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Shan Y, Mao B, Jin Y, You Y, Wang Y, Shen K, Li L. Expression of DDB1 is associated with subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer and predicts clinical outcomes. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102072. [PMID: 36934683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological malignancy. Damage specific DNA-binding protein 1 (DDB1) functions in nucleotide-excision repair and has been reported to be involved in cancer development. In this study, we aimed to determine the expression levels of DDB1 and their association with the clinical outcomes of patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS Tissue arrays were performed on 54 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) samples. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine DDB1 expression. DDB1 expression levels among different EOC subtypes were analysed via one-way analysis of variance using SPSS Statistics 19.0. Correlation between DDB1 expression and chemotherapy course/progression-free survival (PFS) of patients was determined via Kaplan-Meier survival analysis using GraphPad Prism 5. Moreover, knockdown of DDB1 in ovarian cancer cells ES2 and OVCAR3 was used to preliminarily validate the role of DDB1. RESULTS DDB1 was detected in the cytoplasm, especially in the nucleus, of all subtypes of EOC. However, DDB1 expression levels were significantly different between clear cell carcinoma and low-grade serous carcinoma (P = 0.022) and clear cell carcinoma and endometrioid cancer (P = 0.016). In addition, DDB1 expression was not significantly correlated with chemotherapy course (P = 0.433) or PFS (P = 0.566). High expression levels of DDB1 were correlated with significantly worse overall survival (P = 0.017) in patients with EOC. In addition, DDB1 knockdown in ovarian cancer cells decreased their proliferation in vitro. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that DDB1 expression is heterogeneous in ovarian cancer, suggesting its use as a potential biomarker for poor survival in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shan
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Eastern District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Banyun Mao
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Eastern District, Beijing 100730, China; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610072, China
| | - Ying Jin
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Eastern District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yan You
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Eastern District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yongxue Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Eastern District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Keng Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Eastern District, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Lei Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Eastern District, Beijing 100730, China.
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Ticli G, Cazzalini O, Stivala LA, Prosperi E. Revisiting the Function of p21CDKN1A in DNA Repair: The Influence of Protein Interactions and Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137058. [PMID: 35806061 PMCID: PMC9267019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The p21CDKN1A protein is an important player in the maintenance of genome stability through its function as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, leading to cell-cycle arrest after genotoxic damage. In the DNA damage response, p21 interacts with specific proteins to integrate cell-cycle arrest with processes such as transcription, apoptosis, DNA repair, and cell motility. By associating with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), the master of DNA replication, p21 is able to inhibit DNA synthesis. However, to avoid conflicts with this process, p21 protein levels are finely regulated by pathways of proteasomal degradation during the S phase, and in all the phases of the cell cycle, after DNA damage. Several lines of evidence have indicated that p21 is required for the efficient repair of different types of genotoxic lesions and, more recently, that p21 regulates DNA replication fork speed. Therefore, whether p21 is an inhibitor, or rather a regulator, of DNA replication and repair needs to be re-evaluated in light of these findings. In this review, we will discuss the lines of evidence describing how p21 is involved in DNA repair and will focus on the influence of protein interactions and p21 stability on the efficiency of DNA repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Ticli
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ornella Cazzalini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (O.C.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Lucia A. Stivala
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (O.C.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Ennio Prosperi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-986267
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Xiao H, Sun X, Lin Z, Yang Y, Zhang M, Xu Z, Liu P, Liu Z, Huang H. Gentiopicroside targets PAQR3 to activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and ameliorate disordered glucose and lipid metabolism. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2887-2904. [PMID: 35755276 PMCID: PMC9214054 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The obstruction of post-insulin receptor signaling is the main mechanism of insulin-resistant diabetes. Progestin and adipoQ receptor 3 (PAQR3), a key regulator of inflammation and metabolism, can negatively regulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Here, we report that gentiopicroside (GPS), the main bioactive secoiridoid glycoside of Gentiana manshurica Kitagawa, decreased lipid synthesis and increased glucose utilization in palmitic acid (PA) treated HepG2 cells. Additionally, GPS improved glycolipid metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ) treated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic mice. Our findings revealed that GPS promoted the activation of the PI3K/AKT axis by facilitating DNA-binding protein 2 (DDB2)-mediated PAQR3 ubiquitinated degradation. Moreover, results of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), microscale thermophoresis (MST) and thermal shift assay (TSA) indicated that GPS directly binds to PAQR3. Results of molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) revealed that GPS directly bound to the amino acids of the PAQR3 NH2-terminus including Leu40, Asp42, Glu69, Tyr125 and Ser129, and spatially inhibited the interaction between PAQR3 and the PI3K catalytic subunit (P110α) to restore the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In summary, our study identified GPS, which inhibits PAQR3 expression and directly targets PAQR3 to restore insulin signaling pathway, as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Xiao
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zeyuan Lin
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhanchi Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Heqing Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Rapid recruitment of p53 to DNA damage sites directs DNA repair choice and integrity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113233119. [PMID: 35235448 PMCID: PMC8915893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113233119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our work focuses on the critical longstanding question of the nontranscriptional role of p53 in tumor suppression. We demonstrate here that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)–dependent modification of p53 enables rapid recruitment of p53 to damage sites, where it in turn directs early repair pathway selection. Specifically, p53-mediated recruitment of 53BP1 at early time points promotes nonhomologous end joining over the more error-prone microhomology end-joining. Similarly, p53 directs nucleotide excision repair by mediating DDB1 recruitment. This property of p53 also correlates with tumor suppression in vivo. Our study provides mechanistic insight into how certain transcriptionally deficient p53 mutants may retain tumor-suppressive functions through regulating the DNA damage response. p53 is primarily known as a downstream transcriptional effector in the DNA damage-response cascade. We report that endogenous p53 rapidly accumulates at DNA damage sites within 2 s of UVA microirradiation. The kinetics of p53 recruitment mimics those of known DNA damage-response proteins, such as Ku70 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and precedes recruitment of Nbs1, 53BP1, and DDB1. Mutations in the DNA-binding and C-terminal domains significantly suppress this rapid recruitment. The C-terminal domain of p53 contains key residues for PARP interaction that are required for rapid recruitment of p53 to DNA damage sites, as is PARP-dependent modification. The presence of p53 at damage sites influences the recruitment kinetics of 53BP1 and DDB1 and directs the choice of nonhomologous end joining repair (NHEJ) and nucleotide excision repair. Mutations that suppressed rapid recruitment of p53 promoted error-prone alternative end-joining (alt-NHEJ) and inhibited nucleotide excision repair. Our finding that p53 is a critical early responder to DNA damage stands in contrast with its extensively studied role as a downstream transcriptional regulator in DNA damage repair. We highlight an unrecognized role of p53 in directing DNA repair dynamics and integrity and suggest a parallel mode of p53 tumor suppression apart from its function as a transcription factor.
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Sahay O, Barik GK, Sharma T, Pillai AD, Rapole S, Santra MK. Damsel in distress calling on her knights: Illuminating the pioneering role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in guarding the genome integrity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 109:103261. [PMID: 34920250 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genomic integrity is of utmost importance for the organisms to survive and to accurately inherit traits to their progenies. Any kind of DNA damage either due to defect in DNA duplication and/ or uncontrolled cell division or intracellular insults or environment radiation can result in gene mutation, chromosomal aberration and ultimately genomic instability, which may cause several diseases including cancers. Therefore, cells have evolved machineries for the surveillance of genomic integrity. Enormous exciting studies in the past indicate that ubiquitination (a posttranslational modification of proteins) plays a crucial role in maintaining the genomic integrity by diverse ways. In fact, various E3 ubiquitin ligases catalyse ubiquitination of key proteins to control their central role during cell cycle, DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair. Some E3 ligases promote genomic instability while others prevent it, deregulation of both of which leads to several malignancies. In this review, we consolidate the recent findings wherein the role of ubiquitination in conferring genome integrity is highlighted. We also discuss the latest discoveries on the mechanisms utilized by various E3 ligases to preserve genomic stability, with a focus on their actions during cell cycle progression and different types of DNA damage response as well as repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osheen Sahay
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S.P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Ganesh Kumar Barik
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S.P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Tanisha Sharma
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S.P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Ajay D Pillai
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Srikanth Rapole
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
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Proteomic Analysis of Nuclear HBV rcDNA Associated Proteins Identifies UV-DDB as a Host Factor Involved in cccDNA Formation. J Virol 2021; 96:e0136021. [PMID: 34705558 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01360-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) utilizes host DNA repair mechanisms to convert viral relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) into a persistent viral genome, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). To identify said host factors involved in cccDNA formation, we developed an unbiased approach to discover proteins involved in cccDNA formation by precipitating nuclear rcDNA from induced HepAD38 cells and identifying the co-precipitated proteins by mass spectrometry. The DNA damage binding protein 1 (DDB1) surfaced as a hit, coinciding with our previously reported shRNA screen in which shRNA-DDB1 in HepDES19 cells reduced cccDNA production. DDB1 binding to nuclear rcDNA was confirmed in HepAD38 cells via ChIP-qPCR. DDB1 and DNA damage binding protein 2 (DDB2) form the UV-DDB complex and the latter senses DNA damage to initiate the global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) pathway. To investigate the role of DDB complex in cccDNA formation, DDB2 was knocked out in HepAD38 and HepG2-NTCP cells. In both knockout cell lines, cccDNA formation was stunted significantly, and in HepG2-NTCP-DDB2 knockout cells, downstream indicators of cccDNA such as HBV RNA, HBcAg, and HBeAg were similarly reduced. Knockdown of DDB2 in HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) also resulted in cccDNA reduction. Trans-complementation of wild type DDB2 in HepG2-NTCP-DDB2 knockout cells rescued cccDNA formation and its downstream indicators. However, ectopic expression of DDB2 mutants deficient in DNA-binding, DDB1-binding, or ubiquitination failed to rescue cccDNA formation. Our study thus suggests an integral role of UV-DDB, specifically DDB2, in the formation of HBV cccDNA. IMPORTANCE Serving as a key viral factor for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is formed in the cell nucleus from viral relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) by hijacking host DNA repair machinery. Previous studies have identified a handful of host DNA repair factors involved in cccDNA formation through hypothesis-driven research with some help from RNAi screening and/or biochemistry approaches. To enrich the landscape of tools for discovering host factors responsible for rcDNA-to-cccDNA conversion, we developed an rcDNA immunoprecipitation paired mass spectrometry assay, which allowed us to pull down nuclear rcDNA in its transitional state to cccDNA and observe the associated host factors. From this assay we discovered a novel relationship between the UV-DDB complex and cccDNA formation, hence, providing a proof-of-concept for a more direct discovery of novel HBV DNA-host interactions that can be exploited to develop new cccDNA-targeting antivirals.
