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Kawai H, Miura T, Kawamatsu N, Nakagawa T, Shiba-Ishii A, Yoshimoto T, Amano Y, Kihara A, Sakuma Y, Fujita K, Shibano T, Ishikawa S, Ushiku T, Fukayama M, Tsubochi H, Endo S, Hagiwara K, Matsubara D, Niki T. Expression patterns of HNF4α, TTF-1, and SMARCA4 in lung adenocarcinomas: impacts on clinicopathological and genetic features. Virchows Arch 2024:10.1007/s00428-024-03816-6. [PMID: 38710944 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-024-03816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HNF4α expression and SMARCA4 loss were thought to be features of non-terminal respiratory unit (TRU)-type lung adenocarcinomas, but their relationships remained unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS HNF4α-positive cases among 241 lung adenocarcinomas were stratified based on TTF-1 and SMARCA4 expressions, histological subtypes, and driver mutations. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using xenograft tumors of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines with high HNF4A expression. RESULT HNF4α-positive adenocarcinomas(n = 33) were divided into two groups: the variant group(15 mucinous, 2 enteric, and 1 colloid), where SMARCA4 was retained in all cases, and the conventional non-mucinous group(6 papillary, 5 solid, and 4 acinar), where SMARCA4 was lost in 3/15 cases(20%). All variant cases were negative for TTF-1 and showed wild-type EGFR and frequent KRAS mutations(10/18, 56%). The non-mucinous group was further divided into two groups: TRU-type(n = 7), which was positive for TTF-1 and showed predominantly papillary histology(6/7, 86%) and EGFR mutations(3/7, 43%), and non-TRU-type(n = 8), which was negative for TTF-1, showed frequent loss of SMARCA4(2/8, 25%) and predominantly solid histology(4/8, 50%), and never harbored EGFR mutations. Survival analysis of 230 cases based on histological grading and HNF4α expression revealed that HNF4α-positive poorly differentiated (grade 3) adenocarcinoma showed the worst prognosis. Among 39 cell lines, A549 showed the highest level of HNF4A, immunohistochemically HNF4α expression positive and SMARCA4 lost, and exhibited non-mucinous, high-grade morphology in xenograft tumors. CONCLUSION HNF4α-positive non-mucinous adenocarcinomas included TRU-type and non-TRU-type cases; the latter tended to exhibit the high-grade phenotype with frequent loss of SMARCA4, and A549 was a representative cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Kawai
- Department of Pathology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8576, Japan
| | - Tamaki Miura
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kawamatsu
- Department of Pathology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8576, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakagawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8576, Japan
| | - Aya Shiba-Ishii
- Department of Pathology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Taichiro Yoshimoto
- Department of Pathology, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira-Shi, Tokyo, 187-851, Japan
| | - Yusuke Amano
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kihara
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yuji Sakuma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, 1-17, Minami Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Fujita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tomoki Shibano
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Human Pathology Department, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Human Pathology Department, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Tsubochi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Endo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Koichi Hagiwara
- Omiya Medical Association Medical Examination Center, 2-107, Higashioonari-Chou, Kita-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 331-8689, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsubara
- Department of Pathology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8576, Japan.
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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Cai L, Liu B, Cao Y, Sun T, Li Y. Unveiling the molecular structure and role of RBBP4/7: implications for epigenetic regulation and cancer research. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1276612. [PMID: 38028543 PMCID: PMC10679446 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1276612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma-binding protein (RBBP) family is a class of proteins that can interact with tumor suppressor retinoblastoma protein (pRb). RBBP4 and RBBP7 are the only pair of homologous proteins in this family, serving as scaffold proteins whose main function is to offer a platform to indirectly connect two proteins. This characteristic allows them to extensively participate in the binding of various proteins and epigenetic complexes, indirectly influencing the function of effector proteins. As a result, they are often highlighted in organism activities involving active epigenetic modifications, such as embryonic development and cancer activation. In this review, we summarize the structural characteristics of RBBP4/7, the complexes they are involved in, their roles in embryonic development and cancer, as well as potential future research directions, which we hope to inspire the field of epigenetic research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lize Cai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Yufei Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
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3
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Buium C, Negru S, Ionescu DN, Dediu M. The Unmet Diagnostic and Treatment Needs in Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:7218-7228. [PMID: 37623004 PMCID: PMC10453448 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung (LCNEC) is currently classified as a rare lung cancer subtype, but given the high incidence of lung cancer, the overall number of cases is considerable. The pathologic diagnosis of LCNEC is mainly based on the microscopic appearance of the tumor cells, the mitotic rate, the amount of intra-tumoral necrosis, and the presence of positive neuroendocrine markers identified by immunohistochemistry. Recently, a subdivision into two main categories was proposed based on mutation signatures involving the RB1, TP53, KRAS, and STK11/LKB1 genes, into SCLC-like (small cell lung cancer-like) and NSCLC-like (non-small cell lung cancer-like) LCNEC. In terms of treatment, surgery is still the best option for resectable, stage I-IIIA cases. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy have conflicting evidence. Etoposide/platinum remains the standard chemotherapy regimen. However, based on the newly proposed LCNEC subtypes, some retrospective series report better outcomes using a pathology-driven chemotherapy approach. Encouraging outcomes have also been reported for immunotherapy and targeted therapy, but the real impact of these strategies is still being determined in the absence of adequate prospective clinical trials. The current paper scrutinized the epidemiology, reviewed the reliability of pathologic diagnosis, discussed the need for molecular subtyping, and reviewed the heterogeneity of treatment algorithms in LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Buium
- Department of Medical Oncology, Asociatia Oncohelp, 300239 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Serban Negru
- Department of Medical Oncology, Asociatia Oncohelp, 300239 Timisoara, Romania;
- Department of Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Diana N. Ionescu
- Department of Pathology, BC Cancer, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6B5M5, Canada;
| | - Mircea Dediu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania;
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4
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Li Z, Zhao J, Tang Y. Advances in the role of SWI/SNF complexes in tumours. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:1023-1031. [PMID: 36883311 PMCID: PMC10098296 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer development is a complex process involving both genetic and epigenetic changes. The SWI/SNF (switch/sucrose non-fermentable) chromatin remodelling complex, one of the most studied ATP-dependent complexes, plays an important role in coordinating chromatin structural stability, gene expression and post-translational modifications. The SWI/SNF complex can be classified into BAF, PBAF and GBAF according to their constituent subunits. Cancer genome sequencing studies have shown a high incidence of mutations in genes encoding subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex, with abnormalities in one or more of these genes present in nearly 25% of all cancers, which indicating that stabilizing normal expression of genes encoding subunits in the SWI/SNF complex may prevent tumorigenesis. In this paper, we will review the relationship between the SWI/SNF complex and some clinical tumours and its mechanism of action. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis to guide the diagnosis and treatment of tumours caused by mutations or inactivation of one or more genes encoding subunits of the SWI/SNF complex in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Li
- Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiumei Zhao
- Chongqing Nanchuan District People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, China.,Department of Genetics, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
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5
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SMARCA4: Current status and future perspectives in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2023; 554:216022. [PMID: 36450331 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
SMARCA4, also known as transcription activator, is an ATP-dependent catalytic subunit of SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable) chromatin-remodeling complexes that participates in the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression by supplying energy. As a tumor suppressor that has aberrant expression in ∼10% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), SMARCA4 possesses many biological functions, including regulating gene expression, differentiation and transcription. Furthermore, NSCLC patients with SMARCA4 alterations have a weak response to conventional chemotherapy and poor prognosis. Therefore, the mechanisms of SMARCA4 in NSCLC development urgently need to be explored to identify novel biomarkers and precise therapeutic strategies for this subtype. This review systematically describes the biological functions of SMARCA4 and its role in NSCLC development, metastasis, functional epigenetics and potential therapeutic approaches for NSCLCs with SMARCA4 alterations. Additionally, this paper explores the relationship and regulatory mechanisms shared by SMARCA4 and its mutually exclusive catalytic subunit SMARCA2. We aim to provide innovative treatment strategies and improve clinical outcomes for NSCLC patients with SMARCA4 alterations.
