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Swift L, Zhang C, Kovalchuk O, Boklan J, Trippett T, Narendran A. Dual functionality of the antimicrobial agent taurolidine which demonstrates effective anti-tumor properties in pediatric neuroblastoma. Invest New Drugs 2019; 38:690-699. [PMID: 31264069 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-risk, relapsed and refractory neuroblastoma are associated with poor 5-years survival rates, demonstrating the need for investigational therapeutic agents to treat this disease. Taurolidine is derived from the aminosulfoacid taurine and has known anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. Taurolidine has also demonstrated anti-neoplastic effects in a range of cancers, providing the rationale to investigate the activity of taurolidine against neuroblastoma in preclinical studies. We investigated the in vitro activity of taurolidine against neuroblastoma using the alamar blue cytotoxicity assay, phase-contrast light microscopy, western blotting and analysis of global gene expression by RNA-Seq. In vivo activity of taurolidine was evaluated using mouse xenograft models. In vitro pre-clinical data show that taurolidine is cytotoxic to neuroblastoma cell lines, inducing cell death by apoptosis. Analysis of global gene expression and determination of signaling pathway activation scores using the in silico Pathway Activation Network Decomposition Analysis (iPANDA) platform indicates that taurolidine has an effect on the Notch, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) signaling pathways. In vivo experiments in xenograft mouse models show that taurolidine decreases tumor growth and improves survival. These results provide supportive pre-clinical data on the activity of taurolidine against neuroblastoma. The findings support the rationale for further evaluation of taurolidine for the treatment of relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma patients in an early phase clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Swift
- POETIC Laboratory for Preclinical and Drug Discovery Studies, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, Alberta, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Chunfen Zhang
- POETIC Laboratory for Preclinical and Drug Discovery Studies, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, Alberta, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica Boklan
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Tanya Trippett
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aru Narendran
- POETIC Laboratory for Preclinical and Drug Discovery Studies, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, Alberta, T3B 6A8, Canada.
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Buchholz M, Majchrzak-Stiller B, Hahn S, Vangala D, Pfirrmann RW, Uhl W, Braumann C, Chromik AM. Innovative substance 2250 as a highly promising anti-neoplastic agent in malignant pancreatic carcinoma - in vitro and in vivo. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:216. [PMID: 28340556 PMCID: PMC5366103 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Former studies already revealed the anti-neoplastic properties of the anti-infective agent Taurolidine (TRD) against many tumor species in vitro and in vivo. Its anti-proliferative and cell death inducing capacity is largely due to its main derivative Taurultam (TRLT). In this study it could be demonstrated, that substance 2250 - a newly defined innovative structural analogue of TRLT - exhibits an anti-neoplastic effect on malignant pancreatic carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The anti-neoplastic potential of substance 2250 as well as its mode of action was demonstrated in extensive in vitro analysis, followed by successful and effective in vivo testings, using xenograft models derived from established pancreatic cancer cell lines as well as patient derived tissue. RESULTS Our functional analysis regarding the role of oxidative stress (ROS) and caspase activated apoptosis showed, that ROS driven programmed cell death (PCD) is the major mechanisms induced by substance 2250 in pancreatic carcinoma. What is strongly relevant towards clinical practice is especially the observed inhibition of patient derived pancreatic cancer tumor growth in mice treated with this new substance in combination with its sharply higher metabolic stability. CONCLUSION These encouraging results provide new therapeutical opportunities in pancreatic cancer treatment and build the basis for further functional analysis as well as first clinical studies for this promising agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Buchholz
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Research, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - B. Majchrzak-Stiller
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Research, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - S. Hahn
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - D. Vangala
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - W. Uhl
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Research, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - C. Braumann
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Research, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - A. M. Chromik
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Research, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Harati K, Emmelmann S, Behr B, Goertz O, Hirsch T, Kapalschinski N, Kolbenschlag J, Stricker I, Tannapfel A, Lehnhardt M, Daigeler A. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of TRAIL and taurolidine use on human fibrosarcoma xenografts in vivo. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1955-1961. [PMID: 26998107 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosarcomas are rare malignant soft tissue tumours that exhibit a poor response to current therapeutic regimens. Previously, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and taurolidine were observed to induce apoptosis synergistically in HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells in vitro. Consequently, the present study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of TRAIL in combination with taurolidine on the local growth of fibrosarcoma xenografts in vivo. HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells were inoculated subcutaneously into both flanks of 49 athymic nude mice in order to establish tumour xenografts. TRAIL and taurolidine were applied intraperitoneally at various single and cumulative treatment doses. After 12 days, the experiment was terminated and surviving animals were euthanised. Tumour progression was determined during and following treatment. To assess the potential toxic effects of the two compounds, the organs (lung, liver, kidney and heart) of all animals were examined histologically. The results revealed that combined treatment with TRAIL and taurolidine significantly inhibited the growth of HT1080 xenografts, whereas untreated animals had