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Vicini F, Shah C, Mittal K, Abraham J, Kruse M, Weinmann S, Leo M, Rabinovitch R, Wärnberg F, Whitworth PW, Czerniecki BJ, Shivers SC, Bremer T. A 7-Gene Biosignature for Ductal Carcinoma in situ of the Breast Identifies Subpopulations of HER2-positive Patients With Distinct Recurrence Rates After Breast-Conserving Surgery and Radiation Therapy. Clin Breast Cancer 2024:S1526-8209(24)00227-1. [PMID: 39353799 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2024.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE A subpopulation of women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) remains at risk for in-breast recurrence (IBR) following breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and radiation therapy (RT). The NSABP B-43 trial evaluated the role of concurrent RT and trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive DCIS but did not reach the prespecified endpoint. We hypothesized that a 7-gene biosignature (DCISionRT) with its Residual Risk subtype (RRt) could identify 2 groups of HER2(3+) patients with significantly different IBR risks after BCS plus RT. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients with HER2(3+) DCIS (n = 178) treated with BCS plus RT were selected from a combined multinational patient cohort. Treatment decisions were neither randomized nor strictly rules-based. Biosignature testing was performed on all patients and stratified with previously defined groups: (1) Combined Low Risk group (DS ≤ 2.8) and Elevated Risk group (DS > 2.8) without RRt or (2) Residual Risk subtype. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compute IBR curves. RESULTS Sixty-three percent of HER2(3+) patients (113/178) were classified into the Residual Risk subtype. These patients had significantly higher 10-year rates of IBR compared to the nonresidual risk group (16.2% vs. 1.6%, P = .01). The Residual Risk subtype had more nuclear grade 3 disease (87% vs. 63%, P < .001), but age, size, and grade were not associated with IBR rate (P = NS) on univariate and multivariable analysis. Only the Residual Risk group was associated with IBR (P = .05) in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION The 7-gene biosignature with RRt identified a subset of HER2(3+) patients with greater IBR rates following BCS and RT beyond traditional clinical and pathologic features. Consideration of therapies to reduce these elevated IBR rates should be evaluated, including the incorporation of HER2-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Vicini
- Michigan Healthcare Professionals, Farmington Hills, MI.
| | - Chirag Shah
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Jame Abraham
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Megan Kruse
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Michael Leo
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest Research Center, Portland, OR
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Lv S, Zhang J, Peng X, Liu H, Liu Y, Wei F. Ubiquitin signaling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1304639. [PMID: 38174069 PMCID: PMC10761520 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1304639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignant tumor of the digestive system, characterized by rapid progression and being prone to metastasis. Few effective treatment options are available for PDAC, and its 5-year survival rate is less than 9%. Many cell biological and signaling events are involved in the development of PDAC, among which protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as ubiquitination, play crucial roles. Catalyzed mostly by a three-enzyme cascade, ubiquitination induces changes in protein activity mainly by altering their stability in PDAC. Due to their role in substrate recognition, E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) dictate the outcome of the modification. Ubiquitination can be reversed by deubiquitylases (DUBs), which, in return, modified proteins to their native form. Dysregulation of E3s or DUBs that disrupt protein homeostasis is involved in PDAC. Moreover, the ubiquitination system has been exploited to develop therapeutic strategies, such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs). In this review, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the role of ubiquitination in the development of PDAC and offer perspectives in the design of new therapies against this highly challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyu Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Seger M, Mammadova F, Villegas-Valencia M, Bastos de Freitas B, Chang C, Isachsen I, Hemstreet H, Abualsaud F, Boring M, Lammers PJ, Lauersen KJ. Engineered ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in the polyextremophilic red microalga Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D. Metab Eng Commun 2023; 17:e00226. [PMID: 37449053 PMCID: PMC10336515 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2023.e00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyextremophilic Cyanidiophyceae are eukaryotic red microalgae with promising biotechnological properties arising from their low pH and elevated temperature requirements which can minimize culture contamination at scale. Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D is a cell wall deficient species with a fully sequenced genome that is amenable to nuclear transgene integration by targeted homologous recombination. C. merolae maintains a minimal carotenoid profile and here, we sought to determine its capacity for ketocarotenoid accumulation mediated by heterologous expression of a green algal β-carotene ketolase (BKT) and hydroxylase (CHYB). To achieve this, a synthetic transgene expression cassette system was built to integrate and express Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr) sourced enzymes by fusing native C. merolae transcription, translation and chloroplast targeting signals to codon-optimized coding sequences. Chloramphenicol resistance was used to select for the integration of synthetic linear DNAs into a neutral site within the host genome. CrBKT expression caused accumulation of canthaxanthin and adonirubin as major carotenoids while co-expression of CrBKT with CrCHYB generated astaxanthin as the major carotenoid in C. merolae. Unlike green algae and plants, ketocarotenoid accumulation in C. merolae did not reduce total carotenoid contents, but chlorophyll a reduction was observed. Light intensity affected global ratios of all pigments but not individual pigment compositions and phycocyanin contents were not markedly different between parental strain and transformants. Continuous illumination was found to encourage biomass accumulation and all strains could be cultivated in simulated summer conditions from two different extreme desert environments. Our findings present the first example of carotenoid metabolic engineering in a red eukaryotic microalga and open the possibility for use of C. merolae 10D for simultaneous production of phycocyanin and ketocarotenoid pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Seger
- Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, 7418 Innovation Way South, Mesa, AZ, 85212, United States
| | - Fakhriyya Mammadova
- Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, 7418 Innovation Way South, Mesa, AZ, 85212, United States
| | - Melany Villegas-Valencia
- Bioengineering Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bárbara Bastos de Freitas
- Bioengineering Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Clarissa Chang
- Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, 7418 Innovation Way South, Mesa, AZ, 85212, United States
| | - Iona Isachsen
- Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, 7418 Innovation Way South, Mesa, AZ, 85212, United States
| | - Haley Hemstreet
- Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, 7418 Innovation Way South, Mesa, AZ, 85212, United States
| | - Fatimah Abualsaud
- Bioengineering Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Malia Boring
- Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, 7418 Innovation Way South, Mesa, AZ, 85212, United States
| | - Peter J. Lammers
- Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, 7418 Innovation Way South, Mesa, AZ, 85212, United States
| | - Kyle J. Lauersen
- Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, 7418 Innovation Way South, Mesa, AZ, 85212, United States
- Bioengineering Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Vicini FA, Mann GB, Shah C, Weinmann S, Leo MC, Whitworth P, Rabinovitch R, Torres MA, Margenthaler JA, Dabbs D, Savala J, Shivers SC, Mittal K, Wärnberg F, Bremer T. A Novel Biosignature Identifies Patients With DCIS With High Risk of Local Recurrence After Breast Conserving Surgery and Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 115:93-102. [PMID: 36115740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is an unmet need to identify women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) with a low risk of in-breast recurrence (IBR) after breast conserving surgery (BCS), which could omit radiation therapy (RT), and also to identify those with elevated IBR risk remaining after BCS plus RT. We evaluated a novel biosignature for a residual risk subtype (RRt) to help identify patients with elevated IBR risk after BCS plus RT. METHODS AND MATERIALS Women with DCIS treated with BCS with or without RT at centers in the US, Australia, and Sweden (n = 926) were evaluated. Patients were classified into 3 biosignature risk groups using the decision score (DS) and the RRt category: (1) Low Risk (DS ≤2.8 without RRt), (2) Elevated Risk (DS >2.8 without RRt), and (3) Residual Risk (DS >2.8 with RRt). Total and invasive IBR rates were assessed by risk group and treatment. RESULTS In patients at low risk, there was no significant difference in IBR rates with or without RT (total, P = .8; invasive IBR, P = .7), and there were low overall 10-year rates (total, 5.1%; invasive, 2.7%). In patients with elevated risk, IBR rates were decreased with RT (total: hazard ratio [HR], 0.25; P < .001; invasive: HR, 0.28; P = .005); 10-year rates were 20.6% versus 4.9% (total) and 10.9% versus 3.1% (invasive). In patients with residual risk, although IBR rates decreased with RT after BCS (total: HR, 0.21; P < .001; invasive: HR, 0.29; P = .028), IBR rates remained significantly higher after RT compared with patients with elevated risk (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.4; P = .018), with 10-year rates of 42.1% versus 14.7% (total) and 18.3% versus 6.5% (invasive). CONCLUSIONS The novel biosignature identified patients with 3 distinct risk profiles: Low Risk patients with a low recurrence risk with or without adjuvant RT, Elevated Risk patients with excellent outcomes after BCS plus RT, and Residual Risk patients with an elevated recurrence risk remaining after BCS plus RT, warranting potential intensified or alternative treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Bruce Mann
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chirag Shah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sheila Weinmann
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest Research Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael C Leo
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest Research Center, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Rachel Rabinovitch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Mylin A Torres
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julie A Margenthaler
- Department of General Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | | | | | - Fredrik Wärnberg
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Chen N, Zheng Q, Wan G, Guo F, Zeng X, Shi P. Impact of posttranslational modifications in pancreatic carcinogenesis and treatments. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:739-759. [PMID: 34342796 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive cancer, with a 9% 5-year survival rate and a high risk of recurrence. In part, this is because PC is composed of heterogeneous subgroups with different biological and functional characteristics and personalized anticancer treatments are required. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play an important role in modifying protein functions/roles and are required for the maintenance of cell viability and biological processes; thus, their dysregulation can lead to disease. Different types of PTMs increase the functional diversity of the proteome, which subsequently influences most aspects of normal cell biology or pathogenesis. This review primarily focuses on ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and NEDDylation, as well as the current understanding of their roles and molecular mechanisms in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Additionally, we briefly summarize studies and clinical trials on PC treatments to advance our knowledge of drugs available to target the ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and NEDDylation PTM types. Further investigation of PTMs could be a critical field of study in relation to PC, as they have been implicated in the initiation and progression of many other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianhong Chen