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6
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Ulicna L, Kimmey SC, Weber CM, Allard GM, Wang A, Bui NQ, Bendall SC, Crabtree GR, Bean GR, Van Rechem C. The Interaction of SWI/SNF with the Ribosome Regulates Translation and Confers Sensitivity to Translation Pathway Inhibitors in Cancers with Complex Perturbations. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2829-2837. [PMID: 35749589 PMCID: PMC9379364 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Subunits from the chromatin remodelers mammalian SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (mSWI/SNF) are mutated, deleted, or amplified in more than 40% of cancers. Understanding their functions in normal cells and the consequences of cancerous alterations will provide insight into developing new targeted therapies. Here we examined whether mSWI/SNF mutations increase cellular sensitivity to specific drugs. Taking advantage of the DepMap studies, we demonstrate that cancer cells harboring mutations of specific mSWI/SNF subunits exhibit a genetic dependency on translation factors and are sensitive to translation pathway inhibitors. Furthermore, mSWI/SNF subunits were present in the cytoplasm and interacted with the translation initiation machinery, and short-term inhibition and depletion of specific subunits decreased global translation, implicating a direct role for these factors in translation. Depletion of specific mSWI/SNF subunits also increased sensitivity to mTOR-PI3K inhibitors. In patient-derived breast cancer samples, mSWI/SNF subunits expression in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm was substantially altered. In conclusion, an unexpected cytoplasmic role for mSWI/SNF complexes in translation suggests potential new therapeutic opportunities for patients afflicted by cancers demonstrating alterations in their subunits. SIGNIFICANCE This work establishes direct functions for mSWI/SNF in translation and demonstrates that alterations in mSWI/SNF confer a therapeutic vulnerability to translation pathway inhibitors in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Ulicna
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Samuel C. Kimmey
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Medicine/Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Grace M. Allard
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Aihui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Nam Q. Bui
- Department of Medicine/Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Sean C. Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Gerald R. Crabtree
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Gregory R. Bean
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Capucine Van Rechem
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Corresponding Author: Capucine Van Rechem, Ph.D. Stanford Medicine Department of Pathology, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR-3245C, Stanford, CA 94305-5176. Phone: 650-723-7698; E-mail:
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7
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Zhuo FF, Guo Q, Zheng YZ, Liu TT, Yang Z, Xu QH, Jiang Y, Liu D, Tu PF, Zeng KW. Photoaffinity labeling-based chemoproteomic strategy reveals RBBP4 as a cellular target of protopanaxadiol against colorectal cancer cells. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200038. [PMID: 35442561 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRCT Protopanaxadiol (PPD), a main ginseng metabolite, exerts powerful anticancer effects against multiple types of cancer; however, its cellular targets remain elusive. Here, we synthesized a cell-permeable PPD probe via introducing a bifunctional alkyne-containing diazirine photo-crosslinker and performed a photoaffinity labeling-based chemoproteomic study. We identified retinoblastoma binding protein 4 (RBBP4), a chromatin remodeling factor, as an essential cellular target of PPD in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. PPD significantly decreased RBBP4-dependent trimethylation at lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3), a crucial epigenetic marker that correlates with histologic signs of colorectal cancer aggressiveness, and PPD inhibition of proliferation and migration of HCT116 cells was antagonized by RBBP4 RNA silencing. Collectively, our study highlights a previously undisclosed anti-colorectal cancer cellular target of the ginseng metabolite and advances the fundamental understanding of RBBP4 functions via a chemical biology strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Zhuo
- Peking University Health Science Center, Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, CHINA
| | - Qiang Guo
- Peking University Health Science Center, Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, CHINA
| | - Yong-Zhe Zheng
- Peking University Health Science Center, Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, CHINA
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Peking University Health Science Center, Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, CHINA
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Peking University Health Science Center, Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, CHINA
| | - Qi-He Xu
- King's College London, Renal Science and Integrative Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences,, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Yong Jiang
- Peking University Health Science Center, Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, CHINA
| | - Dan Liu
- Peking University Health Science Center, Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, CHINA
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- Peking University Health Science Center, Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, CHINA
| | - Ke-Wu Zeng
- Peking University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, CHINA
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8
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Sun S, Li Q, Zhang Z, Xiong S, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Li Z, Yang F, Zhang S. SMARCA2 deficiency in NSCLC: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of a large series from a single institution. Environ Health Prev Med 2022; 27:3. [PMID: 35289322 PMCID: PMC9093611 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.21-00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Sun
- Department of Oncology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | - Qiujing Li
- Department of Pathology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | | | | | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | | | - Fujun Yang
- Department of Oncology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | - Shukun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
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Garland GD, Ducray SP, Jahangiri L, Pucci P, Amos Burke GA, Monahan J, Lai R, Merkel O, Schiefer AI, Kenner L, Bannister AJ, Turner SD. BRG1 and NPM-ALK Are Co-Regulated in Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma; BRG1 Is a Potential Therapeutic Target in ALCL. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:151. [PMID: 35008316 PMCID: PMC8750310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a T-cell malignancy driven in many cases by the product of a chromosomal translocation, nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK). NPM-ALK activates a plethora of pathways that drive the hallmarks of cancer, largely signalling pathways normally associated with cytokine and/or T-cell receptor-induced signalling. However, NPM-ALK is also located in the nucleus and its functions in this cellular compartment for the most part remain to be determined. We show that ALCL cell lines and primary patient tumours express the transcriptional activator BRG1 in a NPM-ALK-dependent manner. NPM-ALK regulates expression of BRG1 by post-translational mechanisms dependent on its kinase activity, protecting it from proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, we show that BRG1 drives a transcriptional programme associated with cell cycle progression. In turn, inhibition of BRG1 expression with specific shRNA decreases cell viability, suggesting that it may represent a key therapeutic target for the treatment of ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D. Garland
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (G.D.G.); (S.P.D.); (L.J.); (P.P.)
| | - Stephen P. Ducray
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (G.D.G.); (S.P.D.); (L.J.); (P.P.)
| | - Leila Jahangiri
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (G.D.G.); (S.P.D.); (L.J.); (P.P.)
- Department of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
| | - Perla Pucci
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (G.D.G.); (S.P.D.); (L.J.); (P.P.)
| | - G. A. Amos Burke
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge CB5 8PD, UK;
| | - Jack Monahan
- The European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK;
| | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (O.M.); (A.-I.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (O.M.); (A.-I.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (O.M.); (A.-I.S.); (L.K.)
- Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- CBMed, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Applied Metabolomics (CDL-AM), Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Suzanne D. Turner
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (G.D.G.); (S.P.D.); (L.J.); (P.P.)
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic
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10
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Wang Y, Lin X, Sun D. A narrative review of prognosis prediction models for non-small cell lung cancer: what kind of predictors should be selected and how to improve models? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1597. [PMID: 34790803 PMCID: PMC8576716 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To discover potential predictors and explore how to build better models by summarizing the existing prognostic prediction models of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Background Research on clinical prediction models of NSCLC has experienced explosive growth in recent years. As more predictors of prognosis are discovered, the choice of predictors to build models is particularly important, and in the background of more applications of next-generation sequencing technology, gene-related predictors are widely used. As it is more convenient to obtain samples and follow-up data, the prognostic model is preferred by researchers. Methods PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched using the items “NSCLC”, “prognostic model”, “prognosis prediction”, and “survival prediction” from 1 January 1980 to 5 May 2021. Reference lists from articles were reviewed and relevant articles were identified. Conclusions The performance of gene-related models has not obviously improved. Relative to the innovation and diversity of predictors, it is more important to establish a highly stable model that is convenient for clinical application. Most of the prevalent models are highly biased and referring to PROBAST at the beginning of the study may be able to significantly control the bias. Existing models should be validated in a large external dataset to make a meaningful comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Daqiang Sun
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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11
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Mao R, Liu M, Shu X, Li W, Yan W, Li X. Expanding the Immunophenotype Spectrum of SMARCA4-Deficient Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinomas: A Case Series with Neuroendocrine Markers Expression. Int J Surg Pathol 2021; 30:251-259. [PMID: 34633874 DOI: 10.1177/10668969211047982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims. In recent years, SMARCA4-deficient nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been recognized as a distinct new subtype of lung cancer, which is characterized by loss of SMARCA4 (Brahma-related gene-1 [BRG1]) protein expression. Only a limited number of SMARCA4-deficient NSCLC case series have been reported, and their clinicopathological features have not yet been fully elucidated. Our main aim was to analyze the clinical history, histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular pathology of 5 SMARCA4-deficient NSCLC patients with poorly differentiated or undifferentiated histology and neuroendocrine markers expression. Methods and results. Five patients with complete loss of nuclear BRG1 immunostaining were identified among 53 patients of poorly differentiated/undifferentiated NSCLC. We then performed immunohistochemical staining and gene mutation analysis using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. All patients were male aged between 58 and 82 years (average 67.6 years), with smoking exposure. Histologically, the tumors had a relatively monotonous morphology and showed solid nest-like, sheet-like growth, and geographic necrosis. Thyroid transcription factor 1, cytokeratin 7, and Napsin A were all negative (5 of 5). Moreover, all tumors showed a variable expression of neuroendocrine markers, including synaptophysin, chromogranin A and CD56. Hot spot epidermal growth factor receptor/anaplastic large-cell lymphoma kinase/c-ros oncogene 1 mutations were not detected in any of the 5 tumors. Conclusions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has reported the poorly differentiated morphology with a frequent expression of neuroendocrine markers. Our results have expanded the immunophenotype spectrum of SMARCA4-deficient NSCLC. However, the clinicopathological significance of this subset of SMARCA4-deficient NSCLC should be further clarified in larger series studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Mao
- Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xiangfang Shu
- Boxing People's Hospital, Boxing, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Wenli Li
- Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Yan
- Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xinjun Li
- Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, PR China
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12
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Yoshimura M, Seki K, Bychkov A, Fukuoka J. Molecular Pathology of Pulmonary Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: Novel Concepts and Treatments. Front Oncol 2021; 11:671799. [PMID: 33968782 PMCID: PMC8100606 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.671799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is an aggressive neoplasm with poor prognosis. Histologic diagnosis of LCNEC is not always straightforward. In particular, it is challenging to distinguish small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) or poorly differentiated carcinoma from LCNEC. However, histological classification for LCNEC as well as their therapeutic management has not changed much for decades. Recently, genomic and transcriptomic analyses have revealed different molecular subtypes raising hopes for more personalized treatment. Two main molecular subtypes of LCNEC have been identified by studies using next generation sequencing, namely type I with TP53 and STK11/KEAP1 alterations, alternatively called as non-SCLC type, and type II with TP53 and RB1 alterations, alternatively called as SCLC type. However, there is still no easy way to classify LCNEC subtypes at the actual clinical level. In this review, we have discussed histological diagnosis along with the genomic studies and molecular-based treatment for LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurumi Seki
