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Wiggins KA, Pyrillou K, Humphry M, Butterworth AS, Clarke MC. The common IL1A single nucleotide polymorphism rs17561 is a hypomorphic mutation that significantly reduces interleukin-1α release from human blood cells. Immunology 2023; 168:459-472. [PMID: 36175368 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) is a powerful cytokine that drives inflammation and modulates adaptive immunity. Due to these powerful effects, IL-1α is controlled at multiple levels from transcription to cleavage and release from the cell. Genome-wide association studies can identify loci that drive important diseases, although often the functional effect of the variant on phenotype remains unknown or small, with most risk variants in non-coding regions. We find that the common variant rs17561 changes a conserved amino acid in the central region of IL-1α linking the pro piece to the cytokine domain. Using a recall-by-genotype study and whole blood stimulation, we find that minor allele homozygotes release ~50% less IL-1α than the major allele, with IL-1β release equivalent. IL-1α transcript level was identical between groups, implying a post-transcriptional effect, whilst cleavage of recombinant pro-IL-1α by multiple proteases was also equivalent for both forms. Importantly, transfected macrophages also release less minor allele IL-1α upon inflammasome activation, revealing that reduced secretion is directly caused by the missense amino acid substitution and more minor allele IL-1α was retained within the cell. Thus, rs17561 represents a very common hypomorphic mutation in IL-1α. We believe this novel data will be important for determining the potential contribution of IL-1α to disease and/or physiological processes, for example, by Mendelian randomisation, and may aid patient stratification when considering anti-IL-1 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A Wiggins
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, The Heart & Lung Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katerina Pyrillou
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, The Heart & Lung Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melanie Humphry
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, The Heart & Lung Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- Dept of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, The Heart & Lung Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Murray Ch Clarke
- Section of CardioRespiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, The Heart & Lung Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Canet M, Harbron R, Thierry-Chef I, Cardis E. Cancer Effects of Low to Moderate Doses of Ionizing Radiation in Young People with Cancer-Predisposing Conditions: A Systematic Review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:1871-1889. [PMID: 35861626 PMCID: PMC9530642 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate to high doses of ionizing radiation (IR) are known to increase the risk of cancer, particularly following childhood exposure. Concerns remain regarding risks from lower doses and the role of cancer-predisposing factors (CPF; genetic disorders, immunodeficiency, mutations/variants in DNA damage detection or repair genes) on radiation-induced cancer (RIC) risk. We conducted a systematic review of evidence that CPFs modify RIC risk in young people. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE for epidemiologic studies of cancer risk in humans (<25 years) with a CPF, exposed to low-moderate IR. Risk of bias was considered. Fifteen articles focusing on leukemia, lymphoma, breast, brain, and thyroid cancers were included. We found inadequate evidence that CPFs modify the risk of radiation-induced leukemia, lymphoma, brain/central nervous system, and thyroid cancers and limited evidence that BRCA mutations modify radiation-induced breast cancer risk. Heterogeneity was observed across studies regarding exposure measures, and the numbers of subjects with CPFs other than BRCA mutations were very small. Further studies with more appropriate study designs are needed to elucidate the impact of CPFs on RIC. They should focus either on populations of carriers of specific gene mutations or on common susceptible variants using polygenic risk scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelle Canet
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard Harbron
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabelle Thierry-Chef
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain.,Corresponding Author: Elisabeth Cardis, Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona - Campus MAR, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Phone: 349-3214-7312; E-mail:
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3
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Dukhinova M, Kokinos E, Kuchur P, Komissarov A, Shtro A. Macrophage-derived cytokines in pneumonia: Linking cellular immunology and genetics. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 59:46-61. [PMID: 33342718 PMCID: PMC8035975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages represent the first line of anti-pathogen defense - they encounter invading pathogens to perform the phagocytic activity, to deliver the plethora of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and to shape the tissue microenvironment. Throughout pneumonia course, alveolar macrophages and infiltrated blood monocytes produce increasing cytokine amounts, which activates the antiviral/antibacterial immunity but can also provoke the risk of the so-called cytokine “storm” and normal tissue damage. Subsequently, the question of how the cytokine spectrum is shaped and balanced in the pneumonia context remains a hot topic in medical immunology, particularly in the COVID19 pandemic era. The diversity in cytokine profiles, involved in pneumonia pathogenesis, is determined by the variations in cytokine-receptor interactions, which may lead to severe cytokine storm and functional decline of particular tissues and organs, for example, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Cytokines and their receptors form unique profiles in individual patients, depending on the (a) microenvironmental context (comorbidities and associated treatment), (b) lung monocyte heterogeneity, and (c) genetic variations. These multidisciplinary strategies can be proactively considered beforehand and during the pneumonia course and potentially allow the new age of personalized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dukhinova
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Elena Kokinos
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina Kuchur
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Komissarov
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Shtro
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Chemotherapy, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Hashemi M, Aftabi S, Moazeni-Roodi A, Sarani H, Wiechec E, Ghavami S. Association of CASP8 polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility: A meta-analysis. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173201. [PMID: 32442541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-8 plays is an essential enzyme in apoptosis pathway. Several investigation have been done to identify the relation between CASP8 polymorphisms and different human cancers, but, the findings are still debated. The aim of the current investigation is to assess if CASP8 rs3834129 (-652 6N insertion/deletion), rs1045485 G > C, rs3769818 G > A, rs6723097 A > C, rs3769821 T > C, rs13113 T > A, rs3769825 G > A, rs2293554 A > C, and rs10931936 C > T polymorphisms are linked to susceptibility of cancer. Our team has extracted the eligible studies up to July 4, 2019, from different sources. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to quantitatively evaluate the association between CASP8 polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility. Our results showed that the rs3834129 and rs1045485 polymorphisms meaningfully reduced the risk of cancer, while the rs3769818, rs3769821 and rs3769825 polymorphisms considerably increased cancer susceptibility. No association of rs6723097, rs13113, rs2293554 and rs10931936 polymorphisms was observed with cancer susceptibility. The CASP8 rs3834129 polymorphism reduced the risk of gastrointestinal, digestive tract, colorectal, breast and lung cancers. Furthermore, the cancer risk was decreased in Asian and Caucasian populations as well as population- and hospital-based studies due to this polymorphism. There was not any relation between this gene polymorphism and the risk of prostate and cervical cancer development. Regarding the CASP8 rs1045485 polymorphism, the reduced breast cancer risk along with the risk of cancer in Caucasians, population- and hospital-based studies were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemi
- Genetics of Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Aftabi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Abdolkarim Moazeni-Roodi
- Tropical and Communicable Diseases Research Centre, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Hosna Sarani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Emilia Wiechec
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology in Katowice, Katowice, Poland; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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5