steadily increasing tumours. The most effective combination was TRAIL at 2 µg per application (cumulative dose, 16 µg) and taurolidine at 30/15 mg per application (cumulative dose, 180 mg), reducing the mean size of implanted xenografts to 10.9 mm2 following treatment (vs. 48.9 mm2 in the control group; P=0.0100). Despite distinct tumour mass reduction, the rate of mortality was significantly increased in animals treated with TRAIL and taurolidine in a taurolidine dose-dependent manner; however, histological examinations of relevant organs revealed no evidence of systemic toxicity (mean survival time, 7.9 days in the treated groups vs. 12 days in the control group; P<0.0010). In summary, whilst the combination of TRAIL and taurolidine synergistically inhibited the growth of fibrosarcoma xenografts in vivo, it was also accompanied by significantly increased mortality rate. Thus, although taurolidine is assumed to be a compound with an acceptable toxicity profile, and therefore increasingly used in clinical trials, the current findings raise concerns with regard to its safety and therapeutic index, and indicate the requirement for further detailed toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Harati
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum D-44789, Germany
| | - Sabine Emmelmann
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum D-44789, Germany
| | - Björn Behr
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum D-44789, Germany
| | - Ole Goertz
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum D-44789, Germany
| | - Tobias Hirsch
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum D-44789, Germany
| | - Nicolai Kapalschinski
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum D-44789, Germany
| | - Jonas Kolbenschlag
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum D-44789, Germany
| | - Ingo Stricker
- Institute of Pathology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum D-44789, Germany
| | - Andrea Tannapfel
- Institute of Pathology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum D-44789, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum D-44789, Germany
| | - Adrien Daigeler
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum D-44789, Germany
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Eschenburg G, Luckert C, Reinshagen K, Bergholz R. Taurolidine cooperates with antineoplastic drugs in neuroblastoma cells. Genes Cancer 2015; 5:460-9. [PMID: 25568670 PMCID: PMC4279442 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial tumor in childhood. Outcome of stage 4 disease remains poor and the development of novel therapeutic approaches is thus urgently needed. Taurolidine (TRD), originally invented to avoid catheter infections, has shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity in various cancers. The growth of neuroblastoma cell lines is inhibited by TRD as recently demonstrated. Further analysis disclosed a significant negative growth effect of TRD on the four neuroblastoma cell lines SH-EP TET21N, SK-N-AS, SK-N-BE(2)-M17 and SK-N-SH. Detected IC50 (51-274 μM; 48 h) are promising and correspond to clinically-achievable plasma levels. Apoptosis was induced (76-86%; 48 h) in a time-dependent manner mediated by a simultaneous activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. This was confirmed by cleavage of caspases -3, -8 and -9 and abrogation of apoptosis by pan-caspase inhibition. Application of TRD resulted in a significant enhancement of cytotoxic drugs vincristine/doxorubicin (2/3 of 4 cell lines) making TRD a promising candidate to be included in neuroblastoma therapy regimens in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Eschenburg
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Luckert
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Reinshagen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bergholz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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MÖHLER HANS, PFIRMAN ROLFW, FREI KARL. Redox-directed cancer therapeutics: Taurolidine and Piperlongumine as broadly effective antineoplastic agents (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1329-36. [PMID: 25175943 PMCID: PMC4151817 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the oxygen stress response pathway is considered a promising strategy to exert antineoplastic activity in a broad spectrum of tumor types. Supporting this view, we summarize the mechanism of action of Taurolidine and Piperlongumine, two antineoplastic agents with strikingly broad tumor selectivity. Taurolidine enhances the oxidative stress (ROS) selectively in tumor cells. Its cytotoxicity for various tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, which includes tumor stem cells, is based on the induction of programmed cell death, largely via apoptosis but also necroptosis and autophagy. The redox-directed mechanism of action of Taurolidine is apparent from the finding that reducing agents e.g., N-acetylcysteine or glutathione impair its cytotoxicity, while its effectiveness is enhanced by agents which inhibit the cellular anti‑oxidant capacity. A similar redox-directed antineoplastic action is shown by Piperlongumine, a recently described experimental drug of plant origin. Taurolidine is particularly advantageous in surgical oncology as this taurine-derivative can be applied perioperatively or systemically with good tolerability as shown in initial clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- HANS MÖHLER
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zurich and Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - ROLF W. PFIRMAN
- Geistlich Pharma AG, 6110 Wolhusen, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - KARL FREI
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma is a common pediatric solid tumor with poor outcome for metastatic disease. Thus, novel therapeutic options are of main interest. The anti-neoplastic properties of taurolidine have been demonstrated on a variety of human cancer cells. However, data on neuroblastoma is lacking. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the effect of taurolidine on growth of neuroblastoma cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2)-M17 and SK-N-SH cells and nonmalignant human umbilical vein endothelial cells as controls were incubated with increasing concentrations of taurolidine (100, 250, 500 µM). Cell growth was examined after 12, 24, and 48 hours of exposure. RESULTS Inhibition of cell growth by taurolidine was seen in both malignant cell lines. When compared with human umbilical vein endothelial cells, the neuroblastoma cell lines were significantly more responsive to taurolidine. CONCLUSIONS The observed negative impact on cell growth, highly distinctive in SK-N-BE(2)-M17 and SK-N-SH, implies a taurolidine-specific mode of action that appears dependent on differences on cellular and molecular level. Further investigations are warranted to evaluate its mechanism and probable clinical use.
