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Zhang J, Liu X, Shi B, Yang Z, Luo Y, Xu T, Liu D, Jiang C, Du G, Lu N, Zhang C, Ma Y, Bai R, Zhou J. Investigation of exposure biomarkers in human plasma following differing levels of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and nicotine in cigarette smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113811. [PMID: 35835167 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) are strong carcinogens widely found in tobacco products, environmental tobacco smoke, lake, and wastewater. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke with different yields of TSNAs (NNK, NNN, NAT, NAB) and nicotine on the levels of biomarkers of exposure in smokers' plasma. Three hundred healthy volunteers were recruited comprising 60 smokers of each of 3 mg, 8 mg and 10 mg ISO tar yield cigarettes and 60 smokers who smoked 10 mg, 8 mg, and 3 mg for 14 days sequentially and 60 non-smokers. All study participants were male, aged from 21 to 45 years old, and were recruited from a same unit in Hebei, China. We measured the levels of NNAL, NAT, NNN, NAB and cotinine in plasma from 240 smokers and 60 non-smokers using a novel method established by online two-dimensional solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that NNAL, NAT, NNN, NAB and cotinine in the plasma of smokers smoking cigarette with low TSNAs and nicotine were lower than that with high TSNAs and nicotine. When smokers switched from higher to lower TSNA yields of cigarettes, their plasma NNAL, NAT, NNN, NAB levels significantly decreased. The plasma concentrations of NNAL were significantly correlated with those of cotinine, NNN, NAT and NAB for smokers (p < 0.001). Similarly, the plasma concentrations of cotinine were significantly correlated with those of NNN, NAT and NAB for smokers (p < 0.001). The plasma NNAL, NAT, NNN, NAB and cotinine levels for smokers were significantly higher than those for non-smokers. These findings suggested that the total NNAL, NNN, NAT, NAB and cotinine in plasma were valid and reliable biomarkers for human exposure to TSNAs and nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Bing Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Military General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Yang
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Yanbo Luo
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tongguang Xu
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Deshui Liu
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Chengyong Jiang
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Guorong Du
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Yanjun Ma
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Ruoshi Bai
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China.
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Hu Q, Upadhyaya P, Hecht SS, Aly FZ, Huo Z, Xing C. Characterization of adductomic totality of NNK, (R)-NNAL and (S)-NNAL in A/J mice, and their correlations with distinct lung carcinogenicity. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:170-181. [PMID: 34919675 PMCID: PMC8947227 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. While tobacco use is the main cause, only 10-20% of smokers eventually develop clinical lung cancer. Thus, the ability of lung cancer risk prediction among smokers could transform lung cancer management with early preventive interventions. Given that DNA damage by tobacco carcinogens is the potential root cause of lung carcinogenesis, we characterized the adductomic totality of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (a potent lung carcinogen in tobacco, commonly known as NNK) in the target lung tissues, the liver tissues and the peripheral serum samples in a single-dose NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis A/J mouse model. We also characterized these adductomic totalities from the two enantiomers of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL, the major in vivo metabolite of NNK) given their distinct carcinogenicity in A/J mice. With these adductomic data, we demonstrated that tissue protein adductomics have the highest abundance. We also identified that the adductomic levels at the 8 h time point after carcinogen exposure were among the highest. More importantly, the relationships among these adductomics were characterized with overall strong positive linear correlations, demonstrating the potential of using peripheral serum protein adductomics to reflect DNA adductomics in the target lung tissues. Lastly, we explored the relationships of these adductomics with lung tumor status in A/J mice, providing preliminary but promising evidence of the feasibility of lung cancer risk prediction using peripheral adductomic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - F Zahra Aly
