1
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Paralkar D, Akbari A, Aron M. Prostatic adenocarcinoma: molecular underpinnings and treatment-related options. Urol Oncol 2024; 42:203-210. [PMID: 38508940 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is heterogeneous with varied pathologic features and presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations from indolent to advanced cancer. Interrogation of the molecular landscape of prostate cancer has unveiled the complex genomic alterations in these tumors, which significantly impacts tumor biology. The documented array of chromosomal alterations, gene fusions, and epigenetic changes not only play a crucial role in oncogenesis and disease progression, but also impacts response and resistance to various therapeutic modalities. Various gene expression assays have been developed and are currently recommended in aiding clinical decision making in these clinically and molecularly heterogeneous cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular underpinnings of prostate cancer, and briefly review the current status of molecular testing and therapeutic options in the management of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyangi Paralkar
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1500 San Pablo Street, Room 2409, HC4, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amir Akbari
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1500 San Pablo Street, Room 2409, HC4, Los Angeles, California
| | - Manju Aron
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1500 San Pablo Street, Room 2409, HC4, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1500 San Pablo Street, Room 2409, HC4, Los Angeles, California.
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2
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Zhao J, Wang Q, Tan AF, Loh CJL, Toh HC. Sex differences in cancer and immunotherapy outcomes: the role of androgen receptor. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1416941. [PMID: 38863718 PMCID: PMC11165033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1416941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Across the wide range of clinical conditions, there exists a sex imbalance where biological females are more prone to autoimmune diseases and males to some cancers. These discrepancies are the combinatory consequence of lifestyle and environmental factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, and oncogenic viruses, as well as other intrinsic biological traits including sex chromosomes and sex hormones. While the emergence of immuno-oncology (I/O) has revolutionised cancer care, the efficacy across multiple cancers may be limited because of a complex, dynamic interplay between the tumour and its microenvironment (TME). Indeed, sex and gender can also influence the varying effectiveness of I/O. Androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and in shaping the TME. Here, we lay out the epidemiological context of sex disparity in cancer and then review the current literature on how AR signalling contributes to such observation via altered tumour development and immunology. We offer insights into AR-mediated immunosuppressive mechanisms, with the hope of translating preclinical and clinical evidence in gender oncology into improved outcomes in personalised, I/O-based cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Zhao
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medical Oncology Cancer Hospital of China Medical University/Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | | | - Celestine Jia Ling Loh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Seong C, Kim HJ, Byun JS, Kim Y, Kim DY. FoxO1 Controls Redox Regulation and Cellular Physiology of BV-2 Microglial Cells. Inflammation 2023; 46:752-762. [PMID: 36515788 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident macrophage-like cells that play critical roles in diverse pathophysiological conditions, including development, neurogenesis, tissue damage, and pathogenic infection. Identifying molecular switches that govern the fate and function of microglia would be valuable for maintaining brain homeostasis. Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) is the first identified gene in the FoxO family and serves as a potent transcriptional regulator that participates in development, apoptosis, metabolism, and stress response. It has been recently reported that FoxO1 expression is downregulated in human microglia with age, but the role of FoxO1 has not been characterized so far. In the present study, we investigated the molecular function of FoxO1 in microglia by utilizing BV-2 cells. By generating FoxO1-deficient BV-2 microglia through Crispr/Cas9 system, we analyzed the influence of FoxO1 on redox status, metabolism, and polarization of microglia. Our data clearly showed that FoxO1 deficiency suppressed oxidative stress and cell death. In addition, FoxO1 level could modulate metabolic status and polarizing potential of BV-2 microglia. FoxO1 might be a critical element for the regulation of microglial cell physiology and the maintenance of the brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeeun Seong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Byun
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoonjung Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Culig Z. Response to Androgens and Androgen Receptor Antagonists in the Presence of Cytokines in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122944. [PMID: 34204596 PMCID: PMC8231240 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed non-cutaneous tumor in men in the Western world. Therapy for non-organ confined prostate cancer includes anti-androgens such as bicalutamide, enzalutamide and darolutamide. The androgen receptor is expressed during tumor initiation and progression. Androgen receptor could be activated by interleukins, which are produced by blood cells and adjacent stroma. These cytokines may affect response of tumor cells to anti-androgenic drugs, which are commonly used in prostate cancer therapy. There are several experimental studies showing an effect of anti-cytokine therapies in prostate cancer. However, the clinical translation is limited and more clinical trials are needed to improve action of anti-androgens in prostate cells which are stimulated by cytokines. Abstract Non-steroidal anti-androgens have a major role in the treatment of non-localized prostate cancer. Interleukins are involved in the regulation of many cellular functions in prostate cancer and also modify cellular response to anti-androgens. A specific role of selected IL is presented in this review. IL-8 is a cytokine expressed in prostate cancer tissue and microenvironment and promotes proliferation and androgen receptor-mediated transcription. In contrast, IL-1 displays negative effects on expression of androgen receptor and its target genes. A subgroup of prostate cancers show neuroendocrine differentiation, which may be in part stimulated by androgen ablation. A similar effect was observed after treatment of cells with IL-10. Another cytokine which is implicated in regulation of androgenic response is IL-23, secreted by myeloid cells. Most studies on androgens and IL were carried out with IL-6, which acts through the signal transducer and activator of the transcription (STAT) factor pathway. IL-6 is implicated in resistance to enzalutamide. Activation of the STAT-3 pathway is associated with increased cellular stemness. IL-6 activation of the androgen receptor in some prostate cancers is associated with increased growth in vitro and in vivo. Molecules such as galiellalactone or niclosamide have an inhibitory effect on both androgen receptor and STAT-3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Culig
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Zhang ZB, Ip SP, Cho WCS, Ng ACF, Hu Z, Huang YF, Luo DD, Xian YF, Lin ZX. Herb-drug interactions between androgenic Chinese herbal medicines and androgen receptor antagonist on tumor growth: Studies on two xenograft prostate cancer animal models. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2758-2772. [PMID: 33440458 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that Epimedii Folium (EF) and Codonopsis Radix (CNR) significantly promoted tumor growth on a subcutaneous mouse model of prostate cancer (PCa) via enhancing the mRNA and protein expressions of androgen receptor (AR), while Astragali Radix (AGR) inhibited tumor growth via suppressing the protein expression of AR. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the potential interactions between EF, CNR or AGR and AR antagonist (abiraterone acetate [ABI]) on the tumor growth using subcutaneous and orthotopic PCa mouse models. EF, CNR, AGR and ABI were intragastrically given to mice once every 2 days for 4 weeks. The pharmacokinetics of ABI were evaluated in the plasma of rats when combined with EF, CNR, or AGR. Our results demonstrated that EF or CNR could weaken the anti-tumor effects of ABI via increasing the AR expression involving activation of the PI3K/AKT and Rb/E2F pathways and decreasing the bioavailability of ABI, while AGR could enhance the anti-tumor effects of ABI through suppressing the AR expression via inhibiting the activations of PI3K/AKT and Rb/E2F pathways and increasing the bioavailability of ABI. These findings imply that cautions should be exercised when prescribing EF and CNR for PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Biao Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Siu-Po Ip
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Brain Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | | | - Anthony Chi Fai Ng
- SH Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhen Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Yan-Feng Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Dan-Dan Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yan-Fang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Brain Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Brain Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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6
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Molstad DHH, Mattson AM, Begun DL, Westendorf JJ, Bradley EW. Hdac3 regulates bone modeling by suppressing osteoclast responsiveness to RANKL. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:17713-17723. [PMID: 33454009 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hdac3 is a lysine deacetylase that removes acetyl groups from histones and additional proteins. Although Hdac3 functions within mesenchymal lineage skeletal cells are defined, little is known about Hdac3 activities in bone-resorbing osteoclasts. In this study we conditionally deleted Hdac3 within Ctsk-expressing cells and examined the effects on bone modeling and osteoclast differentiation in mice. Hdac3 deficiency reduced femur and tibia periosteal circumference and increased cortical periosteal osteoclast number. Trabecular bone was likewise reduced and was accompanied by increased osteoclast number per trabecular bone surface. We previously showed that Hdac3 deacetylates the p65 subunit of the NF-κB transcriptional complex to decrease DNA-binding and transcriptional activity. Hdac3-deficient osteoclasts demonstrate increased K310 NF-κB acetylation and NF-κB transcriptional activity. Hdac3-deficient osteoclast lineage cells were hyper-responsive to RANKL and showed elevated ex vivo osteoclast number and size and enhanced bone resorption in pit formation assays. Osteoclast-directed Hdac3 deficiency decreased cortical and trabecular bone mass parameters, suggesting that Hdac3 regulates coupling of bone resorption and bone formation. We surveyed a panel of osteoclast-derived coupling factors and found that Hdac3 suppression diminished sphingosine-1-phosphate production. Osteoclast-derived sphingosine-1-phosphate acts in paracrine to promote bone mineralization. Mineralization of WT bone marrow stromal cells cultured with conditioned medium from Hdac3-deficient osteoclasts was markedly reduced. Expression of alkaline phosphatase, type 1a1 collagen, and osteocalcin was also suppressed, but no change in Runx2 expression was observed. Our results demonstrate that Hdac3 controls bone modeling by suppressing osteoclast lineage cell responsiveness to RANKL and coupling to bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H H Molstad
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anna M Mattson
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dana L Begun
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Bradley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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7
