The Involvement of the Oxidative Stress Status in Cancer Pathology: A Double View on the Role of the Antioxidants

Unraveling the link between cardiorespiratory fitness and cancer: a state-of-the-art review

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) not only reflects an individual's capacity to perform physical activities but also encapsulates broader effects on the basic biology of aging. This review aims to summarize the evidence on the influence of CRF on overall and site-specific cancer risks. It delves into the biological mechanisms through which CRF may exert its effects, explores the clinical implications of these findings, identifies gaps in the current evidence base, and suggests directions for future research. The synthesis of findings reveals that higher CRF levels (general threshold of > 7 METs) are consistently associated with a reduced risk of a range of cancers, including head and neck, lung, breast, gastrointestinal, particularly pancreatic and colorectal, bladder, overall cancer incidence and mortality, and potentially stomach and liver, bile duct, and gall bladder cancers. These inverse associations between CRF and cancer risk do not generally differ across age groups, sex, race, or adiposity, suggesting a universal protective effect of CRF. Nonetheless, evidence linking CRF with skin, mouth and pharynx, kidney, and endometrial cancers is limited and inconclusive. Conversely, higher CRF levels may be potentially linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer and hematological malignancies, such as leukemia and myeloma, although the evidence is still not conclusive. CRF appears to play a significant role in reducing the risk of several cancers through various biological mechanisms, including inflammation reduction, immune system enhancement, hormonal regulation, and metabolic improvements. Overall, enhancing CRF through regular physical activity offers a vital, accessible strategy for reducing cancer risk and extending the health span. Future research should aim to fill the existing evidence gaps regarding specific cancers and elucidate the detailed dose-response relationships between CRF levels and cancer risk. Studies are also needed to elucidate the causal relationships and mechanistic pathways linking CRF to cancer outcomes.

Exploring Neuroprotection against Radiation-Induced Brain Injury: A Review of Key Compounds

Brain radiation is a crucial tool in neuro-oncology for enhancing local tumor control, but it can lead to mild-to-profound and progressive impairments in cognitive function. Radiation-induced brain injury is a significant adverse effect of radiotherapy for cranioencephalic tumors, primarily caused by indirect cellular damage through the formation of free radicals. This results in late neurotoxicity manifesting as cognitive impairment due to free radical production. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of different substances, such as drugs used in the clinical setting and antioxidants such as ascorbate, in reducing the neurotoxicity associated with radiation-induced brain injury. Currently, there is mainly preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the benefit of these interventions, representing a cost-effective and straightforward neuroprotective strategy.

Factors influencing the bioactivity of natural matrices: The case of osmolarity-dependent modulation of cell viability by different dilutions of camel urines

The widespread practice of dromedary urinotherapy as a remedy for various illnesses, including cancer, is well-established in traditional dromedary countries. Researchers attempted to demonstrate anticancer properties of camel urine through in vitro experiments with debated outcomes. Notably, two critical aspects remained unexplored in those assays: (i) the osmolarity of tested urines, which can significantly influence in vitro results; (ii) the potential morphological changes of cells, following exposure to camel urines. In this study, we addressed these gaps by evaluating the osmolarity-dependent modulation of cell viability in human renal cell lines. In this regard, we assessed the impact of hyperosmolar mannitol-based solutions and dromedary urine on the viability and morphology of human non-tumor (HK2) and tumor renal cells (Caki-1). The results indicate that cell viability or morphology in both HK2 and Caki-1 cells are not significantly affected only if mannitol-induced hyperosmolarity is lower than 500 mOsm/L. Notably, when exposed to urine solution, diluted to <500 mOsm/L, statistically significant antiproliferative effects were observed primarily in Caki-1 cells (in presence of two out of ten tested urine samples). Conversely, alterations in cell morphology were observed exclusively in HK2 cells when exposed to the same diluted camel urines. In order to investigate, at molecular level, the observed antiproliferative effects, a preliminary metabolomics analysis of the tested urine samples was performed to identify potential bioactive compounds. The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) metabolic profiling revealed the presence of three antioxidant compounds, namely trigonelline, pyruvic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. In conclusion, our results highlight the importance of considering the critical role of osmolarity when evaluating the bioactive properties of camel urine in vitro, which should not be used to treat any illness as it is. Conversely, it can be considered the possibility to use camel urines as a source of bioactive compounds.

Aptamer-controlled stimuli-responsive drug release

Aptamers have been widely researched and applied in nanomedicine due to their programmable, activatable, and switchable properties. However, there are few reviews on aptamer-controlled stimuli-responsive drug delivery. This article highlights the mechanisms and advantages of aptamers in the construction of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems. We summarize the assembly/reconfiguration mechanisms of aptamers in controlled release systems. The assembly and drug release strategies of drug delivery systems are illustrated. Specifically, we focus on the binding mechanisms to the target and the factors that induce/inhibit the binding to the stimuli, such as strand, pH, light, and temperature. The applications of aptamer-based stimuli-responsive drug release are elaborated. The challenges are discussed, and the future directions are proposed.

Oxidative Processes and Xenobiotic Metabolism in Plants: Mechanisms of Defense and Potential Therapeutic Implications

Plants are continuously exposed to environmental challenges, including pollutants, pesticides, and heavy metals, collectively termed xenobiotics. These substances induce oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cellular components such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. To counteract this, plants have evolved complex metabolic pathways to detoxify and process these harmful compounds. Oxidative stress in plants primarily arises from the overproduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions (O2•-), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), by-products of metabolic activities such as photosynthesis and respiration. The presence of xenobiotics leads to a notable increase in ROS, which can result in cellular damage and metabolic disruption. To combat this, plants have developed a strong antioxidant defense mechanism that includes enzymatic antioxidants that work together to eliminate ROS, thereby reducing their harmful effects. In addition to enzymatic defenses, plants also synthesize various non-enzymatic antioxidants, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and vitamins. These compounds effectively neutralize ROS and help regenerate other antioxidants, offering extensive protection against oxidative stress. The metabolism of xenobiotic substances in plants occurs in three stages: the first involves modification, which refers to the chemical alteration of xenobiotics to make them less harmful. The second involves conjugation, where the modified xenobiotics are combined with other substances to increase their solubility, facilitating their elimination from the plant. The third stage involves compartmentalization, which is the storage or isolation of conjugated xenobiotics in specific parts of the plant, helping to prevent damage to vital cellular functions. Secondary metabolites found in plants, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids, play a vital role in detoxification and the defense against oxidative stress. Gaining a deeper understanding of the oxidative mechanisms and the pathways of xenobiotic metabolism in plants is essential, as this knowledge can lead to the formulation of plant-derived strategies aimed at alleviating the effects of environmental pollution and enhancing human health by improving detoxification and antioxidant capabilities, as discussed in this review.

Polyphenolic Profile and In vitro, In Silico Study of Stem Extracts from J. Maritimus (Juncaceae) Harvested from Eastern Algeria as Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents

Juncus maritimusan extremophilous microorganism speciesknown for its medicinal properties was collected in the Biskra region with the aim of its valorization. The volume size of polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins was performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminum trichloride and vanillin respectively. The volume of Polyphenols was 127.73±0.20 μg EAG/mg ES, the volume offlavonoids was 16.42±0.42 μg EQ/mg ES, and the volume ofcondensed tannins was 10.10±0.35 μg EC/mg ES. The results of the antioxidant activity tests using the DPPH and ABTS methods reveal that the ethyl acetate extract had the highest activity in both tests. The results of the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, using the BSA protein denaturation assay, showed that the percentage of denaturation inhibition wasproportional to the concentration of the extract. At a concentration of 5 mg/mL, the inhibition percentage of the extract were 82.03 % and 80.23 %, respectively,which wereclose tothose of theanti-inflammatory drug Diclofenac.Furthermore, molecular docking simulations indicated that Berberine has high binding affinity to the targets COX-2 and PLA-2 In fact,bioisosteric replacement is being usedto discover new analogs of Berberine. Finally, ADME-Tox predictions demonstrated that this compound and its analogs were not hepatotoxic. This result may lead to the selection ofBerberine and its analogs as active compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

The Role of Trace Metals in the Development and Progression of Prostate Cancer

Over the years, prostate cancer (PCa) research has been of great interest, and trace metals have attracted a lot of attention due to their association with prostate cancer development and progression. PCa has a complex etiology, with genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors being implicated. Trace metals such as zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), arsenic (As), and nickel (Ni) have garnered much attention in recent years, suspected of having direct links to the modulation of cancer risk and progression through their impacts on prostate cancer omics (genomics, epigenetics, proteomics, and transcriptomics). This has led to them being the subject of extensive research in this regard. In this review, we explored the influence of trace metals and offered a comprehensive analysis of the current knowledge on how trace metals affect the biology of prostate cancer at a molecular level by integrating findings from the recent literature to help suggest possible directions for future research.