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2Nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518037, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Cell Biology & University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Qiaoqiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Wan
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2Nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518037, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2Nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Xu D, Li C. Regulation of the SIAH2-HIF-1 Axis by Protein Kinases and Its Implication in Cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:646687. [PMID: 33842469 PMCID: PMC8027324 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.646687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to hypoxia is a key biological process that facilitates adaptation of cells to oxygen deprivation (hypoxia). This process is critical for cancer cells to adapt to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment resulting from rapid tumor growth. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor and a master regulator of the cellular response to hypoxia. The activity of HIF-1 is dictated primarily by its alpha subunit (HIF-1α), whose level and/or activity are largely regulated by an oxygen-dependent and ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated process. Prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Von Hippel-Lindau factor (VHL) catalyze hydroxylation and subsequent ubiquitin-dependent degradation of HIF-1α by the proteasome. Seven in Absentia Homolog 2 (SIAH2), a RING finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase, stabilizes HIF-1α by targeting PHDs for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the proteasome. This SIAH2-HIF-1 signaling axis is important for maintaining the level of HIF-1α under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. A number of protein kinases have been shown to phosphorylate SIAH2, thereby regulating its stability, activity, or substrate binding. In this review, we will discuss the regulation of the SIAH2-HIF-1 axis via phosphorylation of SIAH2 by these kinases and the potential implication of this regulation in cancer biology and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhong Xu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Cen Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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7
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Zubair M, Wang S, Ali N. Advanced Approaches to Breast Cancer Classification and Diagnosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:632079. [PMID: 33716731 PMCID: PMC7952319 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.632079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has recently reported a 66% increase in the global number of cancer deaths since 1960. In the US alone, about one in eight women is expected to develop invasive breast cancer(s) (breast cancer) at some point in their lifetime. Traditionally, a BC diagnosis includes mammography, ultrasound, and some high-end molecular bioimaging. Unfortunately, these techniques detect BC at a later stage. So early and advanced molecular diagnostic tools are still in demand. In the past decade, various histological and immuno-molecular studies have demonstrated that BC is highly heterogeneous in nature. Its growth pattern, cytological features, and expression of key biomarkers in BC cells including hormonal receptor markers can be utilized to develop advanced diagnostic and therapeutic tools. A cancer cell's progression to malignancy exhibits various vital biomarkers, many of which are still underrepresented in BC diagnosis and treatment. Advances in genetics have also enabled the development of multigene assays to detect genetic heterogeneity in BC. However, thus far, the FDA has approved only four such biomarkers-cancer antigens (CA); CA 15-3, CA 27-29, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and circulating tumor cells (CTC) in assessing BC in body fluids. An adequately structured portable-biosensor with its non-invasive and inexpensive point-of-care analysis can quickly detect such biomarkers without significantly compromising its specificity and selectivity. Such advanced techniques are likely to discriminate between BC and a healthy patient by accurately measuring the cell shape, structure, depth, intracellular and extracellular environment, and lipid membrane compositions. Presently, BC treatments include surgery and systemic chemo- and targeted radiation therapy. A biopsied sample is then subjected to various multigene assays to predict the heterogeneity and recurrence score, thus guiding a specific treatment by providing complete information on the BC subtype involved. Thus far, we have seven prognostic multigene signature tests for BC providing a risk profile that can avoid unnecessary treatments in low-risk patients. Many comparative studies on multigene analysis projected the importance of integrating clinicopathological information with genomic-imprint analysis. Current cohort studies such as MINDACT, TAILORx, Trans-aTTOM, and many more, are likely to provide positive impact on long-term patient outcome. This review offers consolidated information on currently available BC diagnosis and treatment options. It further describes advanced biomarkers for the development of state-of-the-art early screening and diagnostic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Zubair
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - N. Ali
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, United States
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8
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Piedade WP, Famulski JK. E3 ubiquitin ligase-mediated regulation of vertebrate ocular development; new insights into the function of SIAH enzymes. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:327-340. [PMID: 33616626 PMCID: PMC7924998 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Developmental regulation of the vertebrate visual system has been a focus of investigation for generations as understanding this critical time period has direct implications on our understanding of congenital blinding disease. The majority of studies to date have focused on transcriptional regulation mediated by morphogen gradients and signaling pathways. However, recent studies of post translational regulation during ocular development have shed light on the role of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). This rather ubiquitous yet highly diverse system is well known for regulating protein function and localization as well as stability via targeting for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Work from many model organisms has recently identified UPS activity during various milestones of ocular development including retinal morphogenesis, retinal ganglion cell function as well as photoreceptor homeostasis. In particular work from flies and zebrafish has highlighted the role of the E3 ligase enzyme family, Seven in Absentia Homologue (Siah) during these events. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of UPS activity during Drosophila and vertebrate ocular development, with a major focus on recent findings correlating Siah E3 ligase activity with two major developmental stages of vertebrate ocular development, retinal morphogenesis and photoreceptor specification and survival.
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Ong T, Trivedi N, Wakefield R, Frase S, Solecki DJ. Siah2 integrates mitogenic and extracellular matrix signals linking neuronal progenitor ciliogenesis with germinal zone occupancy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5312. [PMID: 33082319 PMCID: PMC7576183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is lacking as to how developing neurons integrate mitogenic signals with microenvironment cues to control proliferation and differentiation. We determine that the Siah2 E3 ubiquitin ligase functions in a coincidence detection circuit linking responses to the Shh mitogen and the extracellular matrix to control cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) GZ occupancy. We show that Shh signaling maintains Siah2 expression in CGN progenitors (GNPs) in a Ras/Mapk-dependent manner. Siah2 supports ciliogenesis in a feed-forward fashion by restraining cilium disassembly. Efforts to identify sources of the Ras/Mapk signaling led us to discover that GNPs respond to laminin, but not vitronectin, in the GZ microenvironment via integrin β1 receptors, which engages the Ras/Mapk cascade with Shh, and that this niche interaction is essential for promoting GNP ciliogenesis. As GNPs leave the GZ, differentiation is driven by changing extracellular cues that diminish Siah2-activity leading to primary cilia shortening and attenuation of the mitogenic response. In neural development, progenitors transition from a proliferative to a differentiated state. Here, the authors show that cerebellar granule neurons retract primary cilia as they exit their proliferative niche upon decreased ECM engagement, enabling radial migration due to loss of Shh sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taren Ong
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Niraj Trivedi
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Randall Wakefield
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center-EM, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sharon Frase
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - David J Solecki
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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10
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Gupta GK, Collier AL, Lee D, Hoefer RA, Zheleva V, Siewertsz van Reesema LL, Tang-Tan AM, Guye ML, Chang DZ, Winston JS, Samli B, Jansen RJ, Petricoin EF, Goetz MP, Bear HD, Tang AH. Perspectives on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Current Treatment Strategies, Unmet Needs, and Potential Targets for Future Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2392. [PMID: 32846967 PMCID: PMC7565566 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by the absence or low expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2), is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer. TNBC accounts for about 15% of breast cancer cases in the U.S., and is known for high relapse rates and poor overall survival (OS). Chemo-resistant TNBC is a genetically diverse, highly heterogeneous, and rapidly evolving disease that challenges our ability to individualize treatment for incomplete responders and relapsed patients. Currently, the frontline standard chemotherapy, composed of anthracyclines, alkylating agents, and taxanes, is commonly used to treat high-risk and locally advanced TNBC. Several FDA-approved drugs that target programmed cell death protein-1 (Keytruda) and programmed death ligand-1 (Tecentriq), poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), and/or antibody drug conjugates (Trodelvy) have shown promise in improving clinical outcomes for a subset of TNBC. These inhibitors that target key genetic mutations and specific molecular signaling pathways that drive malignant tumor growth have been used as single agents and/or in combination with standard chemotherapy regimens. Here, we review the current TNBC treatment options, unmet clinical needs, and actionable drug targets, including epidermal growth factor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and protein kinase B (PKB or AKT) activation in TNBC. Supported by strong evidence in developmental, evolutionary, and cancer biology, we propose that the K-RAS/SIAH pathway activation is a major tumor driver, and SIAH is a new drug target, a therapy-responsive prognostic biomarker, and a major tumor vulnerability in TNBC. Since persistent K-RAS/SIAH/EGFR pathway activation endows TNBC tumor cells with chemo-resistance, aggressive dissemination, and early relapse, we hope to design an anti-SIAH-centered anti-K-RAS/EGFR targeted therapy as a novel therapeutic strategy to control and eradicate incurable TNBC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan K. Gupta
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA;
| | - Amber L. Collier
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33131, USA;
| | - Dasom Lee
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA;
| | - Richard A. Hoefer
- Dorothy G. Hoefer Foundation, Sentara CarePlex Hospital, Newport News, VA 23666, USA;
- Sentara Cancer Network, Sentara Healthcare, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
| | - Vasilena Zheleva
- Surgical Oncology, Cancer Treatment Centers of America—Comprehensive Care and Research Center Phoenix, 14200 W Celebrate Life Way, Goodyear, AZ 85338, USA;
| | | | - Angela M. Tang-Tan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Mary L. Guye
- Sentara Cancer Network, Sentara Healthcare, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
- Sentara Surgery Specialists, Sentara CarePlex Hospital, Newport News, VA 23666, USA
| | - David Z. Chang
- Virginia Oncology Associates, 1051 Loftis Boulevard, Suite 100, Newport News, VA 23606, USA;
| | - Janet S. Winston
- Breast Pathology Services, Pathology Sciences Medical Group, Department of Pathology, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital (SNGH), Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (J.S.W.); (B.S.)