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MEKK1-dependent activation of the CRL4 complex is important for DNA damage-induced degradation of p21 and DDB2 and cell survival. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0008121. [PMID: 34251884 PMCID: PMC8462458 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00081-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cullin-4 ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) complexes are differentially composed and highly dynamic protein assemblies that control many biological processes including the global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) pathway. Here we identified the kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1) as a novel constitutive interactor of a cytosolic CRL4 complex that disassembles after DNA damage due to the Caspase-mediated cleavage of MEKK1. The kinase activity of MEKK1 was important to trigger auto-ubiquitination of the CRL4 complex by K48- and K63-linked ubiquitin chains. MEKK1 knockdown prohibited DNA damage-induced degradation of the CRL4 component DNA-damage binding protein 2 (DDB2) and the CRL4 substrate p21 and also cell recovery and survival. A ubiquitin replacement strategy revealed a contribution of K63-branched ubiquitin chains for DNA damage-induced DDB2/p21 decay, cell cycle regulation and cell survival. These data might have also implications for cancer, as frequently occurring mutations of MEKK1 might have an impact on genome stability and the therapeutic efficacy of CRL4-dependent immunomodulatory drugs such as thalidomide-derivatives.
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Van Houten B, Schnable B, Kumar N. Chaperones for dancing on chromatin: Role of post-translational modifications in dynamic damage detection hand-offs during nucleotide excision repair. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100011. [PMID: 33620094 PMCID: PMC9756857 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We highlight a recent study exploring the hand-off of UV damage to several key nucleotide excision repair (NER) proteins in the cascade: UV-DDB, XPC and TFIIH. The delicate dance of DNA repair proteins is choreographed by the dynamic hand-off of DNA damage from one recognition complex to another damage verification protein or set of proteins. These DNA transactions on chromatin are strictly chaperoned by post-translational modifications (PTM). This new study examines the role that ubiquitylation and subsequent DDB2 degradation has during this process. In total, this study suggests an intricate cellular timer mechanism that under normal conditions DDB2 helps recruit and ubiquitylate XPC, stabilizing XPC at damaged sites. If DDB2 persists at damaged sites too long, it is turned over by auto-ubiquitylation and removed from DNA by the action of VCP/p97 for degradation in the 26S proteosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Van Houten
- Program in Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brittani Schnable
- Program in Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Namrata Kumar
- UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Shmookler Reis RJ, Atluri R, Balasubramaniam M, Johnson J, Ganne A, Ayyadevara S. "Protein aggregates" contain RNA and DNA, entrapped by misfolded proteins but largely rescued by slowing translational elongation. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13326. [PMID: 33788386 PMCID: PMC8135009 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
All neurodegenerative diseases feature aggregates, which usually contain disease-specific diagnostic proteins; non-protein constituents, however, have rarely been explored. Aggregates from SY5Y-APPSw neuroblastoma, a cell model of familial Alzheimer's disease, were crosslinked and sequences of linked peptides identified. We constructed a normalized "contactome" comprising 11 subnetworks, centered on 24 high-connectivity hubs. Remarkably, all 24 are nucleic acid-binding proteins. This led us to isolate and sequence RNA and DNA from Alzheimer's and control aggregates. RNA fragments were mapped to the human genome by RNA-seq and DNA by ChIP-seq. Nearly all aggregate RNA sequences mapped to specific genes, whereas DNA fragments were predominantly intergenic. These nucleic acid mappings are all significantly nonrandom, making an artifactual origin extremely unlikely. RNA (mostly cytoplasmic) exceeded DNA (chiefly nuclear) by twofold to fivefold. RNA fragments recovered from AD tissue were ~1.5-to 2.5-fold more abundant than those recovered from control tissue, similar to the increase in protein. Aggregate abundances of specific RNA sequences were strikingly differential between cultured SY5Y-APPSw glioblastoma cells expressing APOE3 vs. APOE4, consistent with APOE4 competition for E-box/CLEAR motifs. We identified many G-quadruplex and viral sequences within RNA and DNA of aggregates, suggesting that sequestration of viral genomes may have driven the evolution of disordered nucleic acid-binding proteins. After RNA-interference knockdown of the translational-procession factor EEF2 to suppress translation in SY5Y-APPSw cells, the RNA content of aggregates declined by >90%, while reducing protein content by only 30% and altering DNA content by ≤10%. This implies that cotranslational misfolding of nascent proteins may ensnare polysomes into aggregates, accounting for most of their RNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Shmookler Reis
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock AR USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
- BioInformatics Program University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and University of Arkansas at Little Rock Little Rock AR USA
| | - Ramani Atluri
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
| | | | - Jay Johnson
- BioInformatics Program University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and University of Arkansas at Little Rock Little Rock AR USA
| | - Akshatha Ganne
- BioInformatics Program University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and University of Arkansas at Little Rock Little Rock AR USA
| | - Srinivas Ayyadevara
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock AR USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
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Lee KJ, Mann E, Wright G, Piett CG, Nagel ZD, Gassman NR. Exploiting DNA repair defects in triple negative breast cancer to improve cell killing. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920958354. [PMID: 32994807 PMCID: PMC7502856 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920958354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The lack of molecular targets for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has limited treatment options and reduced survivorship. Identifying new molecular targets may help improve patient survival and decrease recurrence and metastasis. As DNA repair defects are prevalent in breast cancer, we evaluated the expression and repair capacities of DNA repair proteins in preclinical models. Methods: DNA repair capacity was analyzed in four TNBC cell lines, MDA-MB-157 (MDA-157), MDA-MB-231 (MDA-231), MDA-MB-468 (MDA-468), and HCC1806, using fluorescence multiplex host cell reactivation (FM-HCR) assays. Expression of DNA repair genes was analyzed with RNA-seq, and protein expression was evaluated with immunoblot. Responses to the combination of DNA damage response inhibitors and primary chemotherapy drugs doxorubicin or carboplatin were evaluated in the cell lines. Results: Defects in base excision and nucleotide excision repair were observed in preclinical TNBC models. Gene expression analysis showed a limited correlation between these defects. Loss in protein expression was a better indicator of these DNA repair defects. Over-expression of PARP1, XRCC1, RPA, DDB1, and ERCC1 was observed in TNBC preclinical models, and likely contributed to altered sensitivity to chemotherapy and DNA damage response (DDR) inhibitors. Improved cell killing was achieved when primary therapy was combined with DDR inhibitors for ATM, ATR, or CHK1. Conclusion: Base excision and nucleotide excision repair pathways may offer new molecular targets for TNBC. The functional status of DNA repair pathways should be considered when evaluating new therapies and may improve the targeting for primary and combination therapies with DDR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Lee
- College of Medicine, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Elise Mann
- College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Griffin Wright
- College of Medicine, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Cortt G Piett
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalie R Gassman
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36607, USA
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Rajapakse A, Suraweera A, Boucher D, Naqi A, O'Byrne K, Richard DJ, Croft LV. Redox Regulation in the Base Excision Repair Pathway: Old and New Players as Cancer Therapeutic Targets. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1901-1921. [PMID: 31258058 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190430092732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are by-products of normal cellular metabolic processes, such as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. While low levels of ROS are important signalling molecules, high levels of ROS can damage proteins, lipids and DNA. Indeed, oxidative DNA damage is the most frequent type of damage in the mammalian genome and is linked to human pathologies such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Although oxidative DNA damage is cleared predominantly through the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway, recent evidence suggests that additional pathways such as Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) and Mismatch Repair (MMR) can also participate in clearance of these lesions. One of the most common forms of oxidative DNA damage is the base damage 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), which if left unrepaired may result in G:C to A:T transversions during replication, a common mutagenic feature that can lead to cellular transformation. OBJECTIVE Repair of oxidative DNA damage, including 8-oxoG base damage, involves the functional interplay between a number of proteins in a series of enzymatic reactions. This review describes the role and the redox regulation of key proteins involved in the initial stages of BER of 8-oxoG damage, namely Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 (APE1), human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1 (hOGG1) and human single-stranded DNA binding protein 1 (hSSB1). Moreover, the therapeutic potential and modalities of targeting these key proteins in cancer are discussed. CONCLUSION It is becoming increasingly apparent that some DNA repair proteins function in multiple repair pathways. Inhibiting these factors would provide attractive strategies for the development of more effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rajapakse
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Amila Suraweera
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Didier Boucher
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Naqi
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Kenneth O'Byrne
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Cancer Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura V Croft
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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An F-Box Protein, Mdm30, Interacts with TREX Subunit Sub2 To Regulate Cellular Abundance Cotranscriptionally in Orchestrating mRNA Export Independently of Splicing and Mitochondrial Function. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00570-19. [PMID: 31932480 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00570-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although an F-box protein, Mdm30, is found to regulate ubiquitylation of the Sub2 component of TREX (transcription-export) complex for proteasomal degradation in stimulation of mRNA export, it remains unknown whether such ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) regulation of Sub2 occurs cotranscriptionally via its interaction with Mdm30. Further, it is unclear whether impaired UPS regulation of Sub2 in the absence of Mdm30 alters mRNA export via splicing defects of export factors and/or mitochondrial dynamics/function, since Sub2 controls mRNA splicing and Mdm30 regulates mitochondrial aggregation. Here, we show that Mdm30 interacts with Sub2, and temporary shutdown of Mdm30 enhances Sub2's abundance and impairs mRNA export. Likewise, Sub2's abundance is increased following transcriptional inhibition. These results support Mdm30's direct role in regulation of Sub2's cellular abundance in a transcription-dependent manner. Consistently, the chromatin-bound Sub2 level is increased in the absence of Mdm30. Further, we find that Mdm30 does not facilitate splicing of export factors. Moreover, Mdm30 does not have a dramatic effect on mitochondrial respiration/function, and mRNA export occurs in the absence of Fzo1, which is required for mitochondrial dynamics/respiration. Collective results reveal that Mdm30 interacts with Sub2 for proteasomal degradation in a transcription-dependent manner to promote mRNA export independently of splicing or mitochondrial function, thus advancing our understanding of mRNA export.
