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Hegde M, Girisa S, Aswani BS, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Harnessing potential role of gangliosides in immunomodulation and cancer therapeutics. Life Sci 2024; 351:122786. [PMID: 38848944 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Gangliosides represent glycolipids containing sialic acid residues, present on the cell membrane with glycan residues exposed to the extracellular matrix (ECM), while the ceramides are anchored within the membrane. These molecules play a critical role in pathophysiological processes such as host-pathogen interactions, cell-cell recognition, signal transduction, cell adhesion, motility, and immunomodulation. Accumulated evidence suggests the overexpression of gangliosides on tumor tissues in comparison to healthy human tissues. These tumor-associated gangliosides have been implicated in various facets of tumor biology, including cell motility, differentiation, signaling, immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Consequently, these entities emerge as attractive targets for immunotherapeutic interventions. Notably, the administration of antibodies targeting gangliosides has demonstrated cytotoxic effects on cancer cells that exhibit an overexpression of these glycolipids. Passive immunotherapy approaches utilizing murine or murine/human chimeric anti-ganglioside antibodies have been explored as potential treatments for diverse cancer types. Additionally, vaccination strategies employing tumor-associated gangliosides in conjunction with adjuvants have entered the realm of promising techniques currently undergoing clinical trials. The present comprehensive review encapsulates the multifaceted roles of gangliosides in tumor initiation, progression, immunosuppression, and metastasis. Further, an overview is provided of the correlation between the expression status of gangliosides in normal and tumor cells and its impact on cancer patient survival. Furthermore, the discussion extends to ongoing and completed clinical trials employing diverse strategies to target gangliosides, elucidating their effectiveness in treating cancers. This emerging discipline is expected to supply substantial impetus for the establishment of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Babu Santha Aswani
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117699, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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Hulbert SW, Desai P, Jewett MC, DeLisa MP, Williams AJ. Glycovaccinology: The design and engineering of carbohydrate-based vaccine components. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108234. [PMID: 37558188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines remain one of the most important pillars in preventative medicine, providing protection against a wide array of diseases by inducing humoral and/or cellular immunity. Of the many possible candidate antigens for subunit vaccine development, carbohydrates are particularly appealing because of their ubiquitous presence on the surface of all living cells, viruses, and parasites as well as their known interactions with both innate and adaptive immune cells. Indeed, several licensed vaccines leverage bacterial cell-surface carbohydrates as antigens for inducing antigen-specific plasma cells secreting protective antibodies and the development of memory T and B cells. Carbohydrates have also garnered attention in other aspects of vaccine development, for example, as adjuvants that enhance the immune response by either activating innate immune responses or targeting specific immune cells. Additionally, carbohydrates can function as immunomodulators that dampen undesired humoral immune responses to entire protein antigens or specific, conserved regions on antigenic proteins. In this review, we highlight how the interplay between carbohydrates and the adaptive and innate arms of the immune response is guiding the development of glycans as vaccine components that act as antigens, adjuvants, and immunomodulators. We also discuss how advances in the field of synthetic glycobiology are enabling the design, engineering, and production of this new generation of carbohydrate-containing vaccine formulations with the potential to prevent infectious diseases, malignancies, and complex immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia W Hulbert
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Primit Desai
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Asher J Williams
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Jin X, Yang GY. Pathophysiological roles and applications of glycosphingolipids in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer diseases. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101241. [PMID: 37524133 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are major amphiphilic glycolipids present on the surface of living cell membranes. They have important biological functions, including maintaining plasma membrane stability, regulating signal transduction, and mediating cell recognition and adhesion. Specific GSLs and related enzymes are abnormally expressed in many cancer diseases and affect the malignant characteristics of tumors. The regulatory roles of GSLs in signaling pathways suggest that they are involved in tumor pathogenesis. GSLs have therefore been widely studied as diagnostic markers of cancer diseases and important targets of immunotherapy. This review describes the tumor-related biological functions of GSLs and systematically introduces recent progress in using diverse GSLs and related enzymes to diagnose and treat tumor diseases. Development of drugs and biomarkers for personalized cancer therapy based on GSL structure is also discussed. These advances, combined with recent progress in the preparation of GSLs derivatives through synthetic biology technologies, suggest a strong future for the use of customized GSL libraries in treating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences and the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Zhang Q, Li S, He L, Feng X. A brief review of polysialic acid-based drug delivery systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123151. [PMID: 36610578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA) is a straight-chain homoglycan linked by N-acetylneuraminic acid monomers via α-2, 8- or α-2, 9-glycosidic bonds. As a negatively charged non-glycosaminoglycan, PSA has the remarkable characteristics of non-immunogenicity and biodegradation. Although different in class, PSA is similar to poly(ethylene glycol), and was originally used to increase the stability of the delivery system in circulation to prolong the half-life. As research continues, PSA's application potential in the pharmaceutical field becomes increasingly prominent. It can be used as a biomaterial for protein polysialylation and tissue engineering, and it can be used alone or with other materials to develop multifunctional drug delivery systems. In this article, the results of the bioproduction and biofunction of PSA are introduced, the common strategies for chemical modification of PSA are summarized, and the application progress of PSA-based drug delivery systems is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Shanshan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Lin He
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xueting Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610000, China
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Petrova M, Vlahova Z, Schröder M, Todorova J, Tzintzarov A, Gospodinov A, Velkova L, Kaynarov D, Dolashki A, Dolashka P, Ugrinova I. Antitumor Activity of Bioactive Compounds from Rapana venosa against Human Breast Cell Lines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:181. [PMID: 37259331 PMCID: PMC9959655 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study is the first report describing the promising antitumor activity of biologically active compounds isolated from the hemolymph of marine snail Rapana venosa-a fraction with Mw between 50 and 100 kDa and two structural subunits (RvH1 and RvH2), tested on a panel of human breast cell lines-six lines of different molecular subtypes of breast cancer MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, BT-474, BT-549, SK-BR-3, and MCF-7 and the non-cancerous MCF-10A. The fraction with Mw 50-100 kDa (HRv 50-100) showed good antitumor activity manifested by a significant decrease in cell viability, altered morphology, autophagy, and p53 activation in treated cancer cells. An apparent synergistic effect was observed for the combination of HRv 50-100 with cis-platin for all tested cell lines. The combination of HRv 50-100 with cisplatin and/or tamoxifen is three times more effective compared to treatment with classical chemotherapeutics alone. The main proteins in the active fraction, with Mw at ~50 kDa, ~65 kDa, ~100 kDa, were identified by MALDI-MS, MS/MS analyses, and bioinformatics. Homology was established with known proteins with antitumor potential detected in different mollusc species: peroxidase-like protein, glycoproteins Aplysianin A, L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), and the functional unit with Mw 50 kDa of RvH. Our study reveals new perspectives for application of HRv 50-100 as an antitumor agent used alone or as a booster in combination with different chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petrova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Acad. Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bld. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zlatina Vlahova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Acad. Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bld. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Acad. Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bld. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jordana Todorova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Acad. Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bld. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander Tzintzarov
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Acad. Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bld. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anastas Gospodinov
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Acad. Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bld. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyudmila Velkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bld. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Kaynarov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bld. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aleksandar Dolashki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bld. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pavlina Dolashka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bld. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iva Ugrinova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Acad. Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bld. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Yuan M, Zhao Y, Arkenau HT, Lao T, Chu L, Xu Q. Signal pathways and precision therapy of small-cell lung cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:187. [PMID: 35705538 PMCID: PMC9200817 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) encounters up 15% of all lung cancers, and is characterized by a high rate of proliferation, a tendency for early metastasis and generally poor prognosis. Most of the patients present with distant metastatic disease at the time of clinical diagnosis, and only one-third are eligible for potentially curative treatment. Recently, investigations into the genomic make-up of SCLC show extensive chromosomal rearrangements, high mutational burden and loss-of-function mutations of several tumor suppressor genes. Although the clinical development of new treatments for SCLC has been limited in recent years, a better understanding of oncogenic driver alterations has found potential novel targets that might be suitable for therapeutic approaches. Currently, there are six types of potential treatable signaling pathways in SCLC, including signaling pathways targeting the cell cycle and DNA repair, tumor development, cell metabolism, epigenetic regulation, tumor immunity and angiogenesis. At this point, however, there is still a lack of understanding of their role in SCLC tumor biology and the promotion of cancer growth. Importantly optimizing drug targets, improving drug pharmacology, and identifying potential biomarkers are the main focus and further efforts are required to recognize patients who benefit most from novel therapies in development. This review will focus on the current learning on the signaling pathways, the status of immunotherapy, and targeted therapy in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Tongnei Lao
- Department of Oncology, Centro Medico BO CHI, Macao, SAR, China
| | - Li Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China.