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Seibold P, Auvinen A, Averbeck D, Bourguignon M, Hartikainen JM, Hoeschen C, Laurent O, Noël G, Sabatier L, Salomaa S, Blettner M. Clinical and epidemiological observations on individual radiation sensitivity and susceptibility. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 96:324-339. [PMID: 31539290 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1665209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To summarize existing knowledge and to understand individual response to radiation exposure, the MELODI Association together with CONCERT European Joint Programme has organized a workshop in March 2018 on radiation sensitivity and susceptibility.Methods: The workshop reviewed the current evidence on this matter, to inform the MELODI Strategic Research Agenda (SRA), to determine social and scientific needs and to come up with recommendations for suitable and feasible future research initiatives to be taken for the benefit of an improved medical diagnosis and treatment as well as for radiation protection.Results: The present paper gives an overview of the current evidence in this field, including potential effect modifiers such as age, gender, genetic profile, and health status of the exposed population, based on clinical and epidemiological observations.Conclusion: The authors conclude with the following recommendations for the way forward in radiation research: (a) there is need for large (prospective) cohort studies; (b) build upon existing radiation research cohorts; (c) use data from well-defined cohorts with good exposure assessment and biological material already collected; (d) focus on study quality with standardized data collection and reporting; (e) improve statistical analysis; (f) cooperation between radiobiology and epidemiology; and (g) take consequences of radiosensitivity and radiosusceptibility into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Seibold
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dietrich Averbeck
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Michel Bourguignon
- Department of Biophysics, Université Paris Saclay (UVSQ), Versailles, France
| | - Jaana M Hartikainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Biobank of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christoph Hoeschen
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Olivier Laurent
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie des Rayonnements Ionisants, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LEPID, BP17, 92260, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Georges Noël
- Département Universitaire de Radiothérapie, Centre Paul-Strauss, Unicancer, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Laure Sabatier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Sisko Salomaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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6
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Engel CL, Sharima Rasanayagam M, Gray JM, Rizzo J. Work and Female Breast Cancer: The State of the Evidence, 2002-2017. New Solut 2019; 28:55-78. [PMID: 29658425 DOI: 10.1177/1048291118758460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The authors undertook a scoping review to assess the literature from 2002 to 2017 on the relationship between occupation and female breast cancer. Case-control, cohort, and meta-analytic studies suggest that women working as flight attendants, in medical professions, some production positions, sales and retail, and scientific technical staff are likely to have elevated risk of breast cancer. In addition, occupational exposures to night-shift work, ionizing radiation, some chemicals, job stress, and sedentary work may increase risk of breast cancer. Occupational physical activity appears to decrease risk. Workplace exposures to passive smoke and occupational exposure to nonionizing radiation do not appear to affect breast cancer risk. Some studies of occupational categories and workplace exposures indicate that risk may be modified by duration of exposure, timing of exposure, dose, hormone-receptor subtypes, and menopausal status at diagnosis. The compelling data from this review reveal a substantial need for further research on occupation and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie L Engel
- 1 Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Janet M Gray
- 1 Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne Rizzo
- 1 Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, San Francisco, CA, USA
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7
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Opstal-van Winden AWJ, de Haan HG, Hauptmann M, Schmidt MK, Broeks A, Russell NS, Janus CPM, Krol ADG, van der Baan FH, De Bruin ML, van Eggermond AM, Dennis J, Anton-Culver H, Haiman CA, Sawyer EJ, Cox A, Devilee P, Hooning MJ, Peto J, Couch FJ, Pharoah P, Orr N, Easton DF, Aleman BMP, Strong LC, Bhatia S, Cooke R, Robison LL, Swerdlow AJ, van Leeuwen FE. Genetic susceptibility to radiation-induced breast cancer after Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2019; 133:1130-1139. [PMID: 30573632 PMCID: PMC6405334 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-07-862607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Female Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients treated with chest radiotherapy (RT) have a very high risk of breast cancer. The contribution of genetic factors to this risk is unclear. We therefore examined 211 155 germline single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for gene-radiation interaction on breast cancer risk in a case-only analysis including 327 breast cancer patients after chest RT for HL and 4671 first primary breast cancer patients. Nine SNPs showed statistically significant interaction with RT on breast cancer risk (false discovery rate, <20%), of which 1 SNP in the PVT1 oncogene attained the Bonferroni threshold for statistical significance. A polygenic risk score (PRS) composed of these SNPs (RT-interaction-PRS) and a previously published breast cancer PRS (BC-PRS) derived in the general population were evaluated in a case-control analysis comprising the 327 chest-irradiated HL patients with breast cancer and 491 chest-irradiated HL patients without breast cancer. Patients in the highest tertile of the RT-interaction-PRS had a 1.6-fold higher breast cancer risk than those in the lowest tertile. Remarkably, we observed a fourfold increased RT-induced breast cancer risk in the highest compared with the lowest decile of the BC-PRS. On a continuous scale, breast cancer risk increased 1.4-fold per standard deviation of the BC-PRS, similar to the effect size found in the general population. This study demonstrates that genetic factors influence breast cancer risk after chest RT for HL. Given the high absolute breast cancer risk in radiation-exposed women, these results can have important implications for the management of current HL survivors and future patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- Division of Molecular Pathology
| | - Annegien Broeks
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Core Facility Molecular Pathology and Biobanking, and
| | - Nicola S Russell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile P M Janus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Augustinus D G Krol
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie L De Bruin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science (CORS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Joe Dennis
- Center for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elinor J Sawyer
- Innovation Hub, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje J Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Peto
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, and
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Orr
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Center for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, and
| | - Berthe M P Aleman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Smita Bhatia
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Rosie Cooke
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie L Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphisms (GSTT1 and GSTM1) and risk of cancers; a case-control study in southeast of Iran. Meta Gene 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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9
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Zhang Y, Li W, Hong Y, Wu G, He K, Liu D. A systematic analysis of the association studies between CASP8 D302H polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. J Genet 2018; 96:283-289. [PMID: 28674227 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-017-0774-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caspase 8 (CASP8) is a regulator of apoptosis, whose genetic variation has been reported to be associated with the risk of various cancers. Especially, the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1045485, which generates the substitution D302H in CASP8, is likely to be associated with breast cancer. Several previous studies have reported the association of CASP8 D302H polymorphism with breast cancer; however, the results are inconsistent. To validate the association between CASP8 D302H polymorphism and breast cancer risk, we performed an updated meta-analysis of 18 studies including 27,807 cases and 32,332 controls. We tested the overall association between this SNP and breast cancer susceptibility and stratified subgroups based on countries where cases are from. We confirmed a significant correlation between CASP8 D302H polymorphism and the reduced breast cancer susceptibility in population from UK, Germany and Poland, but no significant association was observed in other countries, such as Finland or USA. Our findings indicate the relationship of SNP CASP8 D302H and breast cancer would not be universal but only be sensitive in some particular European countries. The genetic difference for diverse countries may be useful in individual and precision medicine or