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13
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CRL4 Ubiquitin Pathway and DNA Damage Response. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1217:225-239. [PMID: 31898231 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1025-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage occurs in a human cell at an average frequency of 10,000 incidences per day by means of external and internal culprits, damage that triggers sequential cellular responses and stalls the cell cycle while activating specific DNA repair pathways. Failure to remove DNA lesions would compromise genomic integrity, leading to human diseases such as cancer and premature aging. If DNA damage is extensive and cannot be repaired, cells undergo apoptosis. DNA damage response (DDR) often entails posttranslational modifications of key DNA repair and DNA damage checkpoint proteins, including phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Cullin-RING ligase 4 (CRL4) enzyme has been found to target multiple DDR proteins for ubiquitination. In this chapter, we will discuss key repair and checkpoint proteins that are subject to ubiquitin-dependent regulation by members of the CRL4 family during ultraviolet light (UV)-induced DNA damage.
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14
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Genetic diversity and functional effect of common polymorphisms in genes involved in the first heterodimeric complex of the Nucleotide Excision Repair pathway. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 86:102770. [PMID: 31865061 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair is a multistep process that recognizes and eliminates a spectrum of DNA damages. Five proteins, namely XPC, RAD23, Centrin 2, DDB1 and DDB2 act as a heterodimeric complex at the early steps of the NER pathway and play a crucial role in the removal of DNA lesions. Several exonic mutations on genes coding for these proteins have been identified as associated with Xeroderma-pigmentosum (XP), a rare monogenic disorder. However, the role of regulatory polymorphisms in disease development and inter-ethnic diversity is still not well documented. Due to the high incidence rate of XP in Tunisia, we performed a genotyping analysis of 140 SNPs found on these 5 genes in a set of 135-subjects representing the general Tunisian-population. An inter-ethnic comparison based on the genotype frequency of these SNPs have been also conducted. For the most relevant variants, we performed a comprehensive assessment of their functional effects. Linkage disequilibrium and principal component analysis showed that the Tunisian-population is an admixed and intermediate population between Sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans. Using variable factor maps, we identified a list of 20 polymorphisms that contribute considerably to the inter-ethnic diversity of the NER complex. In-silico functional analysis showed that SNPs on XPC, DDB1 and DDB2 are associated with eQTLs mainly DDB2-rs10838681 that seems to decrease significantly the expression level of ACP2 (p = 6.1 × 10-26). Statistical analysis showed that the allelic frequency of DDB2-rs10838681 in Tunisia is significantly different from all other populations. Using rVarBase, we identified 5 variants on XPC, DDB1 and DDB2 that seem to alter the binding sites of several transcription factors considered as key players in DNA-repair pathways. Results presented in this study provide the first report on regulatory polymorphisms of the NER-complex genes in Tunisia. These results may also help to establish a baseline database for future association and functional studies.
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15
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DDB1 Regulates Sertoli Cell Proliferation and Testis Cord Remodeling by TGFβ Pathway. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10120974. [PMID: 31779270 PMCID: PMC6947845 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Testis cords are the embryonic precursors of the seminiferous tubules. Development of testis cords is a key event during embryonic testicular morphogenesis and is regulated by multiple signaling molecules produced by Sertoli cells. However, the exact nature and the cascade of molecular events underlying testis cord development remain to be uncovered. In the current study, we explored the role of DNA damage binding protein 1 (DDB1) in Sertoli cells during mouse testis cord development. The genetic ablation of Ddb1 specifically in Sertoli cells resulted in the compromised Sertoli cell proliferation and disruption of testis cord remodeling in neonatal mice. This testicular dysgenesis persisted through adulthood, resulting in smaller testis and low sperm production. Mechanistically, we observed that the DDB1 degradation can stabilize SET domain-containing lysine methyltransferase 8 (SET8), which subsequently decreases the phosphorylation of SMAD2, an essential intracellular component of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling. Taken together, our results suggest an essential role of Ddb1 in Sertoli cell proliferation and normal remodeling of testis cords via TGFβ pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first upstream regulators of TGFβ pathway in Sertoli cells, and therefore it furthers our understanding of testis cord development.
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16
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Aberrations in DNA repair pathways in cancer and therapeutic significances. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 58:29-46. [PMID: 30922960 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells show various types of mutations and aberrant expression in genes involved in DNA repair responses. These alterations induce genome instability and promote carcinogenesis steps and cancer progression processes. These defects in DNA repair have also been considered as suitable targets for cancer therapies. A most effective target so far clinically demonstrated is "homologous recombination repair defect", such as BRCA1/2 mutations, shown to cause synthetic lethality with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which in turn is involved in DNA repair as well as multiple physiological processes. Different approaches targeting genomic instability, including immune therapy targeting mismatch-repair deficiency, have also recently been demonstrated to be promising strategies. In these DNA repair targeting-strategies, common issues could be how to optimize treatment and suppress/conquer the development of drug resistance. In this article, we review the extending framework of DNA repair response pathways and the potential impact of exploiting those defects on cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immune therapy.
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17
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Iyama T, Okur MN, Golato T, McNeill DR, Lu H, Hamilton R, Raja A, Bohr VA, Wilson DM. Regulation of the Intranuclear Distribution of the Cockayne Syndrome Proteins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17490. [PMID: 30504782 PMCID: PMC6269539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cockayne syndrome (CS) is an inherited disorder that involves photosensitivity, developmental defects, progressive degeneration and characteristics of premature aging. Evidence indicates primarily nuclear roles for the major CS proteins, CSA and CSB, specifically in DNA repair and RNA transcription. We reveal herein a complex regulation of CSB targeting that involves three major consensus signals: NLS1 (aa467-481), which directs nuclear and nucleolar localization in cooperation with NoLS1 (aa302-341), and NLS2 (aa1038-1055), which seemingly optimizes nuclear enrichment. CSB localization to the nucleolus was also found to be important for full UVC resistance. CSA, which does not contain any obvious targeting sequences, was adversely affected (i.e. presumably destabilized) by any form of truncation. No inter-coordination between the subnuclear localization of CSA and CSB was observed, implying that this aspect does not underlie the clinical features of CS. The E3 ubiquitin ligase binding partner of CSA, DDB1, played an important role in CSA stability (as well as DDB2), and facilitated CSA association with chromatin following UV irradiation; yet did not affect CSB chromatin binding. We also observed that initial recruitment of CSB to DNA interstrand crosslinks is similar in the nucleoplasm and nucleolus, although final accumulation is greater in the former. Whereas assembly of CSB at sites of DNA damage in the nucleolus was not affected by RNA polymerase I inhibition, stable retention at these sites of presumed repair was abrogated. Our studies reveal a multi-faceted regulation of the intranuclear dynamics of CSA and CSB that plays a role in mediating their cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Iyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Ste. 100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mustafa N Okur
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Ste. 100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Tyler Golato
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Ste. 100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Daniel R McNeill
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Ste. 100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Huiming Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Ste. 100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Royce Hamilton
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Ste. 100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Aishwarya Raja
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Ste. 100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Ste. 100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - David M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Ste. 100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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18
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Cui T, Srivastava AK, Han C, Wu D, Wani N, Liu L, Gao Z, Qu M, Zou N, Zhang X, Yi P, Yu J, Bell EH, Yang SM, Maloney DJ, Zheng Y, Wani AA, Wang QE. DDB2 represses ovarian cancer cell dedifferentiation by suppressing ALDH1A1. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:561. [PMID: 29752431 PMCID: PMC5948213 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), representing the root of many solid tumors including ovarian cancer, have been implicated in disease recurrence, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Our previous study has demonstrated that the CSC subpopulation in ovarian cancer can be limited by DNA damage-binding protein 2 (DDB2). Here, we demonstrated that the ovarian CSC subpopulation can be maintained via cancer cell dedifferentiation, and DDB2 is able to suppress this non-CSC-to-CSC conversion by repression of ALDH1A1 transcription. Mechanistically, DDB2 binds to the ALDH1A1 gene promoter, facilitating the enrichment of histone H3K27me3, and competing with the transcription factor C/EBPβ for binding to this region, eventually inhibiting the promoter activity of the ALDH1A1 gene. The de-repression of ALDH1A1 expression contributes to DDB2 silencing-augmented non-CSC-to-CSC conversion and expansion of the CSC subpopulation. We further showed that treatment with a selective ALDH1A1 inhibitor blocked DDB2 silencing-induced expansion of CSCs, and halted orthotopic xenograft tumor growth. Together, our data demonstrate that DDB2, functioning as a transcription repressor, can abrogate ovarian CSC properties by downregulating ALDH1A1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Cui
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Amit Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India
| | - Chunhua Han
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Dayong Wu
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nissar Wani
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqin Gao
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Weifang Medical University, 264053, Shandong, Weifang, China
| | - Meihua Qu
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, 264053, Shandong, Weifang, China
| | - Ning Zou
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, 430079, Hubei, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, 40042, Chongqing, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Erica H Bell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shyh-Ming Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - David J Maloney
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yanfang Zheng
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Altaf A Wani
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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19