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Fiorelli A, Pentimalli F, D'Urso V, Di Marzo D, Forte IM, Giordano A, Di Domenico M, Accardo M, Di Serio U, Santini M. Antineoplastic activity of povidone-iodine on different mesothelioma cell lines: results of in vitro study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 45:993-1000. [PMID: 24394552 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezt534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) or Betadine, owing to its antineoplastic activity, is also used as an adjuvant during intra-abdominal or intrathoracic surgery. However, the protocol of PVP-I administration has not been optimized to achieve the best antitumoural efficacy. We aimed to determine the optimal concentration of PVP-I, the time of incubation and the mechanism of cell death by analysing the effect of different doses and time of administration of PVP-I on the cell viability of different mesothelioma cell lines. METHODS Four different cell lines (MET 5A/normal mesothelium; H2052/sarcomatoid mesothelioma; ISTMES2/epithelial mesothelioma; MSTO/biphasic mesothelioma) were incubated with increasing concentrations of diluted PVP-I (0.0001; 0.001; 0.01; 0.1; 1%) for 5, 10, 30, 60 min and 24 h, respectively. Cell viability was determined using cell direct cytotoxicity assay and cell death was determined through flow cytometry assay analysis. The superoxide dismutase activity was assessed functionally through a specific inhibitor to evaluate the mechanism of cell death. RESULTS The antiproliferative effect of PVP-I varied largely among different cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. At 0.1% concentration for 10 min of incubation, the percentage of viable cells was 0.5 ± 0.1; 0.8 ± 0.5 and 0% (P < 0.01) for MET5A, ISTMES2 and MSTO, respectively. Conversely, the same concentration did not significantly affect the H2052 cell line which was completely suppressed at a 1% concentration of PVP-I. Double staining of Annexin V and DNA showed that PVP-I induced cell death in all four cell lines via necrosis depending on PVP-I concentration. However, H2052 was found to be more resistant than MSTO, ISTMES2 and MET 5A cells lines. The activity of superoxide dismutase was significantly inhibited in all cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirmed the anti-neoplastic activity of PVP-I especially on ISTMES2 and MSTO cell lines. With respect to chemotherapy pleural irrigation, washing with PVP-I is cost-effective and easy. If confirmed by larger studies, our findings suggest that the intrapleural irrigation with PVP-I (0.1% concentration for 10 min) in patients with epithelial or biphasic mesothelioma undergoing cytoreductive surgery might be applied in thoracic surgery practice to prevent neoplastic cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Fiorelli
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Pentimalli
- INT-CROM, 'Pascale Foundation' National Cancer Institute - Cancer Research Center, Mercogliano, Italy
| | - Vittorio D'Urso
- INT-CROM, 'Pascale Foundation' National Cancer Institute - Cancer Research Center, Mercogliano, Italy
| | - Domenico Di Marzo
- INT-CROM, 'Pascale Foundation' National Cancer Institute - Cancer Research Center, Mercogliano, Italy
| | - Iris Maria Forte
- INT-CROM, 'Pascale Foundation' National Cancer Institute - Cancer Research Center, Mercogliano, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- INT-CROM, 'Pascale Foundation' National Cancer Institute - Cancer Research Center, Mercogliano, Italy Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Marina Accardo
- Department of Morphopathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Di Serio
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Santini
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Marley K, Helfand SC, Edris WA, Mata JE, Gitelman AI, Medlock J, Séguin B. The effects of taurolidine alone and in combination with doxorubicin or carboplatin in canine osteosarcoma in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:15. [PMID: 23331343 PMCID: PMC3551657 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) affects over 8000 dogs/year in the United States. The disease usually arises in the appendicular skeleton and metastasizes to the lung. Dogs with localized appendicular disease benefit from limb amputation and chemotherapy but most die within 6–12 months despite these treatments. Taurolidine, a derivative of taurine, has anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects against a variety of cancers. The following in vitro studies tested taurolidine as a candidate for adjuvant therapy for canine OS. Tests for p53 protein status and caspase activity were used to elucidate mechanisms of taurolidine-induced cell death. Results Taurolidine was cytotoxic to osteosarcoma cells and increased the toxicity of doxorubicin and carboplatin in vitro. Apoptosis was greatly induced in cells exposed to 125 μM taurolidine and less so in cells exposed to 250 μM taurolidine. Taurolidine cytotoxicity appeared caspase-dependent in one cell line; with apparent mutant p53 protein. This cell line was the most sensitive to single agent taurolidine treatment and had a taurolidine-dependent reduction in accumulated p53 protein suggesting taurolidine’s effects may depend on the functional status of p53 in canine OS. Conclusion Taurolidine’s cytotoxic effect appears dependent on cell specific factors which may be explained, in part, by the functional status of p53. Taurolidine initiates apoptosis in canine OS cells and this occurs to a greater extent at lower concentrations. Mechanisms of cell death induced by higher concentrations were not elucidated here. Taurolidine combined with doxorubicin or carboplatin can increase the toxicity of these chemotherapy drugs and warrants further investigation in dogs with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Marley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