health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinliang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei City, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Locke PA, Weil MM. Personalized Cancer Risk Assessments for Space Radiation Exposures. Front Oncol 2016; 6:38. [PMID: 26942127 PMCID: PMC4762001 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals differ in their susceptibility to radiogenic cancers, and there is evidence that this inter-individual susceptibility extends to HZE ion-induced carcinogenesis. Three components of individual risk: sex, age at exposure, and prior tobacco use, are already incorporated into the NASA cancer risk model used to determine safe days in space for US astronauts. Here, we examine other risk factors that could potentially be included in risk calculations. These include personal and family medical history, the presence of pre-malignant cells that could undergo malignant transformation as a consequence of radiation exposure, the results from phenotypic assays of radiosensitivity, heritable genetic polymorphisms associated with radiosensitivity, and postflight monitoring. Inclusion of these additional risk or risk reduction factors has the potential to personalize risk estimates for individual astronauts and could influence the determination of safe days in space. We consider how this type of assessment could be used and explore how the provisions of the federal Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act could impact the collection, dissemination and use of this information by NASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Locke
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Michael M Weil
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
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11
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Kitahara CM, Linet MS, Rajaraman P, Ntowe E, Berrington de González A. A New Era of Low-Dose Radiation Epidemiology. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:236-49. [PMID: 26231501 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-015-0055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has introduced a new era of epidemiologic studies of low-dose radiation facilitated by electronic record linkage and pooling of cohorts that allow for more direct and powerful assessments of cancer and other stochastic effects at doses below 100 mGy. Such studies have provided additional evidence regarding the risks of cancer, particularly leukemia, associated with lower-dose radiation exposures from medical, environmental, and occupational radiation sources, and have questioned the previous findings with regard to possible thresholds for cardiovascular disease and cataracts. Integrated analysis of next generation genomic and epigenetic sequencing of germline and somatic tissues could soon propel our understanding further regarding disease risk thresholds, radiosensitivity of population subgroups and individuals, and the mechanisms of radiation carcinogenesis. These advances in low-dose radiation epidemiology are critical to our understanding of chronic disease risks from the burgeoning use of newer and emerging medical imaging technologies, and the continued potential threat of nuclear power plant accidents or other radiological emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cari M Kitahara
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm 7E566, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA,
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12
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Under-nutrition reduces spermatogenic efficiency and sperm velocity, and increases sperm DNA damage in sexually mature male sheep. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 149:163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Durães C, Muñoz X, Bonet C, García N, Venceslá A, Carneiro F, Peleteiro B, Lunet N, Barros H, Lindkvist B, Boutron-Ruault MC, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Rizzato C, Trichopoulou A, Weiderpass E, Naccarati A, Travis RC, Tjønneland A, Gurrea AB, Johansson M, Riboli E, Figueiredo C, González CA, Capellà G, Machado JC, Sala N. Genetic variants in the IL1A gene region contribute to intestinal-type gastric carcinoma susceptibility in European populations. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1343-55. [PMID: 24615437 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The most studied genetic susceptibility factors involved in gastric carcinoma (GC) risk are polymorphisms in the inflammation-linked genes interleukin 1 (IL1) B and IL1RN. Despite the evidence pointing to the IL1 region, definite functional variants reproducible across populations of different genetic background have not been discovered so far. A high density linkage disequilibrium (LD) map of the IL1 gene cluster was established using HapMap to identify haplotype tagSNPs. Eighty-seven SNPs were genotyped in a Portuguese case-control study (358 cases, 1,485 controls) for the discovery analysis. A replication study, including a subset of those tagSNPs (43), was performed in an independent analysis (EPIC-EurGast) containing individuals from 10 European countries (365 cases, 1284 controls). Single SNP and haplotype block associations were determined for GC overall and anatomopathological subtypes. The most robust association was observed for SNP rs17042407, 16Kb upstream of the IL1A gene. Although several other SNP associations were observed, only the inverse association of rs17042407 allele C with GC of the intestinal type was observed in both studies, retaining significance after multiple testing correction (p = 0.0042) in the combined analysis. The haplotype analysis of the IL1A LD block in the combined dataset revealed the association between a common haplotype carrying the rs17042407 variant and GC, particularly of the intestinal type (p = 3.1 × 10(-5) ) and non cardia localisation (p = 4.6 × 10(-3) ). These results confirm the association of IL1 gene variants with GC and reveal a novel SNP and haplotypes in the IL1A region associated with intestinal type GC in European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília Durães
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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14
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Oliveira A, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Nogueira A, Gonçalves F, Silva P, Vieira C, Silvestre R, Carvalho F, Medeiros R. Interleukin-1β genotype and circulating levels in cancer patients: metastatic status and pain perception. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:1209-13. [PMID: 24747159 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Proinflammatory cytokines released during inflammation can cause hyperexcitability in pain transmission neurons, leading to hyperalgesia and allodynia. Polymorphisms in interleukin 1 (IL-1) family of genes (IL1A, IL1B) and in IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra, coded by IL1RN) may therefore induce alterations in cytokine levels/effects and pain related response. Our purpose was to investigate the influence of polymorphisms in IL1A/B/RN on cytokine serum levels and its correlation with pain intensity, performance status, adverse effects, metastases and breakthrough pain in Caucasian cancer patients. DESIGN AND METHODS Serum IL-1α/β levels of 74 cancer patients were measured by competitive enzyme immunosorbent assay. All patients were also genotyped for the polymorphisms in IL1A (rs17561), IL1B (rs1143634) and IL1RN (rs419598) with Real-Time PCR. Results were then correlated to the appearance of bone or CNS metastases and several pain-related parameters. RESULTS IL-1β rs1143634 homozygous for T allele were associated with lower levels of IL1-β (p=0.032, Mann-Whitney test) and presented a trend for lower levels of pain (p=0.06, Fisher's Exact Test). Also, IL1-β levels were related with cancer onset status, since a four-fold increase probability of metastatic disease was observed in high IL-1β individuals (OR=4.074, p=0.010, Pearson χ(2) test). Among the female patients presenting metastatic disease and carriers of the TT genotype we observed a trend to lower levels of IL1-β (p=0.053, Pearson χ(2) test). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that genetic variation at IL1-β gene may influence serum levels of IL1-β, with proportional consequences in cancer-related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Molecular Oncology GRP and Virology LB, Portuguese Institute of Oncology-Porto, Porto, Portugal; IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo J Dinis-Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal; Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Center of Forensic Sciences (CENCIFOR), Portugal
| | - Augusto Nogueira
- Molecular Oncology GRP and Virology LB, Portuguese Institute of Oncology-Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ferraz Gonçalves
- Palliative Care Unit, Portuguese Institute of Oncology-Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Silva
- Palliative Care Unit, Portuguese Institute of Oncology-Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Vieira