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zhiguang Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health & Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Kozlovich S, Chen G, Watson CJW, Lazarus P. Prominent Stereoselectivity of NNAL Glucuronidation in Upper Aerodigestive Tract Tissues. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1689-1698. [PMID: 31307193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are among the most potent carcinogens found in cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products. Decreases in TSNA detoxification, particularly 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), have been associated with tobacco-related cancer incidence. NNK is metabolized by carbonyl reduction to its major carcinogenic metabolite, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), which is detoxified by glucuronidation at the nitrogen within the pyridine ring or at the chiral alcohol to form four glucuronide products: (R)-NNAL-O-Gluc, (S)-NNAL-O-Gluc, (R)-NNAL-N-Gluc, (S)-NNAL-N-Gluc. Stereoselective NNAL-Gluc formation and the relative expression of NNAL-glucuronidating UGTs (1A4, 1A9, 1A10, 2B7, 2B10, 2B17) were analyzed in 39 tissue specimens from the upper aerodigestive tract (esophagus (n = 13), floor of mouth (n = 4), larynx (n = 9), tongue (n = 7), and tonsil (n = 6)). All pooled tissue types preferentially formed (R)-NNAL-O-Gluc in the presence of racemic-NNAL; only esophagus exhibited any detectable formation of (S)-NNAL-O-Gluc. For every tissue type examined, UGT1A10 exhibited the highest relative expression levels among the NNAL-O-glucuronidating UGTs, ranging from 36% (tonsil) to 49% (esophagus), followed by UGT1A9 > UGT2B7 > UGT2B17. UGT1A10 also exhibited similar or higher levels of expression as compared to both NNAL-N-glucuronidating UGTs, 1A4 and 2B10. In a screening of cells expressing individual UGT enzymes, all NNAL glucuronidating UGTs exhibited some level of stereospecific preference for individual NNAL enantiomers, with UGTs 1A10 and 2B17 forming primarily (R)-NNAL-O-Gluc. These data suggest that UGTs 1A10 and 2B17 may be important enzymes in the detoxification of TSNAs like NNK in tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Kozlovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Washington State University , Spokane Washington 99210 , United States
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Washington State University , Spokane Washington 99210 , United States
| | - Christy J W Watson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Washington State University , Spokane Washington 99210 , United States
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Washington State University , Spokane Washington 99210 , United States
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Wang H, Li X, Zhao G, Xu L, Wang S, Nie M, Hua C, Shang P, Pan L, Zhao J, Qiao L, Liu K, Hu K, Su J, Cai J, Xie F. Analysis of methyl DNA adducts and metabolites in BEAS-2B cells induced by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:499-510. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1611982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ge Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangtao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingxuan Nie
- Zhengzhou Foreign Language School, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenfeng Hua
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pingping Shang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lining Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangjun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kejian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiakun Su
- China Tobacco Jiangxi Industrial LLC, Nanchang, China
| | - Jibao Cai
- China Tobacco Jiangxi Industrial LLC, Nanchang, China
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
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Abstract
Risk assessment is a process that uses a transparent, reproducible and pre-established methodology to evaluate alternatives for managing health-related risks. Although an array of federal agencies regularly use risk assessment to inform regulatory decisions, its application to tobacco regulation is new. By comparing examples of FDA risk assessments for food and tobacco, this paper highlights some of the challenges inherent in applying risk assessment methodologies to tobacco regulation. In doing so, it calls upon researchers to work with the FDA to develop a tobacco-specific approach to risk assessment that reflects the Tobacco Control Act's regulatory framework and the distinctive features of tobacco products and tobacco use.
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McAdam K, Enos T, Goss C, Kimpton H, Faizi A, Edwards S, Wright C, Porter A, Rodu B. Analysis of coumarin and angelica lactones in smokeless tobacco products. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:142. [PMID: 30569337 PMCID: PMC6768314 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in health risks between different styles of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) have prompted interest in their relative levels of toxic chemicals. We report here the development of methods for the analysis of STPs for coumarin and for α-angelica lactone (α-AL), both of which have been included in various published lists of tobacco toxicants. We have also determined the concentrations of these lactones in commercial STPs from the US and Sweden, representing 80-90% of the 2010 market share for all the major STP categories in these two countries: 65 products (plus two reference products) for coumarin and 66 commercial products for α-AL. For coumarin, methanol extracts of the STPs were analysed by HPLC/MS/MS. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were, respectively, 100 and 30 ng coumarin/g of STP on a wet weight basis (WWB). Alpha-AL was determined via direct headspace GC/MS. The LOQ and LOD were 65 and 30 ng/g WWB respectively. Coumarin was detected In 3/33 Swedish snus, 5/13 US chewing tobaccos, 16/16 moist snuffs and 5/6 dry snuffs. Concentrations in those samples with quantifiable coumarin contents ranged from 186 to 1656 ng/g WWB. Concentrations of coumarin measured in this study were consistent with levels naturally found in tobacco. None of the STPs analysed would significantly contribute to coumarin exposure in consumers compared with dietary sources, and estimated exposure levels were 1000× lower than the European Food Safety Authority Tolerable Daily Intake. Hence the relevance of coumarin to the toxicity of STPs and its inclusion in the FDA's list of harmful and potentially harmful compounds list is questionable. Measurements of α-AL in these STPs found that the majority did not have quantifiable contents, however, for three STPs concentrations of α-AL were above the LOQ (116-140 ng/g WWB) and for four other STPs concentrations of α-AL could be estimated between the LOD and LOQ. Beta-angelica lactone was tentatively identified in three of the STPs but the levels could not be reliably quantified. The levels of α-AL in tobacco products are reported here for the first time, but the relevance of α-AL to the toxicity of STPs is also highly questionable given that it has GRAS status as a permitted food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McAdam