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Dong S, Guo X, Han F, He Z, Wang Y. Emerging role of natural products in cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1163-1185. [PMID: 35530162 PMCID: PMC9069318 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has become a new generation of anti-tumor treatment, but its indications still focus on several types of tumors that are sensitive to the immune system. Therefore, effective strategies that can expand its indications and enhance its efficiency become the key element for the further development of cancer immunotherapy. Natural products are reported to have this effect on cancer immunotherapy, including cancer vaccines, immune-check points inhibitors, and adoptive immune-cells therapy. And the mechanism of that is mainly attributed to the remodeling of the tumor-immunosuppressive microenvironment, which is the key factor that assists tumor to avoid the recognition and attack from immune system and cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, this review summarizes and concludes the natural products that reportedly improve cancer immunotherapy and investigates the mechanism. And we found that saponins, polysaccharides, and flavonoids are mainly three categories of natural products, which reflected significant effects combined with cancer immunotherapy through reversing the tumor-immunosuppressive microenvironment. Besides, this review also collected the studies about nano-technology used to improve the disadvantages of natural products. All of these studies showed the great potential of natural products in cancer immunotherapy.
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Key Words
- AKT, alpha-serine/threonine-specific protein kinase
- Adoptive immune-cells transfer immunotherapy
- B2M, beta-2-microglobulin
- BMDCs, bone marrow dendritic cells
- BPS, basil polysaccharide
- BTLA, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator
- CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CCL22, C–C motif chemokine 22
- CIKs, cytokine-induced killer cells
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CTL, cytotoxic T cell
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4
- Cancer immunotherapy
- Cancer vaccines
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, dendritic cells
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1
- HSPs, heat shock proteins
- ICD, Immunogenic cell death
- ICTs, immunological checkpoints
- IFN-γ, interferon γ
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- Immuno-check points
- Immunosuppressive microenvironment
- LLC, Lewis lung cancer
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex class
- MITF, melanogenesis associated transcription factor
- MMP-9, matrix metalloprotein-9
- Mcl-1, myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein 1
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NKTs, natural killer T cells
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- Natural products
- OVA, ovalbumin
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- PD-L1, programmed death receptor ligand 1
- PGE-2, prostaglandin E2
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TAP, transporters related with antigen processing
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TILs, tumor infiltration lymphocytes
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- TSA, tumor specific antigens
- Teffs, effective T cells
- Th1, T helper type 1
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiangnan Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fei Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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El Sayed R, El Darsa H. Therapeutic Modalities in Small Cell Lung Cancer: a paradigm shift after decades of quiescence. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:583-597. [PMID: 35176957 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2042515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is known to be the most aggressive of all thoracic malignancies, notoriously known for its very poor prognosis. Platinum based chemotherapy has been the standard of care for decades. Despite years of research, no treatment novelties with significant impact on survival have been achieved until recently. The last few years have witnessed light at the end of the tunnel with immunotherapy proving to improve survival. Nevertheless, responses were not homogeneous in all subgroups, and finding who would best benefit from treatment remains unanswered. Multiple limitations exist, and the quest for optimal biomarkers seemed unfruitful until the discovery of different SCLC phenotypes. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors briefly discuss SCLC phenotypes and biomarker assays. Then, the authors continue with the main trials of SCLC treatment using chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted treatment in the front-line or subsequent line settings. EXPERT OPINION Research has been extensively implemented to better understand the biology of SCLC, and test for the optimal use of immunotherapy in patients with SCLC, as well as to enhance responses via possible combinations. Targeted mechanisms of action have also been attempted; yet no solid proof of efficacy has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola El Sayed
- Centre Hospitalier de l' Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Ca
| | - Haidar El Darsa
- Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Ca
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Berois N, Pittini A, Osinaga E. Targeting Tumor Glycans for Cancer Therapy: Successes, Limitations, and Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030645. [PMID: 35158915 PMCID: PMC8833780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aberrant glycosylation is a common feature of many cancers, and it plays crucial roles in tumor development and biology. Cancer progression can be regulated by several physiopathological processes controlled by glycosylation, such as cell–cell adhesion, cell–matrix interaction, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Different mechanisms of aberrant glycosylation lead to the formation of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), which are suitable for selective cancer targeting, as well as novel antitumor immunotherapy approaches. This review summarizes the strategies developed in cancer immunotherapy targeting TACAs, analyzing molecular and cellular mechanisms and state-of-the-art methods in clinical oncology. Abstract Aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer and can lead to changes that influence tumor behavior. Glycans can serve as a source of novel clinical biomarker developments, providing a set of specific targets for therapeutic intervention. Different mechanisms of aberrant glycosylation lead to the formation of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) suitable for selective cancer-targeting therapy. The best characterized TACAs are truncated O-glycans (Tn, TF, and sialyl-Tn antigens), gangliosides (GD2, GD3, GM2, GM3, fucosyl-GM1), globo-serie glycans (Globo-H, SSEA-3, SSEA-4), Lewis antigens, and polysialic acid. In this review, we analyze strategies for cancer immunotherapy targeting TACAs, including different antibody developments, the production of vaccines, and the generation of CAR-T cells. Some approaches have been approved for clinical use, such as anti-GD2 antibodies. Moreover, in terms of the antitumor mechanisms against different TACAs, we show results of selected clinical trials, considering the horizons that have opened up as a result of recent developments in technologies used for cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Berois
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Alvaro Pittini
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Osinaga
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (E.O.)