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Su B, Zhang L, Zhuang W, Zhang W, Chen X. Knockout of Akt1/2 suppresses the metastasis of human prostate cancer cells CWR22rv1 in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:1546-1553. [PMID: 33377281 PMCID: PMC7875906 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although primary androgen deprivation therapy resulted in tumour regression, unfortunately, majority of prostate cancer progress to a lethal castration‐resistant prostate cancer, finally die to metastasis. The mutual feedback between AKT and AR pathways plays a vital role in the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer. Therefore, the treatment of a single factor will eventually inevitably lead to failure. Therefore, better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying metastasis is critical to the development of new and more effective therapeutic agents. In this study, we created prostate cancer CWR22rv1 cells with the double knockout of Akt1 and Akt2 genes through CRISPR/Cas9 method to investigate the effect of Akt in metastasis of prostate cancer. It was found that knockout of Akt1/2 resulted in markedly reduced metastasis in vitro and in vivo, and appeared to interfere AR nuclear translocation through regulating downstream regulatory factor, FOXO proteins. It suggests that some downstream regulatory factors in the AKT and AR interaction network play a vital role in prostate cancer metastasis and are potential targeting molecules for prostate cancer metastasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Su
- Medical laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenfang Zhuang
- Medical laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofan Chen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
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8
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Verma S, Prajapati KS, Kushwaha PP, Shuaib M, Kumar Singh A, Kumar S, Gupta S. Resistance to second generation antiandrogens in prostate cancer: pathways and mechanisms. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:742-761. [PMID: 35582225 PMCID: PMC8992566 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy targeting the androgens/androgen receptor (AR) signaling continues to be the mainstay treatment of advanced-stage prostate cancer. The use of second-generation antiandrogens, such as abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide, has improved the survival of prostate cancer patients; however, a majority of these patients progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The mechanisms of resistance to antiandrogen treatments are complex, including specific mutations, alternative splicing, and amplification of oncogenic proteins resulting in dysregulation of various signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on the major mechanisms of acquired resistance to second generation antiandrogens, including AR-dependent and AR-independent resistance mechanisms as well as other resistance mechanisms leading to CRPC emergence. Evolving knowledge of resistance mechanisms to AR targeted treatments will lead to additional research on designing more effective therapies for advanced-stage prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Verma
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kumari Sunita Prajapati
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, India
| | - Prem Prakash Kushwaha
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, India
| | - Mohd Shuaib
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, India
| | - Atul Kumar Singh
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, India
| | - Shashank Kumar
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, India
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Divison of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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9
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Henze L, Schwinge D, Schramm C. The Effects of Androgens on T Cells: Clues to Female Predominance in Autoimmune Liver Diseases? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1567. [PMID: 32849531 PMCID: PMC7403493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system responds differently in women and in men. Generally speaking, adult females show stronger innate and adaptive immune responses than males. This results in lower risk of developing most of the infectious diseases and a better ability to clear viral infection in women (1–5). On the other hand, women are at increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases (AID) such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's syndrome, and the autoimmune liver diseases autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) (6). Factors contributing to the female sex bias in autoimmune diseases include environmental exposure, e.g., microbiome, behavior, and genetics including X chromosomal inactivation of genes. Several lines of evidence and clinical observations clearly indicate that sex hormones contribute significantly to disease pathogenesis, and the role of estrogen in autoimmune diseases has been extensively studied. In many of these diseases, including the autoimmune liver diseases, T cells are thought to play an important pathogenetic role. We will use this mini-review to focus on the effects of androgens on T cells and how the two major androgens, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune liver diseases (AILD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Henze
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Schwinge
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Martin Zeitz Centre for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Kokal M, Mirzakhani K, Pungsrinont T, Baniahmad A. Mechanisms of Androgen Receptor Agonist- and Antagonist-Mediated Cellular Senescence in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071833. [PMID: 32650419 PMCID: PMC7408918 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a leading role in the control of prostate cancer (PCa) growth. Interestingly, structurally different AR antagonists with distinct mechanisms of antagonism induce cell senescence, a mechanism that inhibits cell cycle progression, and thus seems to be a key cellular response for the treatment of PCa. Surprisingly, while physiological levels of androgens promote growth, supraphysiological androgen levels (SAL) inhibit PCa growth in an AR-dependent manner by inducing cell senescence in cancer cells. Thus, oppositional acting ligands, AR antagonists, and agonists are able to induce cellular senescence in PCa cells, as shown in cell culture model as well as ex vivo in patient tumor samples. This suggests a dual AR-signaling dependent on androgen levels that leads to the paradox of the rational to keep the AR constantly inactivated in order to treat PCa. These observations however opened the option to treat PCa patients with AR antagonists and/or with androgens at supraphysiological levels. The latter is currently used in clinical trials in so-called bipolar androgen therapy (BAT). Notably, cellular senescence is induced by AR antagonists or agonist in both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Pathway analysis suggests a crosstalk between AR and the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src-Akt/PKB and the PI3K-mTOR-autophagy signaling in mediating AR-induced cellular senescence in PCa. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of therapeutic induction and intracellular pathways of AR-mediated cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aria Baniahmad
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9396820; Fax: +49-3641-99396822
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11
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Shorning BY, Dass MS, Smalley MJ, Pearson HB. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway and Prostate Cancer: At the Crossroads of AR, MAPK, and WNT Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4507. [PMID: 32630372 PMCID: PMC7350257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a frequent event in prostate cancer that facilitates tumor formation, disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Recent discoveries indicate that the complex crosstalk between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and multiple interacting cell signaling cascades can further promote prostate cancer progression and influence the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to PI3K-AKT-mTOR-targeted therapies being explored in the clinic, as well as standard treatment approaches such as androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). However, the full extent of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network during prostate tumorigenesis, invasive progression and disease recurrence remains to be determined. In this review, we outline the emerging diversity of the genetic alterations that lead to activated PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in prostate cancer, and discuss new mechanistic insights into the interplay between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and several key interacting oncogenic signaling cascades that can cooperate to facilitate prostate cancer growth and drug-resistance, specifically the androgen receptor (AR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and WNT signaling cascades. Ultimately, deepening our understanding of the broader PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network is crucial to aid patient stratification for PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway-directed therapies, and to discover new therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer that improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Helen B. Pearson
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; (B.Y.S.); (M.S.D.); (M.J.S.)
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12
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Chaturvedi AP, Dehm SM. Androgen Receptor Dependence. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1210:333-350. [PMID: 31900916 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) play crucial roles in the biology of normal and diseased prostate tissue, including prostate cancer (PCa). This dependence is evidenced by the use of androgen depletion therapy (ADT) as the primary treatment for locally advanced, metastatic, or relapsed PCa. This dependence is further evidenced by the various mechanisms employed by PCa cells to re-activate the AR to circumvent the growth-inhibitory effects of ADT. Re-activation of the AR during ADT is central to the disease evolving into the lethal castration resistant PCa (CRPC) phenotype, which is responsible for nearly all PCa mortality. Thus, understanding the regulation of AR and AR signaling is important for understanding the development and progression of PCa. This understanding provides the foundation for development of newer approaches for targeting CRPC therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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13
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Chen Y, Wu J, Liang G, Geng G, Zhao F, Yin P, Nowsheen S, Wu C, Li Y, Li L, Kim W, Zhou Q, Huang J, Liu J, Zhang C, Guo G, Deng M, Tu X, Gao X, Liu Z, Chen Y, Lou Z, Luo K, Yuan J. CHK2-FOXK axis promotes transcriptional control of autophagy programs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax5819. [PMID: 31911943 PMCID: PMC6938702 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax5819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process, which plays a vital role in removing misfolded proteins and clearing damaged organelles to maintain internal environment homeostasis. Here, we uncovered the checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2)-FOXK (FOXK1 and FOXK2) axis playing an important role in DNA damage-mediated autophagy at the transcriptional regulation layer. Mechanistically, following DNA damage, CHK2 phosphorylates FOXK and creates a 14-3-3γ binding site, which, in turn, traps FOXK proteins in the cytoplasm. Because FOXK functions as the transcription suppressor of ATGs, DNA damage-mediated FOXKs' cytoplasmic trapping induces autophagy. In addition, we found that a cancer-derived FOXK mutation induces FOXK hyperphosphorylation and enhances autophagy, resulting in chemoresistance. Cotreatment with cisplatin and chloroquine overcomes the chemoresistance caused by FOXK mutation. Overall, our study highlights a mechanism whereby DNA damage triggers autophagy by increasing autophagy genes via CHK2-FOXK-mediated transcriptional control, and misregulation of this pathway contributes to chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Chen
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jinhuan Wu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Guohe Geng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Chengming Wu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yunhui Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Lei Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Wootae Kim
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jinzhou Huang
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Guijie Guo
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xinyi Tu
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300193 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kuntian Luo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Corresponding author.