| | - Billur Samli
- Breast Pathology Services, Pathology Sciences Medical Group, Department of Pathology, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital (SNGH), Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (J.S.W.); (B.S.)
| | - Rick J. Jansen
- Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
| | - Emanuel F. Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA;
| | - Matthew P. Goetz
- Departments of Oncology and Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic Breast Cancer Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE), Women’s Cancer Program, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Harry D. Bear
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology & Immunology, Division of Surgical Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Amy H. Tang
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA;
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11
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Gupta G, Lee CD, Guye ML, Van Sciver RE, Lee MP, Lafever AC, Pang A, Tang-Tan AM, Winston JS, Samli B, Jansen RJ, Hoefer RA, Tang AH. Unmet Clinical Need: Developing Prognostic Biomarkers and Precision Medicine to Forecast Early Tumor Relapse, Detect Chemo-Resistance and Improve Overall Survival in High-Risk Breast Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:48-57. [PMID: 32542231 PMCID: PMC7295150 DOI: 10.36959/739/525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemo-resistant breast cancer is a major barrier to curative treatment for a significant number of women with breast cancer. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is standard first- line treatment for most women diagnosed with high-risk TNBC, HER2+, and locally advanced ER+ breast cancer. Current clinical prognostic tools evaluate four clinicopathological factors: Tumor size, LN status, pathological stage, and tumor molecular subtype. However, many similarly treated patients with identical residual cancer burden (RCB) following NACT experience distinctly different tumor relapse rates, clinical outcomes and survival. This problem is particularly apparent for incomplete responders with a high-risk RCB classification following NACT. Therefore, there is a pressing need to identify new prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and develop novel curative therapies to augment current standard of care (SOC) treatment regimens to save more lives. Here, we will discuss these unmet needs and clinical challenges that stand in the way of precision medicine and personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, USA
| | - Caroline Dasom Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, USA
| | - Mary L Guye
- Sentara Surgery Specialists, Sentara CarePlex Hospital, USA.,Sentara Cancer Network, Sentara Hospital Systems, USA
| | - Robert E Van Sciver
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, USA
| | - Michael P Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, USA
| | - Alex C Lafever
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, USA
| | - Anthony Pang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, USA
| | - Angela M Tang-Tan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, USA
| | - Janet S Winston
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Sciences Medical Group, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, USA
| | - Billur Samli
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Sciences Medical Group, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, USA
| | - Rick J Jansen
- Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, USA
| | - Richard A Hoefer
- Sentara Cancer Network, Sentara Hospital Systems, USA.,Dorothy G. Hoefer Foundation, Sentara CarePlex Hospital, USA
| | - Amy H Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, USA
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12
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Arpalahti L, Haglund C, Holmberg CI. Proteostasis Dysregulation in Pancreatic Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1233:101-115. [PMID: 32274754 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The most common form of pancreatic cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), has a dismal 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Radical surgical resection, in combination with adjuvant chemotherapy, provides the best option for long-term patient survival. However, only approximately 20% of patients are resectable at the time of diagnosis, due to locally advanced or metastatic disease. There is an urgent need for the identification of new, specific, and more sensitive biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction to improve the treatment options for pancreatic cancer patients. Dysregulation of proteostasis is linked to many pathophysiological conditions, including various types of cancer. In this review, we report on findings relating to the main cellular protein degradation systems, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, in pancreatic cancer. The expression of several components of the proteolytic network, including E3 ubiquitin-ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes, are dysregulated in PDAC, which accounts for approximately 90% of all pancreatic malignancies. In the future, a deeper understanding of the emerging role of proteostasis in pancreatic cancer has the potential to provide clinically relevant biomarkers and new strategies for combinatorial therapeutic options to better help treat the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Arpalahti
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carina I Holmberg
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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White KA, Swier VJ, Cain JT, Kohlmeyer JL, Meyerholz DK, Tanas MR, Uthoff J, Hammond E, Li H, Rohret FA, Goeken A, Chan CH, Leidinger MR, Umesalma S, Wallace MR, Dodd RD, Panzer K, Tang AH, Darbro BW, Moutal A, Cai S, Li W, Bellampalli SS, Khanna R, Rogers CS, Sieren JC, Quelle DE, Weimer JM. A porcine model of neurofibromatosis type 1 that mimics the human disease. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120402. [PMID: 29925695 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene causes the autosomal dominant condition, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Children and adults with NF1 suffer from pathologies including benign and malignant tumors to cognitive deficits, seizures, growth abnormalities, and peripheral neuropathies. NF1 encodes neurofibromin, a Ras-GTPase activating protein, and NF1 mutations result in hyperactivated Ras signaling in patients. Existing NF1 mutant mice mimic individual aspects of NF1, but none comprehensively models the disease. We describe a potentially novel Yucatan miniswine model bearing a heterozygotic mutation in NF1 (exon 42 deletion) orthologous to a mutation found in NF1 patients. NF1+/ex42del miniswine phenocopy the wide range of manifestations seen in NF1 patients, including café au lait spots, neurofibromas, axillary freckling, and neurological defects in learning and memory. Molecular analyses verified reduced neurofibromin expression in swine NF1+/ex42del fibroblasts, as well as hyperactivation of Ras, as measured by increased expression of its downstream effectors, phosphorylated ERK1/2, SIAH, and the checkpoint regulators p53 and p21. Consistent with altered pain signaling in NF1, dysregulation of calcium and sodium channels was observed in dorsal root ganglia expressing mutant NF1. Thus, these NF1+/ex42del miniswine recapitulate the disease and provide a unique, much-needed tool to advance the study and treatment of NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A White
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Vicki J Swier
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Jacob T Cain
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | | | | | | | - Johanna Uthoff
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Emily Hammond
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and.,University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Chun-Hung Chan
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | | | | | - Margaret R Wallace
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and.,University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rebecca D Dodd
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Karin Panzer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy H Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Benjamin W Darbro
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Song Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Wennan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jessica C Sieren
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Dawn E Quelle
- Molecular Medicine Program.,Department of Pathology, and.,Department of Pharmacology and.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jill M Weimer
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
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14
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A New Strategy to Control and Eradicate "Undruggable" Oncogenic K-RAS-Driven Pancreatic Cancer: Molecular Insights and Core Principles Learned from Developmental and Evolutionary Biology. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10050142. [PMID: 29757973 PMCID: PMC5977115 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10050142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic K-RAS mutations are found in virtually all pancreatic cancers, making K-RAS one of the most targeted oncoproteins for drug development in cancer therapies. Despite intense research efforts over the past three decades, oncogenic K-RAS has remained largely “undruggable”. Rather than targeting an upstream component of the RAS signaling pathway (i.e., EGFR/HER2) and/or the midstream effector kinases (i.e., RAF/MEK/ERK/PI3K/mTOR), we propose an alternative strategy to control oncogenic K-RAS signal by targeting its most downstream signaling module, Seven-In-Absentia Homolog (SIAH). SIAH E3 ligase controls the signal output of oncogenic K-RAS hyperactivation that drives unchecked cell proliferation, uncontrolled tumor growth, and rapid cancer cell dissemination in human pancreatic cancer. Therefore, SIAH is an ideal therapeutic target as it is an extraordinarily conserved downstream signaling gatekeeper indispensable for proper RAS signaling. Guided by molecular insights and core principles obtained from developmental and evolutionary biology, we propose an anti-SIAH-centered anti-K-RAS strategy as a logical and alternative anticancer strategy to dampen uncontrolled K-RAS hyperactivation and halt tumor growth and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. The clinical utility of developing SIAH as both a tumor-specific and therapy-responsive biomarker, as well as a viable anti-K-RAS drug target, is logically simple and conceptually innovative. SIAH clearly constitutes a major tumor vulnerability and K-RAS signaling bottleneck in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Given the high degree of evolutionary conservation in the K-RAS/SIAH signaling pathway, an anti-SIAH-based anti-PDAC therapy will synergize with covalent K-RAS inhibitors and direct K-RAS targeted initiatives to control and eradicate pancreatic cancer in the future.
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15
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The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Siah-1 Suppresses Avian Reovirus Infection by Targeting p10 for Degradation. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02101-17. [PMID: 29321312 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02101-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) causes viral arthritis, chronic respiratory diseases, retarded growth, and malabsorption syndrome. The ARV p10 protein, a viroporin responsible for the induction of cell syncytium formation and apoptosis, is rapidly degraded in host cells. Our previous report demonstrated that cellular lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) interacted with p10 and was involved in its degradation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying LAMP-1-mediated p10 degradation remains elusive. We report here that the E3 ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia homolog 1 (Siah-1) is critical for p10 ubiquitylation. Our data show that Siah-1 ubiquitylated p10 and targeted it for proteasome degradation. Furthermore, the ubiquitylation of p10 by Siah-1 required the participation of LAMP-1 by forming a multicomponent complex. Thus, LAMP-1 promotes the proteasomal degradation of p10 via interacting with both p10 and the E3 ligase Siah-1. These data establish a novel host defense mechanism where LAMP-1 serves as a scaffold for both Siah-1 and p10 that allows the E3 ligase targeting p10 for ubiquitylation and degradation to suppress ARV infection.IMPORTANCE Avian reovirus (ARV) is an important poultry pathogen causing viral arthritis, chronic respiratory diseases, retarded growth, and malabsorption syndrome, leading to considerable economic losses to the poultry industry across the globe. The ARV p10 protein is a virulence factor responsible for the induction of cell syncytium formation and apoptosis and is rapidly degraded in host cells. We previously found that cellular lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) interacts with p10 and is involved in its degradation. Here we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia homolog 1 (Siah-1) ubiquitylated p10 and targeted it for proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, the ubiquitylation of p10 by Siah-1 required the participation of LAMP-1 by forming a multicomponent complex. Thus, LAMP-1 serves as an adaptor to allow Siah-1 to target p10 for degradation, thereby suppressing ARV growth in host cells.