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Dondulkar A, Akojwar N, Katta C, Khatri DK, Mehra NK, Singh SB, Madan J. Inhalable polymeric micro and nano-immunoadjuvants for developing therapeutic vaccines in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:395-409. [PMID: 34736378 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666211104155604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of death in millions of cancer patients. Lack of diagnosis at an early stage in addition to no specific guidelines for its treatment, and a higher rate of treatment-related toxicity further deteriorate the conditions. Current therapies encompass surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy according to the pattern and the stage of lung cancer. Among all, with a longlasting therapeutic action, reduced side-effects, and a higher rate of survival, therapeutic cancer vaccine is a new, improved strategy for treating NSCLC. Immunoadjuvants are usually incorporated into the therapeutic vaccines to shield the antigen against environmental and physiological harsh conditions in addition to boosting the immune potential. Conventional immunoadjuvants are often associated with an inadequate cellular response, poor target specificity, and low antigen load. Recently, inhalable polymeric nano/micro immunoadjuvants have exhibited immense potential in the development of therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of NSCLC with improved mucosal immunization. The development of polymeric micro/nano immunoadjuvants brought a new era for vaccines with increased strength and efficiency. Therefore, in the present review, we explained the potential application of micro/nano immunoadjuvants for augmenting the stability and efficacy of inhalable vaccines in the treatment of NSCLC. In addition, the role of biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic polymers has also been discussed with case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayusha Dondulkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana. India
| | - Natasha Akojwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana. India
| | - Chanti Katta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana. India
| | - Dharmendra K Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana. India
| | - Neelesh K Mehra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana. India
| | - Shashi B Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana. India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana. India
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Dumoulin DW, Dingemans AMC, Aerts JGJV, Remon J, De Ruysscher DKM, Hendriks LEL. Immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer: one step at a time: a narrative review. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:2970-2987. [PMID: 34295691 PMCID: PMC8264327 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy has been the standard of care for many years for patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Despite exceptionally high responses (up to 80%) with chemotherapy, the majority of patients relapse rapidly within weeks to months after treatment completion. Therefore, new and better treatment options are necessary. Recently, synergistic activity has been reported for the addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) to standard platinum-based chemotherapy in the therapeutic strategy of advanced SCLC. For the first time after several decades, a significant survival improvement was achieved for this population. However, the overwhelming majority of patients do not respond to ICI, or relapse rapidly. There is need for better knowledge about the biology, histopathologic features, and molecular pathways of SCLC. This can probably help to identify the optimal predictive biomarkers, which are warranted to develop an individual therapeutic strategy including the rational use of a combination of immunotherapeutic agents. Here, we provide an overview of the rationale for and clinical results of the completed and ongoing trials using different strategies of immunotherapy in SCLC. In addition, opportunities for further improvement of therapies will be discussed, including the addition of radiotherapy, co-stimulatory antibodies, and other immune modifying agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne W. Dumoulin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie C. Dingemans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim G. J. V. Aerts
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Remon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal Barcelona (CIOCCB), Hospital HM Delfos, HM Hospitales, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dirk K. M. De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), Maastricht University Medical Centre, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lizza E. L. Hendriks
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Thurin M. Tumor-Associated Glycans as Targets for Immunotherapy: The Wistar Institute Experience/Legacy. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2021; 40:89-100. [PMID: 34161162 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are characterized by the expression of tumor-specific carbohydrate structures that differ from their normal counterparts. Carbohydrates on tumor cells have phenotypical as well as functional implications, impacting the tumor progression process, from malignant transformation to metastasis formation. Importantly, carbohydrates are structures that play a role in receptor-ligand interaction and elicit the activity of growth factor receptors, integrins, lectins, and other type 1 transmembrane proteins. They have been recognized as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, and evidence demonstrating their relevance as targets for anticancer therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapy, continues to accumulate. Different approaches targeting carbohydrates include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody (Ab)-drug conjugates, vaccines, and adhesion antagonists. Development of bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells against tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) as promising cancer immunotherapeutic agents is rapidly evolving. As reviewed here, there are several cancer-associated glycan features that can be leveraged to design rational drug or immune system targets, applying multiple TACA structural and functional features to be targeted as the standard treatment paradigm. Many of the underlying targets were defined by researchers at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which provide basis for different immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Smith BAH, Bertozzi CR. The clinical impact of glycobiology: targeting selectins, Siglecs and mammalian glycans. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:217-243. [PMID: 33462432 PMCID: PMC7812346 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-00093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates - namely glycans - decorate every cell in the human body and most secreted proteins. Advances in genomics, glycoproteomics and tools from chemical biology have made glycobiology more tractable and understandable. Dysregulated glycosylation plays a major role in disease processes from immune evasion to cognition, sparking research that aims to target glycans for therapeutic benefit. The field is now poised for a boom in drug development. As a harbinger of this activity, glycobiology has already produced several drugs that have improved human health or are currently being translated to the clinic. Focusing on three areas - selectins, Siglecs and glycan-targeted antibodies - this Review aims to tell the stories behind therapies inspired by glycans and to outline how the lessons learned from these approaches are paving the way for future glycobiology-focused therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A H Smith
- Department of Chemical & Systems Biology and ChEM-H, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemical & Systems Biology and ChEM-H, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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14
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Yu L, Lai Q, Gou L, Feng J, Yang J. Opportunities and obstacles of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer. J Drug Target 2020; 29:1-11. [PMID: 32700566 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1797050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignant tumour which accounts for approximately 13-15% of all newly diagnosed lung cancer cases. To date, platinum-based chemotherapy are still the first-line treatments for SCLC. However, chemotherapy resistance and systemic toxicity limit the long-term clinical outcome of first-line treatment in SCLC. Recent years, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have made great breakthrough in cancer therapy, and researchers aim to exploit both as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy to improve the survival of SCLC patients, but limited effectiveness and the adverse events remain the major obstacles in the treatment of SCLC. To overcome these challenges for SCLC therapies, prevention and early diagnosis for this refractory disease is very important. At the same time, we should reveal more information about the pathogenesis of SCLC and the mechanism of drug resistance. Finally, new treatment strategies should also be taken into considerations, such as repurposing drug, optimising of targets, combination therapy strategies or prognostic biomarkers to enhance therapeutic effects and decrease the adverse events rates in SCLC patients. This article will review the molecular biology characteristics of SCLC and discuss the opportunities and obstacles of the current therapy for SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- The Clinical Laboratory of Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinhuai Lai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lantu Gou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiafu Feng
- The Clinical Laboratory of Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Saltos A, Shafique M, Chiappori A. Update on the Biology, Management, and Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). Front Oncol 2020; 10:1074. [PMID: 32766139 PMCID: PMC7378389 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for 13-15% of all new lung cancer cases in the US. The tumor has a tendency to disseminate early resulting in 80-85% of patients being diagnosed with extensive disease (ES-SCLC). Chemotherapy has provided SCLC patients considerable survival benefits over the past three decades. Nonetheless, most patients relapse and rarely survive beyond 2 years. Despite consistent overall response rates of ≥50%, until recently, median survival times and 2-year survivals only ranged between 7-10 months and 10-20%, respectively. Several chemotherapy agents possess activity against SCLC, both, as single agents and in combinations but etoposide-platinum emerged as the preferred first line regimen. Upon relapse, many patients remain candidates for additional therapy. However, the sensitivity of relapsed SCLC to further therapies is markedly reduced and dependent upon the level and duration of response to the initial treatment (platinum-sensitive vs. resistant relapse). Multiple factors suggest a therapeutic role for immunotherapy in SCLC: SCLC has been associated with immune-mediated paraneoplastic processes (cerebellar degeneration, limbic encephalitis, and Lambert-Eaton syndrome) and patients presenting with these paraneoplastic syndromes have shown more favorable outcomes, suggesting an underlying immune response mechanism.Comprehensive genomic profiling of SCLC indicates that the majority lack functional p53 (90%) and Rb1 (65%). These universal genetic aberrations facilitate poor genomic stability, thus perpetuating the generation of tumor associated antigens, amenable to targeting with immunotherapy.SCLC has one of the highest mutational loads, likely a reflection of the myriad of insults inflicted by smoking-related carcinogens. The relationship between tumor mutational load and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors has been established in multiple solid tumors, including preliminary results in relapsed SCLC. In this manuscript, we review the early (some failed and discontinued, some partly successful, and still ongoing) attempts to incorporate immunotherapy (particularly vaccine based approaches) to the treatment of SCLC, and the latest attempts (mostly incorporating the use of checkpoint inhibitors), including those with favorable but preliminary results (CheckMate 032, Keynote 028 and 158), and those with more definitive positive (iMpower 133 and CASPIAN) and negative (CheckMate 331 and 451) results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Chiappori