- Medical Oncology Department, Francisco Gentil Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology GRP and Virology LB, Portuguese Institute of Oncology-Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal; LPCC, Portuguese League Against Cancer, Regional Center of the North, Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Travis LB, Ng AK, Allan JM, Pui CH, Kennedy AR, Xu XG, Purdy JA, Applegate K, Yahalom J, Constine LS, Gilbert ES, Boice JD. Second malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease following radiotherapy. HEALTH PHYSICS 2014; 106:229-246. [PMID: 24378498 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are among the most serious and life-threatening late adverse effects experienced by the growing number of cancer survivors worldwide and are due in part to radiotherapy. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) convened an expert scientific committee to critically and comprehensively review associations between radiotherapy and SMNs and CVD, taking into account radiobiology; genomics; treatment (i.e., radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy and other therapies); type of radiation; and quantitative considerations (i.e., dose-response relationships). Major conclusions of the NCRP include: (1) the relevance of older technologies for current risk assessment when organ-specific absorbed dose and the appropriate relative biological effectiveness are taken into account and (2) the identification of critical research needs with regard to newer radiation modalities, dose-response relationships, and genetic susceptibility. Recommendation for research priorities and infrastructural requirements include (1) long-term large-scale follow-up of extant cancer survivors and prospectively treated patients to characterize risks of SMNs and CVD in terms of radiation dose and type; (2) biological sample collection to integrate epidemiological studies with molecular and genetic evaluations; (3) investigation of interactions between radiotherapy and other potential confounding factors, such as age, sex, race, tobacco and alcohol use, dietary intake, energy balance, and other cofactors, as well as genetic susceptibility; (4) focusing on adolescent and young adult cancer survivors, given the sparse research in this population; and (5) construction of comprehensive risk prediction models for SMNs and CVD to permit the development of follow-up guidelines and prevention and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois B Travis
- *Rubin Center for Cancer Survivorship and Department of Radiation Oncology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; †Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; ‡Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; §Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; **Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; ††Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Program, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; ‡‡Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA; §§Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; ***Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; †††Division ofCancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; ‡‡‡National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, and the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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16
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Pijpe A, Andrieu N, Easton DF, Kesminiene A, Cardis E, Noguès C, Gauthier-Villars M, Lasset C, Fricker JP, Peock S, Frost D, Evans DG, Eeles RA, Paterson J, Manders P, van Asperen CJ, Ausems MGEM, Meijers-Heijboer H, Thierry-Chef I, Hauptmann M, Goldgar D, Rookus MA, van Leeuwen FE. Exposure to diagnostic radiation and risk of breast cancer among carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations: retrospective cohort study (GENE-RAD-RISK). BMJ 2012; 345:e5660. [PMID: 22956590 PMCID: PMC3435441 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e5660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the risk of breast cancer associated with diagnostic radiation in carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study (GENE-RAD-RISK). SETTING Three nationwide studies (GENEPSO, EMBRACE, HEBON) in France, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, PARTICIPANTS 1993 female carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations recruited in 2006-09. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Risk of breast cancer estimated with a weighted Cox proportional hazards model with a time dependent individually estimated cumulative breast dose, based on nominal estimates of organ dose and frequency of self reported diagnostic procedures. To correct for potential survival bias, the analysis excluded carriers who were diagnosed more than five years before completion of the study questionnaire. RESULTS In carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations any exposure to diagnostic radiation before the age of 30 was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (hazard ratio 1.90, 95% confidence interval 1.20 to 3.00), with a dose-response pattern. The risks by quarter of estimated cumulative dose <0.0020 Gy, ≥ 0.0020-0.0065 Gy, ≥ 0.0066-0.0173 Gy, and ≥ 0.0174 Gy were 1.63 (0.96 to 2.77), 1.78 (0.88 to 3.58), 1.75 (0.72 to 4.25), and 3.84 (1.67 to 8.79), respectively. Analyses on the different types of diagnostic procedures showed a pattern of increasing risk with increasing number of radiographs before age 20 and before age 30 compared with no exposure. A history of mammography before age 30 was also associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (hazard ratio 1.43, 0.85 to 2.40). Sensitivity analysis showed that this finding was not caused by confounding by indication of family history. CONCLUSION In this large European study among carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations, exposure to diagnostic radiation before age 30 was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer at dose levels considerably lower than those at which increases have been found in other cohorts exposed to radiation. The results of this study support the use of non-ionising radiation imaging techniques (such as magnetic resonance imaging) as the main tool for surveillance in young women with BRCA1/2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Pijpe
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Lavender NA, Rogers EN, Yeyeodu S, Rudd J, Hu T, Zhang J, Brock GN, Kimbro KS, Moore JH, Hein DW, Kidd LCR. Interaction among apoptosis-associated sequence variants and joint effects on aggressive prostate cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:11. [PMID: 22546513 PMCID: PMC3355002 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular and epidemiological evidence demonstrate that altered gene expression and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the apoptotic pathway are linked to many cancers. Yet, few studies emphasize the interaction of variant apoptotic genes and their joint modifying effects on prostate cancer (PCA) outcomes. An exhaustive assessment of all the possible two-, three- and four-way gene-gene interactions is computationally burdensome. This statistical conundrum stems from the prohibitive amount of data needed to account for multiple hypothesis testing. Methods To address this issue, we systematically prioritized and evaluated individual effects and complex interactions among 172 apoptotic SNPs in relation to PCA risk and aggressive disease (i.e., Gleason score ≥ 7 and tumor stages III/IV). Single and joint modifying effects on PCA outcomes among European-American men were analyzed using statistical epistasis networks coupled with multi-factor dimensionality reduction (SEN-guided MDR). The case-control study design included 1,175 incident PCA cases and 1,111 controls from the prostate, lung, colo-rectal, and ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial. Moreover, a subset analysis of PCA cases consisted of 688 aggressive and 488 non-aggressive PCA cases. SNP profiles were obtained using the NCI Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) data portal. Main effects were assessed using logistic regression (LR) models. Prior to modeling interactions, SEN was used to pre-process our genetic data. SEN used network science to reduce our analysis from > 36 million to < 13,000 SNP interactions. Interactions were visualized, evaluated, and validated using entropy-based MDR. All parametric and non-parametric models were adjusted for age, family history of PCA, and multiple hypothesis testing. Results Following LR modeling, eleven and thirteen sequence variants were associated with PCA risk and aggressive disease, respectively. However, none of these markers remained significant after we adjusted for multiple comparisons. Nevertheless, we detected a modest synergistic interaction between AKT3 rs2125230-PRKCQ rs571715 and disease aggressiveness using SEN-guided MDR (p = 0.011). Conclusions In summary, entropy-based SEN-guided MDR facilitated the logical prioritization and evaluation of apoptotic SNPs in relation to aggressive PCA. The suggestive interaction between AKT3-PRKCQ and aggressive PCA requires further validation using independent observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Lavender
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville-UofL, Louisville, KY, USA
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18