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Arlt MJE, Walters DK, Banke IJ, Steinmann P, Puskas GJ, Bertz J, Rentsch KM, Ehrensperger F, Born W, Fuchs B. The antineoplastic antibiotic taurolidine promotes lung and liver metastasis in two syngeneic osteosarcoma mouse models and exhibits severe liver toxicity. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:E804-12. [PMID: 22120774 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary bone tumor. Despite multiagent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, patients with metastatic disease have a poor prognosis. Moreover, currently used chemotherapeutics have severe toxic side effects. Thus, novel agents with improved antimetastatic activity and reduced toxicity are needed. Taurolidine, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, has recently been shown to have antineoplastic properties against a variety of tumors and low systemic toxicity. Consequently, we investigated in our study the antineoplastic potential of taurolidine against OS in two different mouse models. Although both OS cell lines, K7M2 and LM8, were sensitive for the compound in vitro, intraperitoneal application of taurolidine failed to inhibit primary tumor growth. Moreover, it enhanced the metastatic load in both models 1.7- to 20-fold and caused severe liver deformations and up to 40% mortality. Thus, systemic toxicity was further investigated in tumor-free mice histologically, by electron microscopy and by measurements of representative liver enzymes. Taurolidine dose-dependent fibrous thickening of the liver capsule and adhesions and atrophies of the liver lobes were comparable in healthy and tumor-bearing mice. Liver toxicity was further indicated by up to eightfold elevated levels of the liver enzymes alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and GLDH in the circulation. Ultrastructural analysis of affected liver tissue showed swollen mitochondria with cristolysis and numerous lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. The findings of our study question the applicability of taurolidine for OS treatment and may suggest the need for caution regarding the widespread clinical use of taurolidine as an antineoplastic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J E Arlt
- Department of Orthopedics, Laboratory for Orthopedic Research, Balgrist University Hospital, and Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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El Agouza IM, Eissa SS, El Houseini MM, El-Nashar DE, Abd El Hameed OM. Taurine: a novel tumor marker for enhanced detection of breast cancer among female patients. Angiogenesis 2011; 14:321-30. [PMID: 21553281 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-011-9215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The antioxidant Taurine found to display antineoplastic effect through down regulation of angiogenesis and enhancement of tumor cell apoptosis. It has been found that progressive inhibition of apoptosis and induction of angiogenesis may contribute to tumor initiation, growth and metastasis in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY To correlate taurine level with the levels of some bioomolecules operating in both angiogenesis (VEGF, CD31) and apoptosis (TNF-α and Caspas-3) which could help for breast cancer pronostication and to evaluate a possible role of serum taurine level as an early marker for breast cancer in Egyptian patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Four groups of a total 85 female candidates were studied in this work. The first group consists of 50 female patients at National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University were diagnosed and undergoing surgery for breast carcinoma. In the second group 10 having benign breast lesions, were included. The third group consists of five cases, with positive family history. Twenty healthy females were also recruited as control. A preoperative blood sample were taken from each patient to measure serum level of VEGF; Taurine; CA15.3 and TNF- α. Sample of fresh tumor and their corresponding safety margins were obtained from the first and second groups, for determination of caspase-3; histopathological examination and immunohistochemical assay of VEGF and CD31. RESULT No significant differences in the serum level of CA15.3 between the breast cancer patients, the high risk and the control group. TNF-α (apoptotic biomolecule) level showed a significant difference only between breast cancer group and control group. The VEGF (angiogenic biomarker) showed a highly significant difference between breast cancer patients, the high risk and the control group. Regarding the antioxidant taurine (antiangiogenic biomolecule) serum level in breast cancer group exhibited a value strongly lower than the high risk and control group. Also the correlative ratio between the angiogenic/apoptotic biomarker (VEGF/TNF-α) showed a highly significant difference between the main previous three groups. Same observation were also noticed in the correlation between angiogenic/antiangiogenic (VEGF/taurine) ratio in the same groups. Moreover the enzymatic activities of Casp-3 in the tissue homogenate were statistically higher in adjacent normal tissues than in malignant tissues. The result of immunohistochemical investigation showed a significant increase in the density of intracellular VEGF and microvessel density expressed as CD31 in cancer cases compared to normal adjacent tissue. CONCLUSION It is suggested that assessment of taurine level in sera of patients with high risk for breast cancer are of great value in the early diagnosis of malignant changes in the breast.