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16
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Abstract
The cellular response to external stress signals and DNA damage depends on the activity of ubiquitin ligases (E3s), which regulate numerous cellular processes, including homeostasis, metabolism and cell cycle progression. E3s recognize, interact with and ubiquitylate protein substrates in a temporally and spatially regulated manner. The topology of the ubiquitin chains dictates the fate of the substrates, marking them for recognition and degradation by the proteasome or altering their subcellular localization or assembly into functional complexes. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations account for the deregulation of E3s in cancer. Consequently, the stability and/or activity of E3 substrates are also altered, in some cases leading to downregulation of tumour-suppressor activities and upregulation of oncogenic activities. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying E3 regulation and function in tumorigenesis is expected to identify novel prognostic markers and to enable the development of the next generation of anticancer therapies. This Review summarizes the oncogenic and tumour-suppressor roles of selected E3s and highlights novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Senft
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92130, USA
| | - Jianfei Qi
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92130, USA
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 31096, Israel
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17
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Ong T, Solecki DJ. Seven in Absentia E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: Central Regulators of Neural Cell Fate and Neuronal Polarity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:322. [PMID: 29081737 PMCID: PMC5646344 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During neural development, neural precursors transition from a proliferative state within their germinal niches to a migratory state as they relocate to their final laminar positions. Transitions across these states are coupled with dynamic alterations in cellular polarity. This key feature can be seen throughout the developing vertebrate brain, in which neural stem cells give rise to multipolar or unpolarized transit-amplifying progenitors. These transit-amplifying progenitors then expand to give rise to mature neuronal lineages that become polarized as they initiate radial migration to their final laminar positions. The conventional understanding of the cellular polarity regulatory program has revolved around signaling cascades and transcriptional networks. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries concerning the role of the Siah2 ubiquitin ligase in initiating neuronal polarity during cerebellar development. Given the unique features of Siah ubiquitin ligases, we highlight some of the key substrates that play important roles in cellular polarity and propose a function for the Siah ubiquitin proteasome pathway in mediating a post-translational regulatory network to control the onset of polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taren Ong
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Track, Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - David J Solecki
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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18
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Pepper IJ, Van Sciver RE, Tang AH. Phylogenetic analysis of the SINA/SIAH ubiquitin E3 ligase family in Metazoa. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:182. [PMID: 28784114 PMCID: PMC5547486 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The RAS signaling pathway is a pivotal developmental pathway that controls many fundamental biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, movement and apoptosis. Drosophila Seven-IN-Absentia (SINA) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that is the most downstream signaling “gatekeeper” whose biological activity is essential for proper RAS signal transduction. Vertebrate SINA homologs (SIAHs) share a high degree of amino acid identity with that of Drosophila SINA. SINA/SIAH is the most conserved signaling component in the canonical EGFR/RAS/RAF/MAPK signal transduction pathway. Results Vertebrate SIAH1, 2, and 3 are the three orthologs to invertebrate SINA protein. SINA and SIAH1 orthologs are found in all major taxa of metazoans. These proteins have four conserved functional domains, known as RING (Really Interesting New Gene), SZF (SIAH-type zinc finger), SBS (substrate binding site) and DIMER (Dimerization). In addition to the siah1 gene, most vertebrates encode two additional siah genes (siah2 and siah3) in their genomes. Vertebrate SIAH2 has a highly divergent and extended N-terminal sequence, while its RING, SZF, SBS and DIMER domains maintain high amino acid identity/similarity to that of SIAH1. But unlike vertebrate SIAH1 and SIAH2, SIAH3 lacks a functional RING domain, suggesting that SIAH3 may be an inactive E3 ligase. The SIAH3 subtree exhibits a high degree of amino acid divergence when compared to the SIAH1 and SIAH2 subtrees. We find that SIAH1 and SIAH2 are expressed in all human epithelial cell lines examined thus far, while SIAH3 is only expressed in a limited subset of cancer cell lines. Conclusion Through phylogenetic analyses of metazoan SINA and SIAH E3 ligases, we identified many invariant and divergent amino acid residues, as well as the evolutionarily conserved functional motifs in this medically relevant gene family. Our phylomedicinal study of this unique metazoan SINA/SIAH protein family has provided invaluable evolution-based support towards future effort to design logical, potent, and durable anti-SIAH-based anticancer strategies against oncogenic K-RAS-driven metastatic human cancers. Thus, this method of evolutionary study should be of interest in cancer biology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1024-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Pepper
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Harry T. Lester Hall, Room 454-457, 651 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA, 23501, USA
| | - Robert E Van Sciver
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Harry T. Lester Hall, Room 454-457, 651 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA, 23501, USA
| | - Amy H Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Harry T. Lester Hall, Room 454-457, 651 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA, 23501, USA.
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19
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Yeom S, Kim SS, Jeong H, Jang KL. Hepatitis B virus X protein activates E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah-1 to control virus propagation via a negative feedback loop. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1774-1784. [PMID: 28714848 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The seven in absentia homologue 1 (Siah-1) protein is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that induces ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of HBx, the principal regulatory protein of hepatitis B virus (HBV); however, its role in HBV propagation remains unknown. Here, we found that HBx upregulates Siah-1 levels in HepG2 but not in Hep3B cells, in which p53 is absent. For this effect, HBx sequentially activated ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase and checkpoint kinase 2 via phosphorylation at the Ser-1981 and Thr-68 residues, respectively, which led to the activation of p53 via phosphorylation at the Ser-15 and Ser-20 residues. As a result, HBx was heavily ubiquitinated by Siah-1 and degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in HepG2 cells, whereas this effect was marginal or undetectable in Hep3B cells. Knock-down of p53 in HepG2 cells downregulated Siah-1 levels and subsequently upregulated HBx levels, whereas ectopic p53 expression in Hep3B cells upregulated Siah-1 levels and subsequently downregulated HBx levels. In addition, Siah-1 knock-down impaired the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of HBx in HepG2 cells, whereas ectopic Siah-1 expression induced ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of HBx in Hep3B cells. The effects of HBx on p53 and Siah-1 were exactly reproduced in a 1.2-mer HBV replicon system, mimicking the natural course of HBV infection. In particular, Siah-1 knock-down upregulated the levels of HBx derived from the HBV replicon, resulting in an increase in HBV production. In conclusion, HBx modulates its own protein level via a negative feedback loop involving p53 and Siah-1 to control HBV propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeong Yeom
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Shin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerin Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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20
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21
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Adam MG, Matt S, Christian S, Hess-Stumpp H, Haegebarth A, Hofmann TG, Algire C. SIAH ubiquitin ligases regulate breast cancer cell migration and invasion independent of the oxygen status. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3734-47. [PMID: 26654769 PMCID: PMC4825722 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven-in-absentia homolog (SIAH) proteins are evolutionary conserved RING type E3 ubiquitin ligases responsible for the degradation of key molecules regulating DNA damage response, hypoxic adaptation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Many studies suggest a tumorigenic role for SIAH2. In breast cancer patients SIAH2 expression levels correlate with cancer aggressiveness and overall patient survival. In addition, SIAH inhibition reduced metastasis in melanoma. The role of SIAH1 in breast cancer is still ambiguous; both tumorigenic and tumor suppressive functions have been reported. Other studies categorized SIAH ligases as either pro- or antimigratory, while the significance for metastasis is largely unknown. Here, we re-evaluated the effects of SIAH1 and SIAH2 depletion in breast cancer cell lines, focusing on migration and invasion. We successfully knocked down SIAH1 and SIAH2 in several breast cancer cell lines. In luminal type MCF7 cells, this led to stabilization of the SIAH substrate Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain protein 3 (PHD3) and reduced Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF1α) protein levels. Both the knockdown of SIAH1 or SIAH2 led to increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation, with comparable effects. These results point to a tumor promoting role for SIAH1 in breast cancer similar to SIAH2. In addition, depletion of SIAH1 or SIAH2 also led to decreased cell migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. SIAH knockdown also controlled microtubule dynamics by markedly decreasing the protein levels of stathmin, most likely via p27(Kip1). Collectively, these results suggest that both SIAH ligases promote a migratory cancer cell phenotype and could contribute to metastasis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gordian Adam
- a Cellular Senescence Group ; German Cancer Research Center DKFZ ; Heidelberg , Germany.,b GTRG Oncology II; GDD; Bayer Pharma AG ; Berlin , Germany
| | - Sonja Matt
- a Cellular Senescence Group ; German Cancer Research Center DKFZ ; Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Sven Christian
- b GTRG Oncology II; GDD; Bayer Pharma AG ; Berlin , Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas G Hofmann
- a Cellular Senescence Group ; German Cancer Research Center DKFZ ; Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Carolyn Algire
- b GTRG Oncology II; GDD; Bayer Pharma AG ; Berlin , Germany
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22
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van Reesema LLS, Zheleva V, Winston JS, Jansen RJ, O'Connor CF, Isbell AJ, Bian M, Qin R, Bassett PT, Hinson VJ, Dorsch KA, Kirby BW, Van Sciver RE, Tang-Tan AM, Harden EA, Chang DZ, Allen CA, Perry RR, Hoefer RA, Tang AH. SIAH and EGFR, Two RAS Pathway Biomarkers, are Highly Prognostic in Locally Advanced and Metastatic Breast Cancer. EBioMedicine 2016; 11:183-198. [PMID: 27569656 PMCID: PMC5049993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic breast cancer exhibits diverse and rapidly evolving intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity. Patients with similar clinical presentations often display distinct tumor responses to standard of care (SOC) therapies. Genome landscape studies indicate that EGFR/HER2/RAS "pathway" activation is highly prevalent in malignant breast cancers. The identification of therapy-responsive and prognostic biomarkers is paramount important to stratify patients and guide therapies in clinical oncology and personalized medicine. METHODS In this study, we analyzed matched pairs of tumor specimens collected from 182 patients who received neoadjuvant systemic therapies (NST). Statistical analyses were conducted to determine whether EGFR/HER2/RAS pathway biomarkers and clinicopathological predictors, alone and in combination, are prognostic in breast cancer. FINDINGS SIAH and EGFR outperform ER, PR, HER2 and Ki67 as two logical, sensitive and prognostic biomarkers in metastatic breast cancer. We found that increased SIAH and EGFR expression correlated with advanced pathological stage and aggressive molecular subtypes. Both SIAH expression post-NST and NST-induced changes in EGFR expression in invasive mammary tumors are associated with tumor regression and increased survival, whereas ER, PR, and HER2 were not. These results suggest that SIAH and EGFR are two prognostic biomarkers in breast cancer with lymph node metastases. INTERPRETATION The discovery of incorporating tumor heterogeneity-independent and growth-sensitive RAS pathway biomarkers, SIAH and EGFR, whose altered expression can be used to estimate therapeutic efficacy, detect emergence of resistant clones, forecast tumor regression, differentiate among partial responders, and predict patient survival in the neoadjuvant setting, has a clear clinical implication in personalizing breast cancer therapy. FUNDING This work was supported by the Dorothy G. Hoefer Foundation for Breast Cancer Research (A.H. Tang); Center for Innovative Technology (CIT)-Commonwealth Research Commercialization Fund (CRCF) (MF14S-009-LS to A.H. Tang), and National Cancer Institute (CA140550 to A.H. Tang).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Siewertsz van Reesema