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Trevor Enos
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Carol Goss
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Harriet Kimpton
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Arif Faizi
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Steve Edwards
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Christopher Wright
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | | | - Brad Rodu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Room 208, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
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Bustamante G, Ma B, Yakovlev G, Yershova K, Le CT, Jensen J, Hatsukami D, Stepanov I. Presence of the Carcinogen N'-Nitrosonornicotine in Saliva of E-cigarette Users. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:731-738. [PMID: 30019582 PMCID: PMC8556657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many harmful constituents are present in e-cigarettes at much lower levels than in cigarette smoke, and the results of analysis of urinary biomarkers in e-cigarette users are consistent with these findings. However, understanding the health effects of chronic exposures to e-cigarette aerosols may require thinking beyond these comparisons. In this study, we investigated the endogenous formation of the tobacco-specific oral and esophageal carcinogen N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) in e-cigarette users. Salivary NNN, nornicotine, and nicotine as well as urinary tobacco biomarkers, including total NNN, were analyzed in 20 e-cigarette users, 20 smokers, and 19 nonsmokers. Nornicotine and NNN levels in e-cigarettes used by the study participants were also analyzed. The mean of NNN in saliva of e-cigarette users was 14.6 (±23.1) pg/mL, ranging from nonquantifiable (below the limit of quantitation, LOQ) to 76.0 pg/mL. In smokers, salivary NNN ranged from below LOQ to 739 pg/mL, with 80% of smokers having salivary NNN in the range of levels found in e-cigarette users. Consistent with a previous report, very low levels of urinary total NNN were present in only 5 out of 20 e-cigarette users (ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 pmol/mL urine). Only trace levels of NNN were found in e-cigarette liquids. Together, our findings demonstrate that NNN is formed endogenously in e-cigarette users. While the overall exposure to NNN in e-cigarette users is dramatically lower than in smokers, the known carcinogenic potency of NNN warrants further investigations into the potential consequences of its endogenous formation. Salivary NNN, rather than urinary total NNN, which accounts for only 1-3% of the NNN dose, should be used to monitor e-cigarette users' exposure to this carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Bustamante
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- School of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, 170157, Ecuador
| | - Bin Ma
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Galina Yakovlev
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Katrina Yershova
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Chap T. Le
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Joni Jensen
- Tobacco Research Programs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Tobacco Research Programs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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McAdam K, Vas C, Kimpton H, Faizi A, Liu C, Porter A, Synnerdahl T, Karlsson P, Rodu B. Ethyl carbamate in Swedish and American smokeless tobacco products and some factors affecting its concentration. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:86. [PMID: 30043180 PMCID: PMC6057859 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We are interested in comparing the levels of harmful or potentially harmful constituents in Swedish and American smokeless tobacco products (STPs). We report here the concentrations of the IARC Group 2 A (probable human) carcinogen ethyl carbamate (EC) in seventy commercial STPs from the US and Sweden, representing 80-90% of the market share of the major STP categories in these countries. We also examine the effects of various additives, processing and storage conditions on EC concentrations in experimental snus samples. RESULTS EC was determined from aqueous extracts of the STPs using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). EC was undetectable (< 20 ng/g wet weight basis WWB) in 60% of the commercial STPs, including all the chewing tobacco (CT), dry snuff (DS), hard pellet (HP), soft pellet (SP), and plug products. Measurable levels of EC were found in 11/16 (69%) of the moist snuff (MS) samples (average 154 ng/g in those samples containing EC) and 19/32 (59%) of the Swedish snus samples (average 35 