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Travis LB, Ng AK, Allan JM, Pui CH, Kennedy AR, Xu XG, Purdy JA, Applegate K, Yahalom J, Constine LS, Gilbert ES, Boice JD. Second malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease following radiotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:357-70. [PMID: 22312134 PMCID: PMC3295744 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are among the most serious and life-threatening late adverse effects experienced by the growing number of cancer survivors worldwide and are due in part to radiotherapy. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) convened an expert scientific committee to critically and comprehensively review associations between radiotherapy and SMNs and CVD, taking into account radiobiology; genomics; treatment (ie, radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy and other therapies); type of radiation; and quantitative considerations (ie, dose-response relationships). Major conclusions of the NCRP include: 1) the relevance of older technologies for current risk assessment when organ-specific absorbed dose and the appropriate relative biological effectiveness are taken into account and 2) the identification of critical research needs with regard to newer radiation modalities, dose-response relationships, and genetic susceptibility. Recommendation for research priorities and infrastructural requirements include 1) long-term large-scale follow-up of extant cancer survivors and prospectively treated patients to characterize risks of SMNs and CVD in terms of radiation dose and type; 2) biological sample collection to integrate epidemiological studies with molecular and genetic evaluations; 3) investigation of interactions between radiotherapy and other potential confounding factors, such as age, sex, race, tobacco and alcohol use, dietary intake, energy balance, and other cofactors, as well as genetic susceptibility; 4) focusing on adolescent and young adult cancer survivors, given the sparse research in this population; and 5) construction of comprehensive risk prediction models for SMNs and CVD to permit the development of follow-up guidelines and prevention and intervention strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Age of Onset
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/epidemiology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics
- Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control
- Child
- Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Heart Block/epidemiology
- Heart Block/etiology
- Humans
- Incidence
- Male
- Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology
- Myocardial Infarction/etiology
- Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/prevention & control
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/epidemiology
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/etiology
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/genetics
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/prevention & control
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Radiotherapy/adverse effects
- Radiotherapy/methods
- Radiotherapy Dosage
- Radiotherapy, Adjuvant/adverse effects
- Radiotherapy, Conformal/adverse effects
- Radiotherapy, Conformal/methods
- Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- SEER Program
- Stroke/epidemiology
- Stroke/etiology
- Survivors/statistics & numerical data
- United States/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois B Travis
- Rubin Center for Cancer Survivorship and Department of Radiation Oncology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd, CU 420318, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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19
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Linet MS, Slovis TL, Miller DL, Kleinerman R, Lee C, Rajaraman P, Berrington de Gonzalez A. Cancer risks associated with external radiation from diagnostic imaging procedures. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; 62:75-100. [PMID: 22307864 PMCID: PMC3548988 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 600% increase in medical radiation exposure to the US population since 1980 has provided immense benefit, but increased potential future cancer risks to patients. Most of the increase is from diagnostic radiologic procedures. The objectives of this review are to summarize epidemiologic data on cancer risks associated with diagnostic procedures, describe how exposures from recent diagnostic procedures relate to radiation levels linked with cancer occurrence, and propose a framework of strategies to reduce radiation from diagnostic imaging in patients. We briefly review radiation dose definitions, mechanisms of radiation carcinogenesis, key epidemiologic studies of medical and other radiation sources and cancer risks, and dose trends from diagnostic procedures. We describe cancer risks from experimental studies, future projected risks from current imaging procedures, and the potential for higher risks in genetically susceptible populations. To reduce future projected cancers from diagnostic procedures, we advocate the widespread use of evidence-based appropriateness criteria for decisions about imaging procedures; oversight of equipment to deliver reliably the minimum radiation required to attain clinical objectives; development of electronic lifetime records of imaging procedures for patients and their physicians; and commitment by medical training programs, professional societies, and radiation protection organizations to educate all stakeholders in reducing radiation from diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha S Linet
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7238, USA.
| | - Thomas L Slovis
- Chief, Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI
| | - Donald L Miller
- Acting Chief, Diagnostic Devices Branch, Division of Mammography Quality and Radiation Program Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Ruth Kleinerman
- Epidemiologist, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Choonsik Lee
- Investigator, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Preetha Rajaraman
- Investigator, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amy Berrington de Gonzalez
- Senior Investigator, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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20
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White KL, Schildkraut JM, Palmieri RT, Iversen ES, Berchuck A, Vierkant RA, Rider DN, Charbonneau B, Cicek MS, Sutphen R, Birrer MJ, Pharoah PPD, Song H, Tyrer J, Gayther SA, Ramus SJ, Wentzensen N, Yang HP, Garcia-Closas M, Phelan CM, Cunningham JM, Fridley BL, Sellers TA, Goode EL. Ovarian cancer risk associated with inherited inflammation-related variants. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1064-9. [PMID: 22282663 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The importance of inflammation pathways to the development of many human cancers prompted us to examine the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in inflammation-related genes and risk of ovarian cancer. In a multisite case-control study, we genotyped SNPs in a large panel of inflammatory genes in 930 epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 1,037 controls using a custom array and analyzed by logistic regression. SNPs with P < 0.10 were evaluated among 3,143 cases and 2,102 controls from the Follow-up of Ovarian Cancer Genetic Association and Interaction Studies (FOCI) post-GWAS collaboration. Combined analysis revealed association with SNPs rs17561 and rs4848300 in the interleukin gene IL1A which varied by histologic subtype (P(heterogeneity) = 0.03). For example, IL1A rs17561, which correlates with numerous inflammatory phenotypes, was associated with decreased risk of clear cell, mucinous, and endometrioid subtype, but not with the most common serous subtype. Genotype at rs1864414 in the arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase ALOX5 was also associated with decreased risk. Thus, inherited variation in IL1A and ALOX5 seems to affect ovarian cancer risk which, for IL1A, is limited to rarer subtypes. Given the importance of inflammation in tumorigenesis and growing evidence of subtype-specific features in ovarian cancer, functional investigations will be important to help clarify the importance of inherited variation related to inflammation in ovarian carcinogenesis.
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21
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Berrington de González A, Brenner A, Hartge P, Lee C, Morton L, Rajaraman P. Evolving strategies in epidemiologic research on radiation and cancer. Radiat Res 2011; 176:527-32. [PMID: 21823973 DOI: 10.1667/rrxx37.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Berrington de González
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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22
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Peng S, Lü B, Ruan W, Zhu Y, Sheng H, Lai M. Genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: evidence from meta-analyses, pooled analyses, and genome-wide association studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 127:309-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Cologne J, Cullings H, Furukawa K, Ross P. Attributable risk for radiation in the presence of other risk factors. HEALTH PHYSICS 2010; 99:603-612. [PMID: 20938230 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e3181db29fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two motivations for studying radiation risk are (1) to quantify the magnitude of risk as an aid to setting radiation protection standards and (2) to understand causality as an aid to assigning compensation for radiation exposed individuals whose disease or death may have been related to radiation exposure. Although it has long been known that radiation risk is modified by factors such as sex, age, and time, it is now apparent that radiation risk may also be modified by other risk factors, such as smoking, inflammation, genotype, and certain pathogens. Even apart from considerations of etiological interaction, the relative contribution of radiation to total burden of disease or death may depend on the level of background (spontaneous) risk of disease or death owing to those other factors if the joint effects do not multiply. Therefore, ignoring those other factors in assessing probability of causation for radiation (attributable fraction in epidemiological data) involves making a strong assumption about the joint effects. The concepts are discussed in detail and illustrated using results from studies on the Japanese atomic-bomb survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cologne
- Department of Statistics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan.