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Chromik AM, Hahn SA, Daigeler A, Flier A, Bulut D, May C, Harati K, Roschinsky J, Sülberg D, Weyhe D, Mittelkötter U, Uhl W. Gene expression analysis of cell death induction by taurolidine in different malignant cell lines. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:595. [PMID: 21034493 PMCID: PMC2988031 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The anti-infective agent Taurolidine (TRD) has been shown to have cell death inducing properties, but the mechanism of its action is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to identify potential common target genes modulated at the transcriptional level following TRD treatment in tumour cell lines originating from different cancer types. Methods Five different malignant cell lines (HT29, Chang Liver, HT1080, AsPC-1 and BxPC-3) were incubated with TRD (100 μM, 250 μM and 1000 μM). Proliferation after 8 h and cell viability after 24 h were analyzed by BrdU assay and FACS analysis, respectively. Gene expression analyses were carried out using the Agilent -microarray platform to indentify genes which displayed conjoint regulation following the addition of TRD in all cell lines. Candidate genes were subjected to Ingenuity Pathways Analysis and selected genes were validated by qRT-PCR and Western Blot. Results TRD 250 μM caused a significant inhibition of proliferation as well as apoptotic cell death in all cell lines. Among cell death associated genes with the strongest regulation in gene expression, we identified pro-apoptotic transcription factors (EGR1, ATF3) as well as genes involved in the ER stress response (PPP1R15A), in ubiquitination (TRAF6) and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways (PMAIP1). Conclusions This is the first conjoint analysis of potential target genes of TRD which was performed simultaneously in different malignant cell lines. The results indicate that TRD might be involved in different signal transduction pathways leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar M Chromik
- Department of Visceral and General Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
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Chromik AM, Daigeler A, Bulut D, Flier A, May C, Harati K, Roschinsky J, Sülberg D, Ritter PR, Mittelkötter U, Hahn SA, Uhl W. Comparative analysis of cell death induction by Taurolidine in different malignant human cancer cell lines. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:21. [PMID: 20205945 PMCID: PMC2846881 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Taurolidine (TRD) represents an anti-infective substance with anti-neoplastic activity in many malignant cell lines. So far, the knowledge about the cell death inducing mechanisms and pathways activated by TRD is limited. The aim of this study was therefore, to perform a comparative analysis of cell death induction by TRD simultaneously in different malignant cell lines. Materials and methods Five different malignant cell lines (HT29/Colon, Chang Liver/Liver, HT1080/fibrosarcoma, AsPC-1/pancreas and BxPC-3/pancreas) were incubated with increasing concentrations of TRD (100 μM, 250 μM and 1000 μM) for 6 h and 24 h. Cell viability, apoptosis and necrosis were analyzed by FACS analysis (Propidiumiodide/AnnexinV staining). Additionally, cells were co-incubated with the caspase Inhibitor z-VAD, the radical scavenger N-Acetylcystein (NAC) and the Gluthation depleting agent BSO to examine the contribution of caspase activation and reactive oxygen species in TRD induced cell death. Results All cell lines were susceptible to TRD induced cell death without resistance toward this anti-neoplastic agent. However, the dose response effects were varying largely between different cell lines. The effect of NAC and BSO co-treatment were highly different among cell lines - suggesting a cell line specific involvement of ROS in TRD induced cell death. Furthermore, impact of z-VAD mediated inhibition of caspases was differing strongly among the cell lines. Conclusion This is the first study providing a simultaneous evaluation of the anti-neoplastic action of TRD across several malignant cell lines. The involvement of ROS and caspase activation was highly variable among the five cell lines, although all were susceptible to TRD induced cell death. Our results indicate, that TRD is likely to provide multifaceted cell death mechanisms leading to a cell line specific diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar M Chromik
- Department of Visceral and General Surgery, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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Caruso F, Darnowski JW, Opazo C, Goldberg A, Kishore N, Agoston ES, Rossi M. Taurolidine antiadhesive properties on interaction with E. coli; its transformation in biological environment and interaction with bacteria cell wall. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8927. [PMID: 20126631 PMCID: PMC2812514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The taurine amino-acid derivative, taurolidine, bis-(1,1-dioxoperhydro-1,2,4-thiabiazinyl-4)methane, shows broad antibacterial action against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria and some clinically relevant fungi. It inhibits, in vitro, the adherence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to human epithelial and fibroblast cells. Taurolidine is unstable in aqueous solution and breaks down into derivatives which are thought to be responsible for the biological activity. To understand the taurolidine antibacterial mechanism of action, we provide the experimental single crystal X-ray diffraction results together with theoretical methods to characterize the hydrolysis/decomposition reactions of taurolidine. The crystal structure features two independent molecules linked through intermolecular H-bonds with one of them somewhat positively charged. Taurolidine in a biological environment exists in equilibrium with taurultam derivatives and this is described theoretically as a 2-step process without an energy barrier: formation of cationic taurolidine followed by a nucleophilic attack of O(hydroxyl) on the exocyclic C(methylene). A concerted mechanism describes the further hydrolysis of the taurolidine derivative methylol-taurultam. The interaction of methylol-taurultam with the diaminopimelic NH(2) group in the E. coli bacteria cell wall (peptidoglycan) has a negative DeltaG value (-38.2 kcal/mol) but a high energy barrier (45.8 kcal/mol) suggesting no reactivity. On the contrary, taurolidine docking into E. coli fimbriae protein, responsible for bacteria adhesion to the bladder epithelium, shows it has higher affinity than mannose (the natural substrate), whereas methylol-taurultam and taurultam are less tightly bound. Since taurolidine is readily available because it is administered in high doses after peritonitis surgery, it may successfully compete with mannose explaining its effectiveness against bacterial infections at laparoscopic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Caruso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - James W. Darnowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Cristian Opazo