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14
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Weidle UH, Epp A, Birzele F, Brinkmann U. The Functional Role of Prostate Cancer Metastasis-related Micro-RNAs. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2019; 16:1-19. [PMID: 30587496 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mortality of patients with hormone-resistant prostate cancer can be ascribed to a large degree to metastasis to distant organs, predominantly to the bones. In this review, we discuss the contribution of micro-RNAs (miRs) to the metastatic process of prostate cancer. The criteria for selection of miRs for this review were the availability of preclinical in vivo metastasis-related data in conjunction with prognostic clinical data. Depending on their function in the metastatic process, the corresponding miRs are up- or down-regulated in prostate cancer tissues when compared to matching normal tissues. Up-regulated miRs preferentially target suppressors of cytokine signaling or tumor suppressor-related genes and metastasis-inhibitory transcription factors. Down-regulated miRs promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition or mesenchymal-epithelial transition and diverse pro-metastatic signaling pathways. Some of the discussed miRs exert their function by simultaneously targeting epigenetic pathways as well as cell-cycle-related, anti-apoptotic and signaling-promoting targets. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic options for the treatment of prostate cancer-related metastases by substitution or inhibition of miRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Epp
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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15
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Cao R, Ke M, Wu Q, Tian Q, Liu L, Dai Z, Lu S, Liu P. AZGP1 is androgen responsive and involved in AR‐induced prostate cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17444-17458. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runyi Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Ke
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Tian
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Science and Technology, Central Laboratory Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Zao Dai
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
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16
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Zennami K, Choi SM, Liao R, Li Y, Dinalankara W, Marchionni L, Rafiqi FH, Kurozumi A, Hatano K, Lupold SE. PDCD4 Is an Androgen-Repressed Tumor Suppressor that Regulates Prostate Cancer Growth and Castration Resistance. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:618-627. [PMID: 30518628 PMCID: PMC6359980 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity contributes to prostate cancer development and castration resistance. The growth and survival pathways driven by AR remain incompletely defined. Here, we found PDCD4 to be a new target of AR signaling and a potent regulator of prostate cancer cell growth, survival, and castration resistance. The 3' untranslated region of PDCD4 is directly targeted by the androgen-induced miRNA, miR-21. Androgen treatment suppressed PDCD4 expression in a dose responsive and miR-21-dependent manner. Correspondingly, AR inhibition dose-responsively induced PDCD4 expression. Using data from prostate cancer tissue samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we found a significant and inverse correlation between miR-21 and PDCD4 mRNA and protein levels. Higher Gleason grade tumors exhibited significantly higher levels of miR-21 and significantly lower levels of PDCD4 mRNA and protein. PDCD4 knockdown enhanced androgen-dependent cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression, inhibited apoptosis, and was sufficient to drive androgen-independent growth. On the other hand, PDCD4 overexpression inhibited miR-21-mediated growth and androgen independence. The stable knockdown of PDCD4 in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells enhanced subcutaneous tumor take rate in vivo, accelerated tumor growth, and was sufficient for castration-resistant tumor growth. IMPLICATIONS: This study provides the first evidence that PDCD4 is an androgen-suppressed protein capable of regulating prostate cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and castration resistance. These results uncover miR-21 and PDCD4-regulated pathways as potential new targets for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Zennami
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Su Mi Choi
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ross Liao
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wikum Dinalankara
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fatema H Rafiqi
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Akira Kurozumi
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Koji Hatano
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shawn E Lupold
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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17
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Yan Y, Huang H. Interplay Among PI3K/AKT, PTEN/FOXO and AR Signaling in Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:319-331. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Loos JA, Nicolao MC, Cumino AC. Metformin promotes autophagy in Echinococcus granulosus larval stage. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 224:61-70. [PMID: 30017657 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a neglected parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus for which an effective treatment is not yet available. Since autophagy constitutes a homeostatic mechanism during stress, either inhibition or activation of its activity might be detrimental for survival of the parasite. Amongst the critical molecules that regulate autophagy, TOR, AMPK and sirtuins are the best characterized ones. Previously, we have identified the autophagic machinery, the occurrence of TORC1-controlled events, and the correlation between autophagy and the activation of the unfolded protein response in E. granulosus larval stage. In addition, we have demonstrated that the parasite is susceptible to metformin (Met), a drug that indirectly activates Eg-AMPK and induces energy stress. In this work, we demonstrate that Met induces autophagy in the E. granulosus larval stage. Electron microscopy analysis revealed the presence of autophagic structures in Met-treated protoscoleces. In accordance with these findings, the autophagic marker Eg-Atg8 as well as the transcriptional expression of Eg-atg6, Eg-atg8, Eg-atg12 and Eg-atg16 genes were significantly up-regulated in Met-treated parasites. The induction of the autophagic process was concomitant with Eg-foxO over-expression and its nuclear localization, which could be correlated with the transcriptional regulation of this pathway. On the other hand, the expression of Eg-AKT and Eg-Sirts suggests a possible participation of these conserved proteins in the regulation of Eg-FoxO. Therefore, through pharmacological activation of the AMPK-FoxO signaling pathway, Met could play a role in the death of the parasite contributing to the demonstrated anti-echinococcal effects of this drug. The understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of this pathway in E. granulosus represents a solid basis for choosing appropriate targets for new chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Loos
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Nivel Cero, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Celeste Nicolao
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Nivel Cero, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Andrea C Cumino
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Nivel Cero, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Nivel 2, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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19
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Yang Y, Blee AM, Wang D, An J, Pan Y, Yan Y, Ma T, He Y, Dugdale J, Hou X, Zhang J, Weroha SJ, Zhu WG, Wang YA, DePinho RA, Xu W, Huang H. Loss of FOXO1 Cooperates with TMPRSS2-ERG Overexpression to Promote Prostate Tumorigenesis and Cell Invasion. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6524-6537. [PMID: 28986382 PMCID: PMC5712249 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
E26 transformation-specific transcription factor ERG is aberrantly overexpressed in approximately 50% of all human prostate cancer due to TMPRSS2-ERG gene rearrangements. However, mice with prostate-specific transgenic expression of prostate cancer-associated ERG alone fail to develop prostate cancer, highlighting that ERG requires other lesions to drive prostate tumorigenesis. Forkhead box (FOXO) transcription factor FOXO1 is a tumor suppressor that is frequently inactivated in human prostate cancer. Here, we demonstrate that FOXO1, but not other FOXO proteins (FOXO3 and FOXO4), binds and inhibits the transcriptional activity of prostate cancer-associated ERG independently of FOXO1 transcriptional activity. Knockdown of endogenous FOXO1 increased invasion of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive VCaP cells, an effect completely abolished by ERG knockdown. Patient specimen analysis demonstrated that FOXO1 and ERG protein expression inversely correlated in a subset of human prostate cancer. Although human ERG transgene expression or homozygous deletion of Foxo1 alone in the mouse prostate failed to promote tumorigenesis, concomitant ERG transgene expression and Foxo1 deletion resulted in upregulation of ERG target genes, increased cell proliferation, and formation of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Overall, we provide biochemical and genetic evidence that aberrantly activated ERG cooperates with FOXO1 deficiency to promote prostate tumorigenesis and cell invasion. Our findings enhance understanding of prostate cancer etiology and suggest that the FOXO1-ERG signaling axis can be a potential target for treatment of prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6524-37. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhui Yang
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alexandra M Blee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dejie Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jian An
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yunqian Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yuqian Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yundong He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joseph Dugdale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xiaonan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - S John Weroha
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Y Alan Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wanhai Xu
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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20
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Hou T, Li Z, Zhao Y, Zhu WG. Mechanisms controlling the anti-neoplastic functions of FoxO proteins. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 50:101-114. [PMID: 29155239 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Forkhead box O (FoxO) proteins comprise a family of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that predominantly function as tumor suppressors. These proteins assume diverse roles in the cellular anti-neoplastic response, including regulation of apoptosis and autophagy, cancer metabolism, cell-cycle arrest, oxidative stress and the DNA damage response. More recently, FoxO proteins have been implicated in cancer immunity and cancer stem-cell (CSC) homeostasis. Interestingly, in some sporadic sub-populations, FoxO protein function may also be manipulated by factors such as β-catenin whereby they instead can facilitate cancer progression via maintenance of CSC properties or promoting drug resistance or metastasis and invasion. This review highlights the essential biological functions of FoxOs and explores the areas that may be exploited in FoxO protein signaling pathways in the development of novel cancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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21