3,3'4-trimethoxy-4'-rutinosylellagic acid and its acetylated derivative: Antioxidant activity and antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cells and molecular docking study

Cancers account for many deaths worldwide and natural compounds and their derivatives are interesting chemotherapeutic agents for cancer drug development. In this study, a natural compound 3,3'4-trimethoxy-4'-rutinosylellagic acid (TR2) and its acetylated derivative 3,3'4-trimethoxy-4'-hexaacetylrutinosylellagic acid (TR22) were evaluated for their antioxidant and anticancer effects against estrogen sensitive (MCF-7) and estrogen non-sensitive (MDA-MB 231) breast adenocarcinoma. In the β-Carotene-linoleic acid assay, DPPH• radical scavenging and CUPRAC assay, the compound TR2 had better activity than the standard α-Tocopherol, while in the ABTS•+ assay, it was more active than both standards α- α-Tocopherol and BHA. Both compounds had good antioxidant effects with TR2 being more active than TR22. Both compounds inhibited growth of breast carcinoma cells when compared to the untreated controls after 72 h. Compound TR22 significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited proliferation of both MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 breast carcinoma cell lines suggesting that acetylation reaction improves inhibition of breast cancer cells growth. On the contrary, TR2 exhibited better inhibitory effect of clone formation than TR22 suggesting that acetylation reduces the activity in this assay. Both compounds inhibited migration of the cancer cells when compared to the untreated control cells and compound TR2 exhibited greater cellular anti-migration effect than TR22 at the same concentration and after the same period of incubation. Molecular docking studies supplemented the results and revealed that TR2 and TR22 had appreciable interactions with tyrosine kinase with negative binding energies suggesting that they are potent receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors which can impede on cancer progression.

Polyunsaturated fatty acid status and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation across the lifespan: A cross-sectional study in a cohort with long-lived individuals

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are known to have a regulatory effect on oxidative and inflammatory processes. This study aimed to identify the relationship between blood PUFA status and circulatory markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in a cohort of 172 subjects. The population was divided by sex and into three age groups: adults (18-64 years old, n = 69), older adults (65-89 years old, n = 54), and long-lived individuals (LLIs, 90-111 years old, n = 49). Whole blood PUFA content was quantified using gas chromatography. Additionally, serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), paraoxonase (PON), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Our results showed that a higher omega-3 (n-3) index in adult females was a predictor of lower MDA concentrations (p = 0.038). Conversely, total n-3 PUFA and total n-6 PUFA were positively related to MDA values among older adult females and LLI men (p < 0.05), while total n-6 PUFA was inversely correlated with MDA levels in LLI females (p < 0.05). Interestingly, increased concentrations of total n-3 PUFA and n-3 index were positively correlated with higher TEAC values in LLI men (p = 0.007), while the arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio was inversely correlated with TEAC values among LLI females (p = 0.006). These findings suggest that cellular antioxidant capacity is inversely correlated with changes in the AA/EPA ratio in long-lived females, whereas n-3 PUFA may enhance blood antioxidant capacity in long-lived men. Overall, our study highlights the complex, sex-specific interactions between PUFA profiles and oxidative stress and inflammatory markers across different age groups.

Integrating oxidative-stress biomarkers into a precision oncology risk-stratification model for bladder cancer prognosis and therapy

Introduction

Bladder cancer is a common malignant tumor with significant heterogeneity, making personalized risk stratification crucial for optimizing treatment and prognosis. This study aimed to develop a prognostic model based on oxidative stress-related genes to guide risk assessment in bladder cancer.

Methods

Differentially expressed oxidative stress-related genes were identified using the GEO database. Functional enrichment and survival analyses were performed on these genes. A risk-scoring model was built and tested for prognostic value and therapeutic response prediction. Expression of key genes was validated by qRT-PCR in samples from two muscle-invasive and two non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients.

Results

Several oxidative stress-related genes were identified as significantly associated with survival. The risk-scoring model stratified patients into high- and low-risk groups, accurately predicting prognosis and therapeutic responses. qRT-PCR confirmed the differential expression of key genes in patient samples.

Discussion

The study provides a concise risk stratification model based on oxidative stress-related genes, offering a practical tool for improving personalized treatment in bladder cancer. Further validation is required for broader clinical application.

The Influence of Oxidative Stress Markers in Patients with Ischemic Stroke

Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and its incidence is rising rapidly. Acute ischemic stroke is a subtype of stroke that accounts for the majority of stroke cases and has a high mortality rate. An effective treatment for stroke is to minimize damage to the brain's neural tissue by restoring blood flow to decreased perfusion areas of the brain. Many reports have concluded that both oxidative stress and excitotoxicity are the main pathological processes associated with ischemic stroke. Current measures to protect the brain against serious damage caused by stroke are insufficient. For this reason, it is important to investigate oxidative and antioxidant strategies to reduce oxidative damage. This review focuses on studies assessing the concentration of oxidative stress biomarkers and the level of antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) and their impact on the clinical prognosis of patients after stroke. Mechanisms related to the production of ROS/RNS and the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke are presented, as well as new therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the effects of ischemia and reperfusion.

Exploring the anticancer potential of new 3-cyanopyridine derivatives bearing N-acylhydrazone motif: Synthesis, DFT calculations, cytotoxic evaluation, molecular modeling, and antioxidant properties

3-Cyanopyridine derivatives are known for exhibiting excellent anticancer activity due to their strong capability to inhibit various biological targets, including Pim-1 kinase, survivin, and tubulin polymerization. On the other hand, N-acylhydrazones (NAH) are known to be a very versatile motif in medicinal chemistry and drug design. Based on these data, we report in this paper, the synthesis of novel 3-cyanopyridines incorporating N-acyl hydrazine scaffold, the evaluation of their cytotoxicity on the breast (MCF-7) and ovarian (A-2780) cancer cell lines and their antioxidant properties. Excluding 4a and 4d, all tested molecules exhibited high cytotoxicity against A-2780, with IC50 values ranging from 1.14 to 1.76 µM. Conversely, only four molecules 3d, 4b, 4c, and 4d demonstrated cytotoxicity against MCF-7, with IC50 values ranging from 1.14 to 3.38 µM. On the other hand, all the tested molecules exhibited a moderate antioxidant capacity in both the DPPH and metal chelation assays. Docking and molecular dynamics studies revealed that 2d, 3d, and 4d are potential inhibitors of tubulin and the œstrogen receptor, which may explain their high cytotoxicity. These results are promising to study these newly synthesized 3-cyanopyridine-N-acylhydrazones in depth for use as potential anticancer candidates.

Investigating the Anticancer Potential of Biochanin A in KB Oral Cancer Cells Through the NFκB Pathway

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignancy primarily affecting squamous cells. Its development is linked to multiple risk factors, such as alcohol and tobacco consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. Biochanin A (BCA), a phytoestrogen extracted from red clover, has been extensively researched for its therapeutic properties. It spans antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, neuroprotection, cardioprotection, and anticancer potential in different bodily systems. However, its impact on oral cancer remains unexplored. Therefore, this investigation aims to assess the potential anticancer effects of BCA, specifically on KB oral cancer cells. This study utilized KB cells to evaluate the impact of BCA on various cellular parameters, including cell viability, apoptosis, intracellular ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell migration. BCA treatment induced several notable effects on KB cells, including reduced cell viability, altered morphology suggestive of apoptosis, heightened oxidative stress, and alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, BCA treatment demonstrated an inhibitory effect on cell migration. The study further investigated the impact of BCA on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation, revealing decreased antioxidant enzyme activities and increased lipid peroxidation across different BCA concentrations (IC50 and IC90). Immunocytochemistry and qRT-PCR analyses unveiled that BCA treatment at varying doses (IC50 and IC90) downregulated the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) subunits p50 and p65, pivotal players in cancer progression. In summary, this study sheds light on the promising potential of BCA as an anticancer therapeutic agent for treating oral cancer. Its demonstrated ability to induce apoptosis, perturb cellular functions, and modulate gene expression within cancer cells underscores its significance. Nonetheless, further research, particularly following animal studies, is imperative to comprehensively grasp the breadth of BCA's effects and its viability for clinical applications.