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Perucca P, Mocchi R, Guardamagna I, Bassi E, Sommatis S, Nardo T, Prosperi E, Stivala LA, Cazzalini O. A damaged DNA binding protein 2 mutation disrupting interaction with proliferating-cell nuclear antigen affects DNA repair and confers proliferation advantage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:898-907. [PMID: 29604309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) plays a role in removing DNA damage induced by UV radiation. In Global Genome-NER subpathway, DDB2 protein forms a complex with DDB1 (UV-DDB), recognizing photolesions. During DNA repair, DDB2 interacts directly with PCNA through a conserved region in N-terminal tail and this interaction is important for DDB2 degradation. In this work, we sought to investigate the role of DDB2-PCNA association in DNA repair and cell proliferation after UV-induced DNA damage. To this end, stable clones expressing DDB2Wt and DDB2PCNA- were used. We have found that cells expressing a mutant DDB2 show inefficient photolesions removal, and a concomitant lack of binding to damaged DNA in vitro. Unexpected cellular behaviour after DNA damage, such as UV-resistance, increased cell growth and motility were found in DDB2PCNA- stable cell clones, in which the most significant defects in cell cycle checkpoint were observed, suggesting a role in the new cellular phenotype. Based on these findings, we propose that DDB2-PCNA interaction may contribute to a correct DNA damage response for maintaining genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Perucca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Mocchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Isabella Guardamagna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bassi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sommatis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Nardo
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare (IGM) del CNR, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ennio Prosperi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare (IGM) del CNR, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Lucia Anna Stivala
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ornella Cazzalini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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20
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Enhancement of UVB-induced DNA damage repair after a chronic low-dose UVB pre-stimulation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 63:56-62. [PMID: 29448173 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Absorption of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation by DNA leads to the formation of the highly mutagenic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD). The mutagenicity of CPD is caused, in part, by the fact that their recognition and repair by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is challenging and slow. It has been previously shown that a pre-stimulation with genotoxic agents improve NER efficiency of CPD, indicating a potential adaptive response of this repair pathway. We have pre-treated human dermal fibroblasts with repeated subletal low doses of UVB (chronic low-dose of UVB; CLUV) to determine whether it could enhance NER capacity to repair CPD. Our results show that CLUV pre-treatment greatly enhances CPD repair but have little effect on the repair of another UV-induced bypirimidine photoproduct, the pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4 PP). We have determined that the CLUV treatment activates p53 and we found an increase of DDB2 and XPC gene expression. This is consistent with an increasing level of NER recognition proteins, DDB2 and XPC, we found concentrated at the chromatin. This study represents the first demonstration that chronic UVB exposure can stimulate NER pathway. Altogether, these results shed light on the potential adaptability of the NER by chronic UVB irradiation and the mechanisms involved.
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21
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Li L, Bai H, Yang J, Cao D, Shen K. Genome-wide DNA copy number analysis in clonally expanded human ovarian cancer cells with distinct invasive/migratory capacities. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15136-15148. [PMID: 28122348 PMCID: PMC5362473 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the worst prognosis of any gynecological malignancy, and generally presents with metastasis at advanced stages. Copy number variation (CNV) frequently contributes to the alteration of oncogenic drivers. In this study, we sought to identify genetic targets in heterogeneous clones from human ovarian cancers cells. We used array-based technology to systematically assess all the genes with CNVs in cell models clonally expanded from A2780 and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell lines with distinct highly and minimally invasive/migratory capacities. We found that copy number alterations differed between matched highly and minimally invasive/migratory subclones, differentially affecting specific functional processes including immune response processes, DNA damage repair, cell cycle and cell proliferation. We also identified seven genes as strong candidates, including DDB1, ERCC1, ERCC2, PRPF19, BCAT1, CDKN1B and MARK4, by integrating the above data with gene expression and clinical outcome data. Thus, by determining the molecular signatures of heterogeneous invasive/migratory ovarian cancer cells, we identified genes that could be specifically targeted for the treatment and prognosis of advanced ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyan Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Keng Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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22
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Abstract
The eukaryotic global genomic nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) pathway is the major mechanism that removes most bulky and some nonbulky lesions from cellular DNA. There is growing evidence that certain DNA lesions are repaired slowly or are entirely resistant to repair in cells, tissues, and in cell extract model assay systems. It is well established that the eukaryotic DNA lesion-sensing proteins do not detect the damaged nucleotide, but recognize the distortions/destabilizations in the native DNA structure caused by the damaged nucleotides. In this article, the nature of the structural features of certain bulky DNA lesions that render them resistant to NER, or cause them to be repaired slowly, is compared to that of those that are good-to-excellent NER substrates. Understanding the structural features that distinguish NER-resistant DNA lesions from good NER substrates may be useful for interpreting the biological significance of biomarkers of exposure of human populations to genotoxic environmental chemicals. NER-resistant lesions can survive to replication and cause mutations that can initiate cancer and other diseases. Furthermore, NER diminishes the efficacy of certain chemotherapeutic drugs, and the design of more potent pharmaceuticals that resist repair can be advanced through a better understanding of the structural properties of DNA lesions that engender repair-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. Geacintov
- Chemistry and Biology Departments, New York University, New York, New York 10003-5180, United States
| | - Suse Broyde
- Chemistry and Biology Departments, New York University, New York, New York 10003-5180, United States
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23
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Lee RFS, Chernobrovkin A, Rutishauser D, Allardyce CS, Hacker D, Johnsson K, Zubarev RA, Dyson PJ. Expression proteomics study to determine metallodrug targets and optimal drug combinations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1590. [PMID: 28484215 PMCID: PMC5431558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging technique termed functional identification of target by expression proteomics (FITExP) has been shown to identify the key protein targets of anti-cancer drugs. Here, we use this approach to elucidate the proteins involved in the mechanism of action of two ruthenium(II)-based anti-cancer compounds, RAPTA-T and RAPTA-EA in breast cancer cells, revealing significant differences in the proteins upregulated. RAPTA-T causes upregulation of multiple proteins suggesting a broad mechanism of action involving suppression of both metastasis and tumorigenicity. RAPTA-EA bearing a GST inhibiting ethacrynic acid moiety, causes upregulation of mainly oxidative stress related proteins. The approach used in this work could be applied to the prediction of effective drug combinations to test in cancer chemotherapy clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald F S Lee
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Chernobrovkin
- Karolinska Institute, Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles väg 2, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dorothea Rutishauser
- Karolinska Institute, Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles väg 2, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claire S Allardyce
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Hacker
- Protein Expression Core Facility, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kai Johnsson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Karolinska Institute, Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles väg 2, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Liu H, Liu Z, Wang Y, Stinchcombe TE, Owzar K, Han Y, Hung RJ, Brhane Y, McLaughlin J, Brennan P, Bickeböller H, Rosenberger A, Houlston RS, Caporaso N, Landi MT, Brüske I, Risch A, Wu X, Ye Y, Christiani DC, Amos CI, Wei Q. Functional variants in DCAF4 associated with lung cancer risk in European populations. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:541-551. [PMID: 28383684 PMCID: PMC6074950 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) responsible for substrate specificity of ubiquitination play a key role in cell-cycle control and DNA damage response. In this study, we assessed associations between 16 599 SNPs in 115 CRL genes and lung cancer risk by using summary data of six published genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of 12 160 cases and 16 838 cases of European ancestry. As a result, we identified three independent SNPs in DCAF4 (rs117781739, rs12587742 and rs2240980) associated with lung cancer risk (odds ratio = 0.91, 1.09 and 1.09, respectively; 95% confidence interval = 0.88-0.95, 1.05-1.14 and 1.05-1.13, respectively; and P = 3.99 × 10-6, 4.97 × 10-5 and 1.44 × 10-5, respectively) after multiple comparison correction by a false discovery rate <0.05. Since SNP rs12587742 is located within the promoter region and one CpG island of DCAF4, we further performed in silico functional analyses and found that the rs12587742 variant A allele was associated with an increased mRNA expression (P = 2.20 × 10-16, 1.79 × 10-13 and 0.001 in blood cells, normal lung tissues and tumor tissues of lung squamous carcinoma, respectively) and a decreased methylation status (P = 2.48 × 10-9 and 0.032 in adipose and lung tumor tissues, respectively). Moreover, evidence from differential expression analyses further supported an oncogenic effect of DCAF4 on lung cancer, with higher mRNA levels in both lung squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (P = 4.48 × 10-11 and 1.22 × 10-9, respectively) than in adjacent normal tissues. Taken together, our results suggest that rs12587742 is associated with an increased lung cancer risk, possibly by up-regulating mRNA expression and decreasing methylation status of DCAF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhensheng Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yanru Wang
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas E Stinchcombe
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kouros Owzar
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Younghun Han
- Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5,Canada
| | - Yonathan Brhane
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5,Canada
| | | | - Paul Brennan
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Heike Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Albert Rosenberger
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, the Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Neil Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria T Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irene Brüske
- Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angela Risch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA and
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Zhang TJ, Xue D, Zhang CD, Zhang ZD, Liu QR, Wang JQ. Cullin 4A is associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition and poor prognosis in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:2318-2329. [PMID: 28428711 PMCID: PMC5385398 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i13.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the functional role of cullin 4A (CUL4A), a core subunit of E3 ubiquitin ligase, in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC).
