority in modulating both magnesium and calcium concentrations. Acid Phosphatase level significantly increased upon DOX-induced testicular damage. Molecular analysis of EGFR and K-RAS gene expression showed significant overexpression, while p53 and JAK-2 gene expression was significantly reduced post-DOX intoxication. Protein expression of both AKT and PI3K significantly increased upon DOX administration. Results showed a remarkable modulation of all disrupted gene and protein expressions upon treatment with TiO2NP-DOX or Lactoferrin-DOX with the superiority of TiO2NP-DOX in modulating these parameters. In conclusion, TiO2NP-DOX could be a promising drug delivery system to improve bioavailability and drug release, as well as reducing DOX's adverse effects particularly on testicular function.

Betaine regulates steroidogenesis, endoplasmic reticulum stress response and Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathways in mouse Leydig cells under hyperglycaemia condition

We studied the effects of betaine on steroidogenesis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and Nrf2 antioxidant pathways of mice Leydig cells under hyperglycaemia conditions. Leydig cells were grown in low and high glucose concentrations (5 mM and 30 mM) in the presence of 5 mM of betaine for 24 h. Gene expression was determined using a real-time PCR method. The protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. The testosterone production was evaluated by the ELISA method. Cellular contents of reduced and oxidised glutathione were measured by colorimetric method. Hyperglycaemia caused impaired steroidogenesis and ERS in Leydig cells associated with the down-regulation of 3β-HSD, StAR, P450scc, LH receptor and increased expression of GRP78, CHOP, ATF6 and IRE1. Betaine could improve cell viability, attenuate the ERS, and restore testosterone production in Leydig cells under hyperglycaemia conditions. Betaine can protect Leydig cells against the adverse effects of hyperglycaemia by regulating steroidogenesis, antioxidants, and ERS.

Orange peel ethanolic extract and physical exercise prevent testicular toxicity in streptozocin and high fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes rats via Nrf2/NF-kB signaling: In silico and in vivo studies

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a significant health issue affecting the quality of life including male reproductive functions. Orange peel ethanolic extract (OPEE) has been established to have antioxidant properties and has been shown to alleviate diabetic complications. This study determined to establish OPEE effect and physical exercise (EX) in T2DM-induced testicular dysfunction.

Materials and methods

Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly distributed in five groups as follows: control group (received 1 ml/b.w of normal saline), and groups 2-5 were induced with diabetes, with group 2 left untreated, group 3 received 600 mg/kg b.w OPEE, group 4 was subjected to EX while group 5 was treated with OPEE alongside EX.

Results

OPEE + EX ameliorated T2DM-induced decrease in sperm motility, count, and morphology and increased testicular lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphate, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and lactate. T2DM-induced disruption of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and, testosterone was also mitigated by OPEE + EX. In addition, OPEE + EX blunted T2DM-induced increase in oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers and the accompanied decrease in testicular nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and increase in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Also, OPEE + EX reversed T2DM-induced testicular histology distortion.

Conclusions

The outcome of this study revealed that the combination of OPEE and EX ameliorated T2DM-mediated testicular damage via Nrf2/NF-κB signaling.

Beclin1/LC3II/P62 autophagy pathway activation is involved in the protective action of C-peptide against prostate injury in a rat model of type 1 diabetes

One of the undesirable complications of diabetes is sexual dysfunctions in males which may affect their fertility. This research aims to study the effect of C-peptide administration on the prostate of diabetic rats and focusing on exploring the role of the autophagy pathway in diabetic prostate and whether it is involved in C-peptide action. Forty adult male Wistar albino rats were separated into control group, diabetic group, diabetic + C-peptide and diabetic + C-peptide + 3-Methyladenine (autophagy inhibitor). Serum metabolic parameters and prostatic specific antigen (PSA) were measured. Markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, cell proliferation and cell autophagy were evaluated in prostate tissues using biochemical, western blotting and immunohistochemical techniques. C-peptide administration ameliorated the effects of diabetes on the prostate through its hypoglycaemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects which were reversed with autophagy inhibition. Thus, we concluded that C-peptide prevented the effects of diabetes on the prostate through stimulation of the autophagy pathway.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-mediated signaling alleviates ferroptosis during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Cardiac arrest (CA) is a significant challenge for emergency physicians worldwide and leads to increased morbidity and mortality rates. The poor prognosis of CA primarily stems from the complexity and irreversibility of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Ferroptosis, a form of programmed cell death characterized by iron overload and lipid peroxidation, plays a crucial role in the progression and treatment of CIRI. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms of ferroptosis within the context of CIRI, focusing on its role as a key contributor to neuronal damage and dysfunction post-CA. We explore the crucial involvement of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)-mediated signaling pathway in modulating ferroptosis-associated processes during CIRI. Through comprehensive analysis of the regulatory role of Nrf2 in the cellular responses to oxidative stress, we highlight its potential as a therapeutic target for mitigating ferroptotic cell death and improving the neurological prognosis of patients experiencing CA. Furthermore, we discuss interventions targeting the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway, including the use of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, which demonstrate potential for attenuating ferroptosis and preserving neuronal function in CIRI. Owing to the limitations in the safety, specificity, and effectiveness of Nrf2-targeted drugs, as well as the technical difficulties and ethical constraints in obtaining the results related to the brain pathological examination of patients, most of the studies focusing on Nrf2-related regulation of ferroptosis in CIRI are still in the basic research stage. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in CIRI, offering insights into novel therapeutics aimed at enhancing the clinical outcomes of patients with CA.

Protective Effect of Aloe vera (L.) on Diabetes-Induced Oxidative Stress Linked Spermiological Co-Morbidity in Human and Rat: An In-Vitro Analysis

Diabetes linked reproductive complications are rising problems nowadays. The study focused on the protective efficacy of Aloe vera (L.) on sperm cell damage in an oxidative stress milieu encumbered by a chronic diabetes in human and streptozotocin treated Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus). Spermatozoa from rat's epididymal washing, and human semen after 3-4 days of abstinence of mating or masturbation were collected from control and diabetes groups. Spermatozoa of human and rat were incubated for 1 or 2 h at 370C in an in-vitro medium separately and considered as normo-glycemic control and diabetes sub-groups. Dose of 1 or, 2 or, 4 mg/ml of Aloe vera (L.) hydro-ethanolic (40:60) extract (AVHE) was given to diabetes samples, considered as sub-sub-group for assessing its protective effect on spermiological and oxidative stress parameters. The motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, nuclear chromatin decondensation for DNA fragmentation, acrosome cap status, and antioxidative status of human and rat spermatozoa were decreased whereas spermatozoal apoptosis was elevated significantly (p < 0.05), noted by TUNEL assay in diabetes samples compared to the duration-matched control group. Exposure of AVHE to diabetes samples resulted significant rectification (p < 0.05) in the said parameters than the unexposed diabetes group. In control group, AVHE exposure has significant protective effect from spermiological deterioration compared to unexposed control group. Identification of major phytomolecules in AVHE was done by LC-MS study. Diabetes-induced oxidative stress-mediated spermatozoal injuries can be protected by AVHE extract, raise the possibility for potentiating sperm of human for increasing the success rate of in-vitro fertilization-blastocyst implantation.