Analysis of Metabolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Chinese Cordyceps, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, and Paecilomyces hepiali Based on Untargeted Metabolomics

Chinese cordyceps (GL) is a traditional medicinal fungus, with Ophiocordyceps sinensis (O. sinensis, BL) and Paecilomyces hepiali (P. hepiali, JSB) being fungi isolated from wild Chinese cordyceps. These three species share similar chemical composition and pharmacological effects. Existing studies have primarily compared the metabolites of Chinese cordyceps and O. sinensis, overlooking the assessment of antioxidant capacity in Chinese cordyceps, P. hepiali, and O. sinensis. In this study, LC-MS/MS was employed to analyze metabolites in GL, JSB, and BL. Utilizing principal component analysis (PCA), supervised orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), it was observed that the majority of differential metabolites (DMs) primarily accumulated in organic acids and derivatives, lipids and lipid-like molecules, and organoheterocyclic compounds. Antioxidant activity analysis indicated that GL exhibited the higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability (DPPH•, scavenging rate is 81.87 ± 0.97%), hydroxyl free radical scavenging capacity (•OH, scavenging rate is 98.10 ± 0.60%), and superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity (O2•-, scavenging rate is 69.74 ± 4.36%), while JSB demonstrated the higher FRAP total antioxidant capacity of 8.26 μmol Trolox/g (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between DMs (fatty acyls and amino acids) and DPPH•, FRAP, •OH, and O2•- (p < 0.05). Additionally, glycerophospholipid DMs were found to be positively correlated with FRAP (p < 0.05). Through KEGG pathway analysis, it was determined that the accumulation of DMs in pathways such as cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis has a higher impact on influencing the antioxidant activity of the samples. These results shed light on the antioxidant capacity and metabolic characteristics of Chinese cordyceps and its substitutes and offer valuable insights into how different DMs impact the strength of antioxidant activity, aiding in the advancement and application of Chinese cordyceps and its substitutes.

Synthesis of quercetin derivatives as cytotoxic against breast cancer MCF-7 cell line in vitro and in silico studies

Background: Quercetin being antioxidant and antiproliferative agent acts by inhibiting CDK2, with an increase in cancer prevalence there is a need to profile quercetin derivatives as CDK2 inhibitors.Materials & method: Schiff bases of quercetin were synthesized as cytotoxic agents against the MCF7 cell line. FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, CHNS/O analysis were employed along with in vivo and in silico activities.Results & conclusion: 2q, 4q, 8q and 9q derivatives have maximum cytotoxic effect with IC50 values 39.7 ± 0.7, 36.65 ± 0.25, 35.49 ± 0.21 and 36.99 ± 0.45, respectively. Molecular docking also confirmed these results 8q has the highest binding potential of -9.165 KJ/mole making it a potent inhibitor of CDK2. These derivatives can be used as lead compounds as potent CDK2 inhibitors.

Oxidative stress-mediated epigenetic remodeling, metastatic progression and cell signaling in cancer

Cancer is a serious public health issue and cases are rising at a high rate around the world. Altered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes oxidative stress (OS) which plays a vital role in cancer development by disrupting signaling pathways and genomic integrity in the cellular microenvironment. In this study, we reviewed the regulation of noncoding RNAs, histone modifications, and DNA methylation which OS is involved in. These mechanisms promote cancer growth, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. There is significant potential to improve patient outcomes through the development of customized medications and interventions that precisely address the role of OS in the onset and progression of cancer. Redox-modulating drugs, antioxidant-based therapies, and measures to restore regular cellular activity and OS-modulated signaling pathways are some examples of these strategies. One other hypothesis rationalizes the cancer-suppressing effect of OS, which acts as a two-edged condition that warns against the use of antioxidants for cancer treatment and management. The present study was executed to review the impact of OS on epigenetic machinery, the evolution of metastatic cancer, and how OS mediates cellular signaling. Along with, insights into the potential of targeting OS-mediated mechanisms for cancer therapy.

Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species in Prostate Cancer and Its Disparity in African Descendants

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in almost all disorders, including cancer. Many factors, including aging, a high-fat diet, a stressful lifestyle, smoking, infection, genetic mutations, etc., lead to elevated levels of ROS. Prostate cancer, the most prevalent type of cancer in senior American men and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in American men, results from chronic oxidative stress. The doubled incident rate as well as the doubled mortality numbers of prostate cancer have persisted in African Americans in comparison with Caucasian Americans and other racial groups, indicating a prostate cancer disparity in African American men. In this review, we mainly focus on the latest findings on ROS in prostate cancer development and progression within the last five years to update our understanding in this area, as several comprehensive literature reviews addressing oxidative stress and/or inflammation in prostate cancer before 2020 are available. In addition to other known factors such as socioeconomic disadvantage, cultural mistrust of the health care system, etc. that are long-existing in the African American group, we also summarize the latest evidence that demonstrated high systemic oxidative stress and inflammation in African Americans for their potential contribution to the racial prostate cancer disparity in this population.

Long-Term High-Fat Diet Limits the Protective Effect of Spontaneous Physical Activity on Mammary Carcinogenesis

Breast cancer is influenced by factors such as diet, a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and postmenopausal status, which are all linked to prolonged hormonal and inflammatory exposure. Physical activity offers protection against breast cancer by modulating hormones, immune responses, and oxidative defenses. This study aimed to assess how a prolonged high-fat diet (HFD) affects the effectiveness of physical activity in preventing and managing mammary tumorigenesis. Ovariectomised C57BL/6 mice were provided with an enriched environment to induce spontaneous physical activity while being fed HFD. After 44 days (short-term, ST HFD) or 88 days (long-term, LT HFD), syngenic EO771 cells were implanted into mammary glands, and tumour growth was monitored until sacrifice. Despite similar physical activity and food intake, the LT HFD group exhibited higher visceral adipose tissue mass and reduced skeletal muscle mass. In the tumour microenvironment, the LT HFD group showed decreased NK cells and TCD8+ cells, with a trend toward increased T regulatory cells, leading to a collapse of the T8/Treg ratio. Additionally, the LT HFD group displayed decreased tumour triglyceride content and altered enzyme activities indicative of oxidative stress. Prolonged exposure to HFD was associated with tumour growth despite elevated physical activity, promoting a tolerogenic tumour microenvironment. Future studies should explore inter-organ exchanges between tumour and tissues.

Acetylsalicylic Acid with Ascorbate: A Promising Combination Therapy for Solid Tumors

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Cancer is a deadly disease with high mortality rates in developing countries. A recent preclinical study found promising results in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by combining acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and ascorbate (AS), which might offer a safer alternative to expensive clinical chemotherapeutics; however, the impact of this combination on other tumors remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of combining ASA and AS in treating Ehrlich solid tumors.

METHODS

Eighty female Swiss albino mice were divided into eight groups (10 mice/group): four healthy groups (healthy, AS, ASA, and AS+ASA) and four groups with carcinoma (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma [EAC], EAC+AS, EAC+ASA, and EAC+AS+ASA). AS was injected intraperitoneally (4 g/kg) daily for 10 days, whereas ASA was ingested orally at 60 mg/kg/day for 10 days. Carcinoma was induced by subcutaneous injection of 1×106 EAC cells/mouse once. Treatment of carcinoma started after 10 days of tumor inoculation. Blood, livers, and tumors were obtained, and tumor weights, volumes, and levels of hemoglobin, aminotransferases, albumin, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, lipid profile, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, glutathione, catalase, total antioxidant capacity, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase were estimated. The percentage increase in lifespan was also assessed.