METHODS The expression of CUL4A in PHCC cell lines was evaluated by Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was adopted to investigate the relationship between CUL4A expression and clinicopathological characteristics of PHCC. Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were performed to analyze the risk factors related to overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of PHCC patients. Wound healing, Transwell and Matrigel assays were utilized to explore the function of CUL4A in PHCC metastasis. Furthermore, expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers was verified in cells with CUL4A knockdown or overexpression. The relationship between CUL4A expression and E-cadherin expression was also analyzed by IHC assay. Finally, the role of ZEB1 in regulating CUL4A mediated PHCC was detected by IHC, Western blot, Transwell and Matrigel assays.
RESULTS CUL4A overexpression was detected in PHCC cell lines and clinical specimens. Clinicopathological analysis revealed a close correlation between CUL4A overexpression and tumour differentiation, T, N and TNM stages in PHCC. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high CUL4A expression was correlated with poor OS and PFS of PHCC patients. Univariate analysis identified the following four parameters as risk factors related to OS rate of PHCC: T, N, TNM stages and high CUL4A expression; as well as three related to PFS: N stage, TNM stage and high CUL4A expression. Further multivariate logistic regression analysis identified high CUL4A expression as the only independent prognostic factor for PHCC. Moreover, CUL4A silencing in PHCC cell lines dramatically inhibited metastasis and the EMT. Conversely, CUL4A overexpression promoted these processes. Mechanistically, ZEB1 was discovered to regulate the function of CUL4A in promoting the EMT and metastasis.
CONCLUSION CUL4A is an independent prognostic factor for PHCC, and it can promote the EMT by regulating ZEB1 expression. CUL4A may be a potential therapeutic target for PHCC.
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Shah A, Ganguli S, Sen J, Bhandari R. Inositol Pyrophosphates: Energetic, Omnipresent and Versatile Signalling Molecules. J Indian Inst Sci 2017; 97:23-40. [PMID: 32214696 PMCID: PMC7081659 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-016-0011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-IPs) are a class of energy-rich signalling molecules found in all eukaryotic cells. These are derivatives of inositol that contain one or more diphosphate (or pyrophosphate) groups in addition to monophosphates. The more abundant and best studied PP-IPs are diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (IP7) and bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate (IP8). These molecules can influence protein function by two mechanisms: binding and pyrophosphorylation. The former involves the specific interaction of a particular inositol pyrophosphate with a binding site on a protein, while the latter is a unique attribute of inositol pyrophosphates, wherein the β-phosphate moiety is transferred from a PP-IP to a pre-phosphorylated serine residue in a protein to generate pyrophosphoserine. Both these events can result in changes in the target protein’s activity, localisation or its interaction with other partners. As a consequence of their ubiquitous presence in all eukaryotic organisms and all cell types examined till date, and their ability to modify protein function, PP-IPs have been found to participate in a wide range of metabolic, developmental, and signalling pathways. This review highlights
many of the known functions of PP-IPs in the context of their temporal and spatial distribution in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akruti Shah
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Shubhra Ganguli
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Jayraj Sen
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Rashna Bhandari
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana India
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Sui X, Zhou H, Zhu L, Wang D, Fan S, Zhao W. CUL4A promotes proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells by regulating H3K4 trimethylation in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:735-743. [PMID: 28223829 PMCID: PMC5308582 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s118897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that CUL4A, a ubiquitin ligase, is involved in the promotion of cancer malignancy and correlated with worse clinical prognosis in several kinds of human cancers. Although its effect and mechanism on the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unknown. Our clinical data show that CUL4A protein is overexpressed, positively associated with lymph nodes status, differentiation degree, tumor size, and poor prognosis in 80 CRC patients. CUL4A overexpression promotes cell proliferation and colony formation of CRC cells. Knockdown of CUL4A inhibits cell proliferation and migration. CUL4A can significantly promote the in vitro migration of CRC cells via induction of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition process. And the modulation of CUL4A expression altered the level of H3K4 trimethylation at the E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin gene promoters, which in turn transcriptionally regulated their expression. Moreover, knockdown of CUL4A also decreased the tumor volume and tumor weight in vivo. Together, our results reveal that CUL4A plays as an oncogene in CRC and may become a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Sui
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Hong Zhou
- Huai'an No 4 People's Hospital, Huai'an
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Digestive System, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Cancer Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang
| | - Sumei Fan
- Geriatric Department, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an
| | - Wei Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Zou N, Xie G, Cui T, Srivastava AK, Qu M, Yang L, Wei S, Zheng Y, Wang QE. DDB2 increases radioresistance of NSCLC cells by enhancing DNA damage responses. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14183-14191. [PMID: 27553023 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy resistance is one of the major factors limiting the efficacy of radiotherapy in lung cancer patients. The extensive investigations indicate the diversity in the mechanisms underlying radioresistance. Here, we revealed that DNA damage binding protein 2 (DDB2) is a potential regulator in the radiosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. DDB2, originally identified as a DNA damage recognition factor in the nucleotide excision repair, promotes the survival and inhibits the apoptosis of NSCLC cell lines upon ionizing radiation (IR). Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that DDB2 is able to facilitate IR-induced phosphorylation of Chk1, which plays a critical role in the cell cycle arrest and DNA repair in response to IR-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Indeed, knockdown of DDB2 compromised the G2 arrest in the p53-proficient A549 cell line and reduced the efficiency of homologous recombination (HR) repair. Taken together, our data indicate that the expression of DDB2 in NSCLC could be used as a biomarker to predict radiosensitivity of the patients. Targeting Chk1 can be used to increase the efficacy of radiotherapy in patients of NSCLC possessing high levels of DDB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiobiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Guozhen Xie
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiobiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Dublin Coffman High School, Dublin, OH, 43017, USA
| | - Tiantian Cui
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiobiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Amit Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiobiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Meihua Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shaozhong Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Yanfang Zheng
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, China.
| | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiobiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Ray A, Blevins C, Wani G, Wani AA. ATR- and ATM-Mediated DNA Damage Response Is Dependent on Excision Repair Assembly during G1 but Not in S Phase of Cell Cycle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159344. [PMID: 27442013 PMCID: PMC4956099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoint is mediated by ATR and ATM kinases, as a prompt early response to a variety of DNA insults, and culminates in a highly orchestrated signal transduction cascade. Previously, we defined the regulatory role of nucleotide excision repair (NER) factors, DDB2 and XPC, in checkpoint and ATR/ATM-dependent repair pathway via ATR and ATM phosphorylation and recruitment to ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced damage sites. Here, we have dissected the molecular mechanisms of DDB2- and XPC- mediated regulation of ATR and ATM recruitment and activation upon UVR exposures. We show that the ATR and ATM activation and accumulation to UVR-induced damage not only depends on DDB2 and XPC, but also on the NER protein XPA, suggesting that the assembly of an active NER complex is essential for ATR and ATM recruitment. ATR and ATM localization and H2AX phosphorylation at the lesion sites occur as early as ten minutes in asynchronous as well as G1 arrested cells, showing that repair and checkpoint-mediated by ATR and ATM starts early upon UV irradiation. Moreover, our results demonstrated that ATR and ATM recruitment and H2AX phosphorylation are dependent on NER proteins in G1 phase, but not in S phase. We reasoned that in G1 the UVR-induced ssDNA gaps or processed ssDNA, and the bound NER complex promote ATR and ATM recruitment. In S phase, when the UV lesions result in stalled replication forks with long single-stranded DNA, ATR and ATM recruitment to these sites is regulated by different sets of proteins. Taken together, these results provide evidence that UVR-induced ATR and ATM recruitment and activation differ in G1 and S phases due to the existence of distinct types of DNA lesions, which promote assembly of different proteins involved in the process of DNA repair and checkpoint activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alo Ray
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Chessica Blevins
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Gulzar Wani
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Altaf A Wani
- Department of Radiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
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30
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Ding Z, Zu S, Gu J. Evaluating the molecule-based prediction of clinical drug responses in cancer. Bioinformatics 2016; 32:2891-5. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Porreca I, Ulloa Severino L, D’Angelo F, Cuomo D, Ceccarelli M, Altucci L, Amendola E, Nebbioso A, Mallardo M, De Felice M, Ambrosino C. "Stockpile" of Slight Transcriptomic Changes Determines the Indirect Genotoxicity of Low-Dose BPA in Thyroid Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151618. [PMID: 26982218 PMCID: PMC4794173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental data highlighted the thyroid-disrupting activity of bisphenol A (BPA). Although pivotal to identify the mechanisms of toxicity, direct low-dose BPA effects on thyrocytes have not been assessed. Here, we report the results of microarray experiments revealing that the transcriptome reacts dynamically to low-dose BPA exposure, adapting the changes in gene expression to the exposure duration. The response involves many genes, enriching specific pathways and biological functions mainly cell death/proliferation or DNA repair. Their expression is only slightly altered but, since they enrich specific pathways, this results in major effects as shown here for transcripts involved in the DNA repair pathway. Indeed, even though no phenotypic changes are induced by the treatment, we show that the exposure to BPA impairs the cell response to further stressors. We experimentally verify that prolonged exposure to low doses of BPA results in a delayed response to UV-C-induced DNA damage, due to impairment of p21-Tp53 axis, with the BPA-treated cells more prone to cell death and DNA damage accumulation. The present findings shed light on a possible mechanism by which BPA, not able to directly cause genetic damage at environmental dose, may exert an indirect genotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Ulloa Severino
- University of Trieste, PhD School of Nanotechnology, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fulvio D’Angelo
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Danila Cuomo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via Port’Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via Port’Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elena Amendola
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, via Pansini 6, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimo Mallardo
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, via Pansini 6, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mario De Felice
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, via Pansini 6, 80131, Napoli, Italy
- IEOS-CNR, Via Pansini 6, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via Port’Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
- * E-mail:
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TGF-β signaling links E-cadherin loss to suppression of nucleotide excision repair. Oncogene 2015; 35:3293-302. [PMID: 26477308 PMCID: PMC4837109 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin is a cell adhesion molecule best known for its function in suppressing tumor progression and metastasis. Here we show that E-cadherin promotes nucleotide excision repair through positively regulating the expression of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) and DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1). Loss of E-cadherin activates the E2F4 and p130/107 transcription repressor complexes to suppress the transcription of both XPC and DDB1 through activating the TGF-β pathway. Adding XPC or DDB1, or inhibiting the TGF-β pathway, increases the repair of UV-induced DNA damage in E-cadherin-inhibited cells. In mouse skin and skin tumors UVB radiation down-regulates E-cadherin. In sun-associated premalignant and malignant skin neoplasia, E-cadherin is down-regulated in association with reduced XPC and DDB1 levels. These findings demonstrate a crucial role of E-cadherin in efficient DNA repair of UV-induced DNA damage, identify a new link between epithelial adhesion and DNA repair, and suggest a mechanistic link of early E-cadherin loss in tumor initiation.