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Vasilena Zheleva
- Department of Surgery, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Janet S Winston
- Sentara Pathology and Pathology Sciences Medical Group, Department of Pathology, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital (SNGH), 600 Gresham Drive, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Rick J Jansen
- Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, United States
| | - Carolyn F O'Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Andrew J Isbell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Minglei Bian
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Rui Qin
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Patricia T Bassett
- Sentara Pathology and Pathology Sciences Medical Group, Department of Pathology, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital (SNGH), 600 Gresham Drive, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Virginia J Hinson
- Sentara Pathology and Pathology Sciences Medical Group, Department of Pathology, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital (SNGH), 600 Gresham Drive, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Kimberly A Dorsch
- Sentara Cancer Network, 11803 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 235, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States
| | - Brad W Kirby
- Sentara Cancer Network, 11803 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 235, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States
| | - Robert E Van Sciver
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Angela M Tang-Tan
- Princess Anne High School, International Baccalaureate (IB) Gifted and Talented Program, 4400 Virginia Beach Boulevard, Virginia Beach, VA 23462, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Harden
- Dorothy G. Hoefer Comprehensive Breast Center, 11803 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 235, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States; Virginia Oncology Associates, 1051 Loftis Blvd, Suite 100, Newport News, VA 23606, United States
| | - David Z Chang
- Virginia Oncology Associates, 1051 Loftis Blvd, Suite 100, Newport News, VA 23606, United States
| | - Cynthia A Allen
- Sentara Cancer Network, 11803 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 235, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States
| | - Roger R Perry
- Department of Surgery, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Richard A Hoefer
- Sentara Cancer Network, 11803 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 235, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States; Dorothy G. Hoefer Comprehensive Breast Center, 11803 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 235, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States; Sentara CarePlex Hospital, 11803 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 235, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States
| | - Amy H Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States.
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Sun J, Zhang X, Han Y, Zhen J, Meng Y, Song M. Overexpression of seven in absentia homolog 2 protein in human breast cancer tissues is associated with the promotion of tumor cell malignant behavior in in vitro. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1301-12. [PMID: 27459914 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven in absentia homolog 2 (SIAH2), a homologue of Drosophila seven in absentia (Sina), has emerged as an oncogene and plays important roles in cancer development and progression. This study further assessed the role of SIAH2 in breast cancer and the underlying molecular events. The data showed that SIAH2 protein was overexpressed in invasive breast cancer (IBC) compared to the expression noted in normal or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) tissues, expression of which is associated with malignant behaviors. SIAH2 may function differently in different molecular subtypes (e.g., luminal- vs. basal-like type) of breast cancer. Manipulation of SIAH2 expression led to a 'cross-talk' of the ERK and PI3K pathway, which could be one of the mechanisms by which SIAH2 regulates viability, apoptosis, and invasion capacity in these breast cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Han
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Min Song
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Overexpression of Siah2 Is Associated With Poor Prognosis in Patients With Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2016; 26:114-9. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesSeven in absentia homolog 2 (Siah2) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is expressed in mammals and is homologous to seven in absentia in Drosophila. Siah2 is involved in the progression of many malignancies. However, the role of Siah2 in ovarian cancer remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of Siah2 expression for epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) patients.Materials and MethodsImmunohistochemical analysis was conducted using 32 normal ovarian specimens and 122 ovarian carcinoma specimens, respectively. We analyzed the correlations of Siah2 expression with the clinicopathological factors and prognosis of ovarian cancer patients. χ2 Analysis, Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis were conducted for statistical analyses.ResultsImmunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the expression of Siah2 was higher in the EOC tissues than in the normal tissues. High Siah2 expression positively correlated with histological grade and lymph node metastasis but not with age, histologic type, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging, and CA125. Patients with positive Siah2 expression showed lower overall survival and disease-free survival rates than those with negative Siah2 expression (P < 0.05 for both). Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that Siah2 was an independent parameter for overall survival (hazards ratio, 2.166; 95% confidence interval, 1.182–3.970; P = 0.012) and disease-free survival (hazards ratio, 1.819; 95% confidence interval, 1.030–3.216; P = 0.039).ConclusionsSiah2 is possibly involved in tumor development and progression in EOC. Thus, Siah2 is a promising biomarker for predicting the prognosis of ovarian cancer patients and may serve as a novel target for treating ovarian carcinoma.
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Moreno P, Lara-Chica M, Soler-Torronteras R, Caro T, Medina M, Álvarez A, Salvatierra Á, Muñoz E, Calzado MA. The Expression of the Ubiquitin Ligase SIAH2 (Seven In Absentia Homolog 2) Is Increased in Human Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143376. [PMID: 26580787 PMCID: PMC4651316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Overall 5-year survival has shown little improvement over the last decades. Seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) proteins are E3 ubiquitin ligases that mediate proteasomal protein degradation by poly-ubiquitination. Even though SIAH proteins play a key role in several biological processes, their role in human cancer remains controversial. The aim of the study was to document SIAH2 expression pattern at different levels (mRNA, protein level and immunohistochemistry) in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples compared to surrounding healthy tissue from the same patient, and to analyse the association with clinicopathological features. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and fifty-two samples from a patient cohort treated surgically for primary lung cancer were obtained for the study. Genic and protein expression levels of SIAH2 were analysed and compared with clinic-pathologic variables. RESULTS The present study is the first to analyze the SIAH2 expression pattern at different levels (RNA, protein expression and immunohistochemistry) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We found that SIAH2 protein expression is significantly enhanced in human lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell lung cancer (SCC). Paradoxically, non-significant changes at RNA level were found, suggesting a post-traductional regulatory mechanism. More importantly, an increased correlation between SIAH2 expression and tumor grade was detected, suggesting that this protein could be used as a prognostic biomarker to predict lung cancer progression. Likewise, SIAH2 protein expression showed a strong positive correlation with fluorodeoxyglucose (2-deoxy-2(18F)fluoro-D-glucose) uptake in primary NSCLC, which may assist clinicians in stratifying patients at increased overall risk of poor survival. Additionally, we described an inverse correlation between the expression of SIAH2 and the levels of one of its substrates, the serine/threonine kinase DYRK2. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide insight into the potential use of SIAH2 as a novel target for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maribel Lara-Chica
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Soler-Torronteras
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Teresa Caro
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Spain, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Medina
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Spain, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Álvarez
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ángel Salvatierra
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marco A. Calzado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Fan L, Peng G, Hussain A, Fazli L, Guns E, Gleave M, Qi J. The Steroidogenic Enzyme AKR1C3 Regulates Stability of the Ubiquitin Ligase Siah2 in Prostate Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20865-20879. [PMID: 26160177 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-activation of androgen receptor (AR) activity is the main driver for development of castration-resistant prostate cancer. We previously reported that the ubiquitin ligase Siah2 enhanced AR transcriptional activity and prostate cancer cell growth. Among the genes we found to be regulated by Siah2 was AKR1C3, which encodes a key androgen biosynthetic enzyme implicated in castration-resistant prostate cancer development. Here, we found that Siah2 inhibition in CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cells decreased AKR1C3 expression as well as intracellular androgen levels, concomitant with inhibition of cell growth in vitro and in orthotopic prostate tumors. Re-expression of either wild-type or catalytically inactive forms of AKR1C3 partially rescued AR activity and growth defects in Siah2 knockdown cells, suggesting a nonenzymatic role for AKR1C3 in these outcomes. Unexpectedly, AKR1C3 re-expression in Siah2 knockdown cells elevated Siah2 protein levels, whereas AKR1C3 knockdown had the opposite effect. We further found that AKR1C3 can bind Siah2 and inhibit its self-ubiquitination and degradation, thereby increasing Siah2 protein levels. We observed parallel expression of Siah2 and AKR1C3 in human prostate cancer tissues. Collectively, our findings identify a new role for AKR1C3 in regulating Siah2 stability and thus enhancing Siah2-dependent regulation of AR activity in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Fan
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Guihong Peng
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Arif Hussain
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Emma Guns
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Jianfei Qi
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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Combining clinicopathological predictors and molecular biomarkers in the oncogenic K-RAS/Ki67/HIF-1α pathway to predict survival in resectable pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:514-22. [PMID: 25584484 PMCID: PMC4453663 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dismal prognosis of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer points to our limited arsenal of effective anticancer therapies. Oncogenic K-RAS hyperactivation is virtually universal in pancreatic cancer, that confers drug resistance, drives aggressive tumorigenesis and rapid metastasis. Pancreatic tumours are often marked by hypovascularity, increased hypoxia and ineffective drug delivery. Thus, biomarker discovery and developing innovative means of countervailing oncogenic K-RAS activation are urgently needed. METHODS Tumour specimens from 147 pancreatic cancer patients were analysed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and tissue microarray (TMA). Statistical correlations between selected biomarkers and clinicopathological predictors were examined to predict survival. RESULTS We find that heightened hypoxia response predicts poor clinical outcome in resectable pancreatic cancer. SIAH is a tumour-specific biomarker. The combination of five biomarkers (EGFR, phospho-ERK, SIAH, Ki67 and HIF-1α) and four clinicopathological predictors (tumour size, pathological grade, margin and lymph node status) predict patient survival post surgery in pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS Combining five biomarkers in the K-RAS/Ki67/HIF-1α pathways with four clinicopathological predictors may assist to better predict survival in resectable pancreatic cancer.
