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Rahnama M, Heidari M, Poursalehi Z, Golchin A. Global Trends of Exosomes Application in Clinical Trials: A Scoping Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024:10.1007/s12015-024-10791-7. [PMID: 39340738 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles, have emerged as a promising tool for the diagnosis and treatment of various intractable diseases, including chronic wounds and cancers. As our understanding of exosomes continues to grow, their potential as a powerful therapeutic modality in medicine is also expanding. This systematic review aims to examine the progress of exosome-based clinical trials and provide a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic perspectives of exosomes. METHODS This systematic review strictly follows PRISMA guidelines and has been registered in PROSPERO, the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. It encompasses articles from January 2000 to January 2023, sourced from bibliographic databases, with targeted search terms targeting exosome applications in clinical trials. During the screening process, strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, including a focus on clinical trials utilizing different cell-derived exosomes for therapeutic purposes. RESULTS Among the 522 publications initially identified, only 10 studies met the stringent eligibility criteria after meticulous screening. The selection process involved systematically excluding duplicates and irrelevant articles to provide a transparent overview. CONCLUSION According to our systematic review, exosomes have promising applications in a variety of medical fields, including cell-free therapies and drug delivery systems for treating a variety of diseases, especially cancers and chronic wounds. To ensure safety, potency, and broader clinical applications, further optimization of exosome extraction, loading, targeting, and administration is necessary. While cell-based therapeutics are increasingly utilizing exosomes, this field is still in its infancy, and ongoing clinical trials will provide valuable insights into the clinical utility of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahnama
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heidari
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zahra Poursalehi
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Golchin
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Zhou Z, Mai Y, Zhang G, Wang Y, Sun P, Jing Z, Li Z, Xu Y, Han B, Liu J. Emerging role of immunogenic cell death in cancer immunotherapy: Advancing next-generation CAR-T cell immunotherapy by combination. Cancer Lett 2024; 598:217079. [PMID: 38936505 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a stress-driven form of regulated cell death (RCD) in which dying tumor cells' specific signaling pathways are activated to release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to the robust anti-tumor immune response as well as a reversal of the tumor immune microenvironment from "cold" to "hot". Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, as a landmark in anti-tumor immunotherapy, plays a formidable role in hematologic malignancies but falls short in solid tumors. The Gordian knot of CAR-T cells for solid tumors includes but is not limited to, tumor antigen heterogeneity or absence, physical and immune barriers of tumors. The combination of ICD induction therapy and CAR-T cell immunotherapy is expected to promote the intensive use of CAR-T cell in solid tumors. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of ICD, stress-responsive mechanism, and the synergistic effect of various ICD-based therapies with CAR-T cells to effectively improve anti-tumor capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokai Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yumiao Mai
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Pan Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zhaohe Jing
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zhengrui Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yudi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
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Aghakhani A, Pezeshki PS, Rezaei N. The role of extracellular vesicles in immune cell exhaustion and resistance to immunotherapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:721-740. [PMID: 38795060 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2360209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles for intercellular communication. Subtypes of EVs, namely exosomes and microvesicles transfer diverse, bioactive cargo to their target cells and eventually interfere with immune responses. Despite being a promising approach, cancer immunotherapy currently faces several challenges including immune resistance. EVs secreted from various sources in the tumor microenvironment provoke immune cell exhaustion and lower the efficacy of immunological treatments, such as CAR T cells and immune checkpoint inhibitors. AREAS COVERED This article goes through the mechanisms of action of various types of EVs in inhibiting immune response and immunotherapies, and provides a comprehensive review of EV-based treatments. EXPERT OPINION By making use of the distinctive features of EVs, natural or modified EVs are innovatively utilized as novel cancer therapeutics. They are occasionally coupled with currently established treatments to overcome their inadequacies. Investigating the properties and interactions of EVs and EV-based treatments is crucial for determining future steps in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Aghakhani
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parmida Sadat Pezeshki