Ranolazine ameliorates T1DM-induced testicular dysfunction in rats; role of NF-κB/TXNIP/GSDMD-N/IL-18/Beclin-1 signaling pathway

Approximately 90% of diabetic males have varying degrees of testicular dysfunction. The current study investigates the possible beneficial consequences of ranolazine against T1DM-induced testicular dysfunction in rats. Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were assorted into 4 groups; normal, diabetic (single 50 mg/kg STZ, I.P.) and ranolazine (40 and 80 mg/kg, orally). The present investigation revealed that the hypoglycemic impact of ranolazine significantly improved the testicular weight and body weight of the final rats, as well as the concentration of blood testosterone, sperm count, and viability, all of which were associated with STZ-induced testicular dysfunction. Furthermore, as demonstrated by elevated reduced glutathione (GSH) activity and lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, diabetic rats administered ranolazine showed a noteworthy improvement in the oxidant/antioxidant ratio. Furthermore, a substantial rise in beclin-1 concentration was seen in conjunction with a significant decrease in thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) concentrations when ranolazine was administered. Although ranolazine exhibited a reduction in inflammation as seen by lower expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and cluster of differentiation (CD68) in the testicles, these biochemical findings were validated by improvements in the morphological and histopathological outcomes of both the pancreatic and testicular tissues. In conclusion, daily oral administration of ranolazine (40 and 80 mg/kg) for 8 weeks could be a promising therapy for T1DM-induced testicular dysfunction through its dose-dependent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Hirsutella sinensis intensifies testicular function and spermatogenesis in male mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity

BACKGROUND

Hirsutella sinensis (HS) is a mycelium isolated from the fruiting body of the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis . This study explored whether HS treatment affects reproductive dysfunction in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mouse model and regulates various mechanisms, focusing on oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy.

METHODS

Twenty-four C57BL/6J (B6) mice were randomly divided into a standard chow diet (NCD)- or HFD-fed group for 24 weeks. During the final 8 weeks, half of the HFD-fed mice were orally administered HS (HFD + HS). Biochemical markers, including glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, were assessed, and hormones, including testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), were analyzed. Liver and testicular histology, as well as sperm quality markers such as sperm motility, sperm count, and percentage of sperm with normal morphology, were observed. The activities of the testicular antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the products of lipid peroxidation, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), were measured. The protein expression levels of apoptosis-, autophagy- and inflammation-related markers were measured.

RESULTS

The HFD-fed mice had abnormal sex hormone levels, poor sperm quality, and a destroyed testicular structure, with increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in the testis. HS supplementation in HFD-fed mice attenuated testicular apoptosis by suppressing the Bax/Bcl-xl ratio and cleaved caspase 3 protein expression. The HS-treated mice exhibited improved reproductive function, possibly due to reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis, suggesting that HS has a protective effect against HFD-induced testicular damage.

CONCLUSION

Male mice supplemented with HS exhibited attenuated poor semen quality and reduced testosterone levels brought about by HFD-induced obesity by reducing oxidative stress.

Type 1 diabetes impairs the activity of rat testicular somatic and germ cells through NRF2/NLRP3 pathway-mediated oxidative stress

Background

It is well known that metabolic disorders, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), are often associated with reduced male fertility, mainly increasing oxidative stress and impairing the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis (HPT) axis, with consequently altered spermatogenesis and reduced sperm parameters. Herein, using a rat model of T1D obtained by treatment with streptozotocin (STZ), we analyzed several parameters of testicular activity.

Methods

A total of 10 adult male Wistar rats were divided into two groups of five: control and T1D, obtained with a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. After 3 months, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed; one testis was stored at -80°C for biochemical analysis, and the other was fixed for histological and immunofluorescence analysis.

Results

The data confirmed that T1D induced oxidative stress and, consequently, alterations in both testicular somatic and germ cells. This aspect was highlighted by enhanced apoptosis, altered steroidogenesis and Leydig cell maturity, and impaired spermatogenesis. In addition, the blood-testis barrier integrity was compromised, as shown by the reduced levels of structural proteins (N-cadherin, ZO-1, occludin, connexin 43, and VANGL2) and the phosphorylation status of regulative kinases (Src and FAK). Mechanistically, the dysregulation of the SIRT1/NRF2/MAPKs signaling pathways was proven, particularly the reduced nuclear translocation of NRF2, affecting its ability to induce the transcription of genes encoding for antioxidant enzymes. Finally, the stimulation of testicular inflammation and pyroptosis was also confirmed, as highlighted by the increased levels of some markers, such as NF-κB and NLRP3.

Conclusion

The combined data allowed us to confirm that T1D has detrimental effects on rat testicular activity. Moreover, a better comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between metabolic disorders and male fertility could help to identify novel targets to prevent and treat fertility disorders related to T1D.

Edible wild plants, chicory and purslane, alleviated diabetic testicular dysfunction, and insulin resistance via suppression 8OHdg and oxidative stress in rats

Testicular dysfunction is a prevalent health problem frequently reported in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Oxidative-inflammatory reactions, hormonal and spermatic abnormalities often accompany this illness. Herbal remedies "particularly wild plants" including chicory (Chicorium Intybus) and purslane (Portulaca Oleracea) are emerging as popular agents for people dealing with these issues due to their ability to act as antioxidants, reduce inflammation, and exhibit antidiabetic effects. According to the collected data, the daily administration of chicory (Ch) seed-extract (250 mg/kg) or purslane (Pu) seed-extract (200 mg/kg) to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (50 mg/kg) for 30 days resulted in the normalization of fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum fructosamine, insulin levels, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), as well as reducing lipid peroxidation end-product malondialdehyde (MDA) level, aldehyde oxidase (AO) and xanthene oxidase (XO) activities. While caused a considerable improvement in glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activity, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) when compared to diabetic rats. Ch and Pu extracts had a substantial impact on testicular parameters including sperm characterization, testosterone level, vimentin expression along with improvements in body and testis weight. They also mitigated hyperlipidemia by reducing total lipids (TL), total cholesterol (TC) levels, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Furthermore, oral administration of either Ch or Pu notably attuned the elevated proinflammatory cytokines as tumor necrotic factor (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) together with reducing apoptosis and DNA damage. This was achieved through the suppression of DNA-fragmentation marker 8OHdG, triggering of caspase-3 immuno-expression, and elevation of Bcl-2 protein. The histological studies provided evidence supporting the preventive effects of Ch and Pu against DM-induced testicular dysfunction. In conclusion, Ch and Pu seed-extracts mitigate testicular impairment during DM due to their antihyperglycemic, antilipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties.