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Hannah J, Zhou P. Distinct and overlapping functions of the cullin E3 ligase scaffolding proteins CUL4A and CUL4B. Gene 2015; 573:33-45. [PMID: 26344709 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cullin 4 subfamily of genes includes CUL4A and CUL4B, which share a mostly identical amino acid sequence aside from the elongated N-terminal region in CUL4B. Both act as scaffolding proteins for modular cullin RING ligase 4 (CRL4) complexes which promote the ubiquitination of a variety of substrates. CRL4 function is vital to cells as loss of both genes or their shared substrate adaptor protein DDB1 halts proliferation and eventually leads to cell death. Due to their high structural similarity, CUL4A and CUL4B share a substantial overlap in function. However, in some cases, differences in subcellular localization, spatiotemporal expression patterns and stress-inducibility preclude functional compensation. In this review, we highlight the most essential functions of the CUL4 genes in: DNA repair and replication, chromatin-remodeling, cell cycle regulation, embryogenesis, hematopoiesis and spermatogenesis. CUL4 genes are also clinically relevant as dysregulation can contribute to the onset of cancer and CRL4 complexes are often hijacked by certain viruses to promote viral replication and survival. Also, mutations in CUL4B have been implicated in a subset of patients suffering from syndromic X-linked intellectual disability (AKA mental retardation). Interestingly, the antitumor effects of immunomodulatory drugs are caused by their binding to the CRL4CRBN complex and re-directing the E3 ligase towards the Ikaros transcription factors IKZF1 and IKZF3. Because of their influence over key cellular functions and relevance to human disease, CRL4s are considered promising targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Hannah
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave. NY, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Pengbo Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave. NY, NY 10065, United States.
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Hu Z, Holzschuh J, Driever W. Loss of DDB1 Leads to Transcriptional p53 Pathway Activation in Proliferating Cells, Cell Cycle Deregulation, and Apoptosis in Zebrafish Embryos. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26225764 PMCID: PMC4520591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1) is a large subunit of the heterodimeric DDB complex that recognizes DNA lesions and initiates the nucleotide excision repair process. DDB1 is also a component of the CUL4 E3 ligase complex involved in a broad spectrum of cellular processes by targeted ubiquitination of key regulators. Functions of DDB1 in development have been addressed in several model organisms, however, are not fully understood so far. Here we report an ENU induced mutant ddb1 allele (ddb1m863) identified in zebrafish (Danio rerio), and analyze its effects on development. Zebrafish ddb1 is expressed broadly, both maternally and zygotically, with enhanced expression in proliferation zones. The (ddb1m863 mutant allele affects the splice acceptor site of exon 20, causing a splicing defect that results in truncation of the 1140 amino acid protein after residue 800, lacking part of the β-propeller domain BPC and the C-terminal helical domain CTD. ddb1m863 zygotic mutant embryos have a pleiotropic phenotype, including smaller and abnormally shaped brain, head skeleton, eyes, jaw, and branchial arches, as well as reduced dopaminergic neuron groups. However, early forming tissues develop normally in zygotic ddb1m863 mutant embryos, which may be due to maternal rescue. In ddb1m863 mutant embryos, pcna-expressing proliferating cell populations were reduced, concurrent with increased apoptosis. We also observed a concomitant strong up-regulation of transcripts of the tumor suppressor p53 (tp53) and the cell cycle inhibitor cdkn1a (p21a/bCIP1/WAF1) in proliferating tissues. In addition, transcription of cyclin genes ccna2 and ccnd1 was deregulated in ddb1m863 mutants. Reduction of p53 activity by anti-sense morpholinos alleviated the apoptotic phenotype in ddb1m863 mutants. These results imply that Ddb1 may be involved in maintaining proper cell cycle progression and viability of dividing cells during development through transcriptional mechanisms regulating genes involved in cell cycle control and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilian Hu
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5646, United States of America
| | - Jochen Holzschuh
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Driever
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Alekseev S, Coin F. Orchestral maneuvers at the damaged sites in nucleotide excision repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2177-86. [PMID: 25681868 PMCID: PMC11113351 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To safeguard the genome from the accumulation of deleterious effects arising from DNA lesions, cells developed several DNA repair mechanisms that remove specific types of damage from the genome. Among them, Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) is unique in its ability to remove a very broad spectrum of lesions, the most important of which include UV-induced damage, bulky chemical adducts and some forms of oxidative damage. Two sub-pathways exist in NER; Transcription-Coupled Repair (TC-NER) removes lesion localized exclusively in transcribed genes while Global Genome Repair (GG-NER) removes lesions elsewhere. In TC- or GG-NER, more than 30 proteins detect, open, incise and resynthesize DNA. Intriguingly, half of them are involved in the detection of DNA damage, implying that this is a crucial repair step requiring a high level of regulation. We review here the complex damage recognition step of GG-NER with a focus on post-translational modifications that help the comings and goings of several protein complexes on the same short damaged DNA locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Alekseev
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014, CNRS/INSERM/University of Strasbourg, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C. U. Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Coin
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014, CNRS/INSERM/University of Strasbourg, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C. U. Strasbourg, France
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Kim I, He YY. Ultraviolet radiation-induced non-melanoma skin cancer: Regulation of DNA damage repair and inflammation. Genes Dis 2014; 1:188-198. [PMID: 25642450 PMCID: PMC4307792 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is associated with approximately 65% of melanoma cases, and 90% of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC), including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While the incidence of most other malignancies has either stabilized or declined, that of NMSC has increased and is developing even in younger age groups. NMSCs account for nearly 15,000 deaths, 3.5 million new cases, and more than 3 billion dollars a year in medical costs in the United States alone, representing a major public health concern. As sun protection efforts have not been proven effective, targeted chemoprevention strategies are much needed. Skin carcinogenesis by DNA damage is considered a predominant paradigm for UV toxicity. Exposure to UV radiation can activate various oncogenes while inactivating tumor suppressor genes, resulting in inappropriate survival and proliferation of keratinocytes that harbor these damages. Moreover, increasing evidence demonstrate that inflammatory responses by the immune cells within the tumor microenvironment also contribute significantly to skin tumorigenesis. Initiation and progression of skin carcinogenesis mediated by UV radiation involve complex pathways, including those of apoptosis, proliferation, autophagy, DNA repair, checkpoint signaling, metabolism, and inflammation. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in two of these key molecular processes that result in UV-mediated skin carcinogenesis. In particular, we discuss 1) pathways that regulate DNA damage repair and 2) the regulation of the inflammatory process its crosstalk with DNA repair potentially leading to non-melanoma skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- InYoung Kim
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu-Ying He
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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37
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Rao F, Xu J, Khan AB, Gadalla MM, Cha JY, Xu R, Tyagi R, Dang Y, Chakraborty A, Snyder SH. Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase-1 mediates assembly/disassembly of the CRL4-signalosome complex to regulate DNA repair and cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16005-10. [PMID: 25349427 PMCID: PMC4234592 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphates containing an energetic pyrophosphate bond are formed primarily by a family of three inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) kinases (IP6K1-3). The Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) regulate diverse biological processes through substrate ubiquitylation. CRL4, comprising the scaffold Cullin 4A/B, the E2-interacting Roc1/2, and the adaptor protein damage-specific DNA-binding protein 1, is activated by DNA damage. Basal CRL4 activity is inhibited by binding to the COP9 signalosome (CSN). UV radiation and other stressors dissociate the complex, leading to E3 ligase activation, but signaling events that trigger signalosome dissociation from CRL4 have been unclear. In the present study, we show that, under basal conditions, IP6K1 forms a ternary complex with CSN and CRL4 in which IP6K1 and CRL4 are inactive. UV dissociates IP6K1 to generate IP7, which then dissociates CSN-CRL4 to activate CRL4. Thus, IP6K1 is a novel CRL4 subunit that transduces UV signals to mediate disassembly of the CRL4-CSN complex, thereby regulating nucleotide excision repair and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Rao
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience
| | - Jing Xu
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience
| | - A Basit Khan
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience
| | - Moataz M Gadalla
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and
| | | | - Risheng Xu
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and
| | - Richa Tyagi
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience
| | - Yongjun Dang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and
| | | | - Solomon H Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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38
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Depletion of pre-mRNA splicing factor Cdc5L inhibits mitotic progression and triggers mitotic catastrophe. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1151. [PMID: 24675469 PMCID: PMC3973201 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Disturbing mitotic progression via targeted anti-mitotic therapy is an attractive strategy for cancer treatment. Therefore, the exploration and elucidation of molecular targets and pathways in mitosis are critical for the development of anti-mitotic drugs. Here, we show that cell division cycle 5-like (Cdc5L), a pre-mRNA splicing factor, is a regulator of mitotic progression. Depletion of Cdc5L causes dramatic mitotic arrest, chromosome misalignments and sustained activation of spindle assembly checkpoint, eventually leading to mitotic catastrophe. Moreover, these defects result from severe impairment of kinetochore-microtubule attachment and serious DNA damage. Genome-wide gene expression analysis reveals that Cdc5L modulates the expression of a set of genes involved in the mitosis and the DNA damage response. We further found that the pre-mRNA splicing efficiency of these genes were impaired when Cdc5L was knocked down. Interestingly, Cdc5L is highly expressed in cervical tumors and osteosarcoma. Finally, we demonstrate that downregulation of Cdc5L decreases the cell viability of related tumor cells. These results suggest that Cdc5L is a key regulator of mitotic progression and highlight the potential of Cdc5L as a target for cancer therapy.