- Department of Pathology, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan
| | - Andrey Bychkov
- Department of Pathology, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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13
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Nambirajan A, Singh V, Bhardwaj N, Mittal S, Kumar S, Jain D. SMARCA4/BRG1-Deficient Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinomas: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:90-98. [PMID: 33367658 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0633-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Somatic mutations in SMARCA4 (SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily A, member 4) gene and/or BRG1 (Brahma-related gene 1) loss identifies a subset of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) lacking alterations in EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase), and ROS1 (ROS proto-oncogene 1) genes. Preliminary observations suggest responsiveness to immunotherapy and targeted therapies. OBJECTIVE.— To study BRG1 loss in NSCLCs and elucidate the clinicopathologic profile of such SMARCA4-deficient NSCLCs. DESIGN.— Non-small cell lung carcinomas diagnosed during 6 years were subject to immunohistochemistry for BRG1 and BRM (Brahma). Tumors with BRG1 loss were stained with antibodies against thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), p40, cytokeratins, hepatocyte paraffin 1 (Hep Par 1), Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4), CD34, SRY-box 2 (SOX2), chromogranin, synaptophysin, p53, integrase interactor 1, ALK, and ROS1. EGFR mutation testing was performed by polymerase chain reaction-based method. RESULTS.— Among 100 NSCLCs tested, 4 cases (4%) showed BRG1 loss. The histology ranged from solid adenocarcinomas (n = 1) to large cell/poorly differentiated carcinomas (n = 3) with clear cell cytology in 2 cases. All showed loss/reduction of BRM with variable cytokeratin and SALL4 expression, and were negative for TTF-1, p40, Hep Par 1, ALK, ROS1, and EGFR mutations. CD34 and SOX2 were negative in all 4 cases. Isolated BRM loss was common (21%), distributed across all NSCLC subtypes including squamous cell carcinomas and a hepatoid adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS.— BRG1 loss occurs in a subset of TTF-1/p40-negative poorly differentiated NSCLCs. Identification and follow-up will clarify the prognosis, diagnostic criteria, and potential for therapeutic personalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Nambirajan
- From the Departments of Pathology (Nambirajan, Bhardwaj, Jain, Singh), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Varsha Singh
- From the Departments of Pathology (Nambirajan, Bhardwaj, Jain, Singh), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishu Bhardwaj
- From the Departments of Pathology (Nambirajan, Bhardwaj, Jain, Singh), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Mittal
- and Pulmonary Medicine (Mittal), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Dr B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (Kumar)
| | - Deepali Jain
- From the Departments of Pathology (Nambirajan, Bhardwaj, Jain, Singh), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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14
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Comprehensive Analysis of SWI/SNF Inactivation in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Models. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123712. [PMID: 33321963 PMCID: PMC7763689 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mammalian SWI/SNF complexes regulate gene expression by reorganizing the way DNA is packaged into chromatin. SWI/SNF subunits are recurrently altered in tumors at multiple levels, including DNA mutations as well as alteration of the levels of RNA and protein. Cancer cell lines are often used to study SWI/SNF function, but their patterns of SWI/SNF alterations can be complex. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of DNA mutations and RNA and protein expression of SWI/SNF members in 38 lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cell lines. We show that over 85% of our cell lines harbored at least one alteration in one SWI/SNF subunit. In addition, over 75% of our cell lines lacked expression of at least one SWI/SNF subunit at the protein level. Our catalog will help researchers choose an appropriate cell line model to study SWI/SNF function in LUAD. Abstract Mammalian SWI/SNF (SWitch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable) complexes are ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers whose subunits have emerged among the most frequently mutated genes in cancer. Studying SWI/SNF function in cancer cell line models has unveiled vulnerabilities in SWI/SNF-mutant tumors that can lead to the discovery of new therapeutic drugs. However, choosing an appropriate cancer cell line model for SWI/SNF functional studies can be challenging because SWI/SNF subunits are frequently altered in cancer by various mechanisms, including genetic alterations and post-transcriptional mechanisms. In this work, we combined genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic approaches to study the mutational status and the expression levels of the SWI/SNF subunits in a panel of 38 lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cell lines. We found that the SWI/SNF complex was mutated in more than 76% of our LUAD cell lines and there was a high variability in the expression of the different SWI/SNF subunits. These results underline the importance of the SWI/SNF complex as a tumor suppressor in LUAD and the difficulties in defining altered and unaltered cell models for the SWI/SNF complex. These findings will assist researchers in choosing the most suitable cellular models for their studies of SWI/SNF to bring all of its potential to the development of novel therapeutic applications.
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15
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Li YD, Lv Z, Zhu WF. RBBP4 promotes colon cancer malignant progression via regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:5328-5342. [PMID: 32994691 PMCID: PMC7504250 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i35.5328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study demonstrated that RBBP4 was upregulated in colon cancer and correlated with poor prognosis of colon cancer and hepatic metastasis. However, the potential biological function of RBBP4 in colon cancer is still unknown.
AIM To investigate the biological role and the potential mechanisms of RBBP4 in colon cancer progression.
METHODS Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of RBBP4 in colon cancer cell lines. The cell proliferation and viability of SW620 and HCT116 cells with RBBP4 knockdown was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine staining. The transwell assay was used to detect the invasion and migration capabilities of colon cancer cells with RBBP4 knockdown. Flow cytometry apoptosis assay was used to detect the apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Western blotting analysis was used to detect the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apoptosis related markers in colon cancer. The nuclear translocation of β-catenin was examined by Western blotting analysis in colon cancer cells with RBBP4 knockdown. The TOPFlash luciferase assay was used to detect the effect of RBBP4 on Wnt/β-catenin activation. The rescue experiments were performed in colon cancer cells treated with Wnt/β-catenin activator LiCl and RBBP4 knockdown.
RESULTS We found that RBBP4 was highly expressed in colon cancer cell lines. The 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine assay showed that knockdown of RBBP4 significantly inhibited cell proliferation. RBBP4 inhibition reduced cell invasion and migration via regulating proteins related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Knockdown of RBBP4 significantly inhibited survivin-mediated apoptosis. Mechanistically, the TOPFlash assay showed that RBBP4 knockdown increased activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Meanwhile, RBBP4 knockdown suppressed nuclear translocation of β-catenin. With Wnt/β-catenin activator, rescue experiments suggested that the role of RBBP4 in colon cancer progression was dependent on Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
CONCLUSION RBBP4 promotes colon cancer development via increasing activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. RBBP4 may serve as a novel therapeutic target in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dong Li
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhen Lv
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei-Fang Zhu
- Division of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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16
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Stachowiak M, Szymanski M, Ornoch A, Jancewicz I, Rusetska N, Chrzan A, Demkow T, Siedlecki JA, Sarnowski TJ, Sarnowska E. SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and glucose metabolism are deregulated in advanced bladder cancer. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1175-1188. [PMID: 32073734 PMCID: PMC7317882 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a frequently diagnosed malignancy affecting predominantly adult and elderly populations. It is expected that due to the longer life time, BC will become even more frequent in the future; thus in consequence, it will represent serious health problem of older society part. The treatment of advanced BC is mostly ineffective due to its very aggressive behavior. So far, no effective targeted therapy is used for BC treatment. Here, we found that BC is characterized by lower protein levels of BRM, INI1, and BAF155 main subunits of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex (CRC) which is involved in global control of gene expression and influences various important cellular processes like: cell cycle control, apoptosis, DNA repair, etc. Moreover, the expression of SMARCA2, a BRM encoding gene, strongly correlated with BC metastasis and expression of such metabolic genes as PKM2 and PRKAA1. Furthermore, the analysis of T24 and 5637 commonly used BC cell lines revealed different expression levels of metabolic genes including FBP1 gene encoding Frutose-1,6-Bisphosphatase, an enzyme controlling glycolysis flux and gluconeogenesis. The tested BC cell lines exhibited various molecular and metabolic alterations as well as differential glucose uptake, growth rate, and migration potential. We have shown that BRM subunit is involved in the transcriptional control of genes encoding metabolic enzymes. Moreover, we found that the FBP1 expression level and the SWI/SNF CRCs may serve as markers of molecular subtypes of BC. Collectively, this study may provide a new knowledge about the molecular and metabolic BC subtypes which likely will be of high importance for the clinic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Stachowiak
- Department of Molecular and Translational OncologyMaria Sklodowska‐Curie National Research Institute of OncologyWarsawPoland
| | - Michal Szymanski
- Department of Uro‐oncologyMaria Sklodowska‐Curie National Research Institute of OncologyWarsawPoland
| | - Anna Ornoch
- Department of Molecular and Translational OncologyMaria Sklodowska‐Curie National Research Institute of OncologyWarsawPoland
| | - Iga Jancewicz
- Department of Molecular and Translational OncologyMaria Sklodowska‐Curie National Research Institute of OncologyWarsawPoland
| | - Natalia Rusetska
- Department of Molecular and Translational OncologyMaria Sklodowska‐Curie National Research Institute of OncologyWarsawPoland
| | - Alicja Chrzan
- Department of PathologyMaria Sklodowska‐Curie National Research Institute of OncologyWarsawPoland
| | - Tomasz Demkow
- Department of Uro‐oncologyMaria Sklodowska‐Curie National Research Institute of OncologyWarsawPoland
| | - Janusz A. Siedlecki
- Department of Molecular and Translational OncologyMaria Sklodowska‐Curie National Research Institute of OncologyWarsawPoland
| | - Tomasz J. Sarnowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Elzbieta Sarnowska
- Department of Molecular and Translational OncologyMaria Sklodowska‐Curie National Research Institute of OncologyWarsawPoland
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17
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Decroix E, Leroy K, Wislez M, Fournel L, Alifano M, Damotte D, Mansuet-Lupo A. [SMARCA4-deficient thoracic tumors: A new entity]. Bull Cancer 2020; 107:41-47. [PMID: 31916995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of studies suggest a tumor suppressor role for the SWI/SNF complex involved in the remodeling of chromatin. Alterations of this complex have been found in many tumors of different origins, with topographic, morphologic and phenotypic diversity. Notably, they define 2 types of thoracic tumors: SMARCA4-deficient non-small cell lung carcinoma and SMARCA4-deficient sarcoma. Some clinical features appear to be common to both, such as intrathoracic localization, smoking exposure, male predominance and poor prognosis. However, the histological distinction between these two entities is sometimes difficult and it is not excluded that these entities belong to the same tumor spectrum with different degrees of differentiation. The therapy of these tumors is not yet codified. These tumors do not seem associated with oncogenic driver mutations allowing the prescription of targeted therapy, but immunotherapy has been shown to be effective in rare reported cases. More specific treatments using EZH2 inhibitors also seem promising in SMARCA4 deficient sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Decroix
- Cordeliers Research Center, « Immune Control and Escape », unité Inserm UMRS 1138, Paris, France; AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, hôpital Cochin, département de pathologie, service d'anatomie pathologique, HUPC, 27, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 74014 Paris, France
| | - Karen Leroy
- Cordeliers Research Center, « Immune Control and Escape », unité Inserm UMRS 1138, Paris, France; AP-HP, hôpital Cochin, service de génétique et biologie moléculaire, 27, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie Wislez
- Cordeliers Research Center, « Immune Control and Escape », unité Inserm UMRS 1138, Paris, France; AP-HP, hôpital Cochin, service de pneumologie, 27, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Fournel
- AP-HP, hôpital Cochin, service de chirurgie thoracique, 27, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Cordeliers Research Center, « Immune Control and Escape », unité Inserm UMRS 1138, Paris, France; AP-HP, hôpital Cochin, service de chirurgie thoracique, 27, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Diane Damotte
- Cordeliers Research Center, « Immune Control and Escape », unité Inserm UMRS 1138, Paris, France; AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, hôpital Cochin, département de pathologie, service d'anatomie pathologique, HUPC, 27, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 74014 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Mansuet-Lupo
- Cordeliers Research Center, « Immune Control and Escape », unité Inserm UMRS 1138, Paris, France; AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, hôpital Cochin, département de pathologie, service d'anatomie pathologique, HUPC, 27, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 74014 Paris, France.