Pathogenesis of diabetic complications: Exploring hypoxic niche formation and HIF-1α activation

Hypoxia is a common feature of diabetic tissues, which highly correlates to the progression of diabetes. The formation of hypoxic context is induced by disrupted oxygen homeostasis that is predominantly driven by vascular remodeling in diabetes. While different types of vascular impairments have been reported, the specific features and underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. Under hypoxic condition, cells upregulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), an oxygen sensor that coordinates oxygen concentration and cell metabolism under hypoxic conditions. However, diabetic context exploits this machinery for pathogenic functions. Although HIF-1α protects cells from diabetic insult in multiple tissues, it also jeopardizes cell function in the retina. To gain a deeper understanding of hypoxia in diabetic complications, we focus on the formation of tissue hypoxia and the outcomes of HIF-1α dysregulation under diabetic context. Hopefully, this review can provide a better understanding on hypoxia biology in diabetes.

Redox Homeostasis and Nrf2-Regulated Mechanisms Are Relevant to Male Infertility

Infertility represents a significant global health challenge, affecting more than 12% of couples worldwide, and most cases of infertility are caused by male factors. Several pathological pathways are implicated in male infertility. The main mechanisms involved are driven by the loss of reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis and the resulting oxidative damage as well as the chronic inflammatory process. Increased or severe oxidative stress leads to sperm plasma membrane and DNA oxidative damage, dysregulated RNA processing, and telomere destruction. The signaling pathways of these molecular events are also regulated by Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The causes of male infertility, the role of oxidative stress in male infertility and the Keap1-Nrf2 antioxidant pathway are reviewed. This review highlights the regulatory role of Nrf2 in the balance between oxidants and antioxidants as relevant mechanisms to male fertility. Nrf2 is involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis and sperm quality. Establishing a link between Nrf2 signaling pathways and the regulation of male fertility provides the basis for molecular modulation of inflammatory processes, reactive oxygen species generation, and the antioxidant molecular network, including the Nrf2-regulated antioxidant response, to improve male reproductive outcomes.

Diabetes-induced male infertility: potential mechanisms and treatment options

Male infertility is a physiological phenomenon in which a man is unable to impregnate a fertile woman during a 12-month period of continuous, unprotected sexual intercourse. A growing body of clinical and epidemiological evidence indicates that the increasing incidence of male reproductive problems, especially infertility, shows a very similar trend to the incidence of diabetes within the same age range. In addition, a large number of previous in vivo and in vitro experiments have also suggested that the complex pathophysiological changes caused by diabetes may induce male infertility in multiple aspects, including hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction, spermatogenesis and maturation disorders, testicular interstitial cell damage erectile dysfunction. Based on the above related mechanisms, a large number of studies have focused on the potential therapeutic association between diabetes progression and infertility in patients with diabetes and infertility, providing important clues for the treatment of this population. In this paper, we summarized the research results of the effects of diabetes on male reproductive function in recent 5 years, elaborated the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of male infertility induced by diabetes, and reviewed and prospected the therapeutic measures.

Effects of azithromycin exposure during pregnancy at different stages, doses and courses on testicular development in fetal mice

Azithromycin is a commonly used antibiotic during pregnancy, but some studies have suggested its potential developmental toxicity. Currently, the effects and mechanisms of prenatal azithromycin exposure (PAzE) on fetal testicular development are still unclear. The effects of prenatal exposure to the same drug on fetal testicular development could vary depending on different stages, doses, and courses. Hence, in this study, based on clinical medication characteristics, Kunming mice was administered intragastrically with azithromycin at different stages (mid-/late-pregnancy), doses (50, 100, 200 mg/kg·d), and courses (single-/multi-course). Fetal blood and testicular samples were collected on GD18 for relevant assessments. The results indicated that PAzE led to changes in fetal testicular morphology, reduced cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and decreased expression of markers related to Leydig cells (Star), Sertoli cells (Wt1), and spermatogonia (Plzf). Further investigation revealed that the effects of PAzE on fetal testicular development were characterized by mid-pregnancy, high dose (clinical dose), and single course having more pronounced effects. Additionally, the TGFβ/Smad and Nrf2 signaling pathways may be involved in the changes in fetal testicular development induced by PAzE. In summary, this study confirmed that PAzE influences fetal testicular morphological development and multicellular function. It provided theoretical and experimental evidence for guiding the rational use of azithromycin during pregnancy and further exploring the mechanisms underlying its developmental toxicity on fetal testicles.

The cardioprotective effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles against the poisoning generated by aluminum phosphide pesticide: Controlling oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage

BACKGROUND

Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is a well-known toxic compound used as an agricultural pesticide to prevent insect damage to stored crops. However, even if just a small amount was consumed, it caused lasting harm to the human body and, in acute concentrations, death. The current study employed cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) to reduce oxidative stress and various harmful outcomes of AlP poisoning.

METHODS

Following finding effective concentrations of CeO2 NPs via MTT assay, Human Cardiac Myocyte (HCM) cells were pre-treated with CeO2 NPs for 24 h. After that, they were exposed to 2.36 μM AlP. The activity of oxidative stress and mitochondrial biomarkers, including mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c release, were evaluated in HCM cells. Finally, the population of apoptotic and necrotic cells was assessed via flow cytometry.

RESULTS

After 24 h, data revealed that all tested concentrations of CeO2 NPs were safe, and 25 and 50 μM of that were selected as effective concentrations. Oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) showed that CeO2 NPs could successfully decrease AlP poisoning due to their antioxidant characteristics. Mitochondrial markers were also recovered by pre-treatment of HCM cells with CeO2 NPs. Furthermore, pre-treating with CeO2 NPs could compensate for the reduction of live cells with AlP and cause a diminishing in the population of early and late apoptotic cells.

CONCLUSION

As a result, it is evident that CeO2 NPs, through the recovery of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damages caused by AlP, reduce apoptosis and have therapeutic potentials on HCM cells.

Autophagy, a critical element in the aging male reproductive disorders and prostate cancer: a therapeutic point of view

Autophagy is a highly conserved, lysosome-dependent biological mechanism involved in the degradation and recycling of cellular components. There is growing evidence that autophagy is related to male reproductive biology, particularly spermatogenic and endocrinologic processes closely associated with male sexual and reproductive health. In recent decades, problems such as decreasing sperm count, erectile dysfunction, and infertility have worsened. In addition, reproductive health is closely related to overall health and comorbidity in aging men. In this review, we will outline the role of autophagy as a new player in aging male reproductive dysfunction and prostate cancer. We first provide an overview of the mechanisms of autophagy and its role in regulating male reproductive cells. We then focus on the link between autophagy and aging-related diseases. This is followed by a discussion of therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy before we end with limitations of current studies and suggestions for future developments in the field.