- Academic Computing Services, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Nina Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
| | - Elin S. Agoston
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
| | - Miriam Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
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Simpson JM, Séguin B, Gitelman AI. Effects of topical application of taurolidine on second intention healing of experimentally induced wounds in rats. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1210-6. [PMID: 18764696 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.9.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the macroscopic effects of topical application of taurolidine on second intention healing of experimentally induced wounds in rats. ANIMALS 32 adult Sprague-Dawley female rats. PROCEDURES In each rat, 2 skin wounds were created in the lumbar area. Groups of 7 rats were assigned to have 1 wound treated topically with hydroxycellulose gel (HDCG), 2% taurolidine in HDCG (T-HDCG), 2% taurolidine-sodium citrate solution, or bacitracin-neomycin-polymyxin B ointment; the other wound was not treated. Four control rats (8 untreated wounds) were used. Wounds were monitored for contraction, epithelialization, and complete healing at 4, 8, and 14 days after wound creation. The number of days to complete healing was also recorded for each wound. RESULTS Compared with other treatments or untreated wounds, wounds treated with T-HDCG had decreased total healing at day 8 and decreased epithelialization and decreased total healing at day 14. Wounds treated with T-HDCG required approximately 3 days longer to completely heal than all other treated and untreated wounds. Application of bacitracinneomycin-polymyxin B ointment did not enhance wound healing. Mean time to complete healing of untreated wounds in all treatment and control groups was 10.00 to 10.14 days. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In rats, topical application of T-HDCG to wounds had a negative effect on second intention healing by delaying the epithelialization process. In mammals, generally, wounds treated topically with taurolidine may need to be treated and monitored for a longer period than other wounds treated with other common woundhealing compounds or untreated wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Sartore-Bianchi A, Gasparri F, Galvani A, Nici L, Darnowski JW, Barbone D, Fennell DA, Gaudino G, Porta C, Mutti L. Bortezomib inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB dependent survival and has potent in vivo activity in mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5942-51. [PMID: 17908991 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Purpose of this study has been the assessment of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) as a survival factor in human mesothelial cells (HMC), transformed HMC and malignant mesothelioma (MMe) cells. We aimed at verifying whether the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib could abrogate NF-kappaB activity in MMe cells, leading to tumor cell death and may be established as a novel treatment for this aggressive neoplasm. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In HMC and MMe cells, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and DNA binding were studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, following treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The IKK inhibitor Bay11-7082 was also tested to evaluate its effects on HMC, transformed HMC, and MMe cell viability upon exposure to asbestos fibers. Following Bortezomib treatment, cytotoxicity of MMe cells was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, whereas apoptosis and cell-cycle blockade were investigated by high-content analysis. Bortezomib was also given to mice bearing i.p. xenografts of MMe cells, and its effects on tumor growth were evaluated. RESULTS Here, we show that NF-kappaB activity is a constitutive survival factor in transformed HMC, MMe cells, and acts as a survival factor in HMC exposed to asbestos fibers. Bortezomib inhibits NF-kappaB activity in MMe cells and induces cell cycle blockade and apoptosis in vitro as well as tumor growth inhibition in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of NF-kappaB constitutive activation in MMe cells by Bortezomib resulted in in vitro cytotoxicity along with apoptosis and in vivo tumor regression. Our results support the use of Bortezomib in the treatment of MMe and has led to a phase II clinical trial currently enrolling in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sartore-Bianchi
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo University Hospital, 1-27100 Pavia [corrected] Italy
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16
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Braumann C, Jacobi CA, Rogalla S, Menenakos C, Fuehrer K, Trefzer U, Hofmann M. The tumor suppressive reagent taurolidine inhibits growth of malignant melanoma--a mouse model. J Surg Res 2007; 143:372-8. [PMID: 17612567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor suppressive agent taurolidine (TRD) inhibits tumor growth of more than 30 cell lines in vitro and reduces tumor load in early and advanced stages of neoplastic disease in animals. TRD has been shown to induce apoptosis of melanoma cells in vitro. Therefore, the effects of TRD on disseminated melanoma were evaluated in a mice model. METHODS After general anesthesia, a midline laparotomy was performed and 1.5 million malignant melanoma cells (B78-D14) were applied in the spleen and 1 million cells at the back (C57BL/6). Animals were randomized and either treated intraperitoneally (i.p., n = 40, 7 days, 12 hourly) or intravenously (i.v., n = 40, 2 days, 12 hourly) with 1%, 2%, or 3% TRD or with Ringer's solution (control group). On day 28, all animals were sacrificed and the total tumor weight and the number of metastatic lesions were determined by two investigators blinded for randomization. RESULTS The i.p. therapy caused a dose-dependent inhibition of total tumor growth (P = 0.003) and i.p. tumor growth (P = < 0.001), whereas subcutaneous (s.c.) tumor growth was not affected (P = 0.132) compared with the i.p. control group. The i.v. therapy reduced the total tumor growth (P = 0.013) and the s.c. tumor growth (P = 0.016), whereas the i.p. tumor load was not reduced (P = 0.122) compared with the control group. Both i.p. and i.v. therapy with 3% TRD significantly decreased the total number of metastatic lesions. The animal weight was not affected. CONCLUSIONS The i.p. and i.v. therapies reduce total tumor weight and number of metastatic lesions of disseminated malignant melanoma in a dose-dependent fashion in mice. Our encouraging findings should be further confirmed in clinical studies examining the influence of TRD in patients with disseminated malignant melanoma for whom prognosis still remains dismal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Braumann