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18
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Non-small cell lung cancer with loss of expression of the SWI/SNF complex is associated with aggressive clinicopathological features, PD-L1-positive status, and high tumor mutation burden. Lung Cancer 2019; 138:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Jancewicz I, Siedlecki JA, Sarnowski TJ, Sarnowska E. BRM: the core ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex-a tumour suppressor or tumour-promoting factor? Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:68. [PMID: 31722744 PMCID: PMC6852734 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BRM (BRAHMA) is a core, SWI2/SNF2-type ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex (CRC) involved in various important regulatory processes including development. Mutations in SMARCA2, a BRM-encoding gene as well as overexpression or epigenetic silencing were found in various human diseases including cancer. Missense mutations in SMARCA2 gene were recently connected with occurrence of Nicolaides-Baraitser genetics syndrome. By contrast, SMARCA2 duplication rather than mutations is characteristic for Coffin-Siris syndrome. It is believed that BRM usually acts as a tumour suppressor or a tumour susceptibility gene. However, other studies provided evidence that BRM function may differ depending on the cancer type and the disease stage, where BRM may play a role in the disease progression. The existence of alternative splicing forms of SMARCA2 gene, leading to appearance of truncated functional, loss of function or gain-of-function forms of BRM protein suggest a far more complicated mode of BRM-containing SWI/SNF CRCs actions. Therefore, the summary of recent knowledge regarding BRM alteration in various types of cancer and highlighting of differences and commonalities between BRM and BRG1, another SWI2/SNF2 type ATPase, will lead to better understanding of SWI/SNF CRCs function in cancer development/progression. BRM has been recently proposed as an attractive target for various anticancer therapies including the use of small molecule inhibitors, synthetic lethality induction or proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC). However, such attempts have some limitations and may lead to severe side effects given the homology of BRM ATPase domain to other ATPases, as well as due to the tissue-specific appearance of BRM- and BRG1-containing SWI/SNF CRC classes. Thus, a better insight into BRM-containing SWI/SNF CRCs function in human tissues and cancers is clearly required to provide a solid basis for establishment of new safe anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Jancewicz
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center in Warsaw, Wawelska 15B, 02-034, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz A Siedlecki
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center in Warsaw, Wawelska 15B, 02-034, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz J Sarnowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Sarnowska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center in Warsaw, Wawelska 15B, 02-034, Warsaw, Poland.
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20
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Kawai T, Ogata S, Nakashima H, Urabe S, Murakami I, Hiroshima K. Clinicopathologic study of deciduoid mesothelioma using SMARCB1/INI1 immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hum Pathol 2019; 93:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Muthuswami R, Bailey L, Rakesh R, Imbalzano AN, Nickerson JA, Hockensmith JW. BRG1 is a prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15194-15205. [PMID: 30667054 PMCID: PMC6563042 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) is one of two mutually exclusive ATPases that function as the catalytic subunit of human SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling enzymes. BRG1 has been identified as a tumor suppressor in some cancer types but has been shown to be expressed at elevated levels, relative to normal tissue, in other cancers. Using TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) prostate cancer database, we determined that BRG1 mRNA and protein expression is elevated in prostate tumors relative to normal prostate tissue. Only 3 of 491 (0.6%) sequenced tumors showed amplification of the locus or mutation in the protein coding sequence, arguing against the idea that elevated expression due to amplification or expression of a mutant BRG1 protein is associated with prostate cancer. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that BRG1 expression in prostate tumors inversely correlated with survival. However, BRG1 expression did not correlate with Gleason score/International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Grade Group, indicating it is an independent predictor of tumor progression/patient outcome. To experimentally assess BRG1 as a possible therapeutic target, we treated prostate cancer cells with a biologic inhibitor called ADAADi (active DNA-dependent ATPase A Domain inhibitor) that targets the activity of the SNF2 family of ATPases in biochemical assays but showed specificity for BRG1 in prior tissue culture experiments. The inhibitor decreased prostate cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. When directly injected into xenografts established by injection of prostate cancer cells in mouse flanks, the inhibitor decreased tumor growth and increased survival. These results indicate the efficacy of pursuing BRG1 as both an indicator of patient outcome and as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Muthuswami
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia,School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - LeeAnn Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | | | - Anthony N. Imbalzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A. Nickerson
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
| | - Joel W. Hockensmith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia
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22
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Takeda M, Tani Y, Saijo N, Shimizu S, Taniguchi Y, Otsuka K, Nakao K, Tamiya A, Okishio K, Atagi S, Ohbayashi C, Kasai T. Cytopathological Features of SMARCA4-Deficient Thoracic Sarcoma: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 28:109-114. [PMID: 31448657 DOI: 10.1177/1066896919870866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SMARCA4-deficient thoracic sarcoma (SMARCA4-DTS) is a recently described entity of thoracic sarcomas with an undifferentiated rhabdoid morphology and SMARCA4 inactivation. Regardless of some reports about the histopathological findings so far, there have been only a few reports about the cytological features. In this article, we present the pathological features of 2 SMARCA4-DTS cases, including the cytological findings. Histopathologically, the tumor cells showed atypical loosely cohesive large epithelioid cells focally with geographic necrosis. Some cells were characterized by rhabdoid cells. Both patients showed intrathoracic masses with a history of smoking, and loss of SMARCA4 expression was confirmed with histopathological specimens. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells of both cases were at least focally positive for cytokeratin, CD34, CD99, synaptophysin, SOX2, and SALL4. In addition, tumor cells demonstrated significantly reduced expression of BRG1/SMARCA4 and SMARCA2. In conclusion, SMARCA4-DTS should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of tumors with undifferentiated rhabdoid morphology involving the thoracic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Takeda
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Yoko Tani
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan.,Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Saijo
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiko Taniguchi
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Kenji Otsuka
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan.,Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakao
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tamiya
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Okishio
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Shinji Atagi
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | | | - Takahiko Kasai
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
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23
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Ehrenhöfer-Wölfer K, Puchner T, Schwarz C, Rippka J, Blaha-Ostermann S, Strobl U, Hörmann A, Bader G, Kornigg S, Zahn S, Sommergruber W, Schweifer N, Zichner T, Schlattl A, Neumüller RA, Shi J, Vakoc CR, Kögl M, Petronczki M, Kraut N, Pearson MA, Wöhrle S. SMARCA2-deficiency confers sensitivity to targeted inhibition of SMARCA4 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11661. [PMID: 31406271 PMCID: PMC6691015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SMARCA4/BRG1 and SMARCA2/BRM, the two mutually exclusive catalytic subunits of the BAF complex, display a well-established synthetic lethal relationship in SMARCA4-deficient cancers. Using CRISPR-Cas9 screening, we identify SMARCA4 as a novel dependency in SMARCA2-deficient esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) models, reciprocal to the known synthetic lethal interaction. Restoration of SMARCA2 expression alleviates the dependency on SMARCA4, while engineered loss of SMARCA2 renders ESCC models vulnerable to concomitant depletion of SMARCA4. Dependency on SMARCA4 is linked to its ATPase activity, but not to bromodomain function. We highlight the relevance of SMARCA4 as a drug target in esophageal cancer using an engineered ESCC cell model harboring a SMARCA4 allele amenable to targeted proteolysis and identify SMARCA4-dependent cell models with low or absent SMARCA2 expression from additional tumor types. These findings expand the concept of SMARCA2/SMARCA4 paralog dependency and suggest that pharmacological inhibition of SMARCA4 represents a novel therapeutic opportunity for SMARCA2-deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Puchner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Janine Rippka
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ursula Strobl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gerd Bader
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kornigg
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Zahn
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Thomas Zichner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Junwei Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Manfred Kögl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Petronczki
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Kraut
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark A Pearson
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Wöhrle
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120, Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Lee MJ, Kuehne N, Hueniken K, Liang S, Rai S, Sorotsky H, Herman M, Shepshelovich D, Bruce J, Liang M, Patel D, Cheng D, Chen Z, Eng L, Brown MC, Cho J, Leighl NB, de Perrot M, Reisman D, Xu W, Bradbury PA, Liu G. Association of two BRM promoter polymorphisms and smoking status with malignant pleural mesothelioma risk and prognosis. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1960-1973. [PMID: 31355511 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Brahma (BRM), of the SWI/SNF complex, has two 6 to 7 bp insertion promoter polymorphisms (BRM-741/BRM-1321) that cause epigenetic BRM suppression, and are associated with risk of multiple cancers. BRM polymorphisms were genotyped in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cases and asbestos-exposed controls. Multivariable logistic regression (risk) and Cox regression (prognosis) were performed, including stratified analyses by smoking status to investigate the effect of polymorphisms on MPM risk and prognosis. Although there was no significant association overall between BRM-741/BRM-1321 and risk in patients with MPM, a differential effect by smoking status was observed (P-interaction < .001), where homozygous variants were protective (aOR of 0.18-0.28) in ever smokers, while never smokers had increased risk when carrying homozygous variants (aOR of 2.7-4.4). While there was no association between BRM polymorphisms and OS in ever-smokers, the aHR of carrying homozygous-variants of BRM-741, BRM-1321 or both were 4.0 to 8.6 in never-smokers when compared to wild-type carriers. Mechanistically, lower mRNA expression of BRM was associated with poorer general cancer prognosis. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments (ChIP) revealed high BRM insertion variant homology to MEF2 regulatory binding sites. ChIP experimentation confirmed MEF2 binding only occurs in the presence of insertion variants. DNA-affinity purification assays revealed YWHA scaffold proteins as vital to BRM mRNA expression. Never-smokers who carry BRM homozygous variants have an increased chance of developing MPM, which results in worse prognosis. In contrast, in ever-smokers, there may be a protective effect, with no difference in overall survival. Mechanisms for the interaction between BRM and smoking require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Joon Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Kuehne