Stimulation of Autophagy by Dapagliflozin Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Testicular Dysfunction in Rats: The Role of AMPK/mTOR and SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathways

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant that triggers testicular dysfunction. Dapagliflozin is a selective sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor with notable antioxidant and anti-apoptotic features. It has shown marked cardio-, reno-, hepato-, and neuroprotective effects. Yet, its effect on Cd-evoked testicular impairment has not been examined. Hence, the goal of the current study was to investigate the potential positive effect of dapagliflozin against Cd-induced testicular dysfunction in rats, with an emphasis on autophagy, apoptosis, and oxidative insult. Dapagliflozin (1 mg/kg/day) was given by oral gavage, and testicular dysfunction, impaired spermatogenesis, and biomolecular events were studied via immunohistochemistry, histopathology, and ELISA. The current findings demonstrated that dapagliflozin improved relative testicular weight, serum testosterone, and sperm count/motility and reduced sperm abnormalities, signifying mitigation of testicular impairment and spermatogenesis disruption. Moreover, dapagliflozin attenuated Cd-induced histological abnormalities and preserved testicular structure. The testicular function recovery was prompted by stimulating the cytoprotective SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 axis, lowering the testicular oxidative changes, and augmenting cellular antioxidants. As regards apoptosis, dapagliflozin counteracted the apoptotic machinery by downregulating the pro-apoptotic signals together with Bcl-2 upregulation. Meanwhile, dapagliflozin reactivated the impaired autophagy, as seen by a lowered accumulation of SQSTM-1/p62 and Beclin 1 upregulation. In the same context, the testicular AMPK/mTOR pathway was stimulated as evidenced by the increased p-AMPK (Ser487)/total AMPK ratio alongside the lowered p-mTOR (Ser2448)/total mTOR ratio. Together, the favorable mitigation of Cd-induced testicular impairment/disrupted spermatogenesis was driven by the antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and pro-autophagic actions of dapagliflozin. Thus, it could serve as a tool for the management of Cd-evoked testicular dysfunction.

Lansoprazole protects hepatic cells against cisplatin-induced oxidative stress through the p38 MAPK/ARE/Nrf2 pathway

Lansoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, can exert antioxidant effects through the induction of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, independently of the inhibition of acid secretion in the gastrointestinal tract. Lansoprazole has been reported to provide hepatoprotection in a drug-induced hepatitis animal model through the Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) pathway. We sought to investigate the molecular mechanism of cytoprotection by lansoprazole. An in vitro experimental model was conducted using cultured rat hepatic cells treated with lansoprazole to analyze the expression levels of Nrf2 and its downstream genes, the activity of Nrf2 using luciferase reporter assays, cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity, and signaling pathways involved in Nrf2 activation. Lansoprazole treatment of rat liver epithelial RL34 cells induced transactivation of Nrf2 and the expression of the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant genes encoding HO1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1, and glutathione S-transferase A2. Furthermore, cycloheximide chase experiments revealed that lansoprazole prolongs the half-life of the Nrf2 protein. Notably, cell viability was significantly increased by lansoprazole treatment in a cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity model. Moreover, the siRNA knockdown of Nrf2 fully abolished the cytoprotective effect of lansoprazole, whereas the inhibition of HO1 by tin-mesoporphyrin only partially abolished this. Finally, lansoprazole promoted the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) but not that of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase or the c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Using SB203580, a specific inhibitor for p38 MAPK, the lansoprazole-induced Nrf2/antioxidant response elements pathway activation and cytoprotective effects were shown to be exclusively p38 MAPK dependent. Lansoprazole was shown by these results to exert a cytoprotective effect on liver epithelial cells against the cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. This could have potential applications for the prevention and treatment of oxidative injury in the liver.

Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and autophagy: Balancing the contrary forces in spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a complex process in the testis and is a cornerstone of male infertility. The abundance of unsaturated fatty acid and high cell division rate make male germs cells prone to DNA deterioration. ROS-mediated oxidative stress triggers DNA damage, autophagy, and apoptosis in male germ cells, which are critical causative factors that lead to male infertility. The complex connection and molecular crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy is seen at multifaceted levels that interconnect the signaling pathways of these two processes. Multilevel interaction between apoptosis and autophagy is a seamless state of survival and death in response to various stressors. Interaction between multiple genes and proteins such as the mTor signaling pathway, Atg12 proteins, and the death adapter proteins, such as Beclin 1, p53, and Bcl-2 family proteins, validates such a link between these two phenomena. Testicular cells being epigenetically different from somatic cells, undergo numerous significant epigenetic transitions, and ROS modulates the epigenetic framework of mature sperm. Epigenetic deregulation of apoptosis and autophagy under oxidative stress conditions can cause sperm cell damage. The current review recapitulates the current role of prevailing stressors that generate oxidative stress leading to the induction of apoptosis and autophagy in the male reproductive system. Considering the pathophysiological consequences of ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy, a combinatorial approach, including apoptosis inhibition and autophagy activation, a therapeutic strategy to treat male idiopathic infertility. Understanding the crosslink between apoptosis and autophagy under stress conditions in male germ cells may play an essential role in developing therapeutic strategies to treat infertility.

The role of ferroptosis mediated by Bmal1/Nrf2 in nicotine -induce injury of BTB integrity

Nicotine has shown the toxic effects on male reproductive system, and testicular damage is associated with ferroptosis, which is a non-apoptotic regulated cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. However, the role of nicotine on ferroptosis of testicular cells is largely elusive. In the present study, we showed that nicotine destroyed blood-testis barrier (BTB) by interfering with the circadian rhythm of BTB-related factors (ZO-1, N-Cad, Occludin and CX-43) and induced ferroptosis, as reflected via increased clock-control levels of lipid peroxide and decreased ferritin and GPX4, which involved in the circadian. Inhibition of ferroptosis with Fer-1 alleviated nicotine-induced injury of BTB and impaired sperm in vivo. Mechanically, we uncover that the core molecular clock protein, Bmal1, regulates the expression of Nrf2 via direct E-box binding to its promoter to regulate its activity, and nicotine decreases the transcription of Nrf2 through Bmal1 and inactivates Nrf2 pathway and its downstream antioxidant gene, which leads to the imbalance of redox state and ROS accumulation. Intriguingly, nicotine induced lipid peroxidation and subsequent ferroptosis by Bmal1-mediated Nrf2. In conclusion, our study reveals a clear role for the molecular clock in controlling Nrf2 in testis to mediate the ferroptosis induced by nicotine. These findings provide a potential mechanism to prevent smoking and/or cigarette smoke-induced male reproductive injury.

Chronic oral exposure to short chain chlorinated paraffins induced testicular toxicity by promoting NRF2-mediated oxidative stress

As a widespread environmental contaminant, short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) has attracted great attention. However, the toxicity of SCCPs on male reproductive system remains ambiguous. In this study, we treated mice with SCCPs by gavage and investigated the toxic effects of SCCPs on testis. According to the results, the sperm parameters of mice were significantly reduced after exposure to 1, 10, 100 mg/kg body mass per day SCCPs for 35 days. SCCPs resulted in disorderly arranged seminiferous epithelium and increased apoptotic cells in testes. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that the oxidative stress was induced after SCCPs exposure, and dysfunction of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor (NRF2) signaling pathway played a role in this process. Moreover, resveratrol, an NRF2 activator, could alleviate the damage of SCCPs onmale reproductive system. Our study indicated that oxidative stress is the key point for explaining the testicular toxicity caused by SCCPs, and NRF2 could be used as a potential target for clinical treatment to alleviate the reproductive toxicity induced by SCCPs.