RESULTS

Tumor treatment alleviated tumor burden. Tumor size was reduced, lifespan increased, organs (liver, kidney, and heart) functions adjusted, hemoglobin, lipid profile improved, and oxidative stress decreased. Combining ASA with AS showed more effective antitumor effects than only ASA or AS alone.

CONCLUSION

After more validation research, combining ASA with AS may provide benefit in cancer treatment.

Automated determination of 8-OHdG in cells and tissue via immunofluorescence using a specially created antibody

Despite powerful DNA repair systems, oxidative damage/modification to DNA is an inevitable side effect of metabolism, ionizing radiation, lifestyle habits, inflammatory pathologies such as type-2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome, cancer and natural aging. One of the most common oxidative DNA modifications is 8-OHdG (8‑hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine), which is the most widely used marker in research and clinical diagnostics. 8-OHdG is easily and specifically detectable in various samples such as urine, plasma, cells and tissues via a large variety of methods like ELISA, HPLC, chromatographic methods, and immunochemistry. Formed by oxidation of guanine and being representative for the degree of DNA damage, 8-OHdG can be also used as biomarker for risk assessment of various cancers as well as degenerative diseases. Here, we present a highly specific, self-developed 8-OHdG antibody in successful comparison to a commercially one, tested in cells (FF95, HCT116, and HT22) and intestinal tissue, focusing on automatized evaluation via fluorescence/confocal microscopy.

Antioxidant Enzymes and Their Potential Use in Breast Cancer Treatment

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), breast cancer (BC) is the deadliest and the most common type of cancer worldwide in women. Several factors associated with BC exert their effects by modulating the state of stress. They can induce genetic mutations or alterations in cell growth, encouraging neoplastic development and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are able to activate many signal transduction pathways, producing an inflammatory environment that leads to the suppression of programmed cell death and the promotion of tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis; these effects promote the development and progression of malignant neoplasms. However, cells have both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant systems that protect them by neutralizing the harmful effects of ROS. In this sense, antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and peroxiredoxin (Prx) protect the body from diseases caused by oxidative damage. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms through which some enzymatic antioxidants inhibit or promote carcinogenesis, as well as the new therapeutic proposals developed to complement traditional treatments.

Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Oral Cancer

Oxidative stress, arising from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, contributes significantly to oral cancer such as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) initiation, promotion, and progression. ROS, generated both internally and externally, induce cellular damage including DNA mutations and lipid peroxidation, fostering oncogene activation and carcinogenesis. The objective of this review was to cover and analyze the interplay between ROS and antioxidants, influencing the key processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, shaping the trajectory of OSCC development. Despite the promise of antioxidants to halt cancer progression and mitigate oxidative damage, their therapeutic efficacy remains debated. The conducted literature search highlighted potential biomarkers that indicate levels of oxidative stress, showing promise for the early detection and monitoring of OSCC. Furthermore, melatonin has emerged as a promising adjunct therapy for OSCC, exerting antioxidant and oncostatic effects by modulating tumor-associated neutrophils and inhibiting cancer cell survival and migration. In addition, this review aims to shed light on developing personalized therapeutic strategies for patients with OSCC such as melatonin therapy, which will be discussed. Research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications of oxidative stress modulation in the context of oral cancer.

Potential use of antioxidants for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases

The excessive production of various reactive oxidant species over endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms leads to the development of a state of oxidative stress, with serious biological consequences. The consequences of oxidative stress depend on the balance between the generation of reactive oxidant species and the antioxidant defense and include oxidative damage of biomolecules, disruption of signal transduction, mutation, and cell apoptosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the physiopathology of various debilitating illnesses associated with chronic inflammation, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, or neurodegenerative processes, that need continuous pharmacological treatment. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are tightly linked pathophysiological processes, one of which can be simply promoted by another. Although, many antioxidant trials have been unsuccessful (some of the trials showed either no effect or even harmful effects) in human patients as a preventive or curative measure, targeting oxidative stress remains an interesting therapeutic approach for the development of new agents to design novel anti-inflammatory drugs with a reliable safety profile. In this regard, several natural antioxidant compounds were explored as potential therapeutic options for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Several metalloenzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, are among the essential enzymes that maintain the low nanomolar physiological concentrations of superoxide (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the major redox signaling molecules, and thus play important roles in the alteration of the redox homeostasis. These enzymes have become a striking source of motivation to design catalytic drugs to enhance the action of these enzymes under pathological conditions related to chronic inflammation. This review is focused on several major representatives of natural and synthetic antioxidants as potential drug candidates for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Glyoxalase System in Breast and Ovarian Cancers: Role of MEK/ERK/SMAD1 Pathway

The glyoxalase system, comprising GLO1 and GLO2 enzymes, is integral in detoxifying methylglyoxal (MGO) generated during glycolysis, with dysregulation implicated in various cancer types. The MEK/ERK/SMAD1 signaling pathway, crucial in cellular processes, influences tumorigenesis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Altered GLO1 expression in cancer showcases its complex role in cellular adaptation and cancer aggressiveness. GLO2 exhibits context-dependent functions, contributing to both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic effects in different cancer scenarios. Research highlights the interconnected nature of these systems, particularly in ovarian cancer and breast cancer. The glyoxalase system's involvement in drug resistance and its impact on the MEK/ERK/SMAD1 signaling cascade underscore their clinical significance. Furthermore, this review delves into the urgent need for effective biomarkers, exemplified in ovarian cancer, where the RAGE-ligand pathway emerges as a potential diagnostic tool. While therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways hold promise, this review emphasizes the challenges posed by context-dependent effects and intricate crosstalk within the cellular milieu. Insights into the molecular intricacies of these pathways offer a foundation for developing innovative therapeutic approaches, providing hope for enhanced cancer diagnostics and tailored treatment strategies.

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

Antioxidants play an important role in the prevention of oxidative stress and have been widely used in medicine and healthcare. However, natural antioxidants have several limitations such as low stability, difficult long-term storage, and high cost of large-scale production. Along with significant advances in nanotechnology, nanomaterials have emerged as a promising solution to improve the limitations of natural antioxidants because of their high stability, easy storage, time effectiveness, and low cost. Among various types of nanomaterials exhibiting antioxidant activity, metal-based nanoantioxidants show excellent reactivity because of the presence of an unpaired electron in their atomic structure. In this review, we summarize some novel metal-based nanoantioxidants and classify them into two main categories, namely chain-breaking and preventive antioxidant nanomaterials. In addition, the applications of antioxidant nanomaterials in medicine and healthcare are also discussed. This review provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of metal-based nanoantioxidants and a guideline for using these nanomaterials in medicine and healthcare.

Efficacy and classification of Sesamum indicum linn seeds with Rosa damascena mill oil in uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease using machine learning

Background and objectives: As microbes are developing resistance to antibiotics, natural, botanical drugs or traditional herbal medicine are presently being studied with an eye of great curiosity and hope. Hence, complementary and alternative treatments for uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease (uPID) are explored for their efficacy. Therefore, this study determined the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Sesamum indicum Linn seeds with Rosa damascena Mill Oil in uPID with standard control. Additionally, we analyzed the data with machine learning. Materials and methods: We included 60 participants in a double-blind, double-dummy, randomized standard-controlled study. Participants in the Sesame and Rose oil group (SR group) (n = 30) received 14 days course of black sesame powder (5 gm) mixed with rose oil (10 mL) per vaginum at bedtime once daily plus placebo capsules orally. The standard group (SC), received doxycycline 100 mg twice and metronidazole 400 mg thrice orally plus placebo per vaginum for the same duration. The primary outcome was a clinical cure at post-intervention for visual analogue scale (VAS) for lower abdominal pain (LAP), and McCormack pain scale (McPS) for abdominal-pelvic tenderness. The secondary outcome included white blood cells (WBC) cells in the vaginal wet mount test, safety profile, and health-related quality of life assessed by SF-12. In addition, we used AdaBoost (AB), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Decision Tree (DT) classifiers in this study to analyze the experimental data. Results: The clinical cure for LAP and McPS in the SR vs SC group was 82.85% vs 81.48% and 83.85% vs 81.60% on Day 15 respectively. On Day 15, pus cells less than 10 in the SR vs SC group were 86.6% vs 76.6% respectively. No adverse effects were reported in both groups. The improvement in total SF-12 score on Day 30 for the SR vs SC group was 82.79% vs 80.04% respectively. In addition, our Naive Bayes classifier based on the leave-one-out model achieved the maximum accuracy (68.30%) for the classification of both groups of uPID. Conclusion: We concluded that the SR group is cost-effective, safer, and efficacious for curing uPID. Proposed alternative treatment (test drug) could be a substitute of standard drug used for Female genital tract infections.