ng/g). For the experimental snus samples, EC was only observed in ethanol treated samples. EC concentrations increased significantly with ethanol concentrations (0-4%) and with storage time (up to 24 weeks) and temperature (8 °C vs 20 °C). EC concentrations were lower at lower pHs but were unaffected by adding nitrogenous precursors identified from food studies (citrulline and urea), increasing water content or by pasteurisation. Added EC was stable in the STP matrix, but evaporative losses were significant when samples were stored for several weeks in open containers at 8 °C. CONCLUSIONS EC was found in measurable amounts only in some moist STPs i.e. pasteurised Swedish snus and unpasteurised US MS; it is not a ubiquitous contaminant of STPs. The presence of ethanol contributed significantly to the presence of EC in experimental snus samples, more significantly at higher pH levels. Sample age also was a key determinant of EC content. In contrast, pasteurisation and fermentation do not appear to directly influence EC levels. Using published consumption rates and mouth level exposures, on average STP consumers are exposed to lower EC levels from STP use than from food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. McAdam
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - C. Vas
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - H. Kimpton
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - A. Faizi
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - C. Liu
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - A. Porter
- 3810 St. Antoine W, Montreal, QC H4C 1B4 Canada
| | - T. Synnerdahl
- Eurofins Food & Feed Testing Sweden AB, Sjöhagsgatan 3, 531 40 Lidköping, Sweden
| | - P. Karlsson
- Eurofins Food & Feed Testing Sweden AB, Sjöhagsgatan 3, 531 40 Lidköping, Sweden
| | - B. Rodu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Room 208, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
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Peterson LA. Context Matters: Contribution of Specific DNA Adducts to the Genotoxic Properties of the Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine NNK. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:420-433. [PMID: 28092943 PMCID: PMC5473167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent pulmonary carcinogen in laboratory animals. It is classified as a Group 1 human carcinogen by the International Agency for Cancer Research. NNK is bioactivated upon cytochrome P450 catalyzed hydroxylation of the carbon atoms adjacent to the nitrosamino group to both methylating and pyridyloxobutylating agents. Both pathways generate a spectrum of DNA damage that contributes to the overall mutagenic and toxic properties of this compound. NNK is also reduced to form 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), which is also carcinogenic. Like NNK, NNAL requires metabolic activation to DNA alkylating agents. Methyl hydroxylation of NNAL generates pyridylhydroxybutyl DNA adducts, and methylene hydroxylation leads to DNA methyl adducts. The consequence of this complex metabolism is that NNK generates a vast spectrum of DNA damage, any form of which can contribute to the overall carcinogenic properties of this potent pulmonary carcinogen. This Perspective reviews the chemistry and genotoxic properties of the collection of DNA adducts formed from NNK. In addition, it provides evidence that multiple adducts contribute to the overall carcinogenic properties of this chemical. The adduct that contributes to the genotoxic effects of NNK depends on the context, such as the relative amounts of each DNA alkylating pathway occurring in the model system, the levels and genetic variants of key repair enzymes, and the gene targeted for mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Peterson
- Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Pérez-Ortuño R, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Fu M, Ballbè M, Quirós N, Fernández E, Pascual JA. Assessment of tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in oral fluid as biomarkers of cancer risk: A population-based study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:635-641. [PMID: 27619208 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoke-free laws are expected to reduce smoking habits and exposure to secondhand smoke. The objective of this study was the measurement of tobacco specific carcinogens (TSNAs) in oral fluid to assess the most suitable biomarker of cancer risk associated with tobacco smoke. METHODS TSNAs, N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), as well as nicotine and cotinine were measured in oral fluid samples from 166 smokers and 532 non-smokers of the adult population of Barcelona, Spain. A simple method with an alkaline single liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane/isopropanol was used and lower limits of quantification for cotinine, NNN, NNK and NNAL were set at 0.10ng/mL, 1.0, 2.0 and 0.50pg/mL respectively. The NNN/cotinine ratio was also calculated. RESULTS NNN was the most abundant TSNA present in oral fluid with a significant difference between smokers and non-smokers (mean concentrations of 118 and 5.3pg/mL, respectively, p<0.001). NNK and NNAL were detectable in fewer samples. NNN and cotinine concentrations had a moderate correlation within both groups (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of 0.312, p<0.001 in smokers and 0.279, p=0.022 in non-smokers). NNN/cotinine ratio was significantly higher (p<0.001) in non-smokers than in smokers, in line with equivalent findings for the NNAL/cotinine ratio in urine. CONCLUSIONS TSNAs are detectable in oral fluid of smokers and non-smokers. NNN is the most abundant, in line with its association with esophageal and oral cavity cancers. The NNN/cotinine ratio confirms the relative NNN increase in second hand smoke. Findings provide a new oral fluid biomarker of cancer risk associated with exposure to tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Pérez-Ortuño