Diabetes-Induced Autophagy Dysregulation Engenders Testicular Impairment via Oxidative Stress

Testes produce sperms, and gamete generation relies on a proper niche environment. The disruption of hierarchical regulatory homeostasis in Leydig or Sertoli cells may evoke a sterile phenotype in humans. In this study, we recapitulated type 2 diabetes mellitus by using a high-fat diet- (HFD-) fed mouse model to identify the phenotype and potential mechanism of diabetes-induced testicular impairment. At the end of the study, blood glucose levels, testosterone structure, testicular antioxidant capacity, and testosterone level and the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor- (HIF-) 1α, apoptosis-related protein cleaved-caspase3, and autophagy-related proteins such as LC3I/II, p62, and Beclin1 were evaluated. We found that long-term HFD treatment causes the development of diabetes mellitus, implicating increased serum glucose level, cell apoptosis, and testicular atrophy (P < 0.05 vs. Ctrl). Mechanistically, the results showed enhanced expression of HIF-1α in both Sertoli and Leydig cells (P < 0.05 vs. Ctrl). Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were demonstrated to be a potential factor leading to HIF-1α upregulation in both cell types. In Sertoli cells, high glucose treatment had minor effects on Sertoli cell autophagy. However, AGE treatment stagnated the autophagy flux and escalated cell apoptosis (P < 0.05 vs. Ctrl+Ctrl). In Leydig cells, high glucose treatment was adequate to encumber autophagy induction and enhance oxidative stress. Similarly, AGE treatment facilitated HIF-1α expression and hampered testosterone production (P < 0.05 vs. Ctrl+Ctrl). Overall, these findings highlight the dual effects of diabetes on autophagy regulation in Sertoli and Leydig cells while imposing oxidative stress in both cell types. Furthermore, the upregulation of HIF-1α, which could be triggered by AGE treatment, may negatively affect both cell types. Together, these findings will help us further understand the molecular mechanism of diabetes-induced autophagy dysregulation and testicular impairment, enriching the content of male reproductive biology in diabetic patients.

Effects of Vincamine on Testicular Dysfunction in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Male Rats

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is frequently linked with problems of several organ systems, including retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Additionally, patients have changes in sexual functioning, such as decreased libido and fertility. Vincamine, a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, has hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects.

Objectives

This research assessed the impact of vincamine on testicular dysfunction in alloxan-induced male rats by measuring fasting blood glucose, oxidative stress, seminal analysis, and histological examination of the testis.

Methods

Wister-albino male rats were randomized into the following groups at random: Untreated-healthy, untreated-DM, vincamine-treated (20 mg/kg) DM, vincamine-treated (40 mg/kg) DM, and clomiphene-treated DM (5 mg/kg). On day 14, rats were sacrificed, and semen/blood samples were collected. Sperm count, motility, and morphological abnormalities were noted by microscopic examination. The testis was examined histopathologically and assessed using Johnsen's score.

Results

Compared with the untreated diabetic group, a dosage of 40 mg/kg vincamine generate a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar (FBG). Compared with the untreated diabetic group, the vincamine-treated rats produced greater plasma testosterone levels and Johnsen scores. In the vincamine 20 mg/kg group, sperm concentration was higher than in the vincamine 40 mg/kg group.

Conclusions

It is possible that vincamine has a potential preventive effect against diabetes-related reproductive problems attributable to its antioxidant activity and capacity to restore testicular steroidogenesis.

Topiramate Reprofiling for the Attenuation of Cadmium-Induced Testicular Impairment in Rats: Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome and AMPK/mTOR-Linked Autophagy

Topiramate, a promising drug classically used for the management of neurological disorders including epilepsy and migraine, has demonstrated marked anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic actions in murine models of cardiac post-infarction inflammation, wound healing, and gastric/intestinal injury. However, its potential impact on cadmium-induced testicular injury remains to be elucidated. Herein, the present study aimed to explore the effect of topiramate against cadmium-invoked testicular impairment with emphasis on the molecular mechanisms linked to inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Herein, administration of topiramate (50 mg/kg/day, by gavage) continued for 60 days and the testes were examined by histology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical assays. The present data demonstrated that serum testosterone, sperm count/abnormalities, relative testicular weight, and histopathological aberrations were improved by topiramate administration to cadmium-intoxicated rats. The rescue of testicular dysfunction was driven by multi-pronged mechanisms including suppression of NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β cascade, which was evidenced by dampened caspase-1 activity, lowered IL-1β/IL-18 production, and decreased nuclear levels of activated NF-κBp65. Moreover, curbing testicular apoptosis was seen by lowered Bax expression, decreased caspase-3 activity, and upregulation of Bcl-2. In tandem, testicular autophagy was activated as seen by diminished p62 SQSTM1 accumulation alongside Beclin-1 upregulation. Autophagy activation was associated with AMPK/mTOR pathway stimulation demonstrated by decreased mTOR (Ser2448) phosphorylation and increased AMPK (Ser487) phosphorylation. In conclusion, combating inflammation/apoptosis and enhancing autophagic events by topiramate were engaged in ameliorating cadmium-induced testicular impairment.

Fumonisin B1 promotes germ cells apoptosis associated with oxidative stress-related Nrf2 signaling in mice testes

Fumonisins (FBs) are widespread Fusarium toxins commonly found in corn. This study aimed to establish the mechanism of oxidative stress via the Nrf2 signaling pathway associated with FB₁-induced toxicity in mice testis. Male mice were fed with 5 mg/kg FB₁ diet for 21 or 42 days, the expression of inflammatory related genes, apoptosis related genes and Nrf2 pathway genes were detected by RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical. Furthermore, Sertoli cell was treatment with FB₁. Cell viability was measured by CCK8 assay, ROS level and apoptosis related genes were detected by immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that FB₁ had toxic effects on testis, which could increase the ROS level of Sertoli cells, affect the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway related factors, destroy the oxidative balance of testis, lead to the occurrence of inflammation and the initiation of apoptosis, and finally destroy the testicular tissue structure and affect the formation of sperm.