EGCG-induced selective death of cancer cells through autophagy-dependent regulation of the p62-mediated antioxidant survival pathway

The effects of EGCG on the selective death of cancer cells by modulating antioxidant pathways through autophagy were explored in various normal and cancer cells. EGCG positively regulated the p62-KEAP1-NRF2-HO-1 pathway in normal cells, while negatively regulating it in cancer cells, leading to selective apoptotic death of cancer cells. In EGCG-treated MRC5 cells (EGCG-MRC5), autophagic flux was blocked, which was accompanied by the formation of p62-positive aggregates. However, EGCG-treated HeLa cells (EGCG-HeLa) showed incomplete autophagic flux and no aggregate formation. The levels of P-ULK1 S556 and S758 increased in EGCG-MRC5 through AMPK-mTOR cooperative interaction. In contrast, EGCG treatment in HeLa cells led to AMPK-induced mTOR inactivation, resulting in abrogation of P-ULK1 S556 and S758 levels. AMPK knockout in EGCG-HeLa restored positive regulation of the p62-mediated pathway, which was accompanied by increased P-mTOR S2448 and P-ULK1 S758 levels. Knockdown of 67LR in EGCG-HeLa abolished AMPK activity but did not restore the p62-mediated pathway. Surprisingly, both AMPK knockout and 67LR knockdown in EGCG-HeLa markedly increased cell viability, despite differential regulation of the antioxidant enzyme HO-1. In conclusion, EGCG induces the selective death of cancer cells through the modulation of at least two autophagy-dependent and independent regulatory pathways: negative regulation involves the mTOR-ULK1 (S556 and S758)-p62-KEAP1-NRF2-HO-1 axis via AMPK activation, whereas positive regulation occurs through the 67LR-AMPK axis.

Cancer and HIV: The Molecular Mechanisms of the Deadly Duo

The immune deficiency associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes a distinct increased risk of developing certain cancer types. Kaposi sarcoma (KS), invasive cervical cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) are the prominent malignancies that manifest as a result of opportunistic viral infections in patients with advanced HIV infection. Despite the implementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the prevalence of these acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining malignancies (ADMs) remains high in developing countries. In contrast, developed countries have experienced a steady decline in the occurrence of these cancer types. However, there has been an increased mortality rate attributed to non-ADMs. Here, we provide a review of the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the development of ADMs and non-ADMs which occur in HIV-infected individuals. It is evident that ART alone is not sufficient to fully mitigate the potential for ADMs and non-ADMs in HIV-infected individuals. To enhance the diagnosis and treatment of both HIV and malignancies, a thorough comprehension of the mechanisms driving the development of such cancers is imperative.

Metabolic Carcinogenesis

Several types of environmental, chemical and metabolic carcinogens exist both exogenously and endogenously. Humans are daily exposed to aforementioned carcinogens through various sources such as through water, air and food or through metabolic and inflammatory products. This chapter will summarize the links between exogenous and endogenous carcinogen exposure and their metabolism with the cancer pathogenesis and associated risks. This chapter will also cover the carcinogens acquired through lifestyle factors like tobacco use and occupational exposures to different chemicals like asbestos, arsenic, chloroform, vinyl chloride, etc. Moreover, environmental carcinogens such as radiation, sunlight, diet, smoke, etc. will also be discussed in this chapter. Furthermore, there are certain carcinogens that require bio-activation and various human enzymes that play a vital role in the metabolic carcinogenesis will also be recapitulated. Necessary preventive measures against carcinogenic exposure from the exogenous environment are significant to be taken into account to reduce the risks associated with the carcinogens.

Evaluation of Spirooxindole-3,3'-pyrrolines-incorporating Isoquinoline Motif as Antitumor, Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Agents

BACKGROUND

A series of novel 2-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-spiro[oxindole-3,3'-pyrrolines] were synthesized by a one-pot three-component reaction involving dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, 3-phenylimidazo[5,1-a]isoquinoline and N-alkylisatins in chloroform at ∼60°C for 24 h.

AIMS

This study aimed at the synthesis of novel spirooxindole-3,3'-pyrrolines derivatives and in vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity affinities in cross-correlations with their anti-inflammation and radical scavenging capacities.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to use a one-pot, three-component reaction to synthesize a novel set of spirooxindole-3,3'-pyrrolines derivatives.

METHODS

A novel set of spirooxindole-3,3'-pyrrolines (8a-i) was synthesized by a one-pot three-component reaction involving dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, 3-phenylimidazo[5,1- a]isoquinoline and N-alkylisatins in chloroform at ∼60°C for 24 h. These new compounds were characterized by 1HNMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS spectral data and screened for their antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities.

RESULTS

The new synthetic spirooxindole-3,3'-pyrrolines (8a-i)-tested compounds displayed significant anti-inflammatory properties and were noncytotoxic on PDL fibroblasts. However, they lacked antioxidative-DPPH radical scavenging capabilities. Notably, Doxorubicin and cisplatin demonstrated antiproliferative effects on various cancer monolayers. Moreover, compounds 8b, 8d, 8f, 8h, and 8i exhibited pronounced viability reduction properties in colorectal and pancreatic cancer monolayers, as well as across skin, lung, prostate, and cervical adenocarcinomas, with higher cytotoxicity in mammary cancer cells MCF7 and T47D. None of the tested compounds had significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus or E. coli. However, compounds 8c, 8d, and 8f exhibited notable antifungal properties, indicating potential for further investigation.

CONCLUSION

Eight new synthetic spiro[indoline-3,3-pyrroles] were prepared, characterized, and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties. The compounds showed significant anti-inflammatory effects and promising cytotoxicity against various cancer monolayers, especially in colorectal and pancreatic cancers. Some compounds also exhibited antifungal properties. However, they did not exhibit significant antibacterial activity.

Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation as Potential Anticancer and Antioxidant Agents of Diphenylamine-Pyrrolidin-2-one-Hydrazone Derivatives

The title compounds were synthesized by the reaction of 5-oxo-1-(4-(phenylamino)phenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carbohydrazide with various aldehydes bearing aromatic and heterocyclic moieties and acetophenones, and their cytotoxicity was tested via MTT assay against human triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231, human melanoma IGR39, human pancreatic carcinoma Panc-1, and prostate cancer cell line PPC-1. Furthermore, the selectivity of compounds towards cancer cells compared to fibroblasts was also investigated. Four compounds were identified as the most promising anticancer agents out of a series of pyrrolidinone-hydrazone derivatives bearing a diphenylamine moiety. These compounds were most selective against the prostate cancer cell line PPC-1 and the melanoma cell lines IGR39, with EC50 values in the range of 2.5-20.2 µM against these cell lines. In general, the compounds were less active against triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line, and none of them showed an inhibitory effect on the migration of these cells. In the 'wound healing' assay, N'-((5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)methylene)-5-oxo-1-(4-(phenylamino)phenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carbohydrazide was identified as the most promising derivative that could be further developed as an antimetastatic agent. N'-(5-chloro- and N'-(3,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-5-oxo-1-(4-(phenylamino)phenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carbohydrazides most efficiently reduced the cell viability in IGR39 cell spheroids, while there was no effect of the investigated pyrrolidinone-hydrazone derivatives on PPC-1 3D cell cultures. Antioxidant activity determined via FRAP assay of N'-(1-(4-aminophenyl)ethylidene)-5-oxo-1-(4-(phenylamino)phenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carbohydrazide was 1.2 times higher than that of protocatechuic acid.