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cheng X, Henick BS, Cheng K. Anticancer Therapy Targeting Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6748-6765. [PMID: 38393984 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural lipid nanoparticles secreted by most types of cells. In malignant cancer, EVs derived from cancer cells contribute to its progression and metastasis by facilitating tumor growth and invasion, interfering with anticancer immunity, and establishing premetastasis niches in distant organs. In recent years, multiple strategies targeting cancer-derived EVs have been proposed to improve cancer patient outcomes, including inhibiting EV generation, disrupting EVs during trafficking, and blocking EV uptake by recipient cells. Developments in EV engineering also show promising results in harnessing cancer-derived EVs as anticancer agents. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the origin and functions of cancer-derived EVs and review the recent progress in anticancer therapy targeting these EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cheng
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Brian S Henick
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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5
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Li X, Jing Z, Li X, Liu L, Xiao X, Zhong Y, Ren Z. The role of exosomes in cancer-related programmed cell death. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:169-180. [PMID: 37950410 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer arises from the growth and division of uncontrolled erroneous cells. Programmed cell death (PCD), or regulated cell death (RCD), includes natural processes that eliminate damaged or abnormal cells. Dysregulation of PCD is a hallmark of cancer, as cancer cells often evade cell death and continue to proliferate. Exosomes nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by different types of cells carrying a variety of molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, to have indispensable role in the communication between cells, and can influence various cellular processes, including PCD. Exosomes have been shown to modulate PCD in cancer cells by transferring pro- or antideath molecules to neighboring cells. Additionally, exosomes can facilitate the spread of PCD to surrounding cancer cells, making them promising in the treatment of various cancers. The exosomes' diagnostic potential in cancer is also an active area of research. Exosomes can be isolated from a wide range of bodily fluids and tissues, such as blood and urine, and can provide a noninvasive way to monitor cancer progression and treatment response. Furthermore, exosomes have also been employed as a delivery system for therapeutic agents. By engineering exosomes to carry drugs or other therapeutic molecules, they can be targeted specifically to cancer cells, reducing toxicity to healthy tissues. Here, we discussed exosomes in the diagnosis and prevention of cancers, tumor immunotherapy, and drug delivery, as well as in different types of PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zuoqian Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong provincial People's hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Yifan Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zihan Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Bhagat A, Lyerly HK, Morse MA, Hartman ZC. CEA vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2291857. [PMID: 38087989 PMCID: PMC10732609 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2291857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycosylated cell surface oncofetal protein involved in adhesion, proliferation, and migration that is highly upregulated in multiple carcinomas and has long been a promising target for cancer vaccination. This review summarizes the progress to date in the development of CEA vaccines, examining both pre-clinical and clinical studies across a variety of vaccine platforms that in aggregate, begin to reveal some critical insights. These studies demonstrate the ability of CEA vaccines to break immunologic tolerance and elicit CEA-specific immunity, which associates with improved clinical outcomes in select individuals. Approaches that have combined replicating viral vectors, with heterologous boosting and different adjuvant strategies have been particularly promising but, these early clinical trial results will require confirmatory studies. Collectively, these studies suggest that clinical efficacy likely depends upon harnessing a potent vaccine combination in an appropriate clinical setting to fully realize the potential of CEA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchit Bhagat
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Herbert K. Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael A. Morse
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zachary C. Hartman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Wang A, Yang X, Li R, Shao L, Zhao W, Hu X, Fang K, Chai K, Shi S, Dong C. Immunomodulator-Mediated Suppressive Tumor Immune Microenvironment Remodeling Nanoplatform for Enhanced Immuno/Chemo/Photothermal Combination Therapy of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:53318-53332. [PMID: 37943829 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite immunotherapy having revolutionized cancer therapy, the efficacy of immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is seriously restricted due to the insufficient infiltration of mature dendritic cells (DCs) and the highly diffusion of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment. Herein, an immunomodulatory nanoplatform (HA/Lipo@MTO@IMQ), in which the DCs could be maximally activated, was engineered to remarkably eradicate the tumor via the combination of suppressive tumor immune microenvironment reversal immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and photothermal therapy. It was noticed that the immunotherapy efficacy could be significantly facilitated by this triple-assistance therapy: First, a robust immunogenic cell death (ICD) effect was induced by mitoxantrone hydrochloride (MTO) to boost DCs maturation and cytotoxic T lymphocytes infiltration. Second, the powerful promaturation property of the toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonist on DCs simultaneously strengthened the ICD effect and restricted antitumor immunity to the tumor bed and lymph nodes. On this basis, tumor-associated macrophages were also dramatically repolarized toward the antitumor M1 phenotype in response to TLR7/8 agonist to intensify the phagocytosis and reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Furthermore, the recruitment of immunocompetent cells and tumor growth inhibition were further promoted by the photothermal characteristic. The nanoplatform with no conspicuous untoward effects exhibited a splendid ability to activate the systemic immune system so as to increase the immunogenicity of the tumor microenvironment, thus enhancing the tumor killing effect. Taken together, HA/Lipo@MTO@IMQ might highlight an efficient combination of therapeutic modality for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinda Yang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruihao Li