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24
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Schonfeld SJ, Bhatti P, Brown EE, Linet MS, Simon SL, Weinstock RM, Hutchinson AA, Stovall M, Preston DL, Alexander BH, Doody MM, Sigurdson AJ. Polymorphisms in oxidative stress and inflammation pathway genes, low-dose ionizing radiation, and the risk of breast cancer among US radiologic technologists. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:1857-66. [PMID: 20711808 PMCID: PMC3076104 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9613-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ionizing radiation, an established breast cancer risk factor, has been shown to induce oxidative damage and chronic inflammation. Polymorphic variation in oxidative stress and inflammatory-mediated pathway genes may modify radiation-related breast cancer risk. METHODS We estimated breast cancer risk for 28 common variants in 16 candidate genes involved in these pathways among 859 breast cancer cases and 1,083 controls nested within the US Radiologic Technologists cohort. We estimated associations between occupational and personal diagnostic radiation exposures with breast cancer by modeling the odds ratio (OR) as a linear function in logistic regression models and assessed heterogeneity of the dose-response across genotypes. RESULTS There was suggestive evidence of an interaction between the rs5277 variant in PTGS2 and radiation-related breast cancer risk. The excess OR (EOR)/Gy from occupational radiation exposure = 5.5 (95%CI 1.2-12.5) for the GG genotype versus EOR/Gy < 0 (95%CI < 0-3.8) and EOR/Gy < 0 (95%CI < 0-14.8) for the GC and CC genotypes, respectively, (p (interaction) = 0.04). The association between radiation and breast cancer was not modified by other SNPs examined. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that variation in PTGS2 may modify the breast cancer risk from occupational radiation exposure, but replication in other populations is needed to confirm this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Schonfeld
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 6120 Executive Blvd MSC 7238, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Grochola LF, Zeron-Medina J, Mériaux S, Bond GL. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the p53 signaling pathway. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a001032. [PMID: 20452958 PMCID: PMC2857176 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor pathway is central both in reducing cancer frequency in vertebrates and in mediating the response of commonly used cancer therapies. This article aims to summarize and discuss a large body of evidence suggesting that the p53 pathway harbors functional inherited single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect p53 signaling in cells, resulting in differences in cancer risk and clinical outcome in humans. The insights gained through these studies into how the functional p53 pathway SNPs could help in the tailoring of cancer therapies to the individual are discussed. Moreover, recent work is discussed that suggests that many more functional p53 pathway SNPs are yet to be fully characterized and that a thorough analysis of the functional human genetics of this important tumor suppressor pathway is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz F Grochola
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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Yin M, Yan J, Wei S, Wei Q. CASP8 polymorphisms contribute to cancer susceptibility: evidence from a meta-analysis of 23 publications with 55 individual studies. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:850-7. [PMID: 20176653 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several potentially functional polymorphisms of CASP8 encoding an apoptotic enzyme, caspase 8, have been implicated in cancer risk, but individually published studies showed inconclusive results. We performed a meta-analysis of 23 publications with a total of 55 174 cancer cases and 59 336 controls from 55 individual studies. We summarized the data on the associations between three studied CASP8 polymorphisms (G>C D302H, -652 6N del and Ex14-271A>T) and cancer risk and performed subgroup analysis by ethnicity, cancer type, study design and etiology. We found that D302H CC and CG variant genotypes were associated with significantly reduced overall risk of cancers using conservative random genetic models [homozygote comparison: odds ratios (OR) = 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69-0.92; dominant comparison: OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.89-0.98; recessive comparison: OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71-0.93). In further stratified analyses, the reduced cancer risk remained for subgroups of Caucasians, breast or estrogen-related cancers, and hospital- or population-based studies, except for an elevated risk for brain tumors. Similarly, the -652 6N del polymorphism was also associated with significantly reduced overall risk of cancers (homozygote comparison: OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.75-0.94; dominant comparison: OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.81-0.96; recessive comparison: OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82-0.99) and all subgroups analyzed. However, the Ex14-271A>T polymorphism did not appear to have an effect on cancer risk. These results suggest that CASP8 D302H and -652 6N del polymorphisms are potential biomarkers for cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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27
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Bhatti P, Doody MM, Rajaraman P, Alexander BH, Yeager M, Hutchinson A, Burdette L, Thomas G, Hunter DJ, Simon SL, Weinstock RM, Rosenstein M, Stovall M, Preston DL, Linet MS, Hoover RN, Chanock SJ, Sigurdson AJ. Novel breast cancer risk alleles and interaction with ionizing radiation among U.S. radiologic technologists. Radiat Res 2010; 173:214-24. [PMID: 20095854 PMCID: PMC2922870 DOI: 10.1667/rr1985.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As genome-wide association studies of breast cancer are replicating findings and refinement studies are narrowing the signal location, additional efforts are necessary to elucidate the underlying functional relationships. One approach is to evaluate variation in risk by genotype based on known breast carcinogens, such as ionizing radiation. Given the public health concerns associated with recent increases in medical radiation exposure, this approach may also identify potentially susceptible subpopulations. We examined interaction between 27 newly identified breast cancer risk alleles (identified within the NCI Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility and the Breast Cancer Association Consortium genome-wide association studies) and occupational and medical diagnostic radiation exposure among 859 cases and 1083 controls nested within the United States Radiologic Technologists cohort. We did not find significant variation in the radiation-related breast cancer risk for the variant in RAD51L1 (rs10483813) on 14q24.1 as we had hypothesized. In exploratory analyses, we found that the radiation-associated breast cancer risk varied significantly by linked markers in 5p12 (rs930395, rs10941679, rs2067980 and rs4415084) in the mitochondrial ribosomal protein S30 (MRPS30) gene (P(interaction) = 0.04). Chance, however, may explain these findings, and as such, these results need to be confirmed in other populations with low to moderate levels of radiation exposure. Even though a complete understanding of the way(s) in which these variants may increase breast cancer risk remains elusive, this approach may yield clues for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Bhatti
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Although the Japanese atomic bomb study and radiotherapy studies have clearly documented cancer risks from high-dose radiation exposures, radiation risk assessment groups have long recognized that protracted or low exposures to low-linear energy transfer radiations are key radiation protection concerns because these are far more common than high-exposure scenarios. Epidemiologic studies of human populations with low-dose or low dose-rate exposures are one approach to addressing those concerns. A number of large studies of radiation workers (Chernobyl clean-up workers, U.S. and Chinese radiological technologists, and the 15-country worker study) or of persons exposed to environmental radiation at moderate to low levels (residents near Techa River, Semipalatinsk, Chernobyl, or nuclear facilities) have been conducted. A variety of studies of medical radiation exposures (multiple-fluoroscopy, diagnostic (131)I, scatter radiation doses from radiotherapy, etc.) also are of interest. Key results from these studies are summarized and compared with risk estimates from the Japanese atomic bomb study. Ideally, one would like the low-dose and low dose-rate studies to guide radiation risk estimation regarding the shape of the dose-response curve, DDREF (dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor), and risk at low doses. However, the degree to which low-dose studies can do so is subject to various limitations, especially those pertaining to dosimetric uncertainties and limited statistical power. The identification of individuals who are particularly susceptible to radiation cancer induction also is of high interest in terms of occupational and medical radiation protection. Several examples of studies of radiation-related cancer susceptibility are discussed, but none thus far have clearly identified radiation-susceptible genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy E Shore
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Koen, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan.