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katrina Hueniken
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shermi Liang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sudhir Rai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hadas Sorotsky
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Herman
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Shepshelovich
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeffrey Bruce
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mindy Liang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Devalben Patel
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dangxiao Cheng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lawson Eng
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Catherine Brown
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Cho
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha B Leighl
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc de Perrot
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Reisman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Penelope A Bradbury
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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25
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Orlando KA, Nguyen V, Raab JR, Walhart T, Weissman BE. Remodeling the cancer epigenome: mutations in the SWI/SNF complex offer new therapeutic opportunities. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:375-391. [PMID: 30986130 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1605905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer genome sequencing studies have discovered mutations in members of the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complex in nearly 25% of human cancers. The SWI/SNF complex, first discovered in S. cerevisiae, shows strong conservation from yeast to Drosophila to mammals, contains approximately 10-12 subunits and regulates nucleosome positioning through the energy generated by its ATPase subunits. The unexpected finding of frequent mutations in the complex has fueled studies to identify the mechanisms that drive tumor development and the accompanying therapeutic vulnerabilities. Areas covered: In the review, we focus upon the potential roles different SWI/SNF subunit mutations play in human oncogenesis, their common and unique mechanisms of transformation and the potential for translating these mechanisms into targeted therapies for SWI/SNF-mutant tumors. Expert opinion: We currently have limited insights into how mutations in different SWI/SNF subunits drive the development of human tumors. Because the SWI/SNF complex participates in a broad range of normal cellular functions, defining specific oncogenic pathways has proved difficult. In addition, therapeutic options for SWI/SNF-mutant cancers have mainly evolved from high-throughput screens of cell lines with mutations in different subunits. Future studies should follow a more coherent plan to pinpoint common vulnerabilities among these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal A Orlando
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- b Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Jesse R Raab
- c Department of Genetics , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Tara Walhart
- d Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,b Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,d Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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26
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Yang Y, Liu L, Fang M, Bai H, Xu Y. The chromatin remodeling protein BRM regulates the transcription of tight junction proteins: Implication in breast cancer metastasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:547-556. [PMID: 30946989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are a group of cell tight junction proteins that play versatile roles in cancer biology. Recent studies have correlated down-regulation of Claudins with augmented breast cancer malignancy and poor prognosis. The mechanism underlying repression of Claudin transcription in breast cancer cells is not well understood. Here we report that expression levels of Brahma (BRM) were down-regulated in triple negative breast cancer cells (MDA-231) compared to the less malignant MCF-7 cells and in high-grade human breast cancer specimens compared to low-grade ones. TGF-β treatment in MCF-7 cells repressed BRM transcription likely through targeting C/EBPβ. BRM over-expression suppressed whereas BRM knockdown promoted TGF-β induced migration and invasion of MCF-7 cells. BRM down-regulation was accompanied by the loss of a panel of Claudins in breast cancer cells. BRM directly bound to the promoter region of Claudin genes via interacting with Sp1 and activated transcription by modulating histone modifications. Together, our data have identified a novel epigenetic pathway that links Claudin transcription to breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Innovative Collaboration Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Innovative Collaboration Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Innovative Collaboration Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Innovative Collaboration Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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27
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Shorstova T, Marques M, Su J, Johnston J, Kleinman CL, Hamel N, Huang S, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Foulkes WD, Witcher M. SWI/SNF-Compromised Cancers Are Susceptible to Bromodomain Inhibitors. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2761-2774. [PMID: 30877105 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The antitumor activity of bromodomain and extraterminal motif protein inhibitors (BETi) has been demonstrated across numerous types of cancer. As such, these inhibitors are currently undergoing widespread clinical evaluation. However, predictive biomarkers allowing the stratification of tumors into responders and nonresponders to BETi are lacking. Here, we showed significant antiproliferative effects of low dosage BETi in vitro and in vivo against aggressive ovarian and lung cancer models lacking SMARCA4 and SMARCA2, key components of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes. Restoration of SMARCA4 or SMARCA2 promoted resistance to BETi in these models and, conversely, knockdown of SMARCA4 sensitized resistant cells to BETi. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that exposure to BETi potently downregulated a network of genes involved in receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling in SMARCA4/A2-deficient cells, including the oncogenic RTK HER3. Repression of signaling downstream of HER3 was found to be an important determinant of response to BETi in SMARCA4/A2-deficient cells. Overall, we propose that BETi represent a rational therapeutic strategy in poor-prognosis, SMARCA4/A2-deficient cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings address an unmet clinical need by identifying loss of SMARCA4/A2 as biomarkers of hypersensitivity to BETi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Shorstova
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maud Marques
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jie Su
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jake Johnston
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nancy Hamel
- Departments of Oncology and Human Genetics, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Departments of Oncology and Human Genetics, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Witcher
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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28
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LCE: an open web portal to explore gene expression and clinical associations in lung cancer. Oncogene 2018; 38:2551-2564. [PMID: 30532070 PMCID: PMC6477796 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We constructed a lung cancer-specific database housing expression data and clinical data from over 6700 patients in 56 studies. Expression data from 23 genome-wide platforms were carefully processed and quality controlled, whereas clinical data were standardized and rigorously curated. Empowered by this lung cancer database, we created an open access web resource—the Lung Cancer Explorer (LCE), which enables researchers and clinicians to explore these data and perform analyses. Users can perform meta-analyses on LCE to gain a quick overview of the results on tumor vs non-malignant tissue (normal) differential gene expression and expression-survival association. Individual dataset-based survival analysis, comparative analysis, and correlation analysis are also provided with flexible options to allow for customized analyses from the user.
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29
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Zernickel E, Sak A, Riaz A, Klein D, Groneberg M, Stuschke M. Targeting of BRM Sensitizes BRG1-Mutant Lung Cancer Cell Lines to Radiotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 18:656-666. [PMID: 30478150 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of epigenetic regulators as the chromatin remodeler SWI/SNF is proving to be a promising therapeutic strategy for individualized treatment of cancer patients. Here, we tested whether targeting one of the two mutually exclusive subdomains of the SWI/SNF complex BRM/SMARCA2 can sensitize specifically non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells with mutations in the other subunit BRG1/SMARCA4 toward ionizing radiation (IR). Knockdown of BRM with siRNA or shRNA and its consequences for radiation sensitivity as measured by clonogenic survival and plaque-monolayer control was studied in different NSCLC lines with or without BRG1 mutations and in primary fibroblasts. Furthermore, the effect on double-strand break (DSB) repair markers measured by immunofluorescence staining of 53BP1-, γ-H2AX-, and Rad51-foci was investigated. BRG1-mutated cell lines showed an increased surviving fraction compared with BRG1 proficient cells. Depletion of BRM (i) leads to a decreased proliferation rate and plating efficiency specifically in BRG1-mutated cells, (ii) specifically sensitized BRG1-mutant NSCLC cells toward IR as characterized by a survival reducing factor of 0.63 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57-0.69] in the dose range between 2 and 6 Gy, and (iii) decreased the tumor control doses after daily fractionation at 4 Gy in BRG1-mutant NSCLC cell lines A549 and H1299 in minimonolayers by 9.9% ± 1.3% and 13.6% ± 1.8%, respectively. In addition, an increase of residual Rad51-foci at 24 hours after irradiation in BRG1-mutant cells was demonstrated. Therefore, targeting of BRM in combination with radiotherapy is supposed to improve the therapeutic outcome of lung cancer patients harboring BRG1 mutations.The present study shows that the moderate radioresponsiveness of NSCLC cells with BRG1 mutations can be increased upon BRM depletion that is associated with a prolonged Rad51-foci prevalence at DNA DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zernickel
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany.
| | - Ali Sak
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Assad Riaz
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Groneberg
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Stuschke
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
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30
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Inactivation of SMARCA2 by promoter hypermethylation drives lung cancer development. Gene 2018; 687:193-199. [PMID: 30447346 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The SWI/SNF complex is a multimeric chromatin remodeling complex that has vital roles in regulating gene expression and cancer development. However, to date few studies have deeply explored the mechanism of SMARCA2 inactivation. We applied multi-omics analysis to explore the mechanism of SMARCA2 inactivation in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and performed the dCas9-DNMT3a system to evaluate the role of promoter methylation in SMARCA2 transcriptional regulation. We also assessed the tumor suppressing roles of SMARCA2 in lung cancer development by in vitro experiments. SMARCA2 promoter hypermethylation was significantly associated with decreased expression of SMARCA2. This result was further confirmed in the results of our own tissues. In addition, we observed that the mRNA level decreased by about 3 folds while the CpG island of promoter is nearly 30% hypermethylated by dCas9-DNMT3a system in H1299 cells. We identified SMARCA2 as a tumor suppressor gene whose expression was downregulated in lung cancers. Its inactivation was significantly associated with the poor survival of lung cancer patients [hazard ratio, HR = 0.35 (0.27-0.45)]. Besides, we found that SMARCA2 was a tumor suppressor and can significantly inhibit lung cancer cell vitality. We found that promoter hypermethylation contribute to the inactivation of SMARCA2. We also verified its oncogenetic roles of BRM inactivation in lung adenocarcinoma, which may provide a potential target for the clinical treatment.