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Kim H, Dejsuphong D, Adelmant G, Ceccaldi R, Yang K, Marto JA, D'Andrea AD. Transcriptional repressor ZBTB1 promotes chromatin remodeling and translesion DNA synthesis. Mol Cell 2014; 54:107-118. [PMID: 24657165 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Timely DNA replication across damaged DNA is critical for maintaining genomic integrity. Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) allows bypass of DNA lesions using error-prone TLS polymerases. The E3 ligase RAD18 is necessary for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) monoubiquitination and TLS polymerase recruitment; however, the regulatory steps upstream of RAD18 activation are less understood. Here, we show that the UBZ4 domain-containing transcriptional repressor ZBTB1 is a critical upstream regulator of TLS. The UBZ4 motif is required for PCNA monoubiquitination and survival after UV damage. ZBTB1 associates with KAP-1, a transcriptional repressor whose phosphorylation relaxes chromatin after DNA damage. ZBTB1 depletion impairs formation of phospho-KAP-1 at UV damage sites and reduces RAD18 recruitment. Furthermore, phosphorylation of KAP-1 is necessary for efficient PCNA modification. We propose that ZBTB1 is required for localizing phospho-KAP-1 to chromatin and enhancing RAD18 accessibility. Collectively, our study implicates a ubiquitin-binding protein in orchestrating chromatin remodeling during DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Donniphat Dejsuphong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Guillaume Adelmant
- Blais Proteomic Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raphael Ceccaldi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kailin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Blais Proteomic Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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40
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Abbas T, Keaton M, Dutta A. Regulation of TGF-β signaling, exit from the cell cycle, and cellular migration through cullin cross-regulation: SCF-FBXO11 turns off CRL4-Cdt2. Cell Cycle 2014; 12:2175-82. [PMID: 23892434 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the cell cycle and genome instability are common features of cancer cells and various mechanisms exist to preserve the integrity of the genome and guard against cancer. The cullin 4-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) with the substrate receptor Cdt2 (CRL4 (Cdt2)) promotes cell cycle progression and prevents genome instability through ubiquitylation and degradation of Cdt1, p21, and Set8 during S phase of the cell cycle and following DNA damage. Two recently published studies report the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cdt2 via the cullin 1-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL1) in association with the substrate specificity factor and tumor suppressor FBXO11 (CRL1 (FBXO11)). The newly identified pathway restrains the activity of CRL4 (Cdt2) on p21 and Set8 and regulates cellular response to TGF-β, exit from the cell cycle and cellular migration. Here, we show that the CRL1 (FBXO11) also promotes the degradation of Cdt2 during an unperturbed cell cycle to promote efficient progression through S and G 2/M phases of the cell cycle. We discuss how this new method of regulating the abundance of Cdt2 participates in various cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Abbas
- Department of Radiation Oncology; School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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41
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Walpurgis K, Kohler M, Thomas A, Wenzel F, Geyer H, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Effects of gamma irradiation and 15 days of subsequent ex vivo storage on the cytosolic red blood cell proteome analyzed by 2D-DIGE and Orbitrap MS. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 7:561-70. [PMID: 23670890 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gamma irradiation of red blood cell (RBC) concentrates is routinely used to prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease. So far, the effects of ionizing radiation on RBC structure and function and especially the proteome are not fully understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RBC concentrates were irradiated with 30 Gy and stored for 1 or 15 days at 4 ± 2°C. Following cell lysis and hemoglobin depletion, 2D-DIGE was used to examine the changes of the cytosolic RBC proteome. Significantly altered spots were analyzed using bottom-up proteomic approaches and selected marker proteins validated by western blotting. RESULTS Gamma irradiation was found to enhance conventional RBC storage lesions. Following 15 days of postirradiation storage, the abundances of a total of 27 spots were significantly altered and 3 out of 13 identified proteins were selected and validated as potential marker proteins for the assessment of irradiation-induced cytosolic RBC lesions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Gamma irradiation and subsequent ex vivo storage according to the Council of Europe guidelines were found to affect RBC protein structures. The validated marker proteins can serve as a basis for the development of a screening assay to monitor the quality of irradiated RBC concentrates during ex vivo storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
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42
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Li Y, de Magalhães JP. Accelerated protein evolution analysis reveals genes and pathways associated with the evolution of mammalian longevity. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:301-314. [PMID: 22205409 PMCID: PMC3592953 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of the large species differences in longevity and aging remains a mystery. Thanks to recent large-scale genome sequencing efforts, the genomes of multiple species have been sequenced and can be used for cross-species comparisons to study species divergence in longevity. By analyzing proteins under accelerated evolution in several mammalian lineages where maximum lifespan increased, we identified genes and processes that are candidate targets of selection when longevity evolves. We identified several proteins with longevity-specific selection patterns, including COL3A1 that has previously been related to aging and proteins related to DNA damage repair and response such as DDB1 and CAPNS1. Moreover, we found that processes such as lipid metabolism and cholesterol catabolism show such patterns of selection and suggest a link between the evolution of lipid metabolism, cholesterol catabolism, and the evolution of longevity. Lastly, we found evidence that the proteasome-ubiquitin system is under selection specific to lineages where longevity increased and suggest that its selection had a role in the evolution of longevity. These results provide evidence that natural selection acts on species when longevity evolves, give insights into adaptive genetic changes associated with the evolution of longevity in mammals, and provide evidence that at least some repair systems are selected for when longevity increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- />Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Room 245, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB UK
- />Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- />Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Room 245, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB UK
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Ray A, Milum K, Battu A, Wani G, Wani AA. NER initiation factors, DDB2 and XPC, regulate UV radiation response by recruiting ATR and ATM kinases to DNA damage sites. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:273-83. [PMID: 23422745 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ATR and ATM kinases are central to the checkpoint activation in response to DNA damage and replication stress. However, the nature of the signal, which initially activates these kinases in response to UV damage, is unclear. Here, we have shown that DDB2 and XPC, two early UV damage recognition factors, are required for the damage-specific ATR and ATM recruitment and phosphorylation. ATR and ATM physically interacted with XPC and promptly localized to the UV damage sites. ATR and ATM recruitment and their phosphorylation were negatively affected in cells defective in DDB2 or XPC functions. Consequently, the phosphorylation of ATR and ATM substrates, Chk1, Chk2, H2AX, and BRCA1 was significantly reduced or abrogated in mutant cells. Furthermore, UV exposure of cells defective in DDB2 or XPC resulted in a marked decrease in BRCA1 and Rad51 recruitment to the damage site. Conversely, ATR- and ATM-deficiency failed to affect the recruitment of DDB2 and XPC to the damage site, and therefore did not influence the NER efficiency. These findings demonstrate a novel function of DDB2 and XPC in maintaining a vital cross-talk with checkpoint proteins, and thereby coordinating subsequent repair and checkpoint activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alo Ray
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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Ubiquitin hydrolase UCH-L1 destabilizes mTOR complex 1 by antagonizing DDB1-CUL4-mediated ubiquitination of raptor. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:1188-97. [PMID: 23297343 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01389-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates processes including mRNA translation, proliferation, and survival. By assembling with different cofactors, mTOR forms two complexes with distinct biological functions. Raptor-bound mTOR (mTORC1) governs cap-dependent mRNA translation, whereas mTOR, rictor, and mSin1 (mTORC2) activate the survival and proliferative kinase Akt. How the balance between the competing needs for mTORC1 and -2 is controlled in normal cells and deregulated in disease is poorly understood. Here, we show that the ubiquitin hydrolase UCH-L1 regulates the balance of mTOR signaling by disrupting mTORC1. We find that UCH-L1 impairs mTORC1 activity toward S6 kinase and 4EBP1 while increasing mTORC2 activity toward Akt. These effects are directly attributable to a dramatic rearrangement in mTOR complex assembly. UCH-L1 disrupts a complex between the DDB1-CUL4 ubiquitin ligase complex and raptor and counteracts DDB1-CUL4-mediated raptor ubiquitination. These events lead to mTORC1 dissolution and a secondary increase in mTORC2. Experiments in Uchl1-deficient and transgenic mice suggest that the balance between these pathways is important for preventing neurodegeneration and the development of malignancy. These data establish UCH-L1 as a key regulator of the dichotomy between mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling.