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Sergentanis TN, Economopoulos KP. Association of two CASP8 polymorphisms with breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 120:229-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Andreassi MG, Foffa I, Manfredi S, Botto N, Cioppa A, Picano E. Genetic polymorphisms in XRCC1, OGG1, APE1 and XRCC3 DNA repair genes, ionizing radiation exposure and chromosomal DNA damage in interventional cardiologists. Mutat Res 2009; 666:57-63. [PMID: 19393248 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Interventional cardiologists working in high-volume cardiac catheterization laboratory are exposed to significant occupational radiation risks. Common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repair genes are thought to modify the effects of low-dose radiation exposure on DNA damage, the main initiating event in the development of cancer and hereditary disease. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between XRCC1 (Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln), OGG1 (Ser326Cys), APE1 (Asp148Glu) and XRCC3 (Thr241Met) SNPs and chromosomal DNA damage. We enrolled 77 subjects: 40 interventional cardiologists (27 male, 41.3+/-9.4 years and 13 female, 37.8+/-8.4 years) and 37 clinical cardiologists (26 male, 39.4+/-9.5 years and 11 female, 35.0+/-9.8 years) without radiation exposure as the control group. Micronucleus (MN) assay was performed as biomarker of chromosomal DNA damage and an early predictor of cancer. MN frequency was significantly higher in interventional cardiologists than in clinical physicians (19.7+/-7.8 per thousand vs. 13.5+/-6.3 per thousand, p=0.0003). Within the exposed group, individuals carrying a XRCC3 Met241 allele had higher frequency than homozygous XRCC3 Thr241 (21.2+/-7.8 per thousand vs. 16.6+/-7.1 per thousand, p=0.03). Individuals with two or more risk alleles showed a higher MN frequency when compared to subjects with one or no risk allele (18.4+/-6.6 per thousand vs. 14.4+/-6.1 per thousand, p=0.02). An interactive effect was found between smoking, exposure >10 years and the presence of the two or more risk alleles on the MN frequency (F=6.3, p=0.02). XRCC3 241Met alleles, particularly in combination with multiple risk alleles of DNA repair genes, contribute to chromosomal DNA damage levels in interventional cardiologists.
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Lee JY, Park AK, Lee KM, Park SK, Han S, Han W, Noh DY, Yoo KY, Kim H, Chanock SJ, Rothman N, Kang D. Candidate gene approach evaluates association between innate immunity genes and breast cancer risk in Korean women. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1528-31. [PMID: 19372141 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to investigate the role of common variation in innate immunity-related genes as susceptibility factors to breast cancer risk in Korean women. METHODS Total 1536 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 203 genes were analyzed by Illumina GoldenGate assay in 209 cases and the same numbers of controls. Both SNP and gene-based tests were used to evaluate the association with breast cancer risk. The robustness of results was further evaluated with permutation method, false discovery rate and haplotype analyses. RESULTS Both SNP and gene-based analyses showed promising associations with breast cancer risk for 17 genes: OR10J3, FCER1A, NCF4, CNTNAP1, CTNNB1, KLKB1, ITGB2, ALOX12B, KLK2, IRAK3, KLK4, STAT6, NCF2, CCL1, C1QR1, MBP and NOS1. The most significant association with breast cancer risk was observed for the OR10J3 SNP (rs2494251, P-value = 1.2 x 10(-4)) and FCER1A SNP (rs7548864, P-value = 7.7 x 10(-4)). Gene-based permutation and false discovery rate P-values for OR10J3 SNP (rs2494251) with breast cancer risk were also significant (P = 4 x 10(-5) and 0.008, respectively). Haplotype analyses supported these findings that OR10J3 and FCER1A were most significantly associated with risk for breast cancer (P = 2 x 10(-4) and 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSION This study suggests that common genetic variants in the OR10J3 and FCER1A be strongly associated with breast cancer risk among Korean women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Sigurdson AJ, Bhatti P, Chang SC, Rajaraman P, Doody MM, Bowen L, Simon SL, Weinstock RM, Linet MS, Rosenstein M, Stovall M, Alexander BH, Preston DL, Struewing JP. Polymorphisms in estrogen biosynthesis and metabolism-related genes, ionizing radiation exposure, and risk of breast cancer among US radiologic technologists. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 118:177-84. [PMID: 19214745 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation-associated breast cancer risk appears to be modified by timing of reproductive events such as age at radiation exposure, parity, age at first live birth, and age at menopause. However, potential breast cancer risk modification of low to moderate radiation dose by polymorphic estrogen metabolism-related gene variants has not been routinely investigated. We assessed breast cancer risk of 12 candidate variants in 12 genes involved in steroid metabolism, catabolism, binding, or receptor functions in a study of 859 cases and 1,083 controls within the US radiologic technologists (USRT) cohort. Using cumulative breast dose estimates from a detailed assessment of occupational and personal diagnostic ionizing radiation exposure, we investigated the joint effects of genotype on the risk of breast cancer. In multivariate analyses, we observed a significantly decreased risk of breast cancer associated with the CYP3A4 M445T minor allele (rs4986910, OR = 0.3; 95% CI 0.1-0.9). We found a borderline increased breast cancer risk with having both minor alleles of CYP1B1 V432L (rs1056836, CC vs. GG, OR = 1.2; 95% CI 0.9-1.6). Assuming a recessive model, the minor allele of CYP1B1 V432L significantly increased the dose-response relationship between personal diagnostic X-ray exposure and breast cancer risk, adjusted for cumulative occupational radiation dose (p (interaction) = 0.03) and had a similar joint effect for cumulative occupational radiation dose adjusted for personal diagnostic X-ray exposure (p (interaction) = 0.06). We found suggestive evidence that common variants in selected estrogen metabolizing genes may modify the association between ionizing radiation exposure and breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice J Sigurdson
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 6120 Executive Boulevard, EPS 7060, MSC 7238, Bethesda, MD, 20892-7238, USA.
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33
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Bhatti P, Doody MM, Alexander BH, Yuenger J, Simon SL, Weinstock RM, Rosenstein M, Stovall M, Abend M, Preston DL, Pharoah P, Struewing JP, Sigurdson AJ. Breast cancer risk polymorphisms and interaction with ionizing radiation among U.S. radiologic technologists. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2007-11. [PMID: 18708391 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies are discovering relationships between single-nucleotide polymorphisms and breast cancer, but the functions of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms are unknown and environmental exposures are likely to be important. We assessed whether breast cancer risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms interacted with ionizing radiation, a known breast carcinogen, among 859 cases and 1,083 controls nested in the U.S. Radiologic Technologists cohort. Among 11 Breast Cancer Association Consortium risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms, we found that the genotype-associated breast cancer risk varied significantly by radiation dose for rs2107425 in the H19 gene (P(interaction) = 0.001). H19 is a maternally expressed imprinted mRNA that is closely involved in regulating the IGF2 gene and could exert its influence by this or by some other radiation-related pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Bhatti
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892-7238, USA.