- Oncology Department, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lujing Shao
- Oncology Department, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenrong Zhao
- Oncology Department, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaochun Hu
- Oncology Department, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kang Fang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Keke Chai
- Oncology Department, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuo Shi
- Oncology Department, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chunyan Dong
- Oncology Department, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Zhang J, Liu S, Chen X, Xu X, Xu F. Non-immune cell components in tumor microenvironment influencing lung cancer Immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115336. [PMID: 37591126 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with a significant morbidity and mortality rate, endangering human life and health. The introduction of immunotherapies has significantly altered existing cancer treatment strategies and is expected to improve immune responses, objective response rates, and survival rates. However, a better understanding of the complex immunological networks of LC is required to improve immunotherapy efficacy further. Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) are significantly expressed by LC cells, which activate dendritic cells, initiate antigen presentation, and activate lymphocytes to exert antitumor activity. However, as tumor cells combat the immune system, an immunosuppressive microenvironment forms, enabling the enactment of a series of immunological escape mechanisms, including the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells and induction of T cell exhaustion to decrease the antitumor immune response. In addition to the direct effect of LC cells on immune cell function, the secreting various cytokines, chemokines, and exosomes, changes in the intratumoral microbiome and the function of cancer-associated fibroblasts and endothelial cells contribute to LC cell immune escape. Accordingly, combining various immunotherapies with other therapies can elicit synergistic effects based on the complex immune network, improving immunotherapy efficacy through multi-target action on the tumor microenvironment (TME). Hence, this review provides guidance for understanding the complex immune network in the TME and designing novel and effective immunotherapy strategies for LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiubao Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China; First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China.
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Gu C, Shang A, Liu G, Zhu J, Zhang W, Jin L, Sun Z, Li D. Identification of CD147-positive extracellular vesicles as novel non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117510. [PMID: 37562522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality rate of colorectal cancer (CRC) can be decreased with effective screening and early diagnosis. Exosomes are released from cancer cells into the bloodstream, and circulating exosomes may serve as novel biomarkers. This study aimed to identify a sensitive and rapid method of exosome collection and measurement using specific antibodies. METHODS ExoCounter, a high-sensitive exosome-counting system, allows the identification of exosomes without enrichment or purification, based on the identification of the transmembrane protein-CD147-on serum exosomes that are associated with CRC. RESULTS Receiver operating characteristic curves between healthy donors and CRC patients were described and assessed by CD147-specific exosomes (exo-CD147), CEA, and CA19-9. And area under curves for exo-CD147, CEA, and CA19-9 were 0.827 (95%CI: 0.764-0.891), 0.630 (95%CI: 0.536-0.724), and 0.659 (95%CI: 0.559-0.759), respectively. Drawing a clinical decision curve of exo-CD147 for the diagnosis of CRC metastases showed that when the threshold probability of exo-CD147 was between 20% and 92%, the net clinical utilization rate was higher than for all patients with or without metastases. A nomogram was constructed using multivariate COX regression analysis to select significant variables such as the high CD147 group (>34 × 105 particles). Calibration curves for 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of CRC patients showed that the actual 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were in excellent agreement with the survival rates predicted by the nomogram. CONCLUSIONS The increased CD147 expression in exosomes could serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzheng Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Anquan Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang & The Oncology Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222006, China
| | - Gege Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Jichao Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, 313099, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiaozuo Fifth People's Hospital, Jiaozuo, 454000, PR China
| | - Limin Jin
- Laboratory Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, 314001, PR China.
| | - Zujun Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, PR China.
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, PR China.