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45
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Mitchell D, Paniker L, Godar D. Nucleotide excision repair is reduced in oral epithelial tissues compared with skin. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1027-32. [PMID: 22519509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure to internal tissues for diagnostic, therapeutic and cosmetic procedures has increased dramatically over the past decade. The greatest increase in UVR exposure of internal tissues occurs in the cosmetic industry where it is combined with oxidizing agents for teeth whitening, often in conjunction with indoor tanning. To address potential carcinogenic risks of these procedures, we analyzed the formation and repair of the DNA photoproducts associated with the signature mutations of UVR. Radioimmunoassay was used to quantify the induction and repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproducts in DNA purified from three reconstructed tissues, EpiDerm(TM) , EpiGingival(TM) and EpiOral(TM) . We observed comparable levels of DNA damage in all tissues immediately after UVR exposure. In contrast, repair was significantly reduced in both oral tissues compared with EpiDerm(TM) . Our data suggest that UVR exposure of oral tissues can result in accumulation of DNA damage and increase the risk for carcinoma and melanoma of the mouth. Because NER is a broad-spectrum defense against DNA damage caused by a variety of agents in addition to UVR, our data suggest that the relatively low NER efficiency observed in oral tissues may have wide-ranging consequences in this highly exposed environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mitchell
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA.
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46
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Cheng L, Chen Y, Chen L, Shen Y, Shen J, An R, Luo Q, Du J. Interactions between the ROP18 kinase and host cell proteins that aid in the parasitism of Toxoplasma gondii. Acta Trop 2012; 122:255-60. [PMID: 22365922 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinases secreted from rhoptry organelles are important virulence factors for Toxoplasma gondii. Among rhoptry proteins, the ROP18 kinase has been identified as a key virulence determinant mediating pathogenesis in T. gondii; however, the molecular mechanisms by which this kinase exerts its pathogenic action remain poorly understood. In this study, the interactions between the ROP18 kinase of Toxoplasma gondii and the host cell proteins were analyzed using a yeast two-hybrid technique. The cMyc-ROP18(25-251) fusion proteins expressed by pGBKT7 plasmids in AH109 yeast were bound to host cell proteins from a human fetal brain cDNA library transformed to AH109 yeast using a mating method. Using these selection procedures, we identified seven host proteins that had not previously been reported to interact with ROP18 such as DDB1, TOR1AIP1, integrin, SLC3A2, TPST2, DERL2 and OCIAD1. These host proteins are associated with DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, translation modification, protein degradation and cell adhesion. Our data strongly support the hypothesis that the secreted kinase ROP18 is involved in several complex cellular pathways for the invasion and commandeering of host functions.
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47
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Luijsterburg MS, Lindh M, Acs K, Vrouwe MG, Pines A, van Attikum H, Mullenders LH, Dantuma NP. DDB2 promotes chromatin decondensation at UV-induced DNA damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 197:267-81. [PMID: 22492724 PMCID: PMC3328393 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201106074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its role in DNA lesion recognition, the damaged DNA-binding protein DDB2 elicits unfolding of large-scale chromatin structure independently of the CRL4 ubiquitin ligase complex. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the principal pathway that removes helix-distorting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage from the mammalian genome. Recognition of DNA lesions by xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) protein in chromatin is stimulated by the damaged DNA-binding protein 2 (DDB2), which is part of a CUL4A–RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) complex. In this paper, we report a new function of DDB2 in modulating chromatin structure at DNA lesions. We show that DDB2 elicits unfolding of large-scale chromatin structure independently of the CRL4 ubiquitin ligase complex. Our data reveal a marked adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–dependent reduction in the density of core histones in chromatin containing UV-induced DNA lesions, which strictly required functional DDB2 and involved the activity of poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]–ribose) polymerase 1. Finally, we show that lesion recognition by XPC, but not DDB2, was strongly reduced in ATP-depleted cells and was regulated by the steady-state levels of poly(ADP-ribose) chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn S Luijsterburg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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48
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Oncogenic CUL4A determines the response to thalidomide treatment in prostate cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:1121-32. [PMID: 22422151 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thalidomide is experimentally used to treat various human cancers; however, clinical responses to thalidomide are sporadic. Here we demonstrate that CUL4A plays an oncogenic role in prostate cancer development and prostate cancer cells with higher level of CUL4A are particularly sensitive to thalidomide treatment. We show that CUL4A is frequently overexpressed in human primary prostate cancer and cell lines. Notably, subjects with tumors that highly expressed CUL4A had poor overall survival. CUL4A downregulation inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, whereas CUL4A overexpression transformed human normal prostate epithelial cells and promoted invasion, which was attenuated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor. We further show that the sensitivity to thalidomide is positively correlated with CUL4A expression in a panel of prostate cell lines. Ectopic CUL4A expression greatly enhanced sensitivity to thalidomide, while its downregulation conferred resistance to this drug. Mechanistically, thalidomide decreased CUL4A in a time- and dose-dependent manner, consequently leading to inaction of ERK pathway. Finally, we show that cereblon level is correlated with CUL4A expression and downregulated in thalidomide-resistant prostate cancer cell. Our results offer the first evidence that CUL4A is a potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer and may serve as a biomarker for assessing prognosis of human prostate cancer and response to thalidomide treatment.
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Fei J, Kaczmarek N, Luch A, Glas A, Carell T, Naegeli H. Regulation of nucleotide excision repair by UV-DDB: prioritization of damage recognition to internucleosomal DNA. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001183. [PMID: 22039351 PMCID: PMC3201922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reveals the molecular mechanism by which the nucleotide excision repair protein DDB2 prioritises excision of UV-induced DNA lesions in the nucleosome landscape. How tightly packed chromatin is thoroughly inspected for DNA damage is one of the fundamental unanswered questions in biology. In particular, the effective excision of carcinogenic lesions caused by the ultraviolet (UV) radiation of sunlight depends on UV-damaged DNA-binding protein (UV-DDB), but the mechanism by which this DDB1-DDB2 heterodimer stimulates DNA repair remained enigmatic. We hypothesized that a distinctive function of this unique sensor is to coordinate damage recognition in the nucleosome repeat landscape of chromatin. Therefore, the nucleosomes of human cells have been dissected by micrococcal nuclease, thus revealing, to our knowledge for the first time, that UV-DDB associates preferentially with lesions in hypersensitive, hence, highly accessible internucleosomal sites joining the core particles. Surprisingly, the accompanying CUL4A ubiquitin ligase activity is necessary to retain the xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) partner at such internucleosomal repair hotspots that undergo very fast excision kinetics. This CUL4A complex thereby counteracts an unexpected affinity of XPC for core particles that are less permissive than hypersensitive sites to downstream repair subunits. That UV-DDB also adopts a ubiquitin-independent function is evidenced by domain mapping and in situ protein dynamics studies, revealing direct but transient interactions that promote a thermodynamically unfavorable β-hairpin insertion of XPC into substrate DNA. We conclude that the evolutionary advent of UV-DDB correlates with the need for a spatiotemporal organizer of XPC positioning in higher eukaryotic chromatin. Like all molecules in living organisms, DNA undergoes spontaneous decay and is constantly under attack by endogenous and environmental agents. Unlike other molecules, however, DNA—the blueprint of heredity—cannot be re-created de novo; it can only be copied. The original blueprint must therefore remain pristine. All kinds of DNA damage pose a health hazard. DNA lesions induced by the ultraviolet (UV) component of sunlight, for example, can lead to skin aging and skin cancer. A repair process known as nucleotide excision repair (NER) is dedicated to correcting this UV damage. Although the enzymatic steps of this repair process are known in detail, we still do not understand how it copes with the native situation in the cell, where the DNA is tightly wrapped around protein spools called nucleosomes. Our study has revealed the molecular mechanism by which an enigmatic component of NER called UV-DDB stimulates excision of UV-induced lesions in the landscape of nucleosome-packaged DNA in human skin cells. In particular, we describe how this accessory protein prioritizes, in space and time, which UV lesions in packaged DNA to target for repair by NER complexes, thus optimizing the repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fei
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich-Vetsuisse, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Kaczmarek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich-Vetsuisse, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Product Safety & Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Glas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Naegeli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich-Vetsuisse, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Aki S, Nakai H, Aoyama T, Oka A, Tsuge T. AtSAP130/AtSF3b-3 function is required for reproduction in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:1330-1339. [PMID: 21680607 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants produce multicellular gametophytes through an elaborate regulation of gametogenesis. During female and male gametogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, sporogenous cells differentiate and undergo meiosis to produce megaspores and microspores, which in turn go through mitosis to develop into multicellular gametophytes. Here we report that the Arabidopsis spliceosomal protein, SPLICEOSOME-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 130 (AtSAP130), is required for proper reproduction. AtSAP130 is encoded by two genes, AtSAP130a and AtSAP130b. Plants with reduced expression of the AtSAP130 genes, induced by RNA interference, showed a defect in fertilization. Besides functional impairment observed in the female reproductive organs, analysis focusing on pollen development revealed defects in the transition from the microspore to the bicellular stage. Our results suggest that AtSAP130a and AtSAP130b play an indispensable role in specific spatiotemporal events in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Aki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
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