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jose M Martínez-Sánchez
- Biostatistic Unit, Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Carrer Josep Trueta s/n, 08915 Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, Av. Granvia de L'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Av. Granvia de L'Hospitalet 199-201, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, Av. Granvia de L'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Av. Granvia de L'Hospitalet 199-201, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Ctra. de la Feixa llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, Av. Granvia de L'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Av. Granvia de L'Hospitalet 199-201, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Ctra. de la Feixa llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C. Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Núria Quirós
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, Av. Granvia de L'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Av. Granvia de L'Hospitalet 199-201, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, Av. Granvia de L'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Av. Granvia de L'Hospitalet 199-201, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Ctra. de la Feixa llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José A Pascual
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Wei B, Blount BC, Xia B, Wang L. Assessing exposure to tobacco-specific carcinogen NNK using its urinary metabolite NNAL measured in US population: 2011-2012. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:249-56. [PMID: 25564369 PMCID: PMC4520776 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) such as 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are found only in tobacco and derived products. Food and Drug Administration of the United States (US FDA) lists NNK as one of the 93 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) found in tobacco products and tobacco smoke. The aim of this study was to use the urinary concentration of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a major metabolite of NNK, to quantitatively estimate exposure to NNK in the US general population. In 2011-2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collected urine and serum samples from a representative sample of US residents. We used a serum cotinine cutoff of 10 ng/ml with combination of questionnaire data to select non-users from cigarette users and used self-reported data to determine different tobacco product user groups. We estimated the absorbed total daily dose of NNK using a probabilistic method based on a two-compartment model. The geometric mean (GM) for the daily dose of NNK among smokers aged 12-16 years was significantly higher than that for non-users at the same age stage exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) (P<0.001). Among those exposed to SHS, the GM for daily dose of NNK in young children (6-11 years) was nearly three times of those for adults in the age range 21-59 years. Among cigarette users, non-Hispanic Whites had the highest NNK daily dose and Mexican Americans had the lowest levels. Exclusive snuff or chewing product users had significantly higher daily dose of NNK than did cigarette smokers. Our study found that the maximum daily dose of NNK for children aged from 6 to 11 years and that for a significant percentage of cigarette users, chewing product and snuff users were higher than an estimated provisional "reference" risk level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnian Wei
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Baoyun Xia
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Evaluation of tobacco specific nitrosamines exposure by quantification of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in human hair of non-smokers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25043. [PMID: 27112239 PMCID: PMC4844947 DOI: 10.1038/srep25043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to specific carcinogens present in secondhand smoke has been associated with different types of cancers. Hair is an ideal matrix to develop a proper biomarker as it absorbs substances in circulation and allows measuring their average concentration over long periods of time. A method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine, cotinine, NNN, NNK and NNAL in 20 mg human hair samples. Concentrations were significantly different depending on the declared exposure. This study shows for the first time that NNK is present in hair samples from non-smokers in concentrations much higher than any other tobacco specific nitrosamine. NNN could also be detected in samples from the most exposed non-smokers while, as previously reported, NNAL was undetectable. NNK correlates well with nicotine and cotinine (rsp = 0.774 and rsp = 0.792 respectively, p < 0.001 in both cases). However, NNN concentrations did not correlate with any of the other analytes. Ratios between NNK and nicotine show variability with different concentrations of NNK present in samples with similar nicotine values. NNK has proven to be the best marker of tobacco specific nitrosamines in hair. Monitoring NNK may provide a good estimation of cancer risk associated with exposure to secondhand smoke.