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
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16
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Mu W, Chu Q, Liu Y, Zhang N. A Review on Nano-Based Drug Delivery System for Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:142. [PMID: 34138136 PMCID: PMC7770879 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although notable progress has been made on novel cancer treatments, the overall survival rate and therapeutic effects are still unsatisfactory for cancer patients. Chemoimmunotherapy, combining chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutic drugs, has emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment, with the advantages of cooperating two kinds of treatment mechanism, reducing the dosage of the drug and enhancing therapeutic effect. Moreover, nano-based drug delivery system (NDDS) was applied to encapsulate chemotherapeutic agents and exhibited outstanding properties such as targeted delivery, tumor microenvironment response and site-specific release. Several nanocarriers have been approved in clinical cancer chemotherapy and showed significant improvement in therapeutic efficiency compared with traditional formulations, such as liposomes (Doxil®, Lipusu®), nanoparticles (Abraxane®) and micelles (Genexol-PM®). The applications of NDDS to chemoimmunotherapy would be a powerful strategy for future cancer treatment, which could greatly enhance the therapeutic efficacy, reduce the side effects and optimize the clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Herein, the current approaches of cancer immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy were discussed, and recent advances of NDDS applied for chemoimmunotherapy were further reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihui Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Schijns V, Fernández-Tejada A, Barjaktarović Ž, Bouzalas I, Brimnes J, Chernysh S, Gizurarson S, Gursel I, Jakopin Ž, Lawrenz M, Nativi C, Paul S, Pedersen GK, Rosano C, Ruiz-de-Angulo A, Slütter B, Thakur A, Christensen D, Lavelle EC. Modulation of immune responses using adjuvants to facilitate therapeutic vaccination. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:169-190. [PMID: 32594569 PMCID: PMC7497245 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination offers great promise as an intervention for a diversity of infectious and non-infectious conditions. Given that most chronic health conditions are thought to have an immune component, vaccination can at least in principle be proposed as a therapeutic strategy. Understanding the nature of protective immunity is of vital importance, and the progress made in recent years in defining the nature of pathological and protective immunity for a range of diseases has provided an impetus to devise strategies to promote such responses in a targeted manner. However, in many cases, limited progress has been made in clinical adoption of such approaches. This in part results from a lack of safe and effective vaccine adjuvants that can be used to promote protective immunity and/or reduce deleterious immune responses. Although somewhat simplistic, it is possible to divide therapeutic vaccine approaches into those targeting conditions where antibody responses can mediate protection and those where the principal focus is the promotion of effector and memory cellular immunity or the reduction of damaging cellular immune responses as in the case of autoimmune diseases. Clearly, in all cases of antigen-specific immunotherapy, the identification of protective antigens is a vital first step. There are many challenges to developing therapeutic vaccines beyond those associated with prophylactic diseases including the ongoing immune responses in patients, patient heterogeneity, and diversity in the type and stage of disease. If reproducible biomarkers can be defined, these could allow earlier diagnosis and intervention and likely increase therapeutic vaccine efficacy. Current immunomodulatory approaches related to adoptive cell transfers or passive antibody therapy are showing great promise, but these are outside the scope of this review which will focus on the potential for adjuvanted therapeutic active vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Schijns
- Wageningen University, Cell Biology & Immunology and, ERC-The Netherlands, Schaijk, Landerd campus, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, Biscay, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Žarko Barjaktarović
- Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Ilias Bouzalas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Sergey Chernysh
- Laboratory of Insect Biopharmacology and Immunology, Department of Entomology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maria Lawrenz
- Vaccine Formulation Institute (CH), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ane Ruiz-de-Angulo
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, Biscay, Spain
| | - Bram Slütter
- Div. BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Dolashki A, Dolashka P, Stenzl A, Stevanovic S, Aicher WK, Velkova L, Velikova R, Voelter W. Antitumour activity of Helix hemocyanin against bladder carcinoma permanent cell lines. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1507755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Dolashki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pavlina Dolashka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm K. Aicher
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lyudmila Velkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Radostina Velikova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfacultary Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Calles A, Aguado G, Sandoval C, Álvarez R. The role of immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 21:961-976. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-02011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Hendriks LEL, Menis J, Reck M. Prospects of targeted and immune therapies in SCLC. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 19:151-167. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1559057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizza E. L. Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Institut d’Oncologie Thoracique (IOT), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jessica Menis
- Medical Oncology, University of Padua and Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV – IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Martin Reck
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research, LungenClinic, Grosshansdorf, Germany
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21
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Rossig C, Kailayangiri S, Jamitzky S, Altvater B. Carbohydrate Targets for CAR T Cells in Solid Childhood Cancers. Front Oncol 2018; 8:513. [PMID: 30483473 PMCID: PMC6240699 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of the CAR targeting strategy in solid tumors is challenged by the need for adequate target antigens. As a consequence of their tissue origin, embryonal cancers can aberrantly express membrane-anchored gangliosides. These are carbohydrate molecules consisting of a glycosphingolipid linked to sialic acids residues. The best-known example is the abundant expression of ganglioside GD2 on the cell surface of neuroblastomas which derive from GD2-positive neuroectoderm. Gangliosides are involved in various cellular functions, including signal transduction, cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and cell death. In addition, transformation of human cells to cancer cells can be associated with distinct glycosylation profiles which provide advantages for tumor growth and dissemination and can serve as immune targets. Both gangliosides and aberrant glycosylation of proteins escape the direct molecular and proteomic screening strategies currently applied to identify further immune targets in cancers. Due to their highly restricted expression and their functional roles in the malignant behavior, they are attractive targets for immune engineering strategies. GD2-redirected CAR T cells have shown activity in clinical phase I/II trials in neuroblastoma and next-generation studies are ongoing. Further carbohydrate targets for CAR T cells in preclinical development are O-acetyl-GD2, NeuGc-GM3 (N-glycolyl GM3), GD3, SSEA-4, and oncofetal glycosylation variants. This review summarizes knowledge on the role and function of some membrane-expressed non-protein antigens, including gangliosides and abnormal protein glycosylation patterns, and discusses their potential to serve as a CAR targets in pediatric solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sareetha Kailayangiri
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Silke Jamitzky
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Bianca Altvater
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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22
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Ponath P, Menezes D, Pan C, Chen B, Oyasu M, Strachan D, LeBlanc H, Sun H, Wang XT, Rangan VS, Deshpande S, Cristea S, Park KS, Sage J, Cardarelli PM. A Novel, Fully Human Anti-fucosyl-GM1 Antibody Demonstrates Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Models of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5178-5189. [PMID: 30021910 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The ganglioside fucosyl-GM1 (FucGM1) is a tumor-associated antigen expressed in a large percentage of human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumors, but absent in most normal adult tissues, making it a promising target in immuno-oncology. This study was undertaken to evaluate the preclinical efficacy of BMS-986012, a novel, nonfucosylated, fully human IgG1 antibody that binds specifically to FucGM1.Experimental Design: The antitumor activity of BMS-986012 was evaluated in in vitro assays using SCLC cells and in mouse xenograft and syngeneic tumor models, with and without chemotherapeutic agents and checkpoint inhibitors.Results: BMS-986012 showed a high binding affinity for FcγRIIIa (CD16), which resulted in enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against FucGM1-expressing tumor cell lines. BMS-986012-mediated tumor cell killing was also observed in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) assays. In several mouse SCLC models, BMS-986012 demonstrated efficacy and was well tolerated. In the DMS79 xenograft model, tumor regression was achieved with BMS-986012 doses of 0.3 mg/kg and greater; antitumor activity was enhanced when BMS-986012 was combined with standard-of-care cisplatin or etoposide. In a syngeneic model, tumors derived from a genetically engineered model of SCLC were treated with BMS-986012 or anti-FucGM1 with a mouse IgG2a Fc and their responses evaluated; when BMS-986012 was combined with anti-PD-1 or anti-CD137 antibody, therapeutic responses significantly improved.Conclusions: Single-agent BMS-986012 demonstrated robust antitumor activity, with the addition of chemotherapeutic or immunomodulatory agents further inhibiting SCLC growth in the same models. These preclinical data supported evaluation of BMS-986012 in a phase I clinical trial of patients with relapsed, refractory SCLC. Clin Cancer Res; 24(20); 5178-89. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ponath
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Daniel Menezes
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Chin Pan
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Bing Chen
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Miho Oyasu
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Debbie Strachan
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Heidi LeBlanc
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | | | | | - Vangipuram S Rangan
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Shrikant Deshpande
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Sandra Cristea
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kwon-Sik Park
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Julien Sage
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Pina M Cardarelli
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California.