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Fan L, Zhu Q, Liu L, Zhu C, Huang H, Lu S, Liu P. CXCL13 is androgen-responsive and involved in androgen induced prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53244-53261. [PMID: 28881808 PMCID: PMC5581107 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a key transcription factor playing a critical role in prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression. However, the molecular mechanisms of AR action in prostate cancer are not very clear. CXCL13, known as B cell attracting chemokine1 (BCA-1), is a member of CXC chemokine family and relevant to cancer metastasis. This study shows that CXCL13 is an androgen-responsive gene and involved in AR-induced PCa cell migration and invasion. In clinical specimens, expression of CXCL13 in PCa tissues is markedly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues. In cultures, expression of CXCL13 is up-regulated by androgen-AR axis at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, Chip-Seq assay identifies canonical androgen responsive elements (ARE) at CXCL13 enhancer and dual-luciferase reporter assays reveals that the ARE is highly responsive to androgen while mutations of the ARE abolish the reporter activity. Additional chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays also identify that the ARE presents androgen responsiveness. In addition, CXCL13 promotes G2/M phase transition by increasing Cyclin B1 levels in PCa cells. Functional studies demonstrate that reducing endogenous CXCL13 expression in LNCaP cells largely weakens androgen-AR axis induced cell migration and invasion. Taken together, our study implicates for the first time that CXCL13 is an AR target gene and involved in AR-mediated cell migration and invasion in primary PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Fan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology, Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingyi Zhu
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuicui Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology, Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology, Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology, Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Pan CW, Jin X, Zhao Y, Pan Y, Yang J, Karnes RJ, Zhang J, Wang L, Huang H. AKT-phosphorylated FOXO1 suppresses ERK activation and chemoresistance by disrupting IQGAP1-MAPK interaction. EMBO J 2017; 36:995-1010. [PMID: 28279977 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear FOXO proteins act as tumor suppressors by transcriptionally activating genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and these anticancer functions are inhibited by AKT-induced phosphorylation and cytoplasmic sequestration of FOXOs. We found that, after AKT-mediated phosphorylation at serine 319, FOXO1 binds to IQGAP1, a hub for activation of the MAPK pathway, and impedes IQGAP1-dependent phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (pERK1/2). Conversely, decreased FOXO1 expression increases pERK1/2 in cancer cell lines and correlates with increased pERK1/2 levels in patient specimens and disease progression. Treatment of cancer cells with PI3K inhibitors or taxane causes FOXO1 localization in the nucleus, increased expression of pERK1/2, and drug resistance. These effects are reversed by administering a small FOXO1-derived phospho-mimicking peptide inhibitor in vitro and in mice. Our results show a tumor suppressor role of AKT-phosphorylated FOXO1 in the cytoplasm and suggest that this function of FOXO1 can be harnessed to overcome chemoresistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wu Pan
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yunqian Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Liguo Wang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA .,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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23
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Leung JK, Sadar MD. Non-Genomic Actions of the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:2. [PMID: 28144231 PMCID: PMC5239799 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a validated drug target for prostate cancer based on its role in proliferation, survival, and metastases of prostate cancer cells. Unfortunately, despite recent improvements to androgen deprivation therapy and the advent of better antiandrogens with a superior affinity for the AR ligand-binding domain (LBD), most patients with recurrent disease will eventually develop lethal metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Expression of constitutively active AR splice variants that lack the LBD contribute toward therapeutic resistance by bypassing androgen blockade and antiandrogens. In the canonical pathway, binding of androgen to AR LBD triggers the release of AR from molecular chaperones which enable conformational changes and protein-protein interactions to facilitate its nuclear translocation where it regulates the expression of target genes. However, preceding AR function in the nucleus, initial binding of androgen to AR LBD in the cytoplasm may already initiate signal transduction pathways to modulate cellular proliferation and migration. In this article, we review the significance of signal transduction pathways activated by rapid, non-genomic signaling of the AR during the progression to metastatic CRPC and put into perspective the implications for current and novel therapies that target different domains of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky K. Leung
- Department of Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marianne D. Sadar
- Department of Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Marianne D. Sadar,
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Zou J, Hong L, Luo C, Li Z, Zhu Y, Huang T, Zhang Y, Yuan H, Hu Y, Wen T, Zhuang W, Cai B, Zhang X, Huang J, Cheng J. Metformin inhibits estrogen-dependent endometrial cancer cell growth by activating the AMPK-FOXO1 signal pathway. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1806-1817. [PMID: 27636742 PMCID: PMC5198961 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is an oral biguanide commonly used for treating type II diabetes and has recently been reported to possess antiproliferative properties that can be exploited for the prevention and treatment of a variety of cancers. The mechanisms underlying this effect have not been fully elucidated. Our study shows a marked loss of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and nuclear human Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) protein in estrogen-dependent endometrial cancer (EC) tumors compared to normal control endometrium. Metformin treatment suppressed EC cell growth in a time-dependent manner in vitro; this effect was cancelled by cotreatment with an AMPK inhibitor, compound C. Metformin decreased FOXO1 phosphorylation and increased FOXO1 nuclear localization in Ishikawa and HEC-1B cells, with non-significant increase in FOXO1 mRNA expression. Moreover, compound C blocked the metformin-induced changes of FOXO1 and its phosphorylation protein, suggesting that metformin upregulated FOXO1 activity by AMPK activation. Similar results were obtained after treatment with insulin. In addition, transfection with siRNA for FOXO1 cancelled metformin-inhibited cell growth, indicating that FOXO1 mediated metformin to inhibit EC cell proliferation. A xenograft mouse model further revealed that metformin suppressed HEC-1B tumor growth, accompanied by downregulated ki-67 and upregulated AMPK phosphorylation and nuclear FOXO1 protein. Taken together, these data provide a novel mechanism of antineoplastic effect for metformin through the regulation of FOXO1, and suggest that the AMPK-FOXO1 pathway may be a therapeutic target to the development of new antineoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Zou
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Liangli Hong
- Departments of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Chaohuan Luo
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Zhi Li
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yuzhang Zhu
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Tianliang Huang
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yongneng Zhang
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Huier Yuan
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yaqiu Hu
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Tengfei Wen
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Wanling Zhuang
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Bozhi Cai
- The Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- The Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Jiexiong Huang
- Departments of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Jidong Cheng
- Departments of Internal MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
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25
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Cao S, Zhan Y, Dong Y. Emerging data on androgen receptor splice variants in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T199-T210. [PMID: 27702752 PMCID: PMC5107136 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor splice variants are alternatively spliced variants of androgen receptor, which are C-terminally truncated and lack the canonical ligand-binding domain. Accumulating evidence has indicated a significant role of androgen receptor splice variants in mediating resistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer to current therapies and in predicting therapeutic responses. As such, there is an urgent need to target androgen receptor splicing variants for more effective treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Identification of precise and critical targeting points to deactivate androgen receptor splicing variants relies on a deep understanding of how they are generated and the mechanisms of their action. In this review, we will focus on the emerging data on their generation, clinical significance and mechanisms of action as well as the therapeutic influence of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subing Cao
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yang Zhan
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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26
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Diving Into Cabazitaxel's Mode of Action: More Than a Taxane for the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Patients. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2016; 14:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Dou C, Li N, Ding N, Liu C, Yang X, Kang F, Cao Z, Quan H, Hou T, Xu J, Dong S. HDAC2 regulates FoxO1 during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C780-7. [PMID: 26962001 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00351.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The bone-resorbing osteoclast (OC) is essential for bone homeostasis, yet deregulation of OCs contributes to diseases such as osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Here we show that histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is a key positive regulator during receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) showed increased HDAC2 expression during osteoclastogenesis. HDAC2 overexpression enhanced, whereas HDAC2 deletion suppressed osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption using lentivirus infection. Mechanistically, upon RANKL activation, HDAC2 activated Akt; Akt directly phosphorylates and abrogates Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), which is a negative regulator during osteoclastogenesis through reducing reactive oxygen species. HDAC2 deletion in BMMs resulted in decreased Akt activation and increased FoxO1 activity during osteoclastogenesis. In conclusion, HDAC2 activates Akt thus suppresses FoxO1 transcription results in enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Our data imply the potential value of HDAC2 as a new target in regulating osteoclast differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Dou
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Xiaochao Yang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Hongyu Quan
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Tianyong Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
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28