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13
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Wei B, Alwis KU, Li Z, Wang L, Valentin-Blasini L, Sosnoff CS, Xia Y, Conway KP, Blount BC. Urinary concentrations of PAH and VOC metabolites in marijuana users. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 88:1-8. [PMID: 26690539 PMCID: PMC5024567 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marijuana is seeing increased therapeutic use, and is the world's third most-popular recreational drug following alcohol and tobacco. This widening use poses increased exposure to potentially toxic combustion by-products from marijuana smoke and the potential for public health concerns. OBJECTIVES To compare urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) among self-reported recent marijuana users and nonusers, while accounting for tobacco smoke exposure. METHODS Measurements of PAH and VOC metabolites in urine samples were combined with questionnaire data collected from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 2005 to 2012 in order to categorize participants (≥18years) into exclusive recent marijuana users and nonusers. Adjusted geometric means (GMs) of urinary concentrations were computed for these groups using multiple regression analyses to adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS Adjusted GMs of many individual monohydroxy PAHs (OH-PAHs) were significantly higher in recent marijuana users than in nonusers (p<0.05). Urinary thiocyanate (p<0.001) and urinary concentrations of many VOC metabolites, including metabolites of acrylonitrile (p<0.001) and acrylamide (p<0.001), were significantly higher in recent marijuana users than in nonusers. CONCLUSIONS We found elevated levels of biomarkers for potentially harmful chemicals among self-identified, recent marijuana users compared with nonusers. These findings suggest that further studies are needed to evaluate the potential health risks to humans from the exposure to these agents when smoking marijuana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnian Wei
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - K Udeni Alwis
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zheng Li
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Connie S Sosnoff
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yang Xia
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kevin P Conway
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research at the National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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14
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Abstract
Among the most potent carcinogens in tobacco are the tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), with 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) being the most potent as well as one of the most abundant. NNK is extensively metabolized to the equally carcinogenic 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). Of the two NNAL enantiomers, (S)-NNAL not only appears to be preferentially glucuronidated and excreted in humans but also exhibits higher stereoselective tissue retention in mice and humans and has been shown to be more carcinogenic in mice than its (R) counterpart. Due to the differential carcinogenic potential of the NNAL enantiomers, it is increasingly important to know which UGT enzyme targets the specific NNAL enantiomers for glucuronidation. To examine this, a chiral separation method was developed to isolate enantiomerically pure (S)- and (R)-NNAL. Comparison of NNAL glucuronides (NNAL-Glucs) formed in reactions of UGT2B7-, UGT2B17-, UGT1A9-, and UGT2B10-overexpressing cell microsomes with pure NNAL enantiomers showed large differences in kinetics for (S)- versus (R)-NNAL, indicating varying levels of enantiomeric preference for each enzyme. UGT2B17 preferentially formed (R)-NNAL-O-Gluc, and UGT2B7 preferentially formed (S)-NNAL-O-Gluc. When human liver microsomes (HLM) were independently incubated with each NNAL enantiomer, the ratio of (R)-NNAL-O-Gluc to (S)-NNAL-O-Gluc formation in HLM from subjects exhibiting the homozygous deletion UGT2B17 (*2/*2) genotype was significantly lower (p = 0.012) than that with HLM from wild-type (*1/*1) subjects. There was a significant trend (p = 0.015) toward a decreased (R)-NNAL-O-Gluc/(S)-NNAL-O-Gluc ratio as the copy number of the UGT2B17*2 deletion allele increased. These data demonstrate that variations in the expression or activity of specific UGTs may affect the clearance of specific NNAL enantiomers known to induce tobacco-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Kozlovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane WA 99210
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane WA 99210
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane WA 99210
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15
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Yang JY, Ahn HK, Lee SW, Han YJ, Oh YJ, Velázquez-Armenta EY, Nava-Ocampo AA. Simple high-throughput analytical method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to quantify total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol in urine. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 53:1249-57. [PMID: 25720081 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the urinary concentration of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) is a reliable biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke, we developed a relatively simple high-throughput chromatographic method to quantify total urinary NNAL concentrations in the general population. METHODS The high-throughput analytical method was developed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to identify and quantify total urinary NNAL concentrations in 10 non-smokers and 15 otherwise healthy smokers. RESULTS Loss of nitric oxide at m/z 30 was found to be the predominant mass transitioned, and therefore was used as the SIM transition to quantify both NNAL and NNAL-methyl-d3 in urine. The analytical method did not require sample derivatization. Standard curves for total NNAL concentrations were linear between 20 and 1500 pg/mL, with coefficients of determination >0.95. Precision and accuracy ranged from 2.2% to 8.6% (CV) and from -5.6% to 10.9% (percent error), respectively. The lowest limit of quantification was 6.7 pg/mL, and 2.0 pg/mL the lowest limit of detection (LLOD). Total urinary NNAL concentrations in non-smoker subjects were <LLOD, whereas in smokers varied between <LLOD to 112.1 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS An UPLC-MS/MS analytical method to quantify total urinary NNAL concentrations in smokers that does not require sample derivatization is presented herein. The method could be useful in clarifying the toxicities associated with human exposure to cigarette smoking. However, quantification might be adversely affected by co-eluting interfering compounds or selective ion suppression or enhancement as a result of having only one ion transition to monitor NNAL and NNAL-methyl-d3 in urine.