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31
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Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N, Carrillo M, Li C, Nathanielsz P, Maguire C, Maher J, Dick E, Hubbard G, Stanek J. A first case of hepatocellular carcinoma in the baboon (Papio spp.) placenta. J Med Primatol 2018; 48:68-73. [PMID: 30246873 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the placenta of healthy baboon (Papio spp.). Grossly, the fetal, maternal, and placental tissues were unremarkable. Histologically, the placenta contained an unencapsulated, poorly demarcated, infiltrative, solidly cellular neoplasm composed of cells that resembled hepatocytes. The neoplastic cells were diffusely positive for vimentin and focally positive for Ae1/Ae3, Arginase -1, glutamine synthetase, and CD10, and negative for ER, vascular markers (CD31 and D240), S100, glypican, C-reactive protein, FABP, desmin, and beta-catenin; INI1 positivity was similar to non-neoplastic tissues. The case likely represents a unique subtype of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maira Carrillo
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas
| | - Cun Li
- University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Peter Nathanielsz
- University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Christopher Maguire
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas
| | - James Maher
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas
| | - Edward Dick
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Gene Hubbard
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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32
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Li D, Song H, Mei H, Fang E, Wang X, Yang F, Li H, Chen Y, Huang K, Zheng L, Tong Q. Armadillo repeat containing 12 promotes neuroblastoma progression through interaction with retinoblastoma binding protein 4. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2829. [PMID: 30026490 PMCID: PMC6053364 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest the emerging roles of armadillo (ARM) family proteins in tumor progression. However, the functions and underlying mechanisms of ARM members in tumorigenesis and aggressiveness of neuroblastoma (NB) remain to be determined. Herein, we identify armadillo repeat containing 12 (ARMC12) as an ARM member associated with NB progression. ARMC12 promotes the growth and aggressiveness of NB cell lines. Mechanistically, ARMC12 physically interacts with retinoblastoma binding protein 4 (RBBP4) to facilitate the formation and activity of polycomb repressive complex 2, resulting in transcriptional repression of tumor suppressive genes. Blocking the interaction between ARMC12 and RBBP4 by cell-penetrating inhibitory peptide activates the downstream gene expression and suppresses the tumorigenesis and aggressiveness of NB cells. Both ARMC12 and RBBP4 are upregulated in NB tissues, and are associated with unfavorable outcome of patients. These findings suggest the crucial roles of ARMC12 in tumor progression and a potential therapeutic approach for NB. Armadillo (ARM) family proteins can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Here, the authors show that a new ARM protein (ARMC12) is upregulated in neuroblastoma, binds the PRC2 component RBBP4, and inhibits transcription of tumor suppressive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Huajie Song
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Hong Mei
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Erhu Fang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Kai Huang
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Liduan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China. .,Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China.
| | - Qiangsong Tong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China. .,Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China.
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Watanabe K, Yokoyama S, Kaneto N, Hori T, Iwakami Y, Kato S, Hayakawa Y, Sakurai H, Fukuoka J, Saiki I. COP9 signalosome subunit 5 regulates cancer metastasis by deubiquitinating SNAIL. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20670-20680. [PMID: 29755680 PMCID: PMC5945527 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a major cause of mortality in cancer patients. The transcription factor SNAIL plays an important role in cancer metastasis and progression, and its expression is tightly regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system through the balance between ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes. While several ubiquitin ligases of SNAIL have been identified, it is not yet clear regarding deubiquitinating enzyme. In this study, we identified COP9 signalosome subunit 5 (COPS5) as a deubiquitinating enzyme of SNAIL by using siRNA library screening. COPS5 downregulation significantly reduced the expression of SNAIL and impaired the metastatic potential of lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we demonstrated that COPS5 binds to SNAIL and stabilizes its expression by deubiquitination. Furthermore, we observed the positive correlation between COPS5 and SNAIL expression in the clinical tissue samples of lung adenocarcinomas by using tissue microarray analysis. These findings provide strong evidence that COPS5 can be a new therapeutic target for cancer metastasis as a deubiquitinating enzyme of SNAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Watanabe
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Satoru Yokoyama
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Naoki Kaneto
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Hori
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwakami
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kato
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakurai
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.,Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Ikuo Saiki
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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34
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Kimura S, Harada T, Ijichi K, Tanaka K, Liu R, Shibahara D, Kawano Y, Otsubo K, Yoneshima Y, Iwama E, Nakanishi Y, Okamoto I. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor TrkB is associated with poor prognosis and a malignant phenotype in small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2018; 120:98-107. [PMID: 29748024 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES TrkB is a receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and is highly expressed in various cancers, with BDNF-TrkB signaling having been implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. The role of the BDNF-TrkB system in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a neuroendocrine cancer, has remained unclear, however. We examined BDNF and TrkB expression in SCLC patients as well as the function of BDNF-TrkB signaling in SCLC cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS BDNF and TrkB expression in tumor specimens of 58 SCLC patients and 20 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients was examined by immunohistochemistry and was scored on the basis of the distribution and intensity of staining. TrkB-overexpressing SCLC (SBC5TrkB) cells were established by retrovirus transduction and were examined for the effects of BDNF on intracellular signaling, cell proliferation, and cell migration in vitro. RESULTS The staining score for TrkB in NSCLC and SCLC specimens was 2.80 ± 0.19 and 3.60 ± 0.15, respectively, whereas that for BDNF was 1.95 ± 0.32 and 2.76 ± 0.14, respectively. High levels of both TrkB and BDNF expression in SCLC tumors were significantly associated with poor overall survival in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio = 1.821, P = 0.036). BDNF activated AKT and ERK signaling pathways in and promoted the migration of SBC5TrkB cells, and these effects were attenuated by the pan-Trk inhibitor GNF-5837. GNF-5837 also inhibited the proliferation of SBC5TrkB cells in the presence of BDNF. CONCLUSION Coexpression of BDNF and TrkB was associated with poor prognosis in SCLC patients, and BDNF promoted the migration of TrkB-overexpressing SCLC cells. TrkB is thus a potential therapeutic target for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Kimura
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taishi Harada
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Kyushu Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Kayo Ijichi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Renpeng Liu
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibahara
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuko Kawano
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohei Otsubo
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuto Yoneshima
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Iwama
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakanishi
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Isamu Okamoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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35
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Savas S, Skardasi G. The SWI/SNF complex subunit genes: Their functions, variations, and links to risk and survival outcomes in human cancers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 123:114-131. [PMID: 29482773 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SWI/SNF is a multiprotein complex essential for regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. In this article, we review the function and characteristics of this complex and its subunits in cancer-related phenotypes. We also present and discuss the publically available survival analysis data for TCGA patient cohorts, revealing novel relationships between the expression levels of the SWI/SNF subunit genes and patient survival times in several cancers. Overall, multiple lines of research point to a wide-spread role for the SWI/SNF complex genes in human cancer susceptibility and patient survival times. Examples include the mutations in ARID1A with cancer-driving effects, associations of tumor SWI/SNF gene expression levels and patient survival times, and two BRM promoter region polymorphisms linked to risk or patient outcomes in multiple human cancers. These findings should motivate comprehensive studies in order to fully dissect these relationships and verify the potential clinical utility of the SWI/SNF genes in controlling cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevtap Savas
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada; Discipline of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Georgia Skardasi
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
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36
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Hepatic SMARCA4 predicts HCC recurrence and promotes tumour cell proliferation by regulating SMAD6 expression. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:59. [PMID: 29352111 PMCID: PMC5833410 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer and is typically diagnosed at advanced stages. Identification and characterisation of genes within amplified and deleted chromosomal loci can provide new insights into the pathogenesis of cancer and lead to new approaches for diagnosis and therapy. In our previous study, we found a recurrent region of copy number amplification at 19p13.2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we performed integrated copy number analysis and expression profiling at this locus and a putative cancer gene, SMARCA4/BRG1, was uncovered in this region. BRG1 is a part of the large ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complex SWI/SNF. The function of BRG1 in various cancers is unclear, including its role in HCC tumorigenesis. Here, we found that BRG1 is upregulated in HCC and that its level significantly correlates with cancer progression in HCC patients. Importantly, we also found that nuclear expression of BRG1 predicts early recurrence for HCC patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that BRG1 promotes HCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. BRG1 was observed not only to facilitate S-phase entry but also to attenuate cell apoptosis. Finally, we discovered that one of the mechanisms by which BRG1 promotes cell proliferation is the upregulation of SMAD6. These findings highlight the important role of BRG1 in the regulation of HCC proliferation and provide valuable information for cancer prognosis and treatment.