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23
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Pazynina GV, Tsygankova SV, Ryzhov IM, Paramonov AS, Nicolai, Bovin V. Synthesis of H (type 4) trisaccharide, key structural fragment of globo-H and fucosyl-GM1 cancer-associated antigens. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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24
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Velkova L, Dolashka P, Van Beeumen J, Devreese B. N-glycan structures of β-HlH subunit of Helix lucorum hemocyanin. Carbohydr Res 2017; 449:1-10. [PMID: 28672164 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The carbohydrate structures of molluscan hemocyanins have recently received particular interest due to their specific monosaccharide composition, as well as their immunostimulatory properties and application in clinical studies. For the first time, we investigated N-glycans of the structural subunit β-HlH of hemocyanin isolated from Helix lucorum. In total, 32 different glycans were enzymatically liberated and characterized by tandem mass spectrometry using a Q-Trap mass spectrometer. Our study revealed a highly heterogeneous mixture of glycans with composition Hex3-7HexNAc2-5MeHex0-4Pent0-1Fuc0-1. The oligosaccharide chains are mostly modified at the inner core by β1-2-linked xylose to β-mannose, by α1-6-fucosylation of the innermost GlcNAc residue (the Asn-bound GlcNAc), and by methylation. The glycans of β-HlH mainly contain a terminal MeHex residue; in some cases even two, three or four of these residues occur. Several carbohydrate chains in β-HlH are core-fucosylated without Xyl and also possess a high degree of methylation. This study shows the presence of mono- and bi-antennary N-glycans as well as hybrid type structures with or without core-fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Velkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9 G. Bonchev St., Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Pavlina Dolashka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9 G. Bonchev St., Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Jozef Van Beeumen
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Bart Devreese
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Horn L, Reck M, Spigel DR. The Future of Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncologist 2016; 21:910-21. [PMID: 27354668 PMCID: PMC4978554 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which accounts for 10%-15% of lung cancer cases, is an aggressive disease characterized by rapid growth and early widespread metastasis. Although up to 80% of patients respond to first-line chemotherapy, most eventually relapse, and there are no approved agents beyond the second line. Despite the high incidence of mutations in SCLC, to date no targeted therapy has shown a benefit for this patient population, and systemic treatment has not changed significantly during the past 3 decades. Given that extensive-stage SCLC has a 5-year survival rate of only 1%-2%, novel therapies are desperately needed. Recent evidence shows that the immune system is capable of generating antitumor responses against various tumors, including lung cancer, suggesting that immunotherapy may be a viable therapeutic approach to the treatment of patients with SCLC. Of the immunotherapies being investigated for patients with SCLC, antibodies that target the programmed cell death protein-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (ipilimumab) immune checkpoint pathways are perhaps the most promising. Because these immune checkpoint pathways, which under normal circumstances function to protect healthy tissues from damage during inflammatory responses and maintain self-tolerance, can help tumor cells evade elimination by the immune system, they represent potential therapeutic targets. This review discusses the rationale for immunotherapy and the early clinical results of immunotherapeutic agents being investigated in SCLC. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive lung cancer subtype. Despite sensitivity to first-line chemotherapy, SCLC has high recurrence rates, and responses to second-line treatments are poor. Recent evidence shows that the immune system is capable of generating responses against various tumors, including lung cancer, suggesting that immunotherapy may be a viable approach for patients with SCLC. Of several immunotherapies being investigated, antibodies that target the programmed cell death protein-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (ipilimumab) immune checkpoint pathways are among the most promising for patients with SCLC and are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora Horn
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Martin Reck
- Thoracic Oncology Department, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, a member of the German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - David R Spigel
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Reck M, Heigener D, Reinmuth N. Immunotherapy for small-cell lung cancer: emerging evidence. Future Oncol 2016; 12:931-43. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2015-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) has changed little over the past few decades; available therapies have failed to extend survival in advanced disease. In recent years, immunotherapy with treatments such as interferons, TNFs, vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors has advanced and shown promise in the treatment of several tumor types. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, durvalumab, tremelimumab and ulocuplumab are at the forefront of immunotherapy and have achieved approvals for certain cancer types, including melanoma (ipilimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab), non-SCLC (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and renal cell carcinoma (nivolumab). Clinical trials are investigating different immunotherapies in patients with other solid and hematologic malignancies, including SCLC. We review emerging evidence supporting the use of immunotherapy in SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reck
- Thoracic Oncology & Clinical Trial Departments, Lung Clinic, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - David Heigener
- Thoracic Oncology & Clinical Trial Departments, Lung Clinic, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Niels Reinmuth
- Thoracic Oncology & Clinical Trial Departments, Lung Clinic, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
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Bunn PA, Minna JD, Augustyn A, Gazdar AF, Ouadah Y, Krasnow MA, Berns A, Brambilla E, Rekhtman N, Massion PP, Niederst M, Peifer M, Yokota J, Govindan R, Poirier JT, Byers LA, Wynes MW, McFadden DG, MacPherson D, Hann CL, Farago AF, Dive C, Teicher BA, Peacock CD, Johnson JE, Cobb MH, Wendel HG, Spigel D, Sage J, Yang P, Pietanza MC, Krug LM, Heymach J, Ujhazy P, Zhou C, Goto K, Dowlati A, Christensen CL, Park K, Einhorn LH, Edelman MJ, Giaccone G, Gerber DE, Salgia R, Owonikoko T, Malik S, Karachaliou N, Gandara DR, Slotman BJ, Blackhall F, Goss G, Thomas R, Rudin CM, Hirsch FR. Small Cell Lung Cancer: Can Recent Advances in Biology and Molecular Biology Be Translated into Improved Outcomes? J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11:453-74. [PMID: 26829312 PMCID: PMC4836290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Bunn
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - John D Minna
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Adi F Gazdar
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | - Anton Berns
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Yokota
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Barcelona, Spain; National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - John T Poirier
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lauren A Byers
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Murry W Wynes
- International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | | | - Anna F Farago
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline Dive
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jane E Johnson
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - David Spigel
- Sara Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Ping Yang
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Lee M Krug
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John Heymach
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Caicun Zhou
- Cancer Institute of Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Koichi Goto
- National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Keunchil Park
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Martin J Edelman
- University of Maryland, Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - David E Gerber
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | - David R Gandara
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, California
| | - Ben J Slotman
- Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Fred R Hirsch
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado.
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Karachaliou N, Pilotto S, Lazzari C, Bria E, de Marinis F, Rosell R. Cellular and molecular biology of small cell lung cancer: an overview. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 5:2-15. [PMID: 26958489 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2016.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the incidence of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has declined during the past 30 years, it remains a frustrating disease to research and treat. Numerous attempts to enhance the anti-tumor effects of traditional chemotherapy for SCLC have not been successful. For any tumor to become cancerous, various genetic mutations and biologic alterations must occur in the cell that, when combined, render it a malignant neoplasm. New and novel therapies based on understanding these mechanisms of transformation are needed. Herein we provide an in-depth view of some of the genomic alterations in SCLC that have emerged as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Karachaliou
- 1 Instituto Oncolόgico Dr Rosell, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Division of Thoracic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy ; 4 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 6 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 7 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Pilotto
- 1 Instituto Oncolόgico Dr Rosell, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Division of Thoracic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy ; 4 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 6 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 7 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara Lazzari
- 1 Instituto Oncolόgico Dr Rosell, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Division of Thoracic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy ; 4 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 6 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 7 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Bria
- 1 Instituto Oncolόgico Dr Rosell, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Division of Thoracic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy ; 4 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 6 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 7 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Filippo de Marinis
- 1 Instituto Oncolόgico Dr Rosell, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Division of Thoracic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy ; 4 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 6 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 7 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Rosell
- 1 Instituto Oncolόgico Dr Rosell, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Division of Thoracic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy ; 4 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 5 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 6 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 7 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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Cameron SJS, Lewis KE, Beckmann M, Allison GG, Ghosal R, Lewis PD, Mur LAJ. The metabolomic detection of lung cancer biomarkers in sputum. Lung Cancer 2016; 94:88-95. [PMID: 26973212 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Developing screening and diagnosis methodologies based on novel biomarkers should allow for the detection of the lung cancer (LC) and possibly at an earlier stage and thereby increase the effectiveness of clinical interventions. Here, our primary objective was to evaluate the potential of spontaneous sputum as a source of non-invasive metabolomic biomarkers for LC status. MATERIALS AND METHODS Spontaneous sputum was collected and processed from 34 patients with suspected LC, alongside 33 healthy controls. Of the 34 patients, 23 were subsequently diagnosed with LC (LC(+), 16 NSCLC, six SCLC, and one radiological diagnosis), at various stages of disease progression. The 67 samples were analysed using flow infusion electrospray ion mass spectrometry (FIE-MS) and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS Principal component analysis identified negative mode FIE-MS as having the main separating power between samples from healthy and LC. Discriminatory metabolites were identified using ANOVA and Random Forest. Indications of potential diagnostic accuracy involved the use of receiver operating characteristic/area under the curve (ROC/AUC) analyses. This approach identified metabolites changes that were only observed with LC. Metabolites with AUC values of greater than 0.8 which distinguished between LC(+)/LC(-) binary classifications where identified and included Ganglioside GM1 which has previously been linked to LC. CONCLUSION This study indicates that metabolomics based on sputum can yield metabolites that can be used as a diagnostic and/or discriminator tool. These could aid clinical intervention and targeted diagnosis of LC within an 'at risk' LC(-) population group. The use of sputum as a non-invasive source of metabolite biomarkers may aid in the development of an at-risk population screening programme for lung cancer or enhanced clinical diagnostic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J S Cameron
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llywd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Keir E Lewis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Prince Phillip Hospital, Llanelli SA14 8LY, UK; College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Manfred Beckmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llywd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Gordon G Allison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llywd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Robin Ghosal
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Prince Phillip Hospital, Llanelli SA14 8LY, UK
| | - Paul D Lewis
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llywd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3FG, UK.