The comparison of antioxidant properties and nutrigenomic redox-related activities of vitamin C, C-vitamers, and other common ascorbic acid derivatives

The term 'vitamin C' describes a group of compounds with antiscorbutic activity of l-ascorbic acid (AA). Despite AA's omnipresence in plant-derived foods, its derivatives have also been successfully implemented in the food industry as antioxidants, including the D-isomers, which lack vitamin C activity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between redox-related activities for five derivatives of AA using electrochemical, chemical, and biological approaches. Here we report that AA, C-vitamers, and other commonly consumed AA derivatives differ in their redox-related activities. As long as the physiological range of concentrations was maintained, there was no simple relationship between their redox properties and biological activity. Clear distinctions in antioxidant activity were observed mostly at high concentrations, which were strongly correlated with electrochemical and kinetic parameters describing redox-related properties of the studied compounds. Despite obvious similarities in chemical structures and antioxidant activity, we showed that C-vitamers may exhibit different nutrigenomic effects. Together, our findings provide a deeper insight into so far underinvestigated area combining chemical properties with biological activities of commonly applied AA derivatives.

Phenolic Compounds in Fractionated Blackcurrant Leaf Extracts in Relation to the Biological Activity of the Extracts

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between antioxidant and anticancer properties of extracts from blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves and their fractions and chemical contents. Dried ethanolic extract was divided into three fractions using solid phase extraction: aqueous (F1), 40% MeOH (F2), and 70% MeOH (F3). Both the extract and the fractions were analyzed in terms of antiradical activity (DPPH• and ABTS+•), total phenolic compounds, and total flavonoids. The antitumor potential of the fractions was evaluated in vitro on human colorectal (HCT 116) and prostate (PC-3) cancer cells. Phenolics were identified using HPLC-QTOF-MS, and twelve compounds were quantified by HPLC-DAD. Finally, principal component analysis was carried out to assess the relationship between the tested factors. The results confirmed that blackcurrant leaves are a rich source of phenolics with high antioxidant activity and anticancer properties. It was demonstrated that the F2 fraction had the highest content of phenolics and the highest antiradical activity. Additionally, only this fraction showed cytotoxic activity against HCT 116 cells. It was confirmed that both the blackcurrant leaf extract and its fractions are a promising source of condensed active compounds and can be used as natural functional food additives.

Real-Time PCR Detection of Candida Species in Biopsy Samples from Non-Smokers with Oral Dysplasia and Oral Squamous Cell Cancer: A Retrospective Archive Study

The impact of Candida sp. in the development of oral cancer remains uncertain and requires sensitive analytical approaches for clarification. Given the invasive capabilities of these microorganisms in penetrating and invading host tissues through hyphal invasion, this study sought to detect the presence of five Candida sp. in oral biopsy tissue samples from non-smoker patients. Samples were obtained from patients at varying stages of oral carcinogenesis, including dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, OSCC, and histologically benign lesions, and analyzed using Real-Time PCR. Oral tissue samples from 80 patients (46 males and 34 females) were included. Significantly higher C. albicans presence was detected in the mild/moderate dysplasia group compared to the healthy (p = 0.001), carcinoma in situ (p = 0.031) and OSCC groups (p = 0.000). Similarly, C. tropicalis carriage was higher in tissues with mild/moderate dysplasia compared to healthy (p = 0.004) and carcinoma in situ (p = 0.019). Our results showed a significant increase in the presence of C. albicans and C. tropicalis within the mild/moderate dysplasia group compared to other cohorts. Coexistence of these two microorganisms was observed, suggesting a potential transition from a commensal state to an opportunistic pathogen, which could be particularly linked to the onset of oral neoplasia.

Ursolic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles suppress 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced oral tumor formation through their antilipid peroxidative potential in golden Syrian hamsters

Oral cancer, a disfiguring and life threatening cancer, significantly affects the day-to-day life of not only the patients but also their family members in terms of life quality and financial burden. India records higher incidence of oral cancer every year and is mainly due to the habituation of tobacco products and alcohol abuse. Delay in diagnosis and treatment influences India's higher incidence of oral cancer, where annually 50,000-60,000 oral carcinoma cases are reported. 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced cancer in the oral cavity mimics human oral cancer in histopathological, molecular, and morphological aspects, and thus, by using this paradigm, the tumor inhibiting efficacy of medicinal plants or herbs and their components is scientifically validated. Ursolic acid, due to its multiple pharmacological effects, has been attracted, in recent years, for chemoprevention research program. Though, ursolic acid has been shown to have beneficial effects, its poor water solubility and bioavailability hinder to exert its 100% efficacy. Therefore, ursolic acid is encapsulated in either natural or synthetic polymers to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. Chitosan is one of the natural polymers that have been employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles to improve the drug efficacy. The present study has thus chosen ursolic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (UACNP) to assess its anticancer efficacy in the DMBA-induced oral carcinoma. The anticancer efficacy of UACNP in experimental oral carcinogenesis was assessed by employing the status of oxidative markers and detoxification cascade as an end point. DMBA-induced abnormalities in the status of oxidative markers and detoxification cascade were reversed by ursolic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. The tumor inhibiting or suppressing effect of UACNP is thus explored in experimental oral carcinogenesis.

Nrf2-mediated therapeutic effects of dietary flavones in different diseases

Oxidative stress (OS) is a pathological status that occurs when the body's balance between oxidants and antioxidant defense systems is broken, which can promote the development of many diseases. Nrf2, a redox-sensitive transcription encoded by NFE2L2, is the master regulator of phase II antioxidant enzymes and cytoprotective genes. In this context, Nrf2/ARE signaling can be a compelling target against OS-induced diseases. Recently, natural Nrf2/ARE regulators like dietary flavones have shown therapeutic potential in various acute and chronic diseases such as diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cancer. In this review, we aim to summarize nrf2-mediated protective effects of flavones in different conditions. Firstly, we retrospected the mechanisms of how flavones regulate the Nrf2/ARE pathway and introduced the mediator role Nrf2 plays in inflammation and apoptosis. Then we review the evidence that flavones modulated Nrf2/ARE pathway to prevent diseases in experimental models. Based on these literature, we found that flavones could regulate Nrf2 expression by mechanisms below: 1) dissociating the binding between Nrf2 and Keap1 via PKC-mediated Nrf2 phosphorylation and P62-mediated Keap1 autophagic degradation; 2) regulating Nrf2 nuclear translocation by various kinases like AMPK, MAPKs, Fyn; 3) decreasing Nrf2 ubiquitination and degradation via activating sirt1 and PI3K/AKT-mediated GSK3 inhibition; and 4) epigenetic alternation of Nrf2 such as demethylation at the promoter region and histone acetylation. In conclusion, flavones targeting Nrf2 can be promising therapeutic agents for various OS-related disorders. However, there is a lack of investigations on human subjects, and new drug delivery systems to improve flavones' treatment efficiency still need to be developed.

Modulation of NRF2/KEAP1-Mediated Oxidative Stress for Cancer Treatment by Natural Products Using Pharmacophore-Based Screening, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Studies

Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development of cancer. Inhibiting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between Keap1 and Nrf2 offers a promising strategy to activate the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, which is normally suppressed by the binding of Keap1 to Nrf2. This study aimed to identify natural compounds capable of targeting the kelch domain of KEAP1 using structure-based drug design methods. A pharmacophore model was constructed based on the KEAP1-inhibitor complex, leading to the selection of 6178 compounds that matched the model. Subsequently, docking and MM/GBSA analyses were conducted, resulting in the identification of 10 compounds with superior binding energies compared to the reference compound. From these, three compounds (ZINC000002123788, ZINC000002111341, and ZINC000002125904) were chosen for further investigation. Ligand-residue interaction analysis revealed specific interactions between these compounds and key residues, indicating their stability within the binding site. ADMET analysis confirmed that the selected compounds possessed desirable drug-like properties. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations were performed, demonstrating the stability of the ligand-protein complexes over a 100 ns duration. These findings underscore the potential of the selected natural compounds as agents targeting KEAP1 and provide valuable insights for future experimental studies.