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37
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Marquez-Vilendrer SB, Thompson K, Lu L, Reisman D. Mechanism of BRG1 silencing in primary cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56153-56169. [PMID: 27486753 PMCID: PMC5302903 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BRG1 (SMARCA4) is a documented tumor suppressor and a key subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex that is silenced in many cancer types. Studies have shown that BRG1 is mutated in cancer-derived cell lines, which led to the assertion that BRG1 is also mutated in primary human tumors. However, the sequencing of BRG1-deficient tumors has revealed a paucity of mutations; hence, the cause of BRG1 silencing in tumors remains an enigma. We conducted immunohistochemistry (IHC) on a number of tumor microarrays to characterize the frequency of BRG1 loss in different tumor types. We also analyzed BRG1-deficient tumors by sequencing the genomic DNA and the mRNA. We then tested if BRG1 expression could be induced in BRG1-negative cell lines (i.e., that lack mutations in BRG1) after the application of several different epigenetic agents, including drugs that inhibit the AKT pathway. We found that a subset of BRG1-negative cell lines also demonstrated aberrant splicing of BRG1, and in at least 30% of BRG1-deficient tumors, BRG1 expression appeared to be suppressed due to aberrant BRG1 splicing. As the majority of BRG1-deficient tumors lack mutations or splicing defects that could drive BRG1 loss of expression, this suggests that other mechanisms underlie BRG1 silencing. To this end, we analyzed 3 BRG1-deficient nonmutated cancer cell lines and found that BRG1 was inducible in these cell lines upon inhibition of the AKT pathway. We show that the loss of BRG1 is associated with the loss of E-cadherin and up-regulation of Vimentin in primary tumors, which explains why BRG1 loss is associated with a poor prognosis in multiple tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Thompson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David Reisman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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38
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Pyo JS, Son BK, Oh D, Kim EK. BRG1 is correlated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 2017; 73:66-73. [PMID: 29288038 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), a component of the chromatin-remodeling complex, regulates transcription by remodeling the chromatin structure. The present study aimed to elucidate the clinicopathological significance and prognostic role of BRG1 in colorectal cancer (CRC). We investigated the correlation between BRG1 expression and clinicopathological parameters, including prognosis, using immunohistochemistry on 266 archival paraffin-embedded CRC tissues. In addition, to confirm the prognostic role of BRG1 in malignant tumors, we performed a meta-analysis of 9 eligible studies and the current study. BRG1 was highly expressed in 67.7% of the 266 CRCs analyzed. High BRG1 expression significantly correlated with poor overall and recurrence-free survival (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively). The high expression of BRG1 also significantly correlated with high expression of SNAI (P < .001) but not E-cadherin (P = .432). However, there was no significant correlation between BRG1 expression and other clinicopathological parameters. The meta-analysis also demonstrated that high BRG1 expression positively correlated with poor overall and recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio 1.572, 95% confidence interval 1.106-2.235 and hazard ratio 2.050, 95% confidence interval 1.610-2.610, respectively). However, subgroup analysis based on tumor type showed that the correlation between BRG1 expression and poor prognosis was only prevalent in CRC and breast cancer. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that high BRG1 expression was associated with high SNAI expression and was significantly correlated with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soo Pyo
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35233, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Kwan Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongwook Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Eulji Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Republic of Korea
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39
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Pasic I, Wong KM, Lee JJ, Espin-Garcia O, Brhane Y, Cheng D, Chen Z, Patel D, Brown C, Bucur R, Reisman D, Knox JJ, Xu W, Hung RJ, Liu G, Cleary SP. Two BRM promoter polymorphisms predict poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:106-113. [PMID: 28892201 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the promoter of the BRM gene, a critical subunit of the chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF complex, have previously been implicated in risk and prognosis in Caucasian-predominant lung, head and neck, esophageal, and pancreatic cancers, and in hepatocellular cancers in Asians. We investigated the role of these polymorphisms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk and prognosis. HCC cases were recruited in a comprehensive cancer center while the matched controls were recruited from family practice units from the same catchment area. For risk analyses, unconditional logistic regression analyses were performed in HCC patients and matched healthy controls. Overall survival analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard models, Kaplan-Meier curves, and log-rank tests. In 266 HCC cases and 536 controls, no association between either BRM promoter polymorphism (BRM-741 or BRM-1321) and risk of HCC was identified (P > 0.10 for all comparisons). There was significant worsening of overall survival as the number of variant alleles increased: BRM-741 per variant allele adjusted hazards ratio (aHR) 5.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.89-11.54 and BRM-1321 per variant allele aHR 4.09, 95%CI 2.22-7.51. The effects of these two polymorphisms were at least additive, where individuals who were double homozygotes for the variant alleles had a 45-fold increase in risk of death when compared to those who were double wild-type for the two polymorphisms. Two BRM promoter polymorphisms were strongly associated with HCC prognosis but were not associated with increased HCC susceptibility. The association was strongest in double homozygotes for the allele variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pasic
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kit M Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonghun J Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Osvaldo Espin-Garcia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yonathan Brhane
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dangxiao Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Devalben Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine Brown
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roxana Bucur
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer J Knox
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sean P Cleary
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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40
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SMARCA4-deficient thoracic sarcoma: a distinctive clinicopathological entity with undifferentiated rhabdoid morphology and aggressive behavior. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:1422-1432. [PMID: 28643792 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A distinct subset of thoracic sarcomas with undifferentiated rhabdoid morphology and SMARCA4 inactivation has recently been described, and potential targeted therapy for SMARC-deficient tumors is emerging. We sought to validate the clinicopathological features of SMARCA4-deficient thoracic sarcomas. Clinicopathological information was gathered for 40 undifferentiated thoracic tumors with rhabdoid morphology (mediastinum (n=18), lung (n=14), pleura (n=8)). Thymic carcinomas (n=11) were used as a comparison group. Immunohistochemistry included BRG1 (SMARCA4), BRM (SMARCA2), INI-1 (SMARCB1), pan-cytokeratin, desmin, NUT, S-100 protein, TTF1, CD34, and SOX2. BRG1 loss was present in 12 of 40 rhabdoid thoracic tumors (30%): 7 of 18 in mediastinum (39%), 2 of 8 in pleura (25%), and 3 of 14 in lung (21%). All BRG1-deficient tumors tested for BRM (n=8) showed concomitant loss. All thymic carcinomas showed retained BRG1 and INI-1. Morphologically, tumors with BRG1 loss showed sheets of monotonous ovoid cells with indistinct cell borders, abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, and prominent nucleoli. Scattered areas with rhabdoid morphology (ie, eccentric nuclei, dense eosinophilic cytoplasm, discohesion) were present in all the cases. SMARCA4/BRG1-deficient sarcomas showed rare cells positive for cytokeratin in 10 cases (83%). One showed rare TTF1-positive cells. All were negative for desmin, NUT, and S-100 protein. CD34 was positive in three of five (60%) BRG1-deficient tumors tested. SOX2 was positive in all four BRG1-deficient tumors tested, and negative in all seven tested cases with retained BRG1. SMARCA4/BRG1-deficient sarcomas occurred at median age of 59 years (range 44-76) with male predominance (9:3) and had worse 2-year survival compared with BRG1-retained tumors (12.5% vs 64.4%, P=0.02). SMARCA4-deficient thoracic sarcomas can be identified based on their distinctive high-grade rhabdoid morphology, and the diagnosis can be confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Identification of these tumors is clinically relevant due to their aggressive behavior, poor prognosis, and potential targeted therapy.
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Yi J, Gao R, Chen Y, Yang Z, Han P, Zhang H, Dou Y, Liu W, Wang W, Du G, Xu Y, Wang J. Overexpression of NSUN2 by DNA hypomethylation is associated with metastatic progression in human breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20751-20765. [PMID: 27447970 PMCID: PMC5400542 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
NSUN2 is a RNA methyltransferase that has been shown to be implicated in development of human cancer. However, the functional role of NSUN2, mechanism of NSUN2 overexpression and its association with clinicopathologic features in breast cancer remain unclear. To investigate alterations in the expression and functional role of NSUN2 in breast cancer, NSUN2 expression was assessed in breast cancer cells and tissues obtained from cancers at different American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stages, and its functions were investigated using breast cancer cells. NSUN2 expression was shown to be significantly higher in breast cancer cells and tissues than in normal breast epithelial cells and tissues, at both mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of NSUN2 was shown to promote cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while NSUN2 knockdown inhibited these processes in vitro and in vivo. NSUN2 expression level was associated with the methylation level of its promoter. Our results demonstrated that the overall expression of NSUN2 significantly correlated with clinical stage (P=0.027), tumor classification (P=0.012), pathological differentiation (P=0.023), as well as with the expression levels of estrogen receptor (P<0.001), progesterone receptor (P=0.001), and Ki-67 (P<0.001). Our findings provide a unique insight into the roles and effects of NSUN2 overexpression in breast cancer cells, and highlight the necessity of the investigation of novel therapeutic targets, such as NSUN2, for the improvement of breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Dou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wengong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhua Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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42
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Hu Y, Yang L, Zhang M, Huang Z, Lin J, Zhang N. Expression and clinical relevance of SPOPL in medulloblastoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:3051-3056. [PMID: 28928843 PMCID: PMC5588132 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a type of malignant brain tumor in children. Although knowledge of MB is increasing and the survival rate of patients with MB has improved in previous years, the long-term treatment-associated complications remain unfavorable. Early diagnosis and treatment is critical for patients with MB, but effective molecular markers for MB remain elusive. The Speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) is a member of the MATH-BTB protein family and is a type of joint molecule for Cullin-3. SPOP inhibits tumor growth. However, the SPOP-like (SPOPL) gene, which is a SPOP paralog gene and shares an overall 85% sequence identity with SPOP, has not been explored in cancer studies at present. The results of the present study demonstrate that the SPOPL expression is decreased in MB cells and tissues compared with normal cells and tissues at the protein and mRNA levels. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased expression of SPOPL in 42/56 (75%) paraffin-embedded archival MB biopsies, and SPOPL expression may be associated with the MB differentiation level (P=0.011). Patients with increased SPOPL expression exhibit improved survival rates compared with those with decreased SPOPL expression, and the SPOPL gene may be a potentially valuable molecular marker of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 P.R. China
| | - Lixuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 P.R. China
| | - Maolei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 P.R. China
| | - Zhengsong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 P.R. China
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 P.R. China