Repositioning Linagliptin for the Mitigation of Cadmium-Induced Testicular Dysfunction in Rats: Targeting HMGB1/TLR4/NLRP3 Axis and Autophagy

Cadmium, a ubiquitous environmental toxicant, disrupts testicular function and fertility. The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin has shown pronounced anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic features; however, its effects against cadmium-evoked testicular impairment have not been examined. Herein, the present study investigated targeting inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy by linagliptin for potential modulation of cadmium-induced testicular dysfunction in rats. After 60 days of cadmium chloride administration (5 mg/kg/day, by gavage), testes, epididymis, and blood were collected for analysis. The present findings revealed that linagliptin improved the histopathological lesions, including spermatogenesis impairment and germ cell loss. Moreover, it improved sperm count/motility and serum testosterone. The favorable effects of linagliptin were mediated by curbing testicular inflammation seen by dampening of HMGB1/TLR4 pathway and associated lowering of nuclear NF-κBp65. In tandem, linagliptin suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome/caspase 1 axis with consequent lowering of the pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-18. Jointly, linagliptin attenuated testicular apoptotic responses seen by Bax downregulation, Bcl-2 upregulation, and suppressed caspase 3 activity. With respect to autophagy, linagliptin enhanced the testicular autophagy flux seen by lowered accumulation of p62 SQSTM1 alongside upregulation of Beclin 1. The observed autophagy stimulation was associated with elevated AMPK (Ser487) phosphorylation and lowered mTOR (Ser2448) phosphorylation, indicating AMPK/mTOR pathway activation. In conclusion, inhibition of testicular HMGB1/TLR4/NLRP3 pro-inflammatory axis and apoptosis alongside stimulation of autophagy were implicated in the favorable actions of linagliptin against cadmium-triggered testicular impairment.

Histomorphometric and Histopathological Alterations of Rat Testis Following Exposure to Hydrogen ‎Peroxide: Protective Role of Resveratrol Supplement

Resveratrol (RS) is widely used in medical fields as an antioxidant. Current research investigated ‎the protective role of RS supplement on histomorphometric and histopathological alterations in ‎testes were caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) of rats as an animal model. Thirty-two adult ‎rats were utilized in this study, divided randomly into 4 equal groups as follows. The group C ‎was given tap water only and served as control, the 2nd group (G1) was given 0.5% of H2O2 of ‎tap water, the 3rd group (G2) was given tap water containing 0.5% of H2O2 and intubated RS ‎supplement at 87 mg/kg BW, and 4th group intubated RS supplement 87 mg/kg BW. after 56 ‎days of treatment, rats were euthanized, dissected then, specimens of testes tissue were collected ‎for histomorphometric and histopathological evaluation. Our results showed that administration ‎of H2O2 caused a significant histomorphometric with histopathological changes in the form of a ‎thickness of fibrous tunica albuginea, disarrangement of germ cells, necrosis of spermatogonia, ‎edema, and loss of sperms as compared to other groups. Meanwhile, these histological alterations ‎were partially attenuated in the G2 group that intubated resveratrol. Thus, the current study ‎concluded that resveratrol may have therapeutic value in the treatment of induced testicular injury ‎by H2O2 due to its antioxidant activity and attenuation of harmful effects of oxidative ‎stress through a mechanism that should be elucidated in future studies.

The Synergetic Effect of Egyptian Portulaca oleracea L. (Purslane) and Cichorium intybus L. (Chicory) Extracts against Glucocorticoid-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Rats through Attenuation of Oxidative Reactions and Autophagy

Long-term glucocorticoids can alter sperm motility, vitality, or morphology, disrupting male reproductive function. This study scrutinized the synergistic benefits of two Egyptian plants against dexamethasone (Dexa)-induced testicular and autophagy dysfunction in male rats. Phytochemical ingredients and the combination index were estimated for Purslane ethanolic extract (PEE) and Chicory water extract (CWE). Four control groups received saline and 100 mg/kg of each PEE, CWE, and PEE/CWE, daily for 8 weeks. Dexa (1 mg/kg daily for 6 weeks) induced infertility where PEE, CWE, and PEE/CWE were given. Seminal analysis, male hormones, glycemic and oxidative stress markers, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers (Sigma 1R and GRP78), and autophagy regulators (Phospho-mTOR, LC3I/II, PI3KC3, and Beclin-1, P62, ATG5, and ATG7) were measured. The in vitro study illustrated the synergistic (CI < 1) antioxidant capacity of the PEE/CWE combination. Dexa exerts testicular damage by inducing oxidative reactions, a marked reduction in serum testosterone, TSH and LH levels, insulin resistance, ER stress, and autophagy. In contrast, the PEE and CWE extracts improve fertility hormones, sperm motility, and testicular histological alterations through attenuating oxidative stress and autophagy, with a synergistic effect upon combination. In conclusion, the administration of PEE/CWE has promised ameliorative impacts on male infertility and can delay disease progression.

The antioxidant effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Ashrasi date palm on sperm parameters and DNA fragmentation in diabetic rats

Background

Diabetes‐induced oxidative stress can have adverse effects on sperm and its DNA integrity. The Ashrasi date palm (ADP) has potent antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of ADP hydroalcoholic extract on sperm parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation in diabetic rats.

Methods

Forty male rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 7): 1, control; 2, diabetic; 3–5, diabetic + ADP (30, 90 and 270 mg/kg for groups 3, 4 and 5, respectively). After preparation of ADP extract and its phytochemical screening, it was administered orally to rats, once a day for 5 weeks. At the end of the study, sperm parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation in all groups were investigated.

Results

At doses of 90 and 270 mg/kg, ADP extract significantly increased the sperm viability compared to diabetic group 2 (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03, respectively) and resulted in a significant decrease in immotile sperm (p = 0.002 and p = 0.006, respectively). At a dose of 270 mg/kg, a considerable enhancement of forward sperm motility was observed (p = 0.04) and there was a significant decrease in sperm DNA fragmentation (p = 0.04).

Conclusions

The findings of the present study show for the first time that the hydroalcoholic extract of ADP has protective and antioxidant effects against diabetes‐induced oxidative stress and can improve sperm parameters and protect sperm DNA integrity.

Autophagy modulation in resveratrol protective effects on steroidogenesis in high-fat diet-fed mice and H2O2-challenged TM3 cells

BACKGROUND

Autophagy dysregulation and oxidative stress play critical pathophysiological roles in developing obesity-related metabolic health disorders. This study aims to investigate how autophagy modulation is related to resveratrol (RSV) antioxidant activities and preventive effects on steroidogenesis decline associated with a high-fat diet (HFD) and oxidative damage.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Eight-week-old C57BL/6 J male mice were fed with HFD with or without supplement RSV (400 mg/kg/day) by gavage for 16 weeks. The control group was fed with a standard diet with no RSV or the same amount of RSV. Mouse Leydig cell line TM3 cell was used for in vitro studies. Oxidative stress was induced in TM3 cells with H₂O₂, followed by RSV treatment plus autophagy activator rapamycin or autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine, respectively. RSV supplement could upregulate proteins level of StAR and mitochondrial proteins COX4 and mtTFA, indicating the amelioration of steroidogenesis decline and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by HFD. Antioxidants such as GPx4 and SOD2 were improved by RSV as well. The observation of autophagosomes and the changes in expressions of LC3II/I, Beclin1, and Atg7 indicated that RSV could reverse the autophagy defect associated with HFD. 3-methyladenine inhibition of autophagy partially abolished RSV protection on mitochondrial function and steroidogenesis in H₂O₂-challenged TM3 cells. However, the combination use of rapamycin and RSV did not improve protection on Leydig cells against oxidative damage.

CONCLUSIONS

The stimulation of autophagy by RSV is closely linked to its antioxidant actions and positive impact on steroidogenesis in HFD mice. The findings suggest RSV is protective against obesity-related Leydig cell impairment.