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Polyakova N, Kalashnikova M, Belyavsky A. Non-Classical Intercellular Communications: Basic Mechanisms and Roles in Biology and Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076455. [PMID: 37047428 PMCID: PMC10095225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, interactions between cells and intercellular communications form the very basis of the organism’s survival, the functioning of its systems, the maintenance of homeostasis and adequate response to the environment. The accumulated experimental data point to the particular importance of intercellular communications in determining the fate of cells, as well as their differentiation and plasticity. For a long time, it was believed that the properties and behavior of cells were primarily governed by the interactions of secreted or membrane-bound ligands with corresponding receptors, as well as direct intercellular adhesion contacts. In this review, we describe various types of other, non-classical intercellular interactions and communications that have recently come into the limelight—in particular, the broad repertoire of extracellular vesicles and membrane protrusions. These communications are mediated by large macromolecular structural and functional ensembles, and we explore here the mechanisms underlying their formation and present current data that reveal their roles in multiple biological processes. The effects mediated by these new types of intercellular communications in normal and pathological states, as well as therapeutic applications, are also discussed. The in-depth study of novel intercellular interaction mechanisms is required for the establishment of effective approaches for the control and modification of cell properties both for basic research and the development of radically new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Polyakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Kalashnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, 117485 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Belyavsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, 117485 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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11
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Xia Y, Yu C, Johann Helwig E, Li Y. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Colorectal Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338231185008. [PMID: 37418639 PMCID: PMC10331217 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231185008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of spherical vesicles that are produced by active secretion of cells and encapsulated by phospholipid bilayers. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that EVs play pivotal roles in the regulation of intercellular communication between colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and target cells, and can regulate the proliferation, metastasis, and infiltration of tumor cells by regulating the microenvironment of tumor cells. EVs carry specific molecular substances in source CRC cells and are expected to serve as new molecular markers for the detection of cancers. This review highlights the current state of research and progress of potentially incorporating EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Xia
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoran Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ernest Johann Helwig
- Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yousheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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12
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Zhang L, Sun M, He Z, Sun J, Li H, Luo Q. Multi-functional extracellular vesicles: Potentials in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2022; 551:215934. [PMID: 36191678 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy (CIT) has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, the application of CIT is limited by low response rates and significant individual differences owing to a deficit in 1) immune recognition and 2) immune effector function. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles that mediate intercellular communication. The specific structure and content of EVs allows for multi-functional modulation of tumor immunity. Given their high biocompatibility, homologous targeting, and permeability across biological barriers, EVs have been evaluated as ideal carriers for promoting the efficacy and specificity of CIT. Herein, we first discuss the role of EVs in regulating tumor immunity and focus on the advantages of using EVs as a therapeutic tool for cancer treatment from a clinical perspective. Further, we outline the current progress in the development of biohybrid EVs for CIT and multi-functional EV-based strategies for overcoming the deficits in tumor immunity. Finally, we discuss the challenges associated with EV-based CIT and future perspectives in the context of ongoing clinical trials involving EV-based therapies, thus offering valuable insights into the future of multi-functional EVs in CIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China; Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Mengchi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Heran Li
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China.
| | - Qiuhua Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China.
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13
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Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunoediting and Their Potential as Oncoimmunotherapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010082. [PMID: 36612080 PMCID: PMC9817790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) within and around a tumor is a complex interacting mixture of tumor cells with various stromal cells, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. In the early steps of tumor formation, the local microenvironment tends to oppose carcinogenesis, while with cancer progression, the microenvironment skews into a protumoral TME and the tumor influences stromal cells to provide tumor-supporting functions. The creation and development of cancer are dependent on escape from immune recognition predominantly by influencing stromal cells, particularly immune cells, to suppress antitumor immunity. This overall process is generally called immunoediting and has been categorized into three phases; elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Interaction of tumor cells with stromal cells in the TME is mediated generally by cell-to-cell contact, cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). The least well studied are EVs (especially exosomes), which are nanoparticle-sized bilayer membrane vesicles released by many cell types that participate in cell/cell communication. EVs carry various proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and small molecules that influence cells that ingest the EVs. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) play a significant role in every stage of immunoediting, and their cargoes change from immune-activating in the early stages of immunoediting into immunosuppressing in the escape phase. In addition, their cargos change with different treatments or stress conditions and can be influenced to be more immune stimulatory against cancer. This review focuses on the emerging understanding of how TEVs affect the differentiation and effector functions of stromal cells and their role in immunoediting, from the early stages of immunoediting to immune escape. Consideration of how TEVs can be therapeutically utilized includes different treatments that can modify TEV to support cancer immunotherapy.