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Central role of SIAH inhibition in DCC-dependent cardioprotection provoked by netrin-1/NO. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:899-904. [PMID: 25561546 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420695112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), a large transmembrane receptor of netrin-1, is critical for mediating netrin-1's cardioprotective function. In the present study we investigated novel mechanisms underlying netrin-1-induced, rapid, and feed-forward up-regulation of DCC, which is believed to sustain nitric oxide (NO) production to potentiate cardioprotection. Intriguingly, NO markedly reduced expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) that is specific for regulation of protesome-dependent DCC degradation, resulting in accumulation of DCC. The two SIAH isoforms compensate for each other when one is repressed; inhibition of both SIAH1 and SIAH2 using combined siRNAs significantly reduced infarct size while improving cardiac function after ischemia/reperfusion injury of the heart. This effect was absent in DCC-deficient mice. Moreover, in vivo RNAi inhibition of SIAH1/2 further augmented netrin-1's cardioprotective function. In summary, these data identify a novel therapeutic target of SIAH in facilitating NO/netrin-1-dependent cardioprotection, using the DCC receptor. Combination of netrin-1 and SIAH RNAi may prove to be a substantially effective therapy for myocardial infarction.
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Bi Y, Li J, Ji B, Kang N, Yang L, Simonetto DA, Kwon JH, Kamath M, Cao S, Shah V. Sphingosine-1-phosphate mediates a reciprocal signaling pathway between stellate cells and cancer cells that promotes pancreatic cancer growth. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2791-802. [PMID: 25111230 PMCID: PMC4188870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is produced by sphingosine kinase 1 and is implicated in tumor growth, although the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) reside within the tumor microenvironment and may regulate tumor progression. We hypothesized that S1P activates PSCs to release paracrine factors, which, in turn, increase cancer cell invasion and growth. We used a combination of human tissue, in vitro, and in vivo studies to mechanistically evaluate this concept. Sphingosine kinase 1 was overexpressed in human pancreatic tissue, especially within tumor cells. S1P activated PSCs in vitro and conditioned medium from S1P-stimulated PSCs, increased pancreatic cancer cell migration, and invasion, which was dependent on S1P2, ABL1 (alias c-Abl) kinase, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. In vivo studies showed that pancreatic cancer cells co-implanted with S1P2 receptor knockdown PSCs led to less cancer growth and metastasis in s.c. and orthotopic pancreatic cancer models compared with control PSCs. Pancreatic cancer cell-derived S1P activates PSCs to release paracrine factors, including matrix metalloproteinase-9, which reciprocally promotes tumor cell migration and invasion in vitro and cancer growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bi
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jiachu Li
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Baoan Ji
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ningling Kang
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Liu Yang
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Douglas A Simonetto
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jung H Kwon
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Marielle Kamath
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sheng Cao
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vijay Shah
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Gopalsamy A, Hagen T, Swaminathan K. Investigating the molecular basis of Siah1 and Siah2 E3 ubiquitin ligase substrate specificity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106547. [PMID: 25202994 PMCID: PMC4159269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Siah1 and Siah2 E3 ubiquitin ligases play an important role in diverse signaling pathways and have been shown to be deregulated in cancer. The human Siah1 and Siah2 isoforms share high sequence similarity but possess contrary roles in cancer, with Siah1 more often acting as a tumor suppressor while Siah2 functions as a proto-oncogene. The different function of Siah1 and Siah2 in cancer is likely due to the ubiquitination of distinct substrates. Hence, we decided to investigate the molecular basis of the substrate specificity, utilizing the well-characterized Siah2 substrate PHD3. Using chimeric and mutational approaches, we identified critical residues in Siah2 that promote substrate specificity. Thus, we have found that four residues in the N-terminal region of the Siah2 substrate binding domain (SBD) (Ser132, His150, Pro155, Tyr163) are critical for substrate specificity. In the C-terminal region of the SBD, a single residue, Leu250, was identified to promote the specific binding of Siah2 SBD to PHD3. Our study may help to overcome the challenges in the identification of Siah2 specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Gopalsamy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thilo Hagen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Scortegagna M, Kim H, Li JL, Yao H, Brill LM, Han J, Lau E, Bowtell D, Haddad G, Kaufman RJ, Ronai ZA. Fine tuning of the UPR by the ubiquitin ligases Siah1/2. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004348. [PMID: 24809345 PMCID: PMC4014425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) responds to changes in intracellular homeostasis through activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Yet, it is not known how UPR-signaling coordinates adaptation versus cell death. Previous studies suggested that signaling through PERK/ATF4 is required for cell death. We show that high levels of ER stress (i.e., ischemia-like conditions) induce transcription of the ubiquitin ligases Siah1/2 through the UPR transducers PERK/ATF4 and IRE1/sXBP1. In turn, Siah1/2 attenuates proline hydroxylation of ATF4, resulting in its stabilization, thereby augmenting ER stress output. Conversely, ATF4 activation is reduced upon Siah1/2 KD in cultured cells, which attenuates ER stress-induced cell death. Notably, Siah1a(+/-)::Siah2(-/-) mice subjected to neuronal ischemia exhibited smaller infarct volume and were protected from ischemia-induced death, compared with the wild type (WT) mice. In all, Siah1/2 constitutes an obligatory fine-tuning mechanism that predisposes cells to death under severe ER stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Scortegagna
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hyungsoo Kim
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Proteomics Facility, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hang Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Laurence M. Brill
- Proteomics Facility, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Lau
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David Bowtell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Genomics and Genetics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabriel Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJK); (ZAR)
| | - Ze'ev A. Ronai
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJK); (ZAR)
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Qi J, Kim H, Scortegagna M, Ronai ZA. Regulators and effectors of Siah ubiquitin ligases. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:15-24. [PMID: 23700162 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Siah ubiquitin ligases are members of the RING finger E3 ligases. The Siah E3s are conserved from fly to mammals. Primarily implicated in cellular stress responses, Siah ligases play a key role in hypoxia, through the regulation of HIF-1α transcription stability and activity. Concomitantly, physiological conditions associated with varying oxygen tension often highlight the importance of Siah, as seen in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Notably, recent studies also point to the role of these ligases in fundamental processes including DNA damage response, cellular organization and polarity. This review summarizes the current understanding of upstream regulators and downstream effectors of Siah.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Qi
- Signal Transduction Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Yin J, Zhu JM, Shen XZ. The role and therapeutic implications of RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligases in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:249-57. [PMID: 24420637 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that deregulation of RING-finger ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) involves in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These RING-finger E3s serve as oncoproteins or tumor suppressors in HCC under specific conditions. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about abnormal RING-finger E3s and their clinical significance in the development of HCC, and discuss parts of critical substrates for these RING-finger E3s in detail. Furthermore, in light of success of Bortezomib in treating hematological malignancies, we describe the preclinical and clinical studies of therapeutic approaches targeting aberrant RING-finger E3s in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Snoek BC, Wilt LHAMD, Jansen G, Peters GJ. Role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in lung cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2013; 4:58-69. [PMID: 23936758 PMCID: PMC3708064 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v4.i3.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases are a large family of proteins that catalyze the ubiquitination of many protein substrates for targeted degradation by the 26S proteasome. Therefore, E3 ubiquitin ligases play an essential role in a variety of biological processes including cell cycle regulation, proliferation and apoptosis. E3 ubiquitin ligases are often found overexpressed in human cancers, including lung cancer, and their deregulation has been shown to contribute to cancer development. However, the lack of specific inhibitors in clinical trials is a major issue in targeting E3 ubiquitin ligases with currently only one E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitor being tested in the clinical setting. In this review, we focus on E3 ubiquitin ligases that have been found deregulated in lung cancer. Furthermore, we discuss the processes in which they are involved and evaluate them as potential anti-cancer targets. By better understanding the mechanisms by which E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate biological processes and their exact role in carcinogenesis, we can improve the development of specific E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitors and pave the way for novel treatment strategies for cancer patients.