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Ziaee S, Chu GCY, Huang JM, Sieh S, Chung LWK. Prostate cancer metastasis: roles of recruitment and reprogramming, cell signal network and three-dimensional growth characteristics. Transl Androl Urol 2016; 4:438-54. [PMID: 26816842 PMCID: PMC4708593 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.04.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) metastasizes to bone and soft tissues, greatly decreasing quality of life, causing bone pain, skeletal complications, and mortality in PCa patients. While new treatment strategies are being developed, the molecular and cellular basis of PCa metastasis and the “cross-talk” between cancer cells and their microenvironment and crucial cell signaling pathways need to be successfully dissected for intervention. In this review, we introduce a new concept of the mechanism of PCa metastasis, the recruitment and reprogramming of bystander and dormant cells (DCs) by a population of metastasis-initiating cells (MICs). We provide evidence that recruited and reprogrammed DCs gain MICs phenotypes and can subsequently metastasize to bone and soft tissues. We show that MICs can also recruit and reprogram circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and this could contribute to cancer cell evolution and the acquisition of therapeutic resistance. We summarize relevant molecular signaling pathways, including androgen receptors (ARs) and their variants and growth factors (GFs) and cytokines that could contribute to the predilection of PCa for homing to bone and soft tissues. To understand the etiology and the biology of PCa and the effectiveness of therapeutic targeting, we briefly summarize the animal and cell models that have been employed. We also report our experience in the use of three-dimensional (3-D) culture and co-culture models to understand cell signaling networks and the use of these attractive tools to conduct drug screening exercises against already-identified molecular targets. Further research into PCa growth and metastasis will improve our ability to target cancer metastasis more effectively and provide better rationales for personalized oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Ziaee
- 1 Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA ; 2 Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia ; 3 Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gina Chia-Yi Chu
- 1 Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA ; 2 Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia ; 3 Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jen-Ming Huang
- 1 Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA ; 2 Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia ; 3 Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shirly Sieh
- 1 Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA ; 2 Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia ; 3 Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- 1 Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA ; 2 Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia ; 3 Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Wu Y, Schoenborn JR, Morrissey C, Xia J, Larson S, Brown LG, Qu X, Lange PH, Nelson PS, Vessella RL, Fang M. High-Resolution Genomic Profiling of Disseminated Tumor Cells in Prostate Cancer. J Mol Diagn 2015; 18:131-43. [PMID: 26607774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) are of great interest because they provide a minimally invasive window for assessing aspects of cancer biology, including tumor heterogeneity, a means to discover biomarkers of disease behavior, and a way to identify and prioritize therapeutic targets in the emerging era of precision oncology. However, the rarity of circulating tumor cells and DTCs poses a substantial challenge to the consistent success in analyzing their molecular features, including genomic aberrations. Herein, we describe optimized and robust methods to reproducibly detect genomic copy number alterations in samples of 2 to 40 cells after whole-genome amplification with the use of a high-resolution single-nuclear polymorphism-array platform and refined computational algorithms. We have determined the limit of detection for heterogeneity within a sample as 50% and also demonstrated success in analyzing single cells. We validated the genes in genomic regions that are frequently amplified or deleted by real-time quantitative PCR and nCounter copy number quantification. We further applied these methods to DTCs isolated from individuals with advanced prostate cancer to confirm their highly aberrant nature. We compared copy number alterations of DTCs with matched metastatic tumors isolated from the same individual to gain biological insight. These developments provide high-resolution genomic profiling of single and rare cell populations and should be applicable to a wide-range of sample sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jamie R Schoenborn
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jing Xia
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sandy Larson
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisha G Brown
- Department of Urology, Puget Sound VA Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Xiaoyu Qu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paul H Lange
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Urology, Puget Sound VA Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Min Fang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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30
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Katsogiannou M, Ziouziou H, Karaki S, Andrieu C, Henry de Villeneuve M, Rocchi P. The hallmarks of castration-resistant prostate cancers. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:588-97. [PMID: 25981454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has become a real public health issue in industrialized countries, mainly due to patients' relapse by castration-refractory disease after androgen ablation. Castration-resistant prostate cancer is an incurable and highly aggressive terminal stage of prostate cancer, seriously jeopardizing the patient's quality of life and lifespan. The management of castration-resistant prostate cancer is complex and has opened new fields of research during the last decade leading to an improved understanding of the biology of the disease and the development of new therapies. Most advanced tumors resistant to therapy still maintain the androgen receptor-pathway, which plays a central role for survival and growth of most castration-resistant prostate cancers. Many mechanisms induce the emergence of the castration resistant phenotype through this pathway. However some non-related AR pathways like neuroendocrine cells or overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins like Hsp27 are described to be involved in CRPC progression. More recently, loss of expression of tumor suppressor gene, post-transcriptional modification using miRNA, epigenetic alterations, alternatif splicing and gene fusion became also hallmarks of castration-resistant prostate cancer. This review presents an up-to-date overview of the androgen receptor-related mechanisms as well as the latest evidence of the non-AR-related mechanisms underlying castration-resistant prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsogiannou
- Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France.
| | - Hajer Ziouziou
- Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France
| | - Sara Karaki
- Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France
| | - Claudia Andrieu
- Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France
| | - Marie Henry de Villeneuve
- Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France
| | - Palma Rocchi
- Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France.
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31
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Martin SK, Kyprianou N. Exploitation of the Androgen Receptor to Overcome Taxane Resistance in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 127:123-58. [PMID: 26093899 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a tumor addicted to androgen receptor (AR) signaling, even in its castration resistant state, and recently developed antiandrogen therapies including Abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide effectively target the androgen signaling axis, but there is ultimately recurrence to lethal disease. Development of advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a biological consequence of lack of an apoptotic response of prostate tumor cells to androgen ablation. Taxanes represent the major clinically relevant chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with metastatic CRPC; unfortunately, they do not deliver a cure but an extension of overall survival. First-generation taxane chemotherapies, Docetaxel (Taxotere), effectively target the cytoskeleton by stabilizing the interaction of β-tubulin subunits of microtubules preventing depolymerization, inducing G2M arrest and apoptosis. Shifting the current paradigm is a growing evidence to indicate that Docetaxel can effectively target the AR signaling axis by blocking its nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity in androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells, implicating a new mechanism of cross-resistance between microtubule-targeting chemotherapy and antiandrogen therapies. More recently, Cabazitaxel has emerged as a second-line taxane chemotherapy capable of conferring additional survival benefit to patients with CRPC previously treated with Docetaxel or in combination with antiandrogens. Similar to Docetaxel, Cabazitaxel induces apoptosis and G2M arrest; in contrast to Docetaxel, it sustains AR nuclear accumulation although it reduces the overall AR levels and FOXO1 expression. Cabazitaxel treatment also leads to downregulation of the microtubule-depolymerizing mitotic kinesins, MCAK, and HSET, preventing their ability to depolymerize microtubules and thus enhancing sensitivity to taxane treatment. The molecular mechanisms underlying taxane resistance involve mutational alterations in the tubulin subunits, microtubule dynamics, phenotyping programming of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition landscape, and the status of AR activity. This chapter discusses the mechanisms driving the therapeutic resistance of taxanes and antiandrogen therapies in CRPC, and the role of AR in potential interventions toward overcoming such resistance in patients with advanced metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Pathology and Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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Khong DM, Dudakov JA, Hammett MV, Jurblum MI, Khong SML, Goldberg GL, Ueno T, Spyroglou L, Young LF, van den Brink MRM, Boyd RL, Chidgey AP. Enhanced hematopoietic stem cell function mediates immune regeneration following sex steroid blockade. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:445-58. [PMID: 25733018 PMCID: PMC4375937 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying age-related defects within lymphoid-lineages remain poorly understood. We previously reported that sex steroid ablation (SSA) induced lymphoid rejuvenation and enhanced recovery from hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation (HSCT). We herein show that, mechanistically, SSA induces hematopoietic and lymphoid recovery by functionally enhancing both HSC self-renewal and propensity for lymphoid differentiation through intrinsic molecular changes. Our transcriptome analysis revealed further hematopoietic support through rejuvenation of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, with upregulation of key hematopoietic factors and master regulatory factors associated with aging such as Foxo1. These studies provide important cellular and molecular insights into understanding how SSA-induced regeneration of the hematopoietic compartment can underpin recovery of the immune system following damaging cytoablative treatments. These findings support a short-term strategy for clinical use of SSA to enhance the production of lymphoid cells and HSC engraftment, leading to improved outcomes in adult patients undergoing HSCT and immune depletion in general. Sex steroid ablation (SSA) increases number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) SSA enhances reconstitution potential and self-renewal of HSCs SSA reverses the age-associated decline in Foxo1 expression by hematopoietic niche There is an increase in niche expression of hematopoiesis-associated factors after SSA