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Nu Zhang, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Miwa T, Nagata T, Kojima H, Sekine S, Okumura T. Isoform switch of CD44 induces different chemotactic and tumorigenic ability in gallbladder cancer. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:771-780. [PMID: 28677740 PMCID: PMC5564409 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of the most unfavorable prognostic tumor, and immediate growth and distant metastasis are important factors associated with the poor prognosis of patients with this disease. Standard and variant isoforms of CD44 are associated with tumor growth, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), although their roles in GBC are unclear. We investigated the relationship between the CD44 isoforms with EMT, chemotaxis, and tumorigenicity. We analyzed CD44 expression in the GBC cell line NOZ and found that it comprises a major population that expressed CD44std+/CD44v9− (CD44s) and the minor population that expressed CD44std−/CD44v9+ (CD44v). CD44s cells exhibited increased chemotaxis and invasiveness compared with CD44v cells in in vitro cell migration and invasion assays. CD44s cells expressed higher and lower levels of mRNAs that encode vimentin and E-cadherin, respectively, compared with those of CD44v cells. CD44s cells expressed high levels of the transcription factors ZEB1 and ZEB2 that mediate EMT, and low levels of a splicing factor ESRP1 that controls the CD44 isoform switch. We performed in vivo mouse xenotransplantation analyses of CD44s and CD44v cells and found that CD44v cells exhibited relatively increased tumorigenicity. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays revealed that high levels of CD44v9 and CD44std were associated with poorer prognosis. The expression of CD44std was also associated with poorly differentiated tumors and distant metastasis. In conclusion, CD44s was associated with a mesenchymal phenotype, increased chemotaxis and invasiveness, and decreased tumorigenicity. In contrast, CD44v cells exhibited an epithelial phenotype, decreased chemotaxis, decreased invasiveness, and increased tumorigenicity. These findings suggest that CD44v and CD44s cells play differently important roles in the progression and metastasis of GBC and the isoform switch triggers EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Miwa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagata
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kojima
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sekine
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Kitano H, Chung JY, Noh KH, Lee YH, Kim TW, Lee SH, Eo SH, Cho HJ, Choi CH, Inoue S, Hanaoka J, Fukuoka J, Hewitt SM. Synaptonemal complex protein 3 is associated with lymphangiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer patients with lymph node metastasis. J Transl Med 2017. [PMID: 28623914 PMCID: PMC5473978 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The interaction of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C)/VEGF-D/VEGF receptor-3 is considered to be a major driver of lymphangiogenesis, however the mechanism of this process remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the possible lymphangiogenic significance of synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SCP3) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The expression of SCP3, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D were measured and examined a correlation between SCP3 and VEGF-C or VEGF-D in various human lung cancer cell lines. Subsequently, we assessed SCP3, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D expression in archival tumor tissues from 89 NSCLC patients with lymph node (LN) metastasis by combined immunohistochemistry with quantitative digital image analysis. Results Positive correlations between SCP3 and VEGF-C expression (R2 = 0.743) and VEGF-D expression (R2 = 0.932) were detected in various human lung cancer cell lines. The high expression of SCP3, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D were detected in 24 (27.0%), 22 (24.7%), 27 (30.3%), 27 (30.3%), and 24 cases (27.0%), respectively. Notably, SCP3 positively correlated with VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression (for both, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with VEGF-A and VEGF-B expression (P = 0.029 and P = 0.026, respectively). In multivariate analysis of patients with LN metastasis, SCP3 expression predicted worse overall survival (hazard ratio = 1.86, P = 0.008). Conclusions SCP3 is associated with lymphangiogenesis and provides insight into the SCP3-VEGF-C/VEGF-D axis based cancer therapy strategy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1241-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Kitano
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kyung Hee Noh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Seok Hyung Lee
- Department of Statistics, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Soo-Heang Eo
- Department of Statistics, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Hyung Jun Cho
- Department of Statistics, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Chel Hun Choi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 135-710, Korea
| | - Shuhei Inoue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Higashi-Ohmi General Medical Center, Higashi-Oumi, 527-8505, Japan
| | - Jun Hanaoka
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Ouyang X, Ye XL, Wei HB. BRM promoter insertion polymorphisms increase the risk of cancer: A meta-analysis. Gene 2017; 626:420-425. [PMID: 28571677 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many studies have suggested that the BRM promoter insertion polymorphisms might be associated with susceptibility to many different types of cancer. However, previous studies reported contradictory results. This current meta-analysis was performed to address this issue. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A comprehensive search was conducted in multiple databases, including PubMed, Embase and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). We collected relevant articles to explore the association between the BRM insertion polymorphisms and susceptibility of cancers. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS For the BRM-741 polymorphism, a total of 2901 cases and 3667 controls from 6 studies were included. For the BRM-1321 polymorphism, a total of 2899 cases and 3769 controls from 6 studies were included. Overall, a significant difference was observed in BRM-741 (OR 0.81; 95%CI 0.68, 0.96; P=0.02) and BRM-1321 (OR 0.76; 95%CI 0.66, 0.88; P<0.01) for allele frequency (D versus I). In the subgroup analysis, for the BRM-741, a significant difference was observed in Asian (OR 0.88; 95%CI 0.78, 0.99; P=0.03) for D versus I. Similarly, for the BRM-1321, a significant difference was observed in Asian (OR 0.43; 95%CI 0.32, 0.58; P<0.001) and Caucasian (OR 0.74; 95%CI 0.62, 0.88; P<0.001) for DD versus II. CONCLUSIONS BRM-741 and BRM-1321 insertion polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to cancer. Further studies are warranted to verify the clinical utility of BRM promoter insertion polymorphisms in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ouyang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xiao Long Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hong Bo Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Mammalian SWI/SNF complexes in cancer: emerging therapeutic opportunities. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 42:56-67. [PMID: 28391084 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian SWI/SNF (BAF) chromatin remodeling complexes orchestrate a diverse set of chromatin alterations which impact transcriptional output. Recent whole-exome sequencing efforts have revealed that the genes encoding subunits of mSWI/SNF complexes are mutated in over 20% of cancers, spanning a wide range of tissue types. The majority of mutations result in loss of subunit protein expression, implicating mSWI/SNF subunits as tumor suppressors. mSWI/SNF-deficient cancers remain a therapeutic challenge, owing to a lack of potent and selective agents which target complexes or unique pathway dependencies generated by mSWI/SNF subunit perturbations. Here, we review the current landscape of mechanistic insights and emerging therapeutic opportunities for human malignancies driven by mSWI/SNF complex perturbation.
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Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase-A (ITPKA) is frequently over-expressed and functions as an oncogene in several tumor types. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 137:1-9. [PMID: 28377279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
At present targeted tumor therapy is based on inhibition of proteins or protein mutants that are up-regulated in tumor but not in corresponding normal cells. The actin bundling Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase A (ITPKA) belongs to such molecular targets. ITPKA is expressed in a broad range of tumor types but shows limited expression in normal cells. In lung and breast cancer expression of ITPKA is stimulated by gene body methylation which increases with increasing malignancy of these tumors but is not detectable in the corresponding normal tissues. Since ITPKA gene body methylation occurs early in tumor development, it could serve as biomarker for early detection of lung cancer. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that down-regulation of ITPKA in lung adenocarcinoma cancers reduced both, tumor growth and metastasis. It is assumed that tumor growth is stimulated by the InsP3Kinase activity of ITPKA and metastasis by its actin bundling activity. A selective inhibitor against the InsP3Kinase activity of ITPKA has been identified but compounds inhibiting the actin bundling activity are not available yet. Since no curative therapy option for metastatic lung or breast tumors exist, therapies that block activities of ITPKA may offer new options for patients with these tumors. Thus, efforts should be made to develop clinical drugs that selectively target InsP3Kinase activity as well as actin bundling activity of ITPKA.
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Chen J, Herlong FH, Stroehlein JR, Mishra L. Mutations of Chromatin Structure Regulating Genes in Human Malignancies. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2017; 17:411-37. [PMID: 26796307 PMCID: PMC5403969 DOI: 10.2174/1389203717666160122120008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin structure regulating processes mediated by the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) –dependent chromatin remodeling complex and the covalent histone-modifying complexes are critical to gene transcriptional control and normal cellular processes, including cell stemness, differentiation, and proliferation. Gene mutations, structural abnormalities, and epigenetic modifications that lead to aberrant expression of chromatin structure regulating members have been observed in most of human malignancies. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies in recent years have allowed in-depth study of somatic mutations in human cancer samples. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is the largest effort to date to characterize cancer genome using NGS technology. In this review, we summarize somatic mutations of chromatin-structure regulating genes from TCGA publications and other cancer genome studies, providing an overview of genomic alterations of chromatin regulating genes in human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Sun JM, Guo CC, Wang CQ, Cao K, Liu H, Han WC, Zheng MJ. Expression of BRG1 in colorectal cancer: Correlation with prognosis and MMP-2 expression. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4691-4699. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i35.4691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze the relationship of the expression of BRG1 with clinicopathologic characters and prognosis of colorectal cancer.
METHODS Tissue microarray and immunohistochemical method were used to detect the expression of BRG1 in 112 cases of colorectal cancer and 71 cases of matched normal intestinal mucosa tissue. The relationship of BRG1 expression with clinicopathologic characters, prognosis, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression was statistically analyzed.
RESULTS The positive expression rate of BRG1 in colorectal cancer was significantly higher than that in normal intestine mucosa tissue (66.1% vs 35.2%, P < 0.01). The positive expression rate of MMP-2 was also significantly higher in colorectal cancer than in normal intestine mucosa tissue (61.2% vs 3.3%, P < 0.01). The expression of BRG1 showed no significant correlation with clinicopathologic characters including gender, age, tumor size, invasive depth, differentiation degree, lymph node metastasis, and clinical stage, but was significantly correlated with 5-year survival rate of colorectal cancer patients. The prognosis of colorectal cancer patients with high BRG1 expression was much worse than that of patients with low BRG1 expression. There was a positive correlation between BRG1 and MMP-2 expression (r = 0.307, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION BRG1 is highly expressed in colorectal cancer tissue. BRG1 is an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. Increased expression of MMP-2 may be a probable reason of worse prognosis of colorectal cancer.
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Hashimoto I, Nagata T, Sekine S, Moriyama M, Shibuya K, Hojo S, Matsui K, Yoshioka I, Okumura T, Hori T, Shimada Y, Tsukada K. Prognostic significance of KLF4 expression in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:819-826. [PMID: 28356964 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the roles of pluripotent stem cell-inducing genes in gastric cancer, the expression of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), Nanog, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-Myc) and sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) was examined using the newly developed gastric carcinoma tissue microarray. The associations between the immunohistochemical expression levels of the pluripotency-inducing factors and the clinicopathological data of 108 patients with gastric cancer were analyzed. No associations were identified between the expression levels of the five pluripotency-inducing factors and the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification or clinicopathological characteristics of the patients. In addition, multivariate analysis revealed no association of Nanog, Oct4, SOX2 or c-Myc with the prognosis of the gastric cancer patients; however, low expression of KLF4 was determined to be an independent negative prognostic factor (P=0.0331), particularly in patients who underwent R0 resection (TNM stages 2 and 3; P=0.0048). In summary, low KLF4 expression was found to be negatively associated with overall survival, and may therefore be a useful prognostic marker in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaya Hashimoto
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagata
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sekine
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Makoto Moriyama
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazuto Shibuya
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shozo Hojo
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Koshi Matsui
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Isaku Yoshioka
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Hori
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Research into Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimada
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8304, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsukada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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