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Stebbins JL, Santelli E, Feng Y, De SK, Purves A, Motamedchaboki K, Wu B, Ronai ZA, Liddington RC, Pellecchia M. Structure-based design of covalent Siah inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:973-82. [PMID: 23891150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah regulates key cellular events that are central to cancer development and progression. A promising route to Siah inhibition is disrupting its interactions with adaptor proteins. However, typical of protein-protein interactions, traditional unbiased approaches to ligand discovery did not produce viable hits against this target, despite considerable effort and a multitude of approaches. Ultimately, a rational structure-based design strategy was successful for the identification of Siah inhibitors in which peptide binding drives specific covalent bond formation with the target. X-ray crystallography, mass spectrometry, and functional data demonstrate that these peptide mimetics are efficient covalent inhibitors of Siah and antagonize Siah-dependent regulation of Erk and Hif signaling in the cell. The proposed strategy may result useful as a general approach to the design of peptide-based inhibitors of other protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Stebbins
- Signal Transduction Program and Cell Death Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Siah2 regulates tight junction integrity and cell polarity through control of ASPP2 stability. Oncogene 2013; 33:2004-10. [PMID: 23644657 PMCID: PMC3917971 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cell adhesion and polarity are closely associated with epithelial cell transformation and metastatic capacity. The tumor suppressor protein ASPP2 has been implicated in control of cell adhesion and polarity, through its effect on the PAR complex. Here we demonstrate that under hypoxic conditions the ubiquitin ligase Siah2 controls ASPP2 availability, with concomitant effect on epithelial cell polarity. LC-MS/MS analysis identified ASPP2 and ASPP1 as Siah2 interacting proteins. Biochemical analysis confirmed this interaction and mapped degron motifs within ASPP2, which are required for Siah2-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal-dependent degradation. Inhibition of Siah2 expression increases ASPP2 levels and enhances ASPP2-dependent maintenance of TJ integrity and polarized architecture in 3D organotypic culture. Conversely, increase of Siah2 expression under hypoxia decreases ASPP2 levels and the formation of apical polarity in 3D culture. In all, our studies demonstrate the role of Siah2 in regulation of TJ integrity and cell polarity under hypoxia, through its regulation of ASPP2 stability.
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Abstract
Siah ubiquitin ligases play important roles in a number of signaling pathways involved in the progression and spread of cancer in cell-based models, but their role in tumor progression remains controversial. Siah proteins have been described to be both oncogenic and tumor suppressive in a variety of patient cohort studies and animal cancer models. This review collates the current knowledge of Siah in cancer progression and identifies potential methods of translation of these findings into the clinic. Furthermore, key experiments needed to close the gaps in our understanding of the role Siah proteins play in tumor progression are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S F Wong
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Herreros-Villanueva M, Gironella M, Castells A, Bujanda L. Molecular markers in pancreatic cancer diagnosis. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 418:22-9. [PMID: 23305796 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents a fatal neoplasia with a high mortality rate. Effective early detection methods are needed since this is the best way to cure this disease. During the last several years, many investigations focused on determining relevant biomarkers that may be present during early stages of pancreatic tumor development. Although several biomarkers have been proposed for pancreatic cancer detection, the clinical applicability has been confusing. Currently, although CA19-9 is one test used, the sensitivity and specificity for the disease are less than optimal. Here, we review several new potential serum, plasma and stool markers that are currently under evaluation. Although these have not been sufficiently validated for routine clinical use, these markers could prove valuable with further investigations. We keep the hope that a combination of some of these novel biomarkers can be a useful tool for early PDAC diagnosis before image techniques and/or patient's symptoms reveal disease in an incurable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Herreros-Villanueva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Donostia/Instituto Biodonostia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
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Expression of seven-in-absentia homologue 1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha: novel prognostic factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2012; 331:52-7. [PMID: 23228635 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an EBV-associated cancer. We analysed Siah1 expression as well as LMP1 and HIF1α expression by immuno-histochemical staining in 74 NPC biopsy specimens and found that the expression of Siah1 was significantly correlated with advanced tumour status and stage. Moreover, Siah1-positive and HIF1α-positive cases had significantly worse prognoses. The expression score for LMP1 was remarkably correlated with that of Siah1, whereas there was little correlation between LMP1 expression and the other markers evaluated. This is the first study to evaluate the pattern and clinical significance of Siah1 and HIF1α expression in NPC, and such an evaluation is valuable for identifying those patients at a high risk for a poor prognosis.
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Karachaliou N, Mayo C, Costa C, Magrí I, Gimenez-Capitan A, Molina-Vila MA, Rosell R. KRAS mutations in lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2012; 14:205-14. [PMID: 23122493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations and increased EGFR copy numbers have been associated with a favorable response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and several markers have been identified that predict response to treatment. Lung adenocarcinomas also harbor activating mutations in the downstream GTPase, v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), and mutations in EGFR and KRAS appear to be mutually exclusive. Even though KRAS mutations were identified in NSCLC tumors more than 20 years ago, we have only just begun to appreciate the clinical value of determining KRAS tumor status. Recent studies indicate that patients with mutant KRAS tumors fail to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy and do not respond to EGFR inhibitors. There is a clear need for therapies specifically developed for patients with KRAS-mutant NSCLC. In this review, we summarize the clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients with NSCLC and with KRAS mutations, describe work that explores the predictive and prognostic influence of KRAS mutations, and provide an overview of the "synthetic lethal" interactions and current approaches to targeting KRAS-mutant NSCLC.
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Pérez M, García-Limones C, Zapico I, Marina A, Schmitz ML, Muñoz E, Calzado MA. Mutual regulation between SIAH2 and DYRK2 controls hypoxic and genotoxic signaling pathways. J Mol Cell Biol 2012; 4:316-30. [PMID: 22878263 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjs047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin E3 ligase SIAH2 is an important regulator of the hypoxic response as it leads to the ubiquitin/proteasomal degradation of prolyl hydroxylases such as PHD3, which in turn increases the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. In the present study, we identify the serine/threonine kinase DYRK2 as SIAH2 interaction partner that phosphorylates SIAH2 at five residues (Ser16, Thr26, Ser28, Ser68, and Thr119). Phosphomimetic and phospho-mutant forms of SIAH2 exhibit different subcellular localizations and consequently change in PHD3 degrading activity. Accordingly, phosphorylated SIAH2 is more active than the wild-type E3 ligase and shows an increased ability to trigger the HIF-1α-mediated transcriptional response and angiogenesis. We also found that SIAH2 knockdown increases DYRK2 stability, whereas SIAH2 expression facilitates DYRK2 polyubiquitination and degradation. Hypoxic conditions cause a SIAH2-dependent DYRK2 polyubiquitination and degradation which ultimately also results in an impaired SIAH2 phosphorylation. Similarly, DYRK2-mediated phosphorylation of p53 at Ser46 is impaired under hypoxic conditions, suggesting a molecular mechanism underlying chemotherapy resistance in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Pérez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Wong CSF, Sceneay J, House CM, Halse HM, Liu MCP, George J, Hunnam TCUP, Parker BS, Haviv I, Ronai Z, Cullinane C, Bowtell DD, Möller A. Vascular normalization by loss of Siah2 results in increased chemotherapeutic efficacy. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1694-704. [PMID: 22354750 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is associated with resistance to antiangiogenic therapy and poor prognosis. The Siah E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate the hypoxic response pathway by modulating the turnover of the master proangiogenic transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α). In this study, we show that genetic deficiency in the Siah family member Siah2 results in vascular normalization and delayed tumor growth in an established transgenic model of aggressive breast cancer. Tumors arising in a Siah2(-/-) genetic background showed increased perfusion and pericyte-associated vasculature, similar to that occurring with antiangiogenic therapy. In support of the role of Siah2 in regulating levels of Hif-1α, expression of angiogenic factors was decreased in Siah2(-/-) tumors. Blood vessel normalization in Siah2(-/-) tumors resulted in an increased response to chemotherapy and prolonged survival. Together, our findings offer a preclinical proof of concept that targeting Siah2 is sufficient to attenuate Hif-1α-mediated angiogenesis and hypoxia signaling, thereby improving responses to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S F Wong
- Cancer Genomics and Genetics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Sarkar TR, Sharan S, Wang J, Pawar SA, Cantwell CA, Johnson PF, Morrison DK, Wang JM, Sterneck E. Identification of a Src tyrosine kinase/SIAH2 E3 ubiquitin ligase pathway that regulates C/EBPδ expression and contributes to transformation of breast tumor cells. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:320-32. [PMID: 22037769 PMCID: PMC3255785 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05790-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (C/EBPδ, CEBPD) is a tumor suppressor that is downregulated during breast cancer progression but may also promote metastasis. Here, we have investigated the mechanism(s) regulating C/EBPδ expression and its role in human breast cancer cells. We describe a novel pathway by which the tyrosine kinase Src downregulates C/EBPδ through the SIAH2 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Src phosphorylates SIAH2 in vitro and leads to tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of SIAH2 in breast tumor cell lines. SIAH2 interacts with C/EBPδ, but not C/EBPβ, and promotes its polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Src/SIAH2-mediated inhibition of C/EBPδ expression supports elevated cyclin D1 levels, phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb), motility, invasive properties, and survival of transformed cells. Pharmacological inhibition of Src family kinases by SKI-606 (bosutinib) induces C/EBPδ expression in an SIAH2-dependent manner, which is necessary for "therapeutic" responses to SKI-606 in vitro. Ectopic expression of degradation-resistant mutants of C/EBPδ, which do not interact with SIAH2 and/or cannot be polyubiquitinated, prevents full transformation of MCF-10A cells by activated Src (Src truncated at amino acid 531 [Src-531]) in vitro. These data reveal that C/EBPδ expression can be regulated at the protein level by oncogenic Src kinase signals through SIAH2, thus contributing to breast epithelial cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapasree Roy Sarkar