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika M Khong
- Stem Cells and Immune Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jarrod A Dudakov
- Stem Cells and Immune Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Maree V Hammett
- Stem Cells and Immune Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Marc I Jurblum
- Stem Cells and Immune Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sacha M L Khong
- Stem Cells and Immune Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gabrielle L Goldberg
- Stem Cells and Immune Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tomoo Ueno
- Stem Cells and Immune Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Lisa Spyroglou
- Stem Cells and Immune Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Lauren F Young
- Stem Cells and Immune Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Richard L Boyd
- Stem Cells and Immune Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ann P Chidgey
- Stem Cells and Immune Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Noda T, Kikugawa T, Tanji N, Miura N, Asai S, Higashiyama S, Yokoyama M. Long‑term exposure to leptin enhances the growth of prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1535-42. [PMID: 25625287 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity correlates with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer (PCa) and leptin plays an important role in PCa progression. Since leptin is produced by adipocytes, the serum leptin level is higher in obese than in non-obese individuals. However, the effects of leptin remain controversial and unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of leptin on PCa cell aggressiveness. Three human PCa cell lines (LNCaP, DU145 and PC-3) were treated with recombinant leptin for 28 days. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were estimated using the WST assay, a wound-healing assay, and a BD Matrigel invasion assay, respectively. The mechanism underlying the proliferative effect of leptin was investigated by cell transfections with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the leptin receptor (ObR) or forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), and by immunocytochemistry. Long-term exposure of PCa cells to leptin enhanced their proliferation, migration and invasion. Leptin increased ObR expression and enhanced Akt phosphorylation constitutively. Leptin also increased the phosphorylation of FOXO1 via PI3K signaling and FOXO1 gene silencing enhanced PCa cell proliferation. Leptin induced the translocation of FOXO1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002 suppressed this translocation. These results suggested that leptin regulated the subcellular localization of FOXO1 and induced Akt phosphorylation. Additionally, we revealed that leptin increased the expression of cyclin D1 and decreased the expression of p21 protein. In conclusion, long-term exposure to leptin increased the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of PCa cells through inactivation of FOXO1. This inactivation resulted from exclusion of FOXO1 from the nucleus and its restriction to the cytoplasm through PI3K/Akt signaling. Our findings contribute to an understanding of the association between obesity and PCa aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terutaka Noda
- Department of Urology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791‑0295, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Kikugawa
- Department of Urology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791‑0295, Japan
| | - Nozomu Tanji
- Department of Urology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791‑0295, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Miura
- Department of Urology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791‑0295, Japan
| | - Seiji Asai
- Department of Urology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791‑0295, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791‑0295, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Urology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791‑0295, Japan
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34
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Galazi M, Rodriguez-Vida A, Ng T, Mason M, Chowdhury S. Precision medicine for prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:1305-15. [PMID: 25354871 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.972948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer remains a lethal disease despite considerable progress in systemic therapy over the past decade. The recent advances in genomic sequencing have improved the molecular classification of prostate cancer. The translation of genomic data into clinically relevant prognostic and predictive biomarkers to guide therapy is still in its infancy and therapies for castration-resistant prostate cancer are still used empirically. We discuss these genomic aberrations in more detail, focusing on androgen receptor signaling, ETS transcription factor gene rearrangements and PTEN loss. The incorporation of this genomic data within early phase clinical trials is evolving and may prove significant in advancing personalized care in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myria Galazi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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Takayama KI, Suzuki T, Fujimura T, Urano T, Takahashi S, Homma Y, Inoue S. CtBP2 Modulates the Androgen Receptor to Promote Prostate Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6542-53. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Zhao Y, Tindall DJ, Huang H. Modulation of androgen receptor by FOXA1 and FOXO1 factors in prostate cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:614-9. [PMID: 24948874 PMCID: PMC4062954 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) are essential for growth and differentiation of the normal prostate gland as well as proliferation and survival of prostate cancer (PCa). Increasing evidence suggests that reactivation of the AR plays a pivotal role in disease progression to castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Forkhead box (FOX) factors exert two distinct effects on AR function in PCa. The A-class of FOX proteins, especially FOXA1, functions as a pioneer factor to facilitate AR transactivation and PCa growth. In contrast, the O-class of FOX proteins such as FOXO1 and FOXO3, which are downstream effectors of the PTEN tumor suppressor, inhibit the transcriptional activity of either full-length AR or constitutively active splice variants of AR in a direct or indirect manner in PCa. FOXO1 also contributes to taxane-mediated inhibition of the AR and CRPC growth. Therefore, FOX family members not only have a tight relationship with AR, but also represent a pivotal group of proteins to be targeted for PCa therapy. The present review focuses primarily on recent advances in the epigenetic, mechanistic and clinical relevant aspects of regulation of the AR by FOXA1 and FOXO1 factors in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Donald J Tindall
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; ; 2. Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; ; 3. Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haojie Huang
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; ; 2. Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; ; 3. Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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37
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Destruction of full-length androgen receptor by wild-type SPOP, but not prostate-cancer-associated mutants. Cell Rep 2014; 6:657-69. [PMID: 24508459 PMCID: PMC4361392 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SPOP E3 ubiquitin ligase gene is frequently mutated in human prostate cancers. Here, we demonstrate that SPOP recognizes a Ser/Thr-rich degron in the hinge domain of androgen receptor (AR) and induces degradation of full-length AR and inhibition of AR-mediated gene transcription and prostate cancer cell growth. AR splicing variants, most of which lack the hinge domain, escape SPOP-mediated degradation. Prostate-cancer-associated mutants of SPOP cannot bind to and promote AR destruction. Furthermore, androgens antagonize SPOP-mediated degradation of AR, whereas antiandrogens promote this process. This study identifies AR as a bona fide substrate of SPOP and elucidates a role of SPOP mutations in prostate cancer, thus implying the importance of this pathway in resistance to antiandrogen therapy of prostate cancer.
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38
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Chan SC, Dehm SM. Constitutive activity of the androgen receptor. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 70:327-66. [PMID: 24931201 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417197-8.00011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States. The androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis is central to all stages of PCa pathophysiology and serves as the main target for endocrine-based therapy. The most advanced stage of the disease, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), is presently incurable and accounts for most PCa mortality. In this chapter, we highlight the mechanisms by which the AR signaling axis can bypass endocrine-targeted therapies and drive progression of CRPC. These mechanisms include alterations in growth factor, cytokine, and inflammatory signaling pathways, altered expression or activity of transcriptional coregulators, AR point mutations, and AR gene amplification leading to AR protein overexpression. Additionally, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying the synthesis of constitutively active AR splice variants (AR-Vs) lacking the COOH-terminal ligand-binding domain, as well as the role and regulation of AR-Vs in supporting therapeutic resistance in CRPC. Finally, we summarize the ongoing development of inhibitors targeting discrete AR functional domains as well as the status of new biomarkers for monitoring the AR signaling axis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Chiu Chan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Haflidadóttir BS, Larne O, Martin M, Persson M, Edsjö A, Bjartell A, Ceder Y. Upregulation of miR-96 enhances cellular proliferation of prostate cancer cells through FOXO1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72400. [PMID: 23951320 PMCID: PMC3741168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of miR-96 in prostate cancer has previously been reported. However, the role and mechanism of action of miR-96 in prostate cancer has not been determined. In this study, the diagnostic and prognostic properties of miR-96 expression levels were investigated by qRT-PCR in two well documented prostate cancer cohorts. The miR-96 expression was found to be significantly higher in prostate cancer patients and correlate with WHO grade, and decreased overall survival time; patients with low levels of miR-96 lived 1.5 years longer than patients with high miR-96 levels. The therapeutic potential was further investigated in vitro, showing that ectopic levels of miR-96 enhances growth and cellular proliferation in prostate cancer cells, implying that miR-96 has oncogenic properties in this setting. We demonstrate that miR-96 expression decreases the transcript and protein levels of FOXO1 by binding to one of two predicted binding sites in the FOXO1 3'UTR sequence. Blocking this binding site completely inhibited the growth enhancement conveyed by miR-96. This finding was corroborated in a large external prostate cancer patient cohort where miR-96 expression inversely correlated to FOXO1 expression. Taken together these findings indicate that miR-96 plays a key role in prostate cancer cellular proliferation and can enhance prostate cancer progression. This knowledge might be utilized for the development of novel therapeutic tools for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Larne
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Myriam Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margareta Persson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Edsjö