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16
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Krautter GR, Chen PX, Borgerding MF. Consumption patterns and biomarkers of exposure in cigarette smokers switched to Snus, various dissolvable tobacco products, Dual use, or tobacco abstinence. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 71:186-97. [PMID: 25549549 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this clinical study were to evaluate changes in tobacco product use behavior and levels of selected biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) for smokers who switched to one of six conditions during clinical confinement: exclusive use of; Camel Snus, Sticks, Strips or Orbs, controlled Dual use of cigarettes and Camel Snus, or tobacco abstinence. The controlled Dual use (DU) condition mandated a 60% reduction in cigarettes smoked per day (CPD). 167 healthy U.S. male and female smokers were randomized to the six groups (n=25-30/group). Subjects smoked their usual brand of cigarette for 1 day prior to switching to their designated intervention condition. Levels of thirty-two BOEs in plasma, whole blood, urine and feces were determined before and after switching. Questionnaires that scored nicotine dependence and withdrawal discomfort were also administered. After 5 days, exclusive Snus, Sticks, Strips, or Orbs use averaged 6.1, 5.9, 13.5, and 8.5 units/day, respectively. DU subjects smoked 7.6 CPD and used 3.2 Snus pouches/day, on average. After 5 days, substantial reductions of most biomarkers, including nicotine, were observed in all groups. Toxicant exposures were similar to being tobacco abstinent after switching exclusively to Camel Snus, Sticks, Strips or Orbs. DU reductions were more modest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter X Chen
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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17
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Mallery SR, Tong M, Michaels GC, Kiyani AR, Hecht SS. Clinical and biochemical studies support smokeless tobacco's carcinogenic potential in the human oral cavity. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:23-32. [PMID: 24265177 PMCID: PMC3892990 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer presented compelling evidence that linked smokeless tobacco use to the development of human oral cancer. Although these findings imply vigorous local carcinogen metabolism, little is known about levels and distribution of phase I, II, and III (drug egress) enzymes in human oral mucosa. In this study here, we integrated clinical data, and imaging and histopathologic analyses of an oral squamous cell carcinoma that arose at the site of smokeless tobacco quid placement in a patient. Immunoblot and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were used to identify tumor and normal human oral mucosal smokeless tobacco-associated metabolic activation and detoxification enzymes. Human oral epithelium contains every known phase I enzyme associated with nitrosamine oxidative bioactivation with approximately 2-fold interdonor differences in protein levels. Previous studies have confirmed approximately 3.5-fold interdonor variations in intraepithelial phase II enzymes. Unlike the superficially located enzymes in nonreplicating esophageal surface epithelium, IHC studies confirmed that oral mucosal nitrosamine metabolizing enzymes reside in the basilar and suprabasilar region, which notably is the site of ongoing keratinocyte DNA replication. Clearly, variations in product composition, nitrosamine metabolism, and exposure duration will modulate clinical outcomes. The data presented here form a coherent picture consistent with the abundant experimental data that link tobacco-specific nitrosamines to human oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Mallery
- Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology and Radiology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, 2191B Postle Hall, 305 W12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210.