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14
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Sun T, Li Y, Wu J, Cao Y, Yang Y, He Y, Huang W, Liu B, Yang W. Downregulation of exosomal MHC-I promotes glioma cells escaping from systemic immunosurveillance. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 46:102605. [PMID: 36113830 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes are capable of inducing immune dysfunction and favoring the formation and progression of tumor. The major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) plays a key role in antitumor immune responses by presenting tumor antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. However, the role of tumor-derived circulating exosomal MHC-I on immune system activation remains unclear. We demonstrated that low level of glioma cells-derived exosomal MHC-I was associated with the dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in immune activation and cytotoxicity. MHC-I upregulation in exosomes restored antigen presentation of glioma cells and activated CD8+ T cells to exert robust antitumor immune response in combination with immune checkpoint blockade. Collectively, these data provided evidences for an important interplay between exosomal MHC-I and CD8+ T cells to activate systemic antitumor immune response, and interpreted how glioma cells evaded immunosurveillance, induced immunosuppression and were resistant to immunotherapy from the perspective of systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yanyan Li
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yufei Cao
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuping He
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenpeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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15
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Mukherjee A, Bisht B, Dutta S, Paul MK. Current advances in the use of exosomes, liposomes, and bioengineered hybrid nanovesicles in cancer detection and therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2759-2776. [PMID: 35379933 PMCID: PMC9622806 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00902-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three major approaches of cancer therapy can be enunciated as delivery of biotherapeutics, tumor image analysis, and immunotherapy. Liposomes, artificial fat bubbles, are long known for their capacity to encapsulate a diverse range of bioactive molecules and release the payload in a sustained, stimuli-responsive manner. They have already been widely explored as a delivery vehicle for therapeutic drugs as well as imaging agents. They are also extensively being used in cancer immunotherapy. On the other hand, exosomes are naturally occurring nanosized extracellular vesicles that serve an important role in cell-cell communication. Importantly, the exosomes also have proven their capability to carry an array of active pharmaceuticals and diagnostic molecules to the tumor cells. Exosomes, being enriched with tumor antigens, have numerous immunomodulatory effects. Much to our intrigue, in recent times, efforts have been directed toward developing smart, bioengineered, exosome-liposome hybrid nanovesicles, which are augmented by the benefits of both vesicular systems. This review attempts to summarize the contemporary developments in the use of exosome and liposome toward cancer diagnosis, therapy, as a vehicle for drug delivery, diagnostic carrier for tumor imaging, and cancer immunotherapy. We shall also briefly reflect upon the recent advancements of the exosome-liposome hybrids in cancer therapy. Finally, we put forward future directions for the use of exosome/liposome and/or hybrid nanocarriers for accurate diagnosis and personalized therapies for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bharti Bisht
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Suman Dutta
- International Institute of Innovation and Technology, New Town, Kolkata, 700156, India
| | - Manash K Paul
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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16
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Qian K, Fu W, Li T, Zhao J, Lei C, Hu S. The roles of small extracellular vesicles in cancer and immune regulation and translational potential in cancer therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:286. [PMID: 36167539 PMCID: PMC9513874 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) facilitate the extracellular transfer of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and mediate intercellular communication among multiple cells in the tumour environment. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are defined as EVs range in diameter from approximately 50 to 150 nm. Tumour-derived sEVs (TDsEVs) and immune cell-derived sEVs have significant immunological activities and participate in cancer progression and immune responses. Cancer-specific molecules have been identified on TDsEVs and can function as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, as well as allergens for TDsEVs-based vaccination. Various monocytes, including but not limited to dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), secrete sEVs that regulate immune responses in the complex immune network with either protumour or antitumour effects. After engineered modification, sEVs from immune cells and other donor cells can provide improved targeting and biological effects. Combined with their naïve characteristics, these engineered sEVs hold great potential as drug carriers. When used in a variety of cancer therapies, they can adjunctly enhance the safety and antitumor efficacy of multiple therapeutics. In summary, both naïve sEVs in the tumour environment and engineered sEVs with effector cargoes are regarded as showing promising potential for use in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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17
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Exosomes and cancer - Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic vehicle. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:54. [PMID: 36109501 PMCID: PMC9477829 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractExosomes belong to a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles secreted by the dynamic multistep endocytosis process and carry diverse functional molecular cargoes, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA, messenger and noncoding RNA), and metabolites to promote intercellular communication. Proteins and noncoding RNA are among the most abundant contents in exosomes; they have biological functions and are selectively packaged into exosomes. Exosomes derived from tumor, stromal and immune cells contribute to the multiple stages of cancer progression as well as resistance to therapy. In this review, we will discuss the biogenesis of exosomes and their roles in cancer development. Since specific contents within exosomes originate from their cells of origin, this property allows exosomes to function as valuable biomarkers. We will also discuss the potential use of exosomes as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers or predictors for different therapeutic strategies for multiple cancers. Furthermore, the applications of exosomes as direct therapeutic targets or engineered vehicles for drugs are an important field of exosome study. Better understanding of exosome biology may pave the way to promising exosome-based clinical applications.