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Ceder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Bohrer LR, Liu P, Zhong J, Pan Y, Angstman J, Brand LJ, Dehm SM, Huang H. FOXO1 binds to the TAU5 motif and inhibits constitutively active androgen receptor splice variants. Prostate 2013; 73:1017-27. [PMID: 23389878 PMCID: PMC3915545 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant activation of the androgen receptor (AR) is a major factor highly relevant to castration-resistant progression of prostate cancer (PCa). FOXO1, a key downstream effector of PTEN, inhibits androgen-independent activation of the AR. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. METHODS The inhibitory effect of FOXO1 on full-length and constitutively active splice variants of the AR was examined by luciferase reporter assays and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In vitro protein binding assays and western blot analyses were used to determine the regions in FOXO1 and AR responsible for their interaction. RESULTS We found that a putative transcription repression domain in the NH2-terminus of FOXO1 is dispensable for FOXO1 inhibition of the AR. In vitro protein binding assays showed that FOXO1 binds to the transcription activation unit 5 (TAU5) motif in the AR NH2-terminal domain (NTD), a region required for recruitment of p160 activators including SRC-1. Ectopic expression of SRC-1 augmented transcriptional activity of some, but not all AR splice variants examined. Forced expression of FOXO1 blocked the effect of SRC-1 on AR variants' transcriptional activity by decreasing the binding of SRC-1 to the AR NTD. Ectopic expression of FOXO1 inhibited expression of endogenous genes activated primarily by alternatively spliced AR variants in human castration-resistant PCa 22Rv1 cells. CONCLUSIONS FOXO1 binds to the TAU5 motif in the AR NTD and inhibits ligand-independent activation of AR splice variants, suggesting the PTEN/FOXO1 pathway as a potential therapeutic target for inhibition of aberrant AR activation and castration-resistant PCa growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Bohrer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ping Liu
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yunqian Pan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - James Angstman
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lucas J. Brand
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Graduate Programin Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Universityof Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Scott M. Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Correspondence to: Scott M. Dehm and Haojie Huang, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455. ;
| | - Haojie Huang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
- Correspondence to: Scott M. Dehm and Haojie Huang, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455. ;
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Schoenborn JR, Nelson P, Fang M. Genomic profiling defines subtypes of prostate cancer with the potential for therapeutic stratification. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4058-66. [PMID: 23704282 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable variation in prostate cancer clinical behavior represents an opportunity to identify and understand molecular features that can be used to stratify patients into clinical subgroups for more precise outcome prediction and treatment selection. Significant progress has been made in recent years in establishing the composition of genomic and epigenetic alterations in localized and advanced prostate cancers using array-based technologies and next-generation sequencing approaches. The results of these efforts shed new light on our understanding of this disease and point to subclasses of prostate cancer that exhibit distinct vulnerabilities to therapeutics. The goal of this review is to categorize the genomic data and, where available, corresponding expression, functional, or related therapeutic information, from recent large-scale and in-depth studies that show a new appreciation for the molecular complexity of this disease. We focus on how these results inform our growing understanding of the mechanisms that promote genetic instability, as well as routes by which specific genes and biologic pathways may serve as biomarkers or potential targets for new therapies. We summarize data that indicate the presence of genetic subgroups of prostate cancers and show the high level of intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity, as well as updated information on disseminated and circulating tumor cells. The integrated analysis of all types of genetic alterations that culminate in altering critical biologic pathways may serve as the impetus for developing new therapeutics, repurposing agents used currently for treating other malignancies, and stratifying early and advanced prostate cancers for appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Schoenborn
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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42
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Lu W, Xie Y, Ma Y, Matusik RJ, Chen Z. ARF represses androgen receptor transactivation in prostate cancer. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:635-48. [PMID: 23449888 PMCID: PMC3607697 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is essential for prostate cancer (PCa) development in humans. The initiation of prostate malignancy and progression to a castration-resistant stage are largely contributed by the modulation of AR activity through its coregulatory proteins. We and others previously reported that p14 alternative reading frame (ARF) expression is positively correlated with the disease progression and severity of PCa. Here, we provide evidence that p14ARF physically interacts with AR and functions as an AR corespressor in both an androgen-dependent and androgen-independent manner. Endogenous ARF (p14ARF in human and p19ARF in mouse) and AR colocalize in both human PCa cells in vitro and PCa tissues of mouse and human in vivo. Overexpression of p14ARF in PCa cells significantly attenuates the activities of androgen response region (ARR2)-probasin and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoters. The forced expression of p14ARF in cells resulted in a suppression of PSA and NK transcription factor locus 1 (NKX3.1) expression. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous p14ARF in human PCa cells with short hairpin RNA enhanced AR transactivation activities in a dose-dependent and p53-independent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrated that p14ARF binds to both the N-terminal domain and the ligand-binding domain of AR, and the human double minute 2 (HDM2)-binding motif of p14ARF is required for the interaction of p14ARF and AR proteins. p14ARF perturbs the androgen-induced interaction between the N terminus and C terminus of AR. Most importantly, we observed that the expression of PSA is reversely correlated with p14ARF in human prostate tissues. Taken together, our results reveal a novel function of ARF in modulation of AR transactivation in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr D. B. Todd Jr Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
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Mediwala SN, Sun H, Szafran AT, Hartig SM, Sonpavde G, Hayes TG, Thiagarajan P, Mancini MA, Marcelli M. The activity of the androgen receptor variant AR-V7 is regulated by FOXO1 in a PTEN-PI3K-AKT-dependent way. Prostate 2013; 73:267-77. [PMID: 22821817 PMCID: PMC3961010 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) AR-V7 splice isoform is a constitutively active outlaw transcription factor. Transition of prostate cancer (PC) to the castration-resistant phenotype correlates with AR-V7 accumulation, suggesting that PC progression in patients refractory to conventional therapy is due to the activity of this AR isoform. The mechanism of AR-V7 constitutive activation is not known. METHODS We analyzed potential signaling pathways associated with AR-V7 constitutive activation in PTEN (-) PC-3 and LNCaP cells. We used transient and stable transfection, reporter gene assay, RNAi technology together with a number of kinase inhibitors to determine if AR-V7 activation is linked to a kinase-dependent signaling pathway. RESULTS In these cell lines, AR-V7 transcriptional activity was inhibited by LY294002, Wortmanin, and AKT inhibitor II. Analysis of the contributing mechanisms demonstrated the involvement of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT-FOXO1 signaling pathway, and a significant reduction of AR-V7 constitutive activity under conditions of PTEN reactivation. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies a pathway regulating AR-V7 constitutive activity and potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of castration-resistant PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay N. Mediwala
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
| | - Huiying Sun
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
| | - Adam T. Szafran
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
| | - Sean M. Hartig
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
| | - Guru Sonpavde
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
| | - Teresa G. Hayes
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
| | - Perumal Thiagarajan
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
| | - Michael A. Mancini
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
| | - Marco Marcelli
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030 (USA)
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Wu Z, Sun H, Zeng W, He J, Mao X. Upregulation of MircoRNA-370 induces proliferation in human prostate cancer cells by downregulating the transcription factor FOXO1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45825. [PMID: 23029264 PMCID: PMC3445500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), a key member of the FOXO family of transcription factors, acts as a tumor suppressor and has been associated with various key cellular functions, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Therefore, it is puzzling why FOXO protein expression is downregulated in cancer cells. MicroRNAs, non-coding 20∼22 nucleotide single-stranded RNAs, result in translational repression or degradation and gene silencing of their target genes, and significantly contribute to the regulation of gene expression. In the current study, we report that miR-370 expression was significantly upregulated in five prostate cancer cell lines, compared to normal prostatic epithelial (PrEC) cells. Ectopic expression of miR-370 induced proliferation and increased the anchorage-independent growth and colony formation ability of DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells, while inhibition of miR-370 reduced proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and colony formation ability. Furthermore, upregulation of miR-370 promoted the entry of DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells into the G1/S cell cycle transition, which was associated with downregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, p27Kip1 and p21Cip1, and upregulation of the cell-cycle regulator cyclin D1 mRNA. Additionally, we demonstrated that miR-370 can downregulate expression of FOXO1 by directly targeting the FOXO1 3′-untranslated region. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-370 plays an important role in the proliferation of human prostate cancer cells, by directly suppressing the tumor suppressor FOXO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Wu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huabin Sun
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Weixia Zeng
- Laura Biotech Co, Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Jincan He