Comparison of Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from Litsea Cubeba, Cinnamon, Anise, and Eucalyptus

The purpose of this study was to compare the antioxidant activity of litsea cubeba oil (LCO), cinnamon oil (CO), anise oil (AO), and eucalyptus oil (EUC) in vitro. The chemical compositions of the essential oils (EOs) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity of the four EOs was evaluated through scavenging DPPH free radicals, chelating Fe²⁺, scavenging hydroxyl free radicals, and inhibiting yolk lipid peroxidation. The results showed that the major compounds found in LCO, CO, AO, and EUC are citral (64.29%), cinnamaldehyde (84.25%), anethole (78.51%), and 1,8-cineole (81.78%), respectively. The four EOs all had certain antioxidant activity. The ability to scavenge DPPH radical was ranked in the order of LCO > CO > AO > EUC. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability was ranked in the order of EUC > CO > LCO > AO. The chelating Fe²⁺ capacity was ranked in the order of EUC > AO > CO > LCO. The yolk lipid peroxidation inhibition ability was ranked in the order of CO > AO > EUC > LCO. In different antioxidant activity assays, the antioxidant activity of the EOs was different. It was speculated that the total antioxidant activity of an EO may be the result of the joint action of different antioxidant capacities.

Thymoquinone enhances the antioxidant and anticancer activity of Lebanese propolis

BACKGROUND

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by multiple cellular processes and are maintained at optimal levels in normal cells by endogenous antioxidants. In recent years, the search for potential exogenous antioxidants from dietary sources has gained considerable attention to eliminate excess ROS that is associated with oxidative stress related diseases including cancer. Propolis, a resinous honeybee product, has been shown to have protective effects against oxidative stress and anticancer effects against several types of neoplasms.

AIM

To investigate the antioxidant and anticancer potential of Lebanese propolis when applied alone or in combination with the promising anticancer compound Thymoquinone (TQ) the main constituent of Nigella sativa essential oil.

METHODS

Crude extracts of Lebanese propolis collected from two locations, Rashaya and Akkar-Danniyeh, were prepared in methanol and the total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was assessed by the ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and to inhibit H2O2-induced oxidative hemolysis of human erythrocytes. The anticancer activity was evaluated by [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] MTT assay against HCT-116 human colorectal cancer cells and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells.

RESULTS

The total phenolic content of propolis extract from Rashaya and Akkar-Danniyeh were 56.81 µg and 83.503 µg of gallic acid equivalent /mg of propolis, respectively. Both natural agents exhibited strong antioxidant activities as evidenced by their ability to scavenge DPPH free radical and to protect erythrocytes against H2O2-induced hemolysis. They also dose-dependently decreased the viability of both cancer cell lines. The IC50 value of each of propolis extract from Rashaya and Akkar-Danniyeh or TQ was 22.3, 61.7, 40.44 µg/mL for breast cancer cells at 72 h and 33.3, 50.9, 33.5 µg/mL for colorectal cancer cells at the same time point, respectively. Importantly, the inhibitory effects of propolis on DPPH radicals and cancer cell viability were achieved at half its concentration when combined with TQ.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that Lebanese propolis extract has antioxidant and anticancer potential and its combination with TQ could possibly prevent ROS- mediated diseases.

Mitochondrial impairment and downregulation of Drp1 phosphorylation underlie the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of alantolactone on oral squamous cell carcinoma cells

BACKGROUND

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevalent and fatal oral cancers. Mitochondria-targeting therapies represent promising strategies against various cancers, but their applications in treating OSCC are limited. Alantolactone (ALT) possesses anticancer properties and also regulates mitochondrial events. In this study, we explored the effects of ALT on OSCC and the related mechanisms.

METHODS

The OSCC cells were treated with varying concentrations and duration of ALT and N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The cell viability and colony formation were assessed. The apoptotic rate was evaluated by flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. We used DCFH-DA and flow cytometry to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DAF-FM DA to investigate reactive nitrogen species (RNS) level. Mitochondrial function was reflected by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ATP levels. KEGG enrichment analyses determined the mitochondrial-related hub genes involved in OSCC progression. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) overexpression plasmids were further transfected into the cells to analyze the role of Drp1 in OSCC progression. Immunohistochemistry staining and western blot verified the expression of the protein.

RESULTS

ALT exerted anti-proliferative and pro-apoptosis effects on OSCC cells. Mechanistically, ALT elicited cell injury by promoting ROS production, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and ATP depletion, which were reversed by NAC. Bioinformatics analysis showed that Drp1 played a crucial role in OSCC progression. OSCC patients with low Drp1 expression had a higher survival rate. The OSCC cancer tissues presented higher phosphorylated-Drp1 and Drp1 levels than the normal tissues. The results further showed that ALT suppressed Drp1 phosphorylation in OSCC cells. Moreover, Drp1 overexpression abolished the reduced Drp1 phosphorylation by ALT and promoted the cell viability of ALT-treated cells. Drp1 overexpression also reversed the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by ALT, with decreased ROS production, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP level.

CONCLUSIONS

ALT inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells via impairment of mitochondrial homeostasis and regulation of Drp1. The results provide a solid basis for ALT as a therapeutic candidate for treating OSCC, with Drp1 being a novel therapeutic target in treating OSCC.

Antioxidant Nanozymes: Mechanisms, Activity Manipulation, and Applications

Antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase play important roles in the inhibition of oxidative-damage-related pathological diseases. However, natural antioxidant enzymes face some limitations, including low stability, high cost, and less flexibility. Recently, antioxidant nanozymes have emerged as promising materials to replace natural antioxidant enzymes for their stability, cost savings, and flexible design. The present review firstly discusses the mechanisms of antioxidant nanozymes, focusing on catalase-, superoxide dismutase-, and glutathione peroxidase-like activities. Then, we summarize the main strategies for the manipulation of antioxidant nanozymes based on their size, morphology, composition, surface modification, and modification with a metal-organic framework. Furthermore, the applications of antioxidant nanozymes in medicine and healthcare are also discussed as potential biological applications. In brief, this review provides useful information for the further development of antioxidant nanozymes, offering opportunities to improve current limitations and expand the application of antioxidant nanozymes.

The Role of Potential Oxidative Biomarkers in the Prognosis of Acute Ischemic Stroke and the Exploration of Antioxidants as Possible Preventive and Treatment Options

Ischemic strokes occur when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced due to arterial blockage, and it often leads to damage to brain cells or death. According to a myriad of experimental studies, oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological mechanism of ischemic stroke. In this narrative review, we aimed to identify how the alterations of oxidative stress biomarkers could suggest a severity-reflecting diagnosis of ischemic stroke and how these interactions may provide new molecular targets for neuroprotective therapies. We performed an eligibility criteria-based search on three main scientific databases. We found that patients with acute ischemic stroke are characterized by increased oxidative stress markers levels, such as the total antioxidant capacity, F2-isoprostanes, hydroxynonenal, total and perchloric acid oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORACTOT and ORACPCA), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase, and urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine. Thus, acute ischemic stroke is causing significant oxidative stress and associated molecular and cellular damage. The assessment of these molecular markers could be useful in diagnosing ischemic stroke, finding its causes, predicting its severity and outcomes, reducing its impact on the cellular structures of the brain, and guiding preventive treatment towards antioxidant-based therapy as novel therapeutic alternatives.

Unraveling the Peculiar Features of Mitochondrial Metabolism and Dynamics in Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men in Western countries. Mitochondria, the "powerhouse" of cells, undergo distinctive metabolic and structural dynamics in different types of cancer. PCa cells experience peculiar metabolic changes during their progression from normal epithelial cells to early-stage and, progressively, to late-stage cancer cells. Specifically, healthy cells display a truncated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and inefficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to the high accumulation of zinc that impairs the activity of m-aconitase, the enzyme of the TCA cycle responsible for the oxidation of citrate. During the early phase of cancer development, intracellular zinc levels decrease leading to the reactivation of m-aconitase, TCA cycle and OXPHOS. PCa cells change their metabolic features again when progressing to the late stage of cancer. In particular, the Warburg effect was consistently shown to be the main metabolic feature of late-stage PCa cells. However, accumulating evidence sustains that both the TCA cycle and the OXPHOS pathway are still present and active in these cells. The androgen receptor axis as well as mutations in mitochondrial genes involved in metabolic rewiring were shown to play a key role in PCa cell metabolic reprogramming. Mitochondrial structural dynamics, such as biogenesis, fusion/fission and mitophagy, were also observed in PCa cells. In this review, we focus on the mitochondrial metabolic and structural dynamics occurring in PCa during tumor development and progression; their role as effective molecular targets for novel therapeutic strategies in PCa patients is also discussed.