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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Opitz I, Sigrist B, Hillinger S, Lardinois D, Stahel R, Weder W, Hopkins-Donaldson S. Taurolidine and povidone-iodine induce different types of cell death in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Lung Cancer 2007; 56:327-36. [PMID: 17383050 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Taurolidine and povidone-iodine (PVP-I) are used in every day clinical practice, taurolidine as a broad spectrum antibiotic, and PVP-I as an antiseptic. The type of cell death induced in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cell lines by these agents was compared, and their ability to sensitize to chemotherapy assessed. Both taurolidine and PVP-I inhibited MPM cell growth after 7.5min incubation, but taurolidine was more effective at later time points and was more specific towards tumour cells than PVP-I. Taurolidine induced death by caspase-dependent and independent mechanisms, whereas in contrast, PVP-I induced a necrotic phenotype that was not caspase-dependent. Interestingly, both taurolidine and PVP-I induced the production of reactive oxygen intermediates and decreased mitochondrial membrane permeability, and cell death was inhibited by the oxygen scavenger N-acetyl cysteine. Taurolidine but not PVP-I treatment resulted in p53 activation in 2/3 MPM cell lines and a decrease in the protein levels of survivin, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1. Survivin also decreased in response to PVP-I whereas Bcl-xL remained unaffected by both treatments. Targeting of Bcl-xL with siRNA sensitized MPM cells to taurolidine and taurolidine treatment sensitized MPM cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, taurolidine and PVP-I are both cytotoxic to human MPM cells at early and late time points and induce reactive oxygen intermediate production. Taurolidine induces apoptosis and necrosis, activates p53 and sensitizes cells to cisplatin, whereas PVP-I inhibits cell growth via necrosis. Both agents are promising candidates for use in local treatment within multimodality concepts for MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Opitz
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Walters DK, Muff R, Langsam B, Gruber P, Born W, Fuchs B. Taurolidine: a novel anti-neoplastic agent induces apoptosis of osteosarcoma cell lines. Invest New Drugs 2007; 25:305-12. [PMID: 17458504 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-007-9052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Taurolidine, the active agent of Taurolin, is a broad spectrum anti-biotic that has been used for over 15 years for the treatment of severe surgical infections. Recently, taurolidine has been shown to possess anti-neoplastic properties in vitro and in vivo against a variety of cancers including ovarian, colon and prostate. In this study we assessed the cytotoxic activity of taurolidine against human osteosarcoma (OS) cell lines and normal human bone cells. Treatment with taurolidine inhibited the growth of all ten osteosarcoma cell lines tested and taurolidine was equally potent against cell lines with and without distinct genetic defects (i.e. p53, Rb). Moreover, taurolidine-induced growth inhibition was found to be associated with a dose dependent increase in the number of apoptotic cells and apoptosis was shown to be caspase-dependent. Taurolidine treatment was also found to inhibit adhesion of OS cell lines. Compared to OS cell lines, normal bone cells in primary culture were found to be less sensitive to the cytotoxic and anti-adhesive effects of taurolidine. These data indicate that taurolidine possesses potent anti-neoplastic activity against osteosarcoma cell lines and may have potential as a novel OS chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise K Walters
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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Gong L, Greenberg HE, Perhach JL, Waldman SA, Kraft WK. The pharmacokinetics of taurolidine metabolites in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 47:697-703. [PMID: 17395893 DOI: 10.1177/0091270007299929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Taurolidine is an experimental antibacterial and antiendotoxic compound whose clinical utility as an antitumor agent is being investigated in human clinical trials. Taurolidine in aqueous solution exists in equilibrium with taurultam. Taurultam is subsequently transformed to taurinamide. The pharmacokinetic profiles of these metabolites are not well established. In this study, 18 healthy volunteers were administered 5.0 g of taurolidine in 250 mL of 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone in water over 2, 1, or 0.5 hours by intravenous infusion in a parallel-group design. All subjects noted discomfort at the infusion site, although there were no serious adverse events. t(max) generally occurred at the end of infusion for taurinamide, whereas that of taurultam was reached before completion of infusion. The taurolidine metabolite taurultam demonstrated a shorter half-life and lower systemic exposure than taurinamide. Shortening of infusion duration increased the C(max) and AUC of taurultam. Changes in infusion rate did not substantially change the pharmacokinetic parameters of taurinamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Marcinkiewicz J, Kurnyta M, Biedroń R, Bobek M, Kontny E, Maśliński W. Anti-inflammatory effects of taurine derivatives (taurine chloramine, taurine bromamine, and taurolidine) are mediated by different mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 583:481-92. [PMID: 17153635 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33504-9_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, in an animal model of zymosan-induced peritonitis we have tested anti-inflammatory properties of Taurolidine (TRD), a synthetic derivative of taurine. In vitro, the effect of TRD and HOCl treated TRD on peritoneal macrophages was compared with that of TauCl. We report that locally administered TRD (Taurolin) shows strong anti-inflammatory properties. TRD inhibits vascular permeability increased by inflammatory stimuli; it also significantly attenuates the influx of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6) by peritoneal exudate cells. Chlorination of TRD resulted in the formation of chloramine (TRD-Cl), as confirmed by characteristic UV spectra. Both TRD and TRD-Cl, more effectively than TauCl, inhibited the production of IL-6 by stimulated macrophages. The effect was not dependent on its well-known anti-endotoxin activity since TRD inhibited cytokine production by macrophages stimulated with either LPS or IFN-gamma. Finally, we report that anti-inflammatory activities of TRD and taurine haloamines are mediated by different mechanisms. TRD, in contrast to TauCl and TauBr, does not induce expression of HO-1, a stress inducible enzyme with strong anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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Braumann C, Winkler G, Rogalla P, Menenakos C, Jacobi CA. Prevention of disease progression in a patient with a gastric cancer-re-recurrence. Outcome after intravenous treatment with the novel antineoplastic agent taurolidine. Report of a case. World J Surg Oncol 2006; 4:34. [PMID: 16796759 PMCID: PMC1544327 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-4-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taurolidine (TRD) is a novel agent with multimodal antineoplastic effects. We present the case of a tumor remission after intravenous administration of taurolidine in a patient with gastric cancer re-recurrence. Case presentation A 58 years old male patient suffering from a gastric adenocarcinoma was submitted to partial gastrectomy and partial liver resection (pT2, pN1, pM1L (liver segment 2), N0, V0). 