The Herb Pair Radix Rehmanniae and Cornus Officinalis Attenuated Testicular Damage in Mice With Diabetes Mellitus Through Butyric Acid/Glucagon-Like Peptide-1/Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Pathway Mediated by Gut Microbiota

Growing body of research indicates that Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) interact with gut microbiota (GM) after oral administration. Radix Rehmanniae and Cornus Officinalis (RR-CO), a well-known TCM pair, is often used to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. The current study aimed to explore the protective effects of RR-CO on DM induced testicular damage by modulating GM. The RR-CO treatments significantly reduced hyperglycemia, ameliorated testicular ultrastructural damage and inflammation in DM model to varying degrees. Additionally, 16S-ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing results showed that RR-CO treatment increased the amount of butyric acid-producing GM, such as Clostridiaceae_1 family, and decreased the abundance of Catabacter, Marvinbryantia, and Helicobacter genera. RR-CO fecal bacteria transplantation (RC-FMT) increased the abundance of Clostridiaceae_1 in the Model FMT (M-FMT) group and ameliorated testicular damage. Furthermore, treatment with RR-CO increased the fecal butyric acid level, serum Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) level, and testicular GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression compared to those in DM mice. Finally, intraperitoneal administration of sodium butyrate (SB) significantly improved the pathological damage to the testis and reduced inflammation in the DM group. These data demonstrated a protective effect of RR-CO on DM-induced testicular damage by modulation of GM, which may be mediated by the butyric acid/GLP/GLP-1R pathway.

A Novel Compound, Tanshinol Borneol Ester, Ameliorates Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress via the mTOR/β-TrCP/NRF2 Pathway

Tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ) exerts anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its effects on cardiac hypertrophy are not well understood. In this work, we investigated the treatment effects and potential mechanisms of DBZ on the hypertrophic heart under oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. A hypertrophic model was established in rats using transverse-aortic constriction (TAC) surgery and in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) using angiotensin II (Ang II). Our results revealed that DBZ remarkably inhibited oxidative stress and ER stress, blocked autophagy flow, and decreased apoptosis in vivo and in vitro through nuclear NRF2 accumulation, and enhanced NRF2 stability via regulating the mTOR/β-TrcP/NRF2 signal pathway. Thus, DBZ may serve as a promising therapeutic for stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy.

Physalis pubescens L. alleviates testicular disruptions associated with streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats, Rattus norvegicus

Testicular impairment is a serious complication of diabetes that is mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation. Physalis has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions. Thus, the present study investigated the ameliorative role of Physalis juice (PJ) prepared from the fruits against testicular damages in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly into five groups (n=6): control, orally administered 5 mL PJ/kg daily (PJ), injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 55 mg STZ/kg without treatment (STZ), or treated daily with PJ (STZ+PJ) or with 500 mg metformin/kg (STZ+Met), for 28 days. The STZ group showed a marked elevation in the blood glucose level by 230%, whereas remarkable declines in the serum levels of testosterone (44%), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (48%), and luteinizing hormone (LH) (36%), as compared to controls. In comparison to controls, the testis of the STZ group showed remarkable declines in the testis weight (15%), the glutathione (GSH) content (45%), mRNA and protein levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) (48 and 35%), mRNA and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (63 and 40%), catalase (CAT) (56 and 31%), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (51 and 44%), and glutathione reductase (GR) (62 and 43%), whereas marked elevations in the levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β (169%), tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNFα) (85%), nitric oxide (NO) (96%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (83%), mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) (400 and 61%), and mRNA level of caspase-3 (Cas-3) (370%). Some histopathological alterations were observed in the testicular tissue of the STZ group. In contrast, PJ markedly alleviated all the abovementioned disturbances. In conclusion, PJ at a dose of 5 mL/kg attenuated the diabetes-associated testicular impairments, which may be due to its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions.

Bacterial Infections Affect Male Fertility: A Focus on the Oxidative Stress-Autophagy Axis

Numerous factors trigger male infertility, including lifestyle, the environment, health, medical resources and pathogenic microorganism infections. Bacterial infections of the male reproductive system can cause various reproductive diseases. Several male reproductive organs, such as the testicles, have unique immune functions that protect the germ cells from damage. In the reproductive system, immune cells can recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns carried by pathogenic microorganisms and activate the host's innate immune response. Furthermore, bacterial infections can lead to oxidative stress through multiple signaling pathways. Many studies have revealed that oxidative stress serves dual functions: moderate oxidative stress can help clear the invaders and maintain sperm motility, but excessive oxidative stress will induce host damage. Additionally, oxidative stress is always accompanied by autophagy which can also help maintain host homeostasis. Male reproductive system homeostasis disequilibrium can cause inflammation of the genitourinary system, influence spermatogenesis, and even lead to infertility. Here, we focus on the effect of oxidative stress and autophagy on bacterial infection in the male reproductive system, and we also explore the crosslink between oxidative stress and autophagy during this process.

The Effect of Ellagic Acid on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Antioxidant Activity in Mice

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the imbalance of lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity leads to damage to liver. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ellagic acid (EA), a phenolic compound, on hepatic lipid metabolism and antioxidant activity in mice. In our study, 24 C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: (1) control (CON); (2) basal diet+0.1% EA (EA1); and (3) basal diet+0.3% EA (EA2). After the 14-day experiment, the liver was sampled for analysis. The results showed that 0.3% EA administration increased the liver weight. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol activities decreased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol activity increased by EA supplementation. Meanwhile, dietary supplementation with EA dose-dependently decreased the acetyl-CoA carboxylase protein abundance and increased the phospho-hormone-sensitive lipase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha protein abundances. Moreover, EA supplementation reduced the malonaldehyde concentration and increased the superoxide dismutase and catalase concentrations. The protein abundances of phospho-nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 increased by EA supplementation in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, EA supplementation promoted the lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity to maintain the liver health in mice.

Spinal Nrf2 translocation may inhibit neuronal NF-κB activation and alleviate allodynia in a rat model of bone cancer pain

Bone cancer pain (BCP) is a clinical pathology that urgently needs to be solved, but research on the mechanism of BCP has so far achieved limited success. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been shown to be involved in pain, but its involvement in BCP and the specific mechanism have yet to be examined. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that BCP induces the transfer of Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and further promotes nuclear transcription to activate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and inhibit the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signalling, ultimately regulating the neuroinflammatory response. Von-Frey was used for behavioural analysis in rats with BCP, whereas western blotting, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect molecular expression changes, and immunofluorescence was used to detect cellular localization. We demonstrated that BCP induced increased Nrf2 nuclear protein expression with decreased cytoplasmic protein expression in the spinal cord. Further increases in Nrf2 nuclear protein expression can alleviate hyperalgesia and activate HO-1 to inhibit the expression of NF-κB nuclear protein and inflammatory factors. Strikingly, intrathecal administration of the corresponding siRNA reversed the above effects. In addition, the results of double immune labelling revealed that Nrf2 and NF-κB were coexpressed in spinal cord neurons of rats with BCP. In summary, these findings suggest that the entry of Nrf2 into the nucleus promotes the expression of HO-1, inhibiting activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway, reducing neuroinflammation and ultimately exerting an anti-nociceptive effect.