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Codony-Servat J, Verlicchi A, Rosell R. Cancer stem cells in small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 5:16-25. [PMID: 26958490 PMCID: PMC4758966 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2016.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the most aggressive lung tumors, with poor survival rates. Although patients may initially respond to treatment, this is followed by rapid development of drug resistance and disease progression. SCLC patients often present with metastasis at time of diagnosis, ruling out surgery as a treatment option. Currently, treatment options for this disease remain limited and platinum-based chemotherapy is the treatment of choice. A better understanding of the biology of SCLC could allow us to identify new therapeutic targets. Cancer stem cell (CSC) theory is currently crucial in cancer research and could provide a viable explanation for the heterogeneity, drug resistance, recurrence and metastasis of several types of tumors. Some characteristics of SCLC, such as aggressiveness, suggest that this kind of tumor could be enriched in CSCs, and drug resistance in SCLC could be attributable to the existence of a CSC subpopulation in SCLC. Herein we summarize current understanding of CSC in SCLC, including the evidence for CSC markers and signaling pathways involved in stemness. We also discuss potential ongoing strategies and areas of active research in SCLC, such as immunotherapy, that focus on inhibition of signaling pathways and targeting molecules driving stemness. Understanding of signaling pathways and the discovery of new therapeutic markers specific to CSCs will lead to new advances in therapy and improvements in prognosis of SCLC patients. Therefore, evaluation of these CSC-specific molecules and pathways may become a routine part of SCLC diagnosis and therapy.
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31
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Qiu L, Li J, Yu S, Wang Q, Li Y, Hu Z, Wu Q, Guo Z, Zhang J. A novel cancer immunotherapy based on the combination of a synthetic carbohydrate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine and glycoengineered cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5195-203. [PMID: 25760071 PMCID: PMC4467142 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune tolerance to tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) has severely restricted the usefulness of most TACAs. To overcome this problem, we selected a sialylated trisaccharide TACA, GM3, as a target antigen, and tested a new immunotherapeutic strategy by combining metabolic bioengineering with dendritic cell (DC) vaccination. We engineered cancer cells to express an artificial structure, N-phenylacetyl-D-neuraminic acid, in place of the natural N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid of GM3 by using N-phenylacetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNPhAc) as a biosynthetic precursor. Next, we selectively targeted the bioengineered cancer cells by vaccination with DCs pulsed with the GM3 N-phenylacetyl derivative. Vaccination with GM3NPhAc-KLH-loaded DCs elicited robust GM3NPhAc-specific T cell-dependent immunity. The results showed that this strategy could significantly inhibit FBL3 tumor growth and prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice; B16F10 lung metastases could also be reduced. These findings lay out a new strategy for overcoming immune tolerance to TACAs, such as GM3, for the development of effective tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shichong Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qianli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Yinghua Li
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenlin Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiuye Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Junping Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Hu J, Qiu L, Wang X, Zou X, Lu M, Yin J. Carbohydrate-based vaccine adjuvants - discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1133-44. [PMID: 26372693 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1067198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The addition of a suitable adjuvant to a vaccine can generate significant effective adaptive immune responses. There is an urgent need for the development of novel po7tent and safe adjuvants for human vaccines. Carbohydrate molecules are promising adjuvants for human vaccines due to their high biocompatibility and good tolerability in vivo. AREAS COVERED The present review covers a few promising carbohydrate-based adjuvants, lipopolysaccharide, trehalose-6,6'-dibehenate, QS-21 and inulin as examples, which have been extensively studied in human vaccines in a number of preclinical and clinical studies. The authors discuss the current status, applications and strategies of development of each adjuvant and different adjuvant formulation systems. This information gives insight regarding the exciting prospect in the field of carbohydrate-based adjuvant research. EXPERT OPINION Carbohydrate-based adjuvants are promising candidates as an alternative to the Alum salts for human vaccines development. Furthermore, combining two or more adjuvants in one formulation is one of the effective strategies in adjuvant development. However, further research efforts are needed to study and develop novel adjuvants systems, which can be more stable, potent and safe. The development of synthetic carbohydrate chemistry can improve the study of carbohydrate-based adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- a 1 Jiangnan University, Wuxi Medical School , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Liying Qiu
- a 1 Jiangnan University, Wuxi Medical School , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- b 2 Jiangnan University, The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China +86 51 085 328 229 ; +86 51 085 328 229 ;
| | - Xiaopeng Zou
- b 2 Jiangnan University, The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China +86 51 085 328 229 ; +86 51 085 328 229 ;
| | - Mengji Lu
- c 3 University Hospital Essen, Institute of Virology , Hufelandstr, 55, 45122 Essen, Germany +49 2 017 233 530 ; +49 2 017 235 929 ;
| | - Jian Yin
- b 2 Jiangnan University, The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China +86 51 085 328 229 ; +86 51 085 328 229 ;
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Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a rare cancer of bone and soft tissues defined by a specific chromosomal rearrangement. Preclinical development of immunological treatment strategies includes expansion of T cells with native or grafted T-cell receptor specificities for Ewing sarcoma-associated intracellular antigens, and T-cell engineering with chimeric antigen receptors targeting surface antigens. In vitro preactivated NK cells may also have activity in this cancer. Major challenges are the heterogeneity of antigen expression in individual Ewing sarcomas, and the coexpression of most candidate targets on normal cells. Moreover, homing of therapeutic effector cells to both primary and metastatic tumor sites and adequate function within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment will have to be ensured to allow for effective immune targeting of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rossig
- University Children's Hospital Muenster, Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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34
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Conniot J, Silva JM, Fernandes JG, Silva LC, Gaspar R, Brocchini S, Florindo HF, Barata TS. Cancer immunotherapy: nanodelivery approaches for immune cell targeting and tracking. Front Chem 2014; 2:105. [PMID: 25505783 PMCID: PMC4244808 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common diseases afflicting people globally. New therapeutic approaches are needed due to the complexity of cancer as a disease. Many current treatments are very toxic and have modest efficacy at best. Increased understanding of tumor biology and immunology has allowed the development of specific immunotherapies with minimal toxicity. It is important to highlight the performance of monoclonal antibodies, immune adjuvants, vaccines and cell-based treatments. Although these approaches have shown varying degrees of clinical efficacy, they illustrate the potential to develop new strategies. Targeted immunotherapy is being explored to overcome the heterogeneity of malignant cells and the immune suppression induced by both the tumor and its microenvironment. Nanodelivery strategies seek to minimize systemic exposure to target therapy to malignant tissue and cells. Intracellular penetration has been examined through the use of functionalized particulates. These nano-particulate associated medicines are being developed for use in imaging, diagnostics and cancer targeting. Although nano-particulates are inherently complex medicines, the ability to confer, at least in principle, different types of functionality allows for the plausible consideration these nanodelivery strategies can be exploited for use as combination medicines. The development of targeted nanodelivery systems in which therapeutic and imaging agents are merged into a single platform is an attractive strategy. Currently, several nanoplatform-based formulations, such as polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes and dendrimers are in preclinical and clinical stages of development. Herein, nanodelivery strategies presently investigated for cancer immunotherapy, cancer targeting mechanisms and nanocarrier functionalization methods will be described. We also intend to discuss the emerging nano-based approaches suitable to be used as imaging techniques and as cancer treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Conniot
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana M Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana G Fernandes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liana C Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rogério Gaspar
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Steve Brocchini
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa S Barata
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
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35
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Liu J, Zhang S, Li H, Cheng Y. [Advances of immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2014; 17:474-80. [PMID: 24949688 PMCID: PMC6000108 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2014.06.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer, SCLC)具有复杂的异质性,由于细胞起源、发病机制和驱动基因尚不明确,SCLC的诊治进展缓慢,鲜有突破,迫切需要新的治疗策略提高SCLC疗效。肿瘤免疫治疗可提高免疫系统识别和排除肿瘤细胞的能力,且对正常组织影响轻微。目前已经开展了肿瘤疫苗、过继细胞免疫治疗、细胞因子、checkpoint抑制剂等治疗SCLC的临床研究,ipilimumab是最有前景的药物。免疫治疗有望为SCLC治疗带来新的希望,未来还需要对SCLC的异质性、免疫治疗靶点不明确、免疫治疗耐受等影响免疫治疗疗效的问题开展进一步研究。