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Shikha Sharan
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Snehalata A. Pawar
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carrie A. Cantwell
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter F. Johnson
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah K. Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ju-Ming Wang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Esta Sterneck
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Zhao J, Wang C, Wang J, Yang X, Diao N, Li Q, Wang W, Xian L, Fang Z, Yu L. E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah-1 facilitates poly-ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of the hepatitis B viral X protein. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2943-50. [PMID: 21878328 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B viral X protein (HBx) is a multifunctional transactivator and implicated in hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and hepatocarcinogenesis. HBx can be ubiquitinated and degraded through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. However, the E3 ubiquitin ligase regulating HBx ubiquitin-dependent degradation is still unknown. In this study, we identified Siah-1 as a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase for HBx, which interacted with HBx and facilitated HBx poly-ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Co-expression of Siah-1 attenuated the transcriptional transactivation of HBx on glucocorticoid response element (GRE), heat shock response element (HSE) and cAMP response element (CRE) signal pathways. Moreover, Siah-1 participated in p53-mediated HBx degradation. Therefore, Siah-1 may play important roles in ubiquitin-dependent degradation of HBx and may be involved in suppressing the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Shanghai, PR China
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Scortegagna M, Subtil T, Qi J, Kim H, Zhao W, Gu W, Kluger H, Ronai ZA. USP13 enzyme regulates Siah2 ligase stability and activity via noncatalytic ubiquitin-binding domains. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27333-41. [PMID: 21659512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.218214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah2 is implicated in control of diverse cellular biological events, including MAPK signaling and hypoxia. Here we demonstrate that Siah2 is subject to regulation by the deubiquitinating enzyme USP13. Overexpression of USP13 increases Siah2 stability by attenuating its autodegradation. Consequently, the ability of Siah2 to target its substrates prolyl hydroxylase 3 and Spry2 (Sprouty2) for ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation is attenuated. Conversely, inhibition of USP13 expression with corresponding shRNA decreases the stability of both Siah2 and its substrate Spry2. Thus, USP13 limits Siah2 autodegradation and its ubiquitin ligase activity against its target substrates. Strikingly, the effect of USP13 on Siah2 is not mediated by its isopeptidase activity: mutations in its ubiquitin-binding sequences positioned within the ubiquitin-specific processing protease and ubiquitin-binding domains, but not within putative catalytic sites, abolish USP13 binding to and effect on Siah2 autodegradation and targeted ubiquitination. Notably, USP13 expression is attenuated in melanoma cells maintained under hypoxia, thereby relieving Siah2 inhibition and increasing its activity under low oxygen levels. Significantly, on melanoma tissue microarray, high nuclear expression of USP13 coincided with high nuclear expression of Siah2. Overall, this study identifies a new layer of Siah2 regulation mediated by USP13 binding to ubiquitinated Siah2 protein with a concomitant inhibitory effect on its activity under normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Scortegagna
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92130, USA
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Qi J, Pellecchia M, Ronai ZA. The Siah2-HIF-FoxA2 axis in prostate cancer – new markers and therapeutic opportunities. Oncotarget 2011; 1:379-85. [PMID: 21037926 PMCID: PMC2964873 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate the importance of the ubiquitin ligase Siah2 in control of more aggressive prostate tumors – namely, neuroendocrine (NE) prostate tumors and prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) harboring neuroendocrine lesions. Siah2-dependent expression and activity of HIF-1α regulate its availability to form a transcriptional complex with FoxA2, resulting in expression of specific target genes, including Hes6, Sox9 and Jmjd1a, whose co-expression is sufficient for formation of NE tumors and NE lesions in PCa. These studies provide novel markers to diagnose and monitor formation of NE lesions and NE tumors. Furthermore, defining the regulatory axis consisting of Siah2 and HIF-1α/FoxA2 cooperation suggests novel therapeutic modalities to treat these most aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Here we review current understanding of Siah role in control of hypoxia and prostate tumor development and highlight potential approaches for targeting components along Siah-regulated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Qi
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Chan P, Möller A, Liu MCP, Sceneay JE, Wong CSF, Waddell N, Huang KT, Dobrovic A, Millar EKA, O'Toole SA, McNeil CM, Sutherland RL, Bowtell DD, Fox SB. The expression of the ubiquitin ligase SIAH2 (seven in absentia homolog 2) is mediated through gene copy number in breast cancer and is associated with a basal-like phenotype and p53 expression. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R19. [PMID: 21306611 PMCID: PMC3109588 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The seven in absentia homolog 2 (SIAH2) protein plays a significant role in the hypoxic response by regulating the abundance of hypoxia-inducible factor-α; however, its role in breast carcinoma is unclear. We investigated the frequency and expression pattern of SIAH2 in two independent cohorts of sporadic breast cancers. Methods Immunohistochemical evaluation of SIAH2protein expression was conducted in normal breast tissues and in tissue microarrays comprising ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and a cohort of invasive breast carcinomas. Correlation analysis was performed between SIAH2 and clinicopathological variables and intrinsic breast cancer subgroups and validated in a cohort of 293 invasive ductal carcinomas. Promoter methylation, gene copy number and mRNA expression of SIAH2 were determined in a panel of basal-like tumors and cell lines. Results There was a significant increase in nuclear SIAH2 expression from normal breast tissues through to DCIS and progression to invasive cancers. A significant inverse correlation was apparent between SIAH2 and estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor and a positive association with tumor grade, HER2, p53 and an intrinsic basal-like subtype. Logistic regression analysis confirmed the significant positive association between SIAH2 expression and the basal-like phenotype. No SIAH2 promoter methylation was identified, yet there was a significant correlation between SIAH2 mRNA and gene copy number. SIAH2-positive tumors were associated with a shorter relapse-free survival in univariate but not multivariate analysis. Conclusions SIAH2 expression is upregulated in basal-like breast cancers via copy number changes and/or transcriptional activation by p53 and is likely to be partly responsible for the enhanced hypoxic drive through abrogation of the prolyl hydroxylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chan
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1 A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia
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Increased SIAH expression predicts ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) progression to invasive carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 129:717-24. [PMID: 21088888 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivated HER2/Neu/EGFR/RAS signaling is a major growth-promoting pathway known to drive cellular transformation and oncogenesis in breast cancers. HER2 amplification is detected in ~20% of all human breast cancer and is quite prevalent (up to 49%) in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The E3 ubiquitin ligase SIAH is considered a key downstream "gatekeeper" required for proper HER2/EGFR/RAS signal transduction. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded resection specimens from 65 patients with DCIS treated with wide excision only were stained with an anti-SIAH antibody, and the percentage of tumor and normal adjacent tissue cells positive for SIAH nuclear staining were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed comparing SIAH staining in tumor cells to disease recurrence, histologic type, necrosis, hormone receptor status, and Her2/neu status, as well as nuclear grade. Correlation of SIAH expression in tumor cells with SIAH expression in normal adjacent tissue and age was also examined. Expression levels of SIAH in tumor cells was significantly higher in specimens from patients with recurrence (median = 19%) as compared to patients without recurrence (7%) (P < 0.001). There was also significantly increased SIAH expression in tumors with more aggressive features including comedo morphology (13.5% in comedo vs. 7% in other histologic types, P = 0.014). No significant association was observed between SIAH expression and estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and Her2/neu status. There was a significant correlation between SIAH expression in tumors and normal adjacent tissue (Spearman correlation = 0.58, P < 0.001) as well as between SIAH expression in normal adjacent tissue and patient age (Spearman correlation = -0.59, P < 0.001). No significant correlation was identified between patient age and SIAH expression in tumors (Spearman correlation = -0.23, P = 0.067). In conclusion, SIAH may represent a useful prognostic biomarker that predicts DCIS progression to invasive breast cancer.
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Qi J, Nakayama K, Cardiff RD, Borowsky AD, Kaul K, Williams R, Krajewski S, Mercola D, Carpenter PM, Bowtell D, Ronai ZA. Siah2-dependent concerted activity of HIF and FoxA2 regulates formation of neuroendocrine phenotype and neuroendocrine prostate tumors. Cancer Cell 2010; 18:23-38. [PMID: 20609350 PMCID: PMC2919332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) phenotype, seen in >30% of prostate adenocarcinomas (PCa), and NE prostate tumors are implicated in aggressive prostate cancer. Formation of NE prostate tumors in the TRAMP mouse model was suppressed in mice lacking the ubiquitin ligase Siah2, which regulates HIF-1alpha availability. Cooperation between HIF-1alpha and FoxA2, a transcription factor expressed in NE tissue, promotes recruitment of p300 to transactivate select HIF-regulated genes, Hes6, Sox9, and Jmjd1a. These HIF-regulated genes are highly expressed in metastatic PCa and required for hypoxia-mediated NE phenotype, metastasis in PCa, and the formation of NE tumors. Tissue-specific expression of FoxA2 combined with Siah2-dependent HIF-1alpha availability enables a transcriptional program required for NE prostate tumor development and NE phenotype in PCa.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta/genetics
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/genetics
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/metabolism
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology
- Neurosecretory Systems/metabolism
- Neurosecretory Systems/pathology
- Phenotype
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Transcriptional Activation
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Qi
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Nakayama K. Growth and progression of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers regulated by ubiquitination. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 23:338-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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