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18
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Agaku IT, Vardavas CI, Connolly G. Proposed cutoff for identifying adult smokeless tobacco users with urinary total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanonol: an aggregated analysis of NHANES 2007-2010 data. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:1956-61. [PMID: 23956252 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NNAL [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanonol] is a valid biomarker of tobacco use. However; no study has assessed its use in distinguishing current smokeless tobacco (SLT) users from nonusers. Therefore, this study used aggregated data from the 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to determine an optimal threshold for identifying SLT users with NNAL. METHODS Optimal urinary total NNAL concentrations for discriminating SLT-only users from nonusers of any tobacco were determined using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Percentage agreement between self-reported SLT use status and NNAL levels was calculated overall and by sociodemographic characteristics. All analyses were weighted and performed with Stata, Version 11, and MedCalc for Windows, Version 9.5.0.0. RESULTS In total, 264 individuals reported exclusively using SLT (and no other combustible tobacco product) within the past 5 days, whereas 14,824 were self-reported nonusers of any combustible or smokeless tobacco product. The optimal NNAL cutoff point was 34.0 pg/ml, which was associated with a high sensitivity (95.2%), specificity (93.4%), and overall correct classification rate (93.5%). The area under the curve was 98.3% and the corresponding Youden's Index was 88.7%. There was high agreement between the proposed NNAL cutoff point and self-reported SLT-only use (95.6%) and self-reported SLT nonuse (93.9%). CONCLUSION The proposed cutoff point of 34.0 pg/ml had high sensitivity and specificity and may be used by clinicians and researchers to verify or detect recent SLT use. This study also indicated that self-reported SLT use among adults is a reliable measure and has high agreement with biochemical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel T Agaku
- Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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19
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Zhang Z, Zheng S, Yang J, Wang W, Liu B, Zhu X. Synthesis and Solid Phase Extraction Performance Study of NNAL‐specific Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Using Dummy Templates. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/26/03/361-368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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20
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Balbo S, James-Yi S, Johnson CS, O'Sullivan MG, Stepanov I, Wang M, Bandyopadhyay D, Kassie F, Carmella S, Upadhyaya P, Hecht SS. (S)-N'-Nitrosonornicotine, a constituent of smokeless tobacco, is a powerful oral cavity carcinogen in rats. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2178-83. [PMID: 23671129 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, smokeless tobacco products are being proposed as an alternative mode of tobacco use associated with less harm. All of these products contain the tobacco-specific carcinogen N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN). The major form of NNN in tobacco products is (S)-NNN, shown in this study to induce a total of 89 benign and malignant oral cavity tumors in a group of 20 male F-344 rats treated chronically with 14 p.p.m. in the drinking water. The opposite enantiomer (R)-NNN was weakly active, but synergistically enhanced the carcinogenicity of (S)-NNN. Thus, (S)-NNN is identified for the first time as a strong oral cavity carcinogen in smokeless tobacco products and should be significantly reduced or removed from these products without delay in order to prevent debilitating and deadly oral cavity cancer in people who use them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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21
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Yang Y, Yu C, Zhou M, Pang N, Li N, Nie H, Liao J, Bai Y, Liu H. Metabolic study of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone to the enantiomers of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol in vitro in human bronchial epithelial cells using chiral capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6505-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Naufal ZS, Marano KM, Kathman SJ, Wilson CL. Differential exposure biomarker levels among cigarette smokers and smokeless tobacco consumers in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2008. Biomarkers 2011; 16:222-35. [PMID: 21348778 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.546013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of biomarkers is an appropriate way to estimate exposure to cigarette mainstream smoke and smokeless tobacco (SLT) constituents in tobacco consumers. Using the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2008), biomarkers of volatile organic compounds, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), acrylamide, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and metals were evaluated. In general, biomarker levels in SLT consumers were significantly lower than in smokers (excluding NNK and some HAHs) and were not significantly different compared with nonconsumers (excluding NNK and some PAHs). These results provide useful information for science-based risk assessment and regulation of tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad S Naufal
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 950 Reynolds Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27105, USA.
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23
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Andra SS, Makris KC. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in water: an unexplored environmental health risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:412-417. [PMID: 21176967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with the Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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24
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Hecht SS, Yuan JM, Hatsukami D. Applying tobacco carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers in product regulation and cancer prevention. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1001-8. [PMID: 20408564 PMCID: PMC2891118 DOI: 10.1021/tx100056m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers are metabolites or protein or DNA adducts of specific compounds in tobacco products. Highly reliable analytical methods, based mainly on mass spectrometry, have been developed and applied in large studies of many of these biomarkers. A panel of tobacco carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers is suggested here, and typical values for smokers and nonsmokers are summarized. This panel of biomarkers has potential applications in the new and challenging area of tobacco product regulation and in the development of rational approaches to cancer prevention by establishing carcinogen and toxicant uptake and excretion in people exposed to tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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