24 months later a local recurrence was diagnosed and the patient was reoperated. Postoperatively the patient underwent a palliative chemotherapy with eloxatin, FU, and leucovorin. A subsequent CT-revealed a liver metastasis and a recurrence adjacent to the hepatic artery. After successful radiofrequency ablation of the liver metastasis the patient was intravenously treated with 2% taurolidine. The patient endured the therapy well and no toxicity was observed. CT-scans revealed a stable disease without a tumor progression or metastatic spread. After 39 cycles the patient was submitted to left nephrectomy due to primary urothelial carcinoma and died 2 days later due to myocardial infarction. Postmortem histology of the esophageal-jejunal anastomosis and liver revealed complete remission of the known metastasized gastric adenocarcinoma. Conclusion The intravenous treatment with 2% taurolidine led to a histological remission of the tumor growth without any toxicity for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Braumann
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Medical Faculty Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Goetz Winkler
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Medical Faculty Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Rogalla
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charalambos Menenakos
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Medical Faculty Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph A Jacobi
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Medical Faculty Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Braumann C, Stuhldreier B, Bobrich E, Menenakos C, Rogalla S, Jacobi CA. High doses of taurolidine inhibit advanced intraperitoneal tumor growth in rats. J Surg Res 2005; 129:129-35. [PMID: 15916768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antitumor agent taurolidine (TRD) affects tumor growth in animals. Thus far, no animal studies have been published concerning the systemic or local toxicity and the effectiveness of long-term intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration on advanced tumor growths. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a first experiment (A) the systemic toxicity of the liver and kidneys was examined only after i.v. treatment in 40 rats (BD IX). For local toxicity the superior vena cava (SVC) was histologically analyzed. In a second study (B) 20,000 colon adenocarcinoma cells (DHD/K12/TRb) were initially applied i.p. after laparotomy in 80 rats (BD IX). After 28 days a port catheter system was placed in the SVC and left for 1 week. The animals were randomized into eight groups (n = 10) and received a 7-day treatment (eight hourly, 1 ml): 1, 2, 3% TRD or Ringer's solution (control group) either i.p. or i.v. Total i.p. tumor weight was measured 4 weeks after the end of the therapy. Side effects on differential blood counts and animal weight changes were examined. RESULTS No organ lesions were detected in liver, kidneys, and SVC in experiment A. The i.v. administration of 2% TRD (P = 0.034) and 3% TRD (P = 0.05) as well the i.p. application of 2% TRD (P = 0.05) decreased the development of advanced i.p. tumor lesions. No changes of differential blood count nor relevant animal weight changes resulted. Three port catheter-related infections were examined. CONCLUSIONS TRD does not impair the liver tissue, kidneys, SVC, and leucopoiesis. The intravenous therapy of 2% TRD is safe and anti-tumorigenic in advanced local tumor growth in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Braumann
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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Jacobi CA, Menenakos C, Braumann C. Taurolidine–a new drug with anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects. Anticancer Drugs 2005; 16:917-21. [PMID: 16162968 DOI: 10.1097/01.cad.0000176502.40810.b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Taurolidine [bis(1,1-dioxoperhydro-1,2,4-thiadiazinyl-4)-methane (TRD)], a product derived from the aminosulfoacid taurin, was first described as an anti-bacterial substance. It was mainly used in the treatment of patients with peritonis as well as antiendoxic agent in patients with systematic inflammatory response syndrome. Meanwhile, quite interesting new experimental findings elucidated several new mechanisms concerning not only antibiotic but also anti-tumor effects. TRD significantly reduces the pathogenicity of prokaryotes, leading to a degeneration of the bacterial wall, and binds free lipoplysaccharides (LPSs) and exotoxins. Furthermore syntheses of tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-1b are reduced in LPS-stimulated human macrophages in a dose dependent manner. Tumor angiogenesis is promoted by enhanced expression of all these endogenous angiogenic factors, indicating an anti-angiogenetic effect of TRD. Tumor angiogenesis has a key role in tumor growth. TRD additionally inhibits tumor cell growth by a mitochondrial cytochrome c-dependent apoptotic mechanism, has a direct and elective effect on glial and neuronal brain tumor cells via Fas-ligand-mediated cell death, and inhibits protein synthesis at an early phase of translation, which might explain its various apoptotic effects. Subsequent to these experimental observations, TRD has shown encouraging clinical results after intravenous administration in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies and tumors of the central nerve system. A remarkable experimental observation that comes to complete the above-mentioned findings is the low toxicity on leukopoiesis and erythropoiesis as well as on kidney and liver function in animal models. Several other data confirm low toxicity of the agent after its clinical administration in humans. Prospective clinical studies are currently investigating the efficacy of TRD on local and metastatic tumor growth in different malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Jacobi
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Medical Faculty Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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