Antiapoptotic and antioxidative effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles on the testicular tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: An experimental study

Background

Cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CNPs) due to the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities are proposed for the treatment of oxidative stress-associated diseases.

Objective

To examine the impact of CNPs on hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in the testis of diabetic rats.

Materials and Methods

Twenty-four male rats were divided into four groups (n = 6/each) as diabetic rats, CNPs group, diabetic + CNPs rats, and controls. The control group was fed only mouse food and water. Rats became diabetic through receiving streptozotocin (STZ) 60 mg/kg. CNPs were given to the rats at a dose of 30 mg/kg daily for 2 wk. Malondialdehyde and total thiol group (TTG) levels were measured using spectrofluorometer. Expression of b-cell lymphoma protein 2-associated X protein (BAX) and b-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2) were investigated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Western blot analysis was used to examine caspase 3 protein levels.

Results

The content of malondialdehyde significantly increased in the STZ-diabetic rats, while TTG levels demonstrated a remarkable decrease. Caspase-3, BAX, and BAX/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio raised significantly in the STZ-diabetic rats. On the other hand, Bcl-2 mRNA levels reduced in the testis of diabetic rats (p = 0.006). Intervention with CNPs caused a substantial increase in the TTG levels, while the malondialdehyde contents, caspase-3, BAX levels, as well as BAX/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio were considerably decreased following CNPs treatment. Administration of CNPs increased mRNA levels of Bcl-2 (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

CNPs treatment attenuates testicular apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by diabetes. This nanoparticle might be suggested for the treatment of diabetes-associated reproductive disorders.

Exploring dysregulated miRNAs in cryptorchidism: a systematic review

Objective

To identify dysregulated miRNAs in testicular tissues from animal models and patients with cryptorchidism.

Methods

Databases were systematically searched for studies published before 10 May 2020 that had investigated miRNAs in cryptorchidism. Predicted targets of the identified miRNA biomarkers were obtained by searching TargetScan and Starbase. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were subsequently conducted.

Results

Five publications met the eligibility criteria for the review. 21 differentially expressed miRNAs were the most abundantly reported in 185 animal and human tissue samples. Three miRNAs (miR-210, miR-449a and miR-34c) were dysregulated in both animal and human testicular tissues. The top five relevant lncRNAs associated with the miRNAs were NEAT1, KCNQ1OT1, XIST, AC005154.1, and TUG1.

Conclusions

Further research is warranted to explore the potential of these dysregulated miRNAs as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for male infertility associated with cryptorchidism.

Activation of autophagy by sitagliptin attenuates cadmium-induced testicular impairment in rats: Targeting AMPK/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways

AIMS

Cadmium (Cd) is a prevalent environmental contaminant that incurs deleterious health effects, including testicular impairment. Sitagliptin, a selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, has demonstrated marked cardio-, hepato-, and reno-protective actions, however, its impact on Cd-triggered testicular dysfunction has not been formerly investigated. Hence, the present study aimed to explore the probable beneficial impact of sitagliptin against Cd-evoked testicular impairment which may add to its potential clinical utility. The underlying mechanisms pertaining to the balance between testicular autophagy and apoptosis were explored, including the AMPK/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The testicular tissues were examined using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and ELISA. Sitagliptin (10 mg/kg/day, by gavage) was administered for 4 consecutive weeks.

KEY FINDINGS

Sitagliptin attenuated the testicular impairment via improvement of the relative testicular weight, sperm count/motility, sperm abnormalities, and serum testosterone. Additionally, sitagliptin counteracted Cd-induced histologic aberrations/disrupted spermatogenesis. Interestingly, sitagliptin augmented the defective autophagy as demonstrated by upregulating Beclin 1 protein expression and lowering p62 SQSTM1 protein accumulation. These effects were mediated via the activation of testicular AMPK/mTOR pathway as proven by increasing p-AMPK (Ser485, Ser491)/total AMPK and diminishing p-mTOR (Ser2448)/total mTOR protein expression. Additionally, sitagliptin suppressed the testicular apoptotic events via downregulating Bax and upregulating Bcl-2 protein expression. In tandem, sitagliptin suppressed the oxidative stress through lowering lipid peroxides and activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway via upregulating the protein expression of Nrf2, and the downstream effectors HO-1 and GPx.

SIGNIFICANCE

Sitagliptin attenuated Cd-induced testicular injury via boosting the autophagy/apoptosis ratio through activation of AMPK/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways.

Black soybean tempeh and purple sweet potato improve sperm quality in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background and Aim:

Hyperglycemia increases advanced glycation end-product (AGE) production, and the activity of receptor for AGE (RAGE) in testis, which leads to testicular histopathological damage and infertility. This research investigated the effect of black soybean tempeh (BST), purple sweet potato (PSP), and its combination on AGE and RAGE expression and spermatozoa quality in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Materials and Methods:

The rats were given high-fat diets for 5 weeks, then were injected intraperitoneally with multiple low doses of STZ (30 mg/kg body weight). Diabetes mellitus (DM) rats were divided into seven groups: DM, DM+glibenclamide, DM+BST, DM+PSP, and DM+combination of BST and PSP in ratio 1:3, 2:2, and 3:1 as C1, C2, and C3, respectively. The rats were treated for 30 days. Testicular AGE and RAGE expression and spermatozoa quality were measured.

Results:

The combination of BST and PSP significantly decreased AGE and RAGE expression in testicular organs and improved spermatozoa quality compared to the normal group.

Conclusion:

The combination of BST and PSP can be used as future alternatives to improve spermatozoa quality in DM patients.

Impact of diabetic hyperglycaemia and insulin therapy on autophagy and impairment in rat epididymis

Blood glucose dysregulation and hyperglycaemia caused by diabetes mellitus are intimately associated with male infertility. Two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single dose of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection to induce type I diabetes mellitus (DM group). The treatment group was given 1 unit/day of insulin for 16 weeks (INS group). The normal control group (NC group) was given food ad libitum. In the DM group, the histological analysis of caput and cauda epididymal ducts showed broken stereocilia and more lipid vacuolisations in the principal cells. The interstitial hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in epididymal tissues. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that the principal cells in the DM group contained more vacuoles, partly lost stereocilia, and swollen mitochondria. The autophagosomes were observed as well. Western blotting results of LC3II/I and P62 protein expression indicated that autophagy was downregulated in the DM group. The total antioxidant activity and GPx5 expression of epididymal tissues were also decreased. In the INS group, significant improvements were observed in epididymal tissues. Our study suggests that diabetic hyperglycaemia causes autophagy dysregulation in epididymal tissues, which may play a role in diabetes-induced rat epididymal injury. Insulin treatment is beneficial for diabetic-associated epididymal dysfunction.