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34
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Rajaraman P, Bhatti P, Doody MM, Simon SL, Weinstock RM, Linet MS, Rosenstein M, Stovall M, Alexander BH, Preston DL, Sigurdson AJ. Nucleotide excision repair polymorphisms may modify ionizing radiation-related breast cancer risk in US radiologic technologists. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2713-6. [PMID: 18767034 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation has been consistently associated with increased risk of female breast cancer. Although the majority of DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation is corrected by the base-excision repair pathway, certain types of multiple-base damage can only be repaired through the nucleotide excision repair pathway. In a nested case-control study of breast cancer in US radiologic technologists exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation (858 cases, 1,083 controls), we examined whether risk of breast cancer conferred by radiation was modified by nucleotide excision gene polymorphisms ERCC2 (XPD) rs13181, ERCC4 (XPF) rs1800067 and rs1800124, ERCC5 (XPG) rs1047769 and rs17655; and ERCC6 rs2228526. Of the 6 ERCC variants examined, only ERCC5 rs17655 showed a borderline main effect association with breast cancer risk (OR(GC) = 1.1, OR(CC) = 1.3; p-trend = 0.08), with some indication that individuals carrying the C allele variant were more susceptible to the effects of occupational radiation (EOR/Gy(GG) = 1.0, 95% CI = <0, 6.0; EOR/Gy(GC/CC) = 5.9, 95% CI = 0.9, 14.4; p(het) = 0.10). ERCC2 rs13181, although not associated with breast cancer risk overall, statistically significantly modified the effect of occupational radiation dose on risk of breast cancer (EOR/Gy(AA) = 9.1, 95% CI = 2.1-21.3; EOR/Gy(AC/CC) = 0.6, 95% CI = <0, 4.6; p(het) = 0.01). These results suggest that common variants in nucleotide excision repair genes may modify the association between occupational radiation exposure and breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Rajaraman
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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35
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Bhatti P, Sigurdson AJ, Thomas CB, Iwan A, Alexander BH, Kampa D, Bowen L, Doody MM, Jones IM. No evidence for differences in DNA damage assessed before and after a cancer diagnosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:990-4. [PMID: 18398043 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of studies that have found increased cancer risk associated with functional deficits in DNA repair used a case-control design, in which measurements were made after cancer diagnosis. However, there are concerns about whether the cancer itself or cancer treatment affected the conclusions (reverse causation bias). We assessed the effect of cancer diagnosis among 26 breast cancer controls who had blood collected during 2001 to 2003 and again in 2005 to 2006 after being diagnosed with cancer. Using the alkaline comet assay, we quantified DNA damage in untreated lymphoblastoid cell lines. Comet distributed moment, olive tail moment, percentage of DNA in tail, and comet tail length were summarized as the geometric mean of 100 cells. For comet distributed moment, olive tail moment, tail DNA, and tail length, the proportions of women with before diagnosis values higher than after diagnosis were 65%, 50%, 50%, and 46%, respectively. We found no significant differences in the before or after diagnosis mean comet values. Median cut-points were determined from the before diagnosis distribution, and we used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and upper 95% bounds of the confidence intervals. ORs ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 with upper confidence interval bounds of 1.9 and 2.6, meaning biased ORs above 2.6 are unlikely. We found no evidence that reverse causation bias is an important concern in case-control studies using the comet assay applied to cell lines collected after cancer diagnosis. More work is needed to characterize the effect of cancer diagnosis on other phenotypic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Bhatti
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-7238, USA.
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Dong LM, Potter JD, White E, Ulrich CM, Cardon LR, Peters U. Genetic susceptibility to cancer: the role of polymorphisms in candidate genes. JAMA 2008; 299:2423-36. [PMID: 18505952 PMCID: PMC2772197 DOI: 10.1001/jama.299.20.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Continuing advances in genotyping technologies and the inclusion of DNA collection in observational studies have resulted in an increasing number of genetic association studies. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the overall progress and contribution of candidate gene association studies to current understanding of the genetic susceptibility to cancer. DATA SOURCES We systematically examined the results of meta-analyses and pooled analyses for genetic polymorphisms and cancer risk published through March 2008. STUDY SELECTION We identified 161 meta-analyses and pooled analyses, encompassing 18 cancer sites and 99 genes. Analyses had to meet the following criteria: include at least 500 cases, have cancer risk as outcome, not be focused on HLA antigen genetic markers, and be published in English. DATA EXTRACTION Information on cancer site, gene name, variant, point estimate and 95% confidence interval (CI), allelic frequency, number of studies and cases, tests of study heterogeneity, and publication bias were extracted by 1 investigator and reviewed by other investigators. RESULTS These 161 analyses evaluated 344 gene-variant cancer associations and included on average 7.3 studies and 3551 cases (range, 508-19 729 cases) per investigated association. The summary odds ratio (OR) for 98 (28%) statistically significant associations (P value <.05) were further evaluated by estimating the false-positive report probability (FPRP) at a given prior probability and statistical power. At a prior probability level of 0.001 and statistical power to detect an OR of 1.5, 13 gene-variant cancer associations remained noteworthy (FPRP <0.2). Assuming a very low prior probability of 0.000001, similar to a probability assumed for a randomly selected single-nucleotide polymorphism in a genome-wide association study, and statistical power to detect an OR of 1.5, 4 associations were considered noteworthy as denoted by an FPRP value <0.2: GSTM1 null and bladder cancer (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.6; P = 1.9 x 10(-14)), NAT2 slow acetylator and bladder cancer (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.26-1.68; P = 2.5 x 10(-7)), MTHFR C677T and gastric cancer (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.31-1.77; P = 4.9 x 10(-8)), and GSTM1 null and acute leukemia (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.14-1.25; P = 8.6 x 10(-15)). When the OR used to determine statistical power was lowered to 1.2, 2 of the 4 noteworthy associations remained so: GSTM1 null with bladder cancer and acute leukemia. CONCLUSION In this review of candidate gene association studies, nearly one-third of gene-variant cancer associations were statistically significant, with variants in genes encoding for metabolizing enzymes among the most consistent and highly significant associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Dong
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - John D Potter
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Emily White
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Lon R Cardon
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Salehi F, Turner MC, Phillips KP, Wigle DT, Krewski D, Aronson KJ. Review of the etiology of breast cancer with special attention to organochlorines as potential endocrine disruptors. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:276-300. [PMID: 18368557 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701875923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among Canadian women, accounting for about 30% of all new cancer cases each year. Although the incidence of breast cancer has increased over the past 50 years, the cause of this rise is unknown. Risk factors for breast cancer may be classified into four broad categories: (1) genetic/familial, (2) reproductive/hormonal, (3) lifestyle, and (4) environmental. Established risk factors for breast cancer include older age, later age at first full-term pregnancy, no full-term pregnancies, postmenopausal obesity, and genetic factors. However, these known risk factors cannot account for the majority of cases. In the early 1990s, it was suggested that exposure to some environmental chemicals such as organochlorine compounds may play a causal role in the etiology of breast cancer through estrogen-related pathways. The relationship between organochlorines and breast cancer risk has been studied extensively in the past decade and more, and at this point there is no clear evidence to support a causal role of most organochlorine pesticides in the etiology of human breast cancer, but more evidence is needed to assess risk associated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Future studies need to consider the combined effects of exposures, concentrate on vulnerable groups such as those with higher levels of exposure, only consider exposures occurring during the most etiologically relevant time periods, and more thoroughly consider gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Salehi
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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