Mitochondrial Aging and Senolytic Natural Products with Protective Potential

Living organisms do not disregard the laws of thermodynamics and must therefore consume energy for their survival. In this way, cellular energy exchanges, which aim above all at the production of ATP, a fundamental molecule used by the cell for its metabolisms, favor the formation of waste products that, if not properly disposed of, can contribute to cellular aging and damage. Numerous genes have been linked to aging, with some favoring it (gerontogenes) and others blocking it (longevity pathways). Animal model studies have shown that calorie restriction (CR) may promote longevity pathways, but given the difficult application of CR in humans, research is investigating the use of CR-mimetic substances capable of producing the same effect. These include some phytonutrients such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, epigallo-catechin-gallate, fisetin, quercetin, and curcumin and minerals such as magnesium and selenium. Some of them also have senolytic effects, which promote the apoptosis of defective cells that accumulate over the years (senescent cells) and disrupt normal metabolism. In this article, we review the properties of these natural elements that can promote a longer and healthier life.

Emerging role of microtubule-associated proteins on cancer metastasis

The major cause of death in cancer patients is strongly associated with metastasis. While much remains to be understood, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) have shed light on metastatic progression’s molecular mechanisms. In this review article, we focus on the role of MAPs in cancer aggressiveness, particularly cancer metastasis activity. Increasing evidence has shown that a growing number of MAP member proteins might be fundamental regulators involved in altering microtubule dynamics, contributing to cancer migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. MAP types have been established according to their microtubule-binding site and function in microtubule-dependent activities. We highlight that altered MAP expression was commonly found in many cancer types and related to cancer progression based on available evidence. Furthermore, we discuss and integrate the relevance of MAPs and related molecular signaling pathways in cancer metastasis. Our review provides a comprehensive understanding of MAP function on microtubules. It elucidates how MAPs regulate cancer progression, preferentially in metastasis, providing substantial scientific information on MAPs as potential therapeutic targets and prognostic markers for cancer management.

Hormesis and Oxidative Distress: Pathophysiology of Reactive Oxygen Species and the Open Question of Antioxidant Modulation and Supplementation

Alterations of redox homeostasis leads to a condition of resilience known as hormesis that is due to the activation of redox-sensitive pathways stimulating cell proliferation, growth, differentiation, and angiogenesis. Instead, supraphysiological production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds antioxidant defence and leads to oxidative distress. This condition induces damage to biomolecules and is responsible or co-responsible for the onset of several chronic pathologies. Thus, a dietary antioxidant supplementation has been proposed in order to prevent aging, cardiovascular and degenerative diseases as well as carcinogenesis. However, this approach has failed to demonstrate efficacy, often leading to harmful side effects, in particular in patients affected by cancer. In this latter case, an approach based on endogenous antioxidant depletion, leading to ROS overproduction, has shown an interesting potential for enhancing susceptibility of patients to anticancer therapies. Therefore, a deep investigation of molecular pathways involved in redox balance is crucial in order to identify new molecular targets useful for the development of more effective therapeutic approaches. The review herein provides an overview of the pathophysiological role of ROS and focuses the attention on positive and negative aspects of antioxidant modulation with the intent to find new insights for a successful clinical application.

In vitro elucidation of antioxidant, antiproliferative, and apoptotic potential of yeast-derived β-1,3-glucan particles against cervical cancer cells

Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide and in particular is the fourth most common cause of mortality in women every year. Conventional treatments for cancer are chemotherapy and radiation therapy, which have various kinds of side effects. Hence, there is a high need to develop alternative, efficient, and safer therapies for cancer treatment. β-Glucan, a novel polysaccharide isolated from baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, shows noteworthy cytotoxicity toward a variety of cancer cell lines in vitro. In this research, we characterized the β-glucan with high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis and found that d-glucose units with β-1,3 links are the major component of the extracted β-glucan particles. Fourier transform IR (FTIR) analysis confirmed a β-(1→3)-linked glucan structure. In vitro cell cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT with IC₅₀ 136 μg/ml, and therapeutic potential was assessed by various assays using values below and above the IC₅₀. A significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation at 50–150 μg/ml of concentrations indicated the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells. Along with ROS generation, these concentrations were also found to induce morphological changes such as fragmentation in DNA upon staining HeLa cells with DAPI. Mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly reduced after increasing the dose of treatment, assessed with the help of MitoTracker dye. Hence, by all these experimental supports, we observed that β-glucan has the potential to slow down the growth of cervical cancer cells, and it can be further investigated for unfolding its complete anticancer potential.

The Role of Nutrition in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Damage in Childhood Cancer Survivors

Innovative therapeutic strategies in childhood cancer led to a significant reduction in cancer-related mortality. Cancer survivors are a growing fragile population, at risk of long-term side effects of cancer treatments, thus requiring customized clinical attention. Antineoplastic drugs have a wide toxicity profile that can limit their clinical usage and spoil patients' life, even years after the end of treatment. The cardiovascular system is a well-known target of antineoplastic treatments, including anthracyclines, chest radiotherapy and new molecules, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We investigated nutritional changes in children with cancer from the diagnosis to the end of treatment and dietary habits in cancer survivors. At diagnosis, children with cancer may present variable degrees of malnutrition, potentially affecting drug tolerability and prognosis. During cancer treatment, the usage of corticosteroids can lead to rapid weight gain, exposing children to overweight and obesity. Moreover, dietary habits and lifestyle often dramatically change in cancer survivors, who acquire sedentary behavior and weak adherence to dietary guidelines. Furthermore, we speculated on the role of nutrition in the primary prevention of cardiac damage, investigating the potential cardioprotective role of diet-derived compounds with antioxidative properties. Finally, we summarized practical advice to improve the dietary habits of cancer survivors and their families.

Antioxidant, Anti-Proliferative Activity and Chemical Fingerprinting of Centaurea calcitrapa against Breast Cancer Cells and Molecular Docking of Caspase-3

Centaurea calcitrapa has been intensively utilized in ethnomedicinal practices as a natural therapeutic recipe to cure various ailments. The current study aimed to chemically characterize ethanolic extract of C. calcitrapa (EECC) aerial parts (leaves and shoots) by use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses (GC-MS) and investigate its antioxidant and in vitro anticancer activities, elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism by use of flow cytometry-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and conducting in silico assessment of binding inhibitory activities of EECC major compounds docked to caspase-3. CG-MS profiling of EECC identified a total of 26 major flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds. DPPH and ABTS assays revealed that EECC exhibits potent antioxidant activity comparable to standard reducing agents. Results of the proliferation assay revealed that EECC exhibit potent, dose-dependent cytotoxic activities against triple-positive (MCF-7) and triple-negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cell models, with IC50 values of 1.3 × 102 and 8.7 × 101 µg/mL, respectively. The observed cytotoxic effect was specific to studied cancer cells since EECC exhibited minimal (~<10%) cytotoxicity against MCF-12, a normal breast cell line. FACS analysis employing annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide double labeling demonstrated that the observed anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 was mediated via apoptotic as well as necrotic signaling transduction processes. The increase in fluorescence intensity associated with DCFH oxidation to DCF, as reported by FACS, indicated that apoptosis is caused by generation of ROS. The use of caspase-3-specific fluorogenic substrate revealed a dose-dependent elevation in caspase-3 substrate-cleavage activity, which further supports EECC-mediated apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. The major EECC compounds were examined for their inhibitory activity against caspase-3 receptor (1HD2) using molecular docking. Three compounds exhibited the highest glide score energy of −5.156, −4.691 and −4.551 kcal/mol, respectively. Phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy established strong binding in caspase-3 receptor of hydrogenic type, with residue ARG 207 and of PI-PI stacking type with residue HIS 121. By contract, hexadecenoic acid showed 3 H-bond with the following residues: ASN 615, ASN 616a and THR 646. Taken together, the current findings reveal that EECC exhibits significant and specific cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells mediated by the generation of ROS and culminating into necrosis and apoptosis. Further investigations of the phytoconstituents-rich C. calcitrapa are therefore warranted against breast as well as other human cancer cell models.