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiangming Mao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Deng X, Zhang W, O-Sullivan I, Williams JB, Dong Q, Park EA, Raghow R, Unterman TG, Elam MB. FoxO1 inhibits sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) gene expression via transcription factors Sp1 and SREBP-1c. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20132-43. [PMID: 22511764 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.347211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of lipogenesis in response to insulin is critically dependent on the transcription factor, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c). FoxO1, a forkhead box class-O transcription factor, is an important mediator of insulin action, but its role in the regulation of lipid metabolism has not been clearly defined. We examined the effects of FoxO1 on srebp1 gene expression in vivo and in vitro. In vivo studies showed that constitutively active (CA) FoxO1 (CA-FoxO1) reduced basal expression of SREBP-1c mRNA in liver by ∼60% and blunted induction of SREBP-1c in response to feeding. In liver-specific FoxO knock-out mice, SREBP-1c expression was increased ∼2-fold. Similarly, in primary hepatocytes, CA-FoxO1 suppressed SREBP1-c expression and inhibited basal and insulin-induced SREBP-1c promoter activity. SREBP-1c gene expression is induced by the liver X receptor (LXR), but CA-FoxO1 did not block the activation of SREBP-1c by the LXR agonist TO9. Insulin stimulates SREBP-1c transcription through Sp1 and via "feed forward" regulation by newly synthesized SREBP-1c. CA-FoxO1 inhibited SREBP-1c by reducing the transactivational capacity of both Sp1 and SREBP-1c. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicate that FoxO1 can associate with the proximal promoter region of the srebp1 gene and disrupt the assembly of key components of the transcriptional complex of the SREBP-1c promoter. We conclude that FoxO1 inhibits SREBP-1c transcription via combined actions on multiple transcription factors and that this effect is exerted at least in part through reduced transcriptional activity of Sp1 and SREBP-1c and disrupted assembly of the transcriptional initiation complex on the SREBP-1c promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Deng
- Department of Medicine, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, USA
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46
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Mao W, You T, Ye B, Li X, Dong HH, Hill JA, Li F, Xu H. Reactive oxygen species suppress cardiac NaV1.5 expression through Foxo1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32738. [PMID: 22400069 PMCID: PMC3293505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Na(V)1.5 is a cardiac voltage-gated Na(+) channel αsubunit and is encoded by the SCN5a gene. The activity of this channel determines cardiac depolarization and electrical conduction. Channel defects, including mutations and decrease of channel protein levels, have been linked to the development of cardiac arrhythmias. The molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of Na(V)1.5 expression are largely unknown. Forkhead box O (Foxo) proteins are transcriptional factors that bind the consensus DNA sequences in their target gene promoters and regulate the expression of these genes. Comparative analysis revealed conserved DNA sequences, 5'-CAAAACA-3' (insulin responsive element, IRE), in rat, mouse and human SCN5a promoters with the latter two containing two overlapping Foxo protein binding IREs, 5'-CAAAACAAAACA-3'. This finding led us to hypothesize that Foxo1 regulates Na(V)1.5 expression by directly binding the SCN5a promoter and affecting its transcriptional activity. In the present study, we determined whether Foxo1 regulates Na(V)1.5 expression at the transcriptional level and also defined the role of Foxo1 in hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-mediated Na(V)1.5 suppression in HL-1 cardiomyocytes using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), constitutively nuclear Foxo1 expression, and RNAi Foxo1 knockdown as well as whole cell voltage-clamp recordings. ChIP with anti-Foxo1 antibody and follow-up semi-quantitative PCR with primers flanking Foxo1 binding sites in the proximal SCN5a promoter region clearly demonstrated enrichment of DNA, confirming Foxo1 recruitment to this consensus sequence. Foxo1 mutant (T24A/S319A-GFP, Foxo1-AA-GFP) was retained in nuclei, leading to a decrease of Na(V)1.5 expression and Na(+) current, while silencing of Foxo1 expression by RNAi resulted in the augmentation of Na(V)1.5 expression. H(2)O(2) significantly reduced Na(V)1.5 expression by promoting Foxo1 nuclear localization and this reduction was prevented by RNAi silencing Foxo1 expression. These studies indicate that Foxo1 negatively regulates Na(V)1.5 expression in cardiomyocytes and reactive oxygen species suppress Na(V)1.5 expression through Foxo1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Mao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Tao You
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Henry H. Dong
- Division of Immunogenetics, Rangoes Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Hill
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Faqian Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Haodong Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylation of FOXO1 and prostate cancer cell growth by a peptide derived from FOXO1. Neoplasia 2012; 13:854-63. [PMID: 21969818 DOI: 10.1593/neo.11594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that FOXO1 possesses a tumor suppressor function. Inactivation of FOXO1 has been documented in many types of human cancer, and restoring the activity of FOXO1 holds promise for cancer treatment. In this study, we identified a FOXO1-derived peptide termed FO1-6nls that inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases 1 and 2 (CDK1/2)-mediated phosphorylation of FOXO1 at the serine 249 residue in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of FO1-6nls in prostate cancer (PCa) cells not only blocked CDK1-induced cytoplasmic localization of FOXO1 but also augmented FOXO1's transcriptional activity. This effect of FO1-6nls requires its binding to CDK1 and CDK2. Moreover, the ectopic expression of FO1-6nls inhibited the growth of PTEN-positive DU145 PCa cells. Importantly, the growth-inhibitory function of FO1-6nls is dependent on FOXO1. Finally, the ectopic expression of FO1-6nls overcame CDK1-mediated inhibition of FOXO1-induced apoptosis of PCa cells. These results indicate that the FOXO1-derived peptide FO1-6nls can restore FOXO1's tumor suppressor function by specifically opposing CDK1/2-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of FOXO1 and hence may have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of PCa.
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48
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Zhang H, Pan Y, Zheng L, Choe C, Lindgren B, Jensen ED, Westendorf JJ, Cheng L, Huang H. FOXO1 inhibits Runx2 transcriptional activity and prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Cancer Res 2011; 71:3257-67. [PMID: 21505104 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer patients with regional lymph node involvement at radical prostatectomy often experience disease progression to other organs, with the bone as the predominant site. The transcription factor Runx2 plays an important role in bone formation and prostate cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Here we showed that the forkhead box O (FOXO1) protein, a key downstream effector of the tumor suppressor PTEN, inhibits the transcriptional activity of Runx2 in prostate cancer cells. This inhibition was enhanced by PTEN but diminished by active Akt. FOXO1 bound to Runx2 in vitro and in vivo and suppressed Runx2's activity independent of its transcriptional function. FOXO1 inhibited Runx2-promoted migration of prostate cancer cells, whereas silencing of endogenous FOXO1 enhanced prostate cancer cell migration in a Runx2-dependent manner. Forced expression of FOXO1 also inhibited Runx2-promoted prostate cancer cell invasion. Finally, we found that expression of PTEN and the level of FOXO1 in the nucleus is inversely correlated with expression of Runx2 in a cohort of prostate cancer specimens from patients with lymph node and bone metastasis. These data reveal FOXO1 as a critical negative regulator of Runx2 in prostate cancer cells. Inactivation of FOXO1 due to frequent loss of PTEN in prostate cancer cells may leave the oncogenic activities of Runx2 unchecked, thereby driving promiscuous expression of Runx2 target genes involved in cell migration and invasion and favoring prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
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Lamont KR, Tindall DJ. Minireview: Alternative activation pathways for the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:897-907. [PMID: 21436259 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced prostate tumors, which are androgen dependent, are often initially treated in the clinic with hormone ablation therapy, either through surgical castration or administration of small-molecule antiandrogens. Most tumors respond favorably to these treatments, exhibiting regression of the tumor, amelioration of symptoms, and a decrease of prostate-specific antigen in patient sera. However, with time, the majority of tumors recur in a more aggressive, castration-resistant (CR) phenotype. Currently, no effective treatment exists for this stage of the cancer, and patients ultimately succumb to metastatic disease. The androgen receptor (AR), which is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of proteins, is the transcription factor that is responsible for mediating the effects of androgens upon target tissues, and it has been demonstrated to play a central role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Despite CR tumor cells being able to continue to grow after hormonal therapy in which testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are markedly reduced, they still require the expression and activity of the AR. The AR can become transactivated in this low-androgen environment through a number of different mechanisms, including amplification and mutation of the receptor, cross talk with other signaling pathways, and altered regulation by coregulatory proteins. This review will summarize the most current data regarding non-ligand-mediated activation of the AR in prostate cancer cells. Developing work in this field aims to more clearly elucidate the signals that drive AR activity independently of androgens in CR disease so that better therapeutic targets can be developed for patients with this stage of highly aggressive prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Lamont
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55901, USA
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Bohrer LR, Chen S, Hallstrom TC, Huang H. Androgens suppress EZH2 expression via retinoblastoma (RB) and p130-dependent pathways: a potential mechanism of androgen-refractory progression of prostate cancer. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5136-45. [PMID: 20881251 PMCID: PMC2954725 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgens and the androgen receptor are important for both normal prostate development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The Polycomb protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) functions as an epigenetic gene silencer and plays a role in oncogenesis by promoting cell proliferation and invasion. EZH2 has been implicated in human PCa progression, because its expression is often elevated in hormone-refractory PCa. Here, we demonstrated that expression of EZH2 is lower in androgen-sensitive LNCaP PCa cells compared with Rf and C4-2 cells, two androgen-refractory sublines that are derived from LNCaP cells. Androgen ablation by castration increased the level of EZH2 proteins in LNCaP xenografts in mice. In contrast, treatment of LNCaP cells in culture with the synthetic androgen methyltrieolone (R1881) at doses of 1 nm or higher suppressed EZH2 expression. Moreover, our data suggest that androgen repression of EZH2 requires a functional androgen receptor and this effect is mediated through the retinoblastoma protein and its related protein p130. We further showed that androgen treatment not only increases expression of EZH2 target genes DAB2IP and E-cadherin but also affects LNCaP cell migration. Our results reveal that androgens function as an epigenetic regulator in prostatic cells by repression of EZH2 expression through the retinoblastoma protein and p130-dependent pathways. Our findings also suggest that blockade of EZH2 derepression during androgen deprivation therapy may represent an effective tactic for the treatment of androgen-refractory PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Bohrer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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