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Jilin Provincial Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Jilin Provincial Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hui Li
- Hematological Oncology Laboratory, Jilin Provincial Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130012, China
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Sunasee R, Adokoh CK, Darkwa J, Narain R. Therapeutic potential of carbohydrate-based polymeric and nanoparticle systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:867-84. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.902048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Raez LE, Santos ES, Mudad R, Podack ER. Clinical trials targeting lung cancer with active immunotherapy: the scope of vaccines. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 5:635-44. [PMID: 16111464 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.5.4.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Successful active immunotherapy is expected to be specific and nontoxic. Until now, the success of immunotherapy in cancer has been sporadic and unpredictable. This has been attributable in part to the lack of a full understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of immune regulation. Furthermore, the lack of systematic success of immunotherapy, as argued in this review, stems from failing to effectively target tumors such as non-small cell lung cancer. In this review, the rationale and design for induction of immunity to non-small cell lung cancer and clinical trials of the most important lung cancer vaccines in development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Raez
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1475 NW 12 Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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38
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Daniotti JL, Vilcaes AA, Torres Demichelis V, Ruggiero FM, Rodriguez-Walker M. Glycosylation of glycolipids in cancer: basis for development of novel therapeutic approaches. Front Oncol 2013; 3:306. [PMID: 24392350 PMCID: PMC3867695 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered networks of gene regulation underlie many pathologies, including cancer. There are several proteins in cancer cells that are turned either on or off, which dramatically alters the metabolism and the overall activity of the cell, with the complex machinery of enzymes involved in the metabolism of glycolipids not being an exception. The aberrant glycosylation of glycolipids on the surface of the majority of cancer cells, associated with increasing evidence about the functional role of these molecules in a number of cellular physiological pathways, has received considerable attention as a convenient immunotherapeutic target for cancer treatment. This has resulted in the development of a substantial number of passive and active immunotherapies, which have shown promising results in clinical trials. More recently, antibodies to glycolipids have also emerged as an attractive tool for the targeted delivery of cytotoxic agents, thereby providing a rationale for future therapeutic interventions in cancer. This review first summarizes the cellular and molecular bases involved in the metabolic pathway and expression of glycolipids, both in normal and tumor cells, paying particular attention to sialosylated glycolipids (gangliosides). The current strategies in the battle against cancer in which glycolipids are key players are then described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Daniotti
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Aldo A Vilcaes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Vanina Torres Demichelis
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Fernando M Ruggiero
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Macarena Rodriguez-Walker
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
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Wilson RM, Danishefsky SJ. A vision for vaccines built from fully synthetic tumor-associated antigens: from the laboratory to the clinic. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14462-72. [PMID: 23944352 PMCID: PMC3826082 DOI: 10.1021/ja405932r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells may be distinguished from normal cells by cell surface displays of aberrant levels and types of carbohydrate domains. Accordingly, these tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) represent promising target structures for the design of anticancer vaccines. Over the past 20 years, our laboratory has sought to use the tools of chemical synthesis to develop TACA-based anticancer vaccine candidates. We provide herein a personal accounting of our laboratory's progress toward the long-standing goal of developing clinically viable fully synthetic carbohydrate-based anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Wilson
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027
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40
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Parry A, Clemson NA, Ellis J, Bernhard SSR, Davis BG, Cameron NR. 'Multicopy multivalent' glycopolymer-stabilized gold nanoparticles as potential synthetic cancer vaccines. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9362-5. [PMID: 23763610 PMCID: PMC3928990 DOI: 10.1021/ja4046857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mucin-related carbohydrates are overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells, providing a disease-specific target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we describe the design and construction of peptide-free multivalent glycosylated nanoscale constructs as potential synthetic cancer vaccines that generate significant titers of antibodies selective for aberrant mucin glycans. A polymerizable version of the Tn-antigen glycan was prepared and converted into well-defined glycopolymers by Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The polymers were then conjugated to gold nanoparticles, yielding 'multicopy-multivalent' nanoscale glycoconjugates. Immunological studies indicated that these nanomaterials generated strong and long-lasting production of antibodies that are selective to the Tn-antigen glycan and cross-reactive toward mucin proteins displaying Tn. The results demonstrate proof-of-concept of a simple and modular approach toward synthetic anticancer vaccines based on multivalent glycosylated nanomaterials without the need for a typical vaccine protein component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison
L. Parry
- Department of Chemistry and
Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory,
12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Natasha A. Clemson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - James Ellis
- Department of Chemistry and
Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Stefan S. R. Bernhard
- Department of Chemistry and
Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Benjamin G. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory,
12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and
Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
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Vázquez AMH, Rodrèguez-Zhurbenko N, López AMV. Anti-ganglioside anti-idiotypic vaccination: more than molecular mimicry. Front Oncol 2012. [PMID: 23181219 PMCID: PMC3501824 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are standard modalities for cancer treatment, but the effectiveness of these treatments has reached a plateau. Thus, other strategies are being explored to combine with the current treatment paradigms in order to reach better clinical results. One of these approaches is the active immunotherapy based on the induction of anti-tumor responses by anti-idiotypic vaccination. This approach arose from Jerne’s idiotypic network theory, which postulates that B lymphocytes forms a functional network, with a role in the establishment of the immune repertoires, in the regulation of natural antibody production and even in the establishment of natural tolerance. Due to the large potential diversity of the immunoglobulin variable regions, the idiotypes repertoire can mimic the universe of self and foreign epitopes, even those of non-protein nature, like gangliosides. Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycolipids that have been considered attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy, based on the qualitative and quantitative changes they suffer during malignant transformation and due to their importance for tumor biology. Although any idiotype could be able to mimic any antigen, only those related to antigens involved in functions relevant for organism homeostasis, and that in consequence has been fixed by evolution, would be able not only to mimic, but also to activate the idiotypic cascades related with the nominal antigen. The present review updates the results, failures and hopes, obtained with ganglioside mimicking anti-idiotypic antibodies and presents evidences of the existence of a natural response against gangliosides, suggesting that these glycolipids could be idiotypically relevant antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M H Vázquez
- Tumor Immunology Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology Habana, Cuba
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Kirkwood JM, Butterfield LH, Tarhini AA, Zarour H, Kalinski P, Ferrone S. Immunotherapy of cancer in 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; 62:309-35. [PMID: 22576456 PMCID: PMC3445708 DOI: 10.3322/caac.20132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunotherapy of cancer has made significant strides in the past few years due to improved understanding of the underlying principles of tumor biology and immunology. These principles have been critical in the development of immunotherapy in the laboratory and in the implementation of immunotherapy in the clinic. This improved understanding of immunotherapy, enhanced by increased insights into the mechanism of tumor immune response and its evasion by tumors, now permits manipulation of this interaction and elucidates the therapeutic role of immunity in cancer. Also important, this improved understanding of immunotherapy and the mechanisms underlying immunity in cancer has fueled an expanding array of new therapeutic agents for a variety of cancers. Pegylated interferon-α2b as an adjuvant therapy and ipilimumab as therapy for advanced disease, both of which were approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for melanoma in March 2011, are 2 prime examples of how an increased understanding of the principles of tumor biology and immunology have been translated successfully from the laboratory to the clinical setting. Principles that guide the development and application of immunotherapy include antibodies, cytokines, vaccines, and cellular therapies. The identification and further elucidation of the role of immunotherapy in different tumor types, and the development of strategies for combining immunotherapy with cytotoxic and molecularly targeted agents for future multimodal therapy for cancer will enable even greater progress and ultimately lead to improved outcomes for patients receiving cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Kirkwood
- Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Qiu L, Gong X, Wang Q, Li J, Hu H, Wu Q, Zhang J, Guo Z. Combining synthetic carbohydrate vaccines with cancer cell glycoengineering for effective cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:2045-54. [PMID: 22539085 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are useful targets for the development of cancer vaccines or immunotherapies. However, a major obstacle in this application of TACAs is their poor immunogenicity. To overcome the problem, a new immunotherapeutic strategy combining synthetic vaccines made of artificial TACA derivatives and metabolic glycoengineering of cancer cells to express the artificial TACA derivatives was explored. Using a murine leukemia model FBL3 with GM3 antigen as the target, it was shown that artificial GM3 N-phenylacetyl derivative (GM3NPhAc) elicited robust antigen-specific T cell-dependent immunity and that N-phenylacetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNPhAc) as the biosynthetic precursor of GM3NPhAc selectively glycoengineered cancer cells to express GM3NPhAc both in vitro and in vivo. It was also demonstrated that GM3NPhAc-specific antisera and antibodies mediated strong cytotoxicity to ManNPhAc-treated FBL3 cell. Furthermore, vaccination with a conjugate vaccine made of GM3NPhAc followed by ManNPhAc treatment could significantly suppress tumor growth and prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mouse. These results have proved the feasibility of the new cancer immunotherapeutic strategy, as well as its efficacy to cure cancer, which is of general significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Pietanza MC, Rudin CM. Novel therapeutic approaches for small cell lung cancer: the future has arrived. Curr Probl Cancer 2012; 36:156-73. [PMID: 22495056 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Durrant LG, Noble P, Spendlove I. Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on cancer: glycolipids as targets for tumour immunotherapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:206-15. [PMID: 22235996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into aberrant glycosylation and over-expression of glycolipids on the surface of the majority of cancers, coupled with a knowledge of glycolipids as functional molecules involved in a number of cellular physiological pathways, has provided a novel area of targets for cancer immunotherapy. This has resulted in the development of a number of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies that are showing promising results in recent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Durrant
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Molecular Medical Sciences, City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Abstract
The development of carbohydrate based anti-cancer vaccines is of high current interests. Herein, the latest development in this exciting field is reviewed. After a general introduction about tumor associated carbohydrate antigens and immune responses, the review is focused on the various strategies that have been developed to enhance the immunogenecity of these antigens. The results from animal studies and clinical trials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Heimburg-Molinaro J, Lum M, Vijay G, Jain M, Almogren A, Rittenhouse-Olson K. Cancer vaccines and carbohydrate epitopes. Vaccine 2011; 29:8802-26. [PMID: 21964054 PMCID: PMC3208265 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) result from the aberrant glycosylation that is seen with transformation to a tumor cell. The carbohydrate antigens that have been found to be tumor-associated include the mucin related Tn, Sialyl Tn, and Thomsen-Friedenreich antigens, the blood group Lewis related Lewis(Y), Sialyl Lewis(X) and Sialyl Lewis(A), and Lewis(X) (also known as stage-specific embryonic antigen-1, SSEA-1), the glycosphingolipids Globo H and stage-specific embryonic antigen-3 (SSEA-3), the sialic acid containing glycosphingolipids, the gangliosides GD2, GD3, GM2, fucosyl GM1, and Neu5GcGM3, and polysialic acid. Recent developments have furthered our understanding of the T-independent type II response that is seen in response to carbohydrate antigens. The selection of a vaccine target antigen is based on not only the presence of the antigen in a variety of tumor tissues but also on the role this antigen plays in tumor growth and metastasis. These roles for TACAs are being elucidated. Newly acquired knowledge in understanding the T-independent immune response and in understanding the key roles that carbohydrates play in metastasis are being applied in attempts to develop an effective vaccine response to TACAs. The role of each of the above mentioned carbohydrate antigens in cancer growth and metastasis and vaccine attempts using these antigens will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Lum
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Geraldine Vijay
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Miten Jain
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Adel Almogren
- Department Of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461 Saudi Arabia
| | - Kate Rittenhouse-Olson
- Department Of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
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Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Berti F. The design of semi-synthetic and synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1045-66. [PMID: 22646863 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.609554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed during the last 30 years. They are a potent tool for prevention of life-threatening bacterial infectious diseases like meningitis and pneumonia. The concept of hapten-carrier conjugation is now being extended to other disease areas. AREAS COVERED This is an overview of the history and current status of glycoconjugate vaccines. The authors discuss the approaches for their preparation and quality control as well as those variables which might affect their product profile. The authors also look at the potential to develop fully synthetic conjugate vaccines based on the progress of organic chemistry. Additionally, new applications of conjugate vaccines technology in the field of non-infectious diseases are discussed. Through this review, the reader will have an insight regarding the issues and complexities involved in the preparation and characterization of conjugate vaccines, the variables that might affect their immunogenicity and the potential for future applications. EXPERT OPINION The immunogenicity of weak T-independent antigens can be increased in quantity and quality by conjugation to protein carriers, which provide T-cell help. Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed so far. Various conjugation procedures and carrier proteins can be used. Many variables impact on the immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines and a tight control through physicochemical tests is important to ensure manufacturing and clinical consistency. New and challenging targets for conjugate vaccines are represented by cancer and other non-infectious diseases.
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Krug LM, Ragupathi G, Hood C, George C, Hong F, Shen R, Abrey L, Jennings HJ, Kris MG, Livingston PO. Immunization with N-propionyl polysialic acid-KLH conjugate in patients with small cell lung cancer is safe and induces IgM antibodies reactive with SCLC cells and bactericidal against group B meningococci. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 61:9-18. [PMID: 21811785 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polysialic acid (polySA) is a polymer side chain bound to the neural cell adhesion molecule that is extensively expressed on the surface of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. In our previous study, a robust antibody response was noted in patients with SCLC after vaccination with 30 μg of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-conjugated N-propionylated (NP-) polySA, but peripheral neuropathy and ataxia were detected in several vaccinated patients. The objectives of the current trial were to establish the lowest optimal dose and to confirm the safety of the induction of antibodies against polySA with the NP-polySA vaccine. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with SCLC who completed initial treatment and had no evidence of disease progression were injected with either 10 or 3 μg of NP-polySA conjugated to KLH and mixed with 100 μg of immunologic adjuvant (QS-21) at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 16. RESULTS Nine patients were enrolled at each of the two dose levels. Prior to vaccination, one patient in each group had low-titer antibodies against polysialic acid. All patients at the 10 μg vaccine dose level responded to vaccination with IgM antibody titers against polysialic acid (median titer 1/1,280 by ELISA), and all but one patient made IgM and IgG antibodies against the artificial vaccine immunogen, NP-polysialic acid (median titer 1/10,240). The antibody responses at the 3 μg vaccine dose level were lower; six of nine patients developed antibodies against polysialic acid (median titer 1/160). Post-vaccination sera from 6/9 and 3/9 patients in the 10 and 3 μg groups reacted strongly with human SCLC cells by fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS). Sera from all patients in the 10 μg dose group also had bactericidal activity against group B meningococci with rabbit complement. Self-limited grade 3 ataxia of unclear etiology was seen in 1 of 18 patients. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination with NP-polySA-KLH resulted in consistent high-titer antibody responses, with the 10 μg dose significantly more immunogenic than the 3 μg dose. This study establishes the lowest optimally immunogenic dose of NP-polysialic acid in this NP-polysialic acid-KLH conjugate vaccine to be at least 10 μg, and it establishes the vaccine's safety. We plan to incorporate NP-polySA into a polyvalent vaccine against SCLC with four glycolipid antigens also widely expressed in SCLC-GD2, GD3, fucosylated GM1, and globo H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Krug
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Morelli L, Poletti L, Lay L. Carbohydrates and Immunology: Synthetic Oligosaccharide Antigens for Vaccine Formulation. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, CISI and ISTM‐CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Poletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, CISI and ISTM‐CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, CISI and ISTM‐CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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