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18
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Khan FH, Reza MJ, Shao YF, Perwez A, Zahra H, Dowlati A, Abbas A. Role of exosomes in lung cancer: A comprehensive insight from immunomodulation to theragnostic applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188776. [PMID: 35961620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are 30 to 150 nm-diameter lipid bilayer-enclosed extracellular vesicles that enable cell-to-cell communication through secretion and uptake. The exosomal cargoes contain RNA, lipids, proteins, and metabolites which can be delivered to recipient cells in vivo. In a healthy lung, exosomes facilitate interaction between adaptive and innate immunity and help maintain normal lung physiology. However, tumor-derived exosomes in lung cancer (LC) can, on the other hand, restrict immune cell proliferation, cause apoptosis in activated CD8+ T effector cells, reduce natural killer cell activity, obstruct monocyte differentiation, and promote proliferation of myeloid-derived suppressor and regulatory T cells. In addition, exosomes in the tumor microenvironment may also play a critical role in cancer progression and the development of drug resistance. In this review, we aim to comprehensively examine the current updates on the role of exosomes in lung carcinogenesis and their potential application as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tool in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Haider Khan
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Malik Johid Reza
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Yusra Fatima Shao
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ahmad Perwez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Honey Zahra
- Department of Anatomy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP 226003, India
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Developmental Therapeutics Program, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44116, USA.
| | - Ata Abbas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Developmental Therapeutics Program, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44116, USA.
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19
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Lerner EC, Edwards RM, Wilkinson DS, Fecci PE. Laser ablation: Heating up the anti-tumor response in the intracranial compartment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114311. [PMID: 35489652 PMCID: PMC10589123 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), have had limited success in treating intracranial malignancies. These failures are due partly to the restrictive blood-brain-barrier (BBB), the profound tumor-dependent induction of local and systemic immunosuppression, and immune evasion exhibited by these tumors. Therefore, novel approaches must be explored that aim to overcome these stringent barriers. LITT is an emerging treatment for brain tumors that utilizes thermal ablation to kill tumor cells. LITT provides an additional therapeutic benefit by synergizing with ICI and systemic chemotherapies to strengthen the anti-tumor immune response. This synergistic relationship involves transient disruption of the BBB and local augmentation of immune function, culminating in increased CNS drug penetrance and improved anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we will provide an overview of the challenges facing immunotherapy for brain tumors, and discuss how LITT may synergize with the endogenous anti-tumor response to improve the efficacy of ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Lerner
- Duke Medical School, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ryan M Edwards
- Duke Medical School, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Daniel S Wilkinson
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
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20
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Li A, Wang N, Song Y, Sun H, Cui J, Zhang G, Yu Q. Bimetallic metal-organic frameworks for tumor inhibition via combined photothermal-immunotherapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2315-2318. [PMID: 35076033 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06943h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the design of therapeutic nanoparticles by encapsulating photosensitizers and aluminum ions into metal-organic frameworks. The nanoparticles could significantly inhibit the growth of primary and rechallenged tumors by a combination of photothermal therapy and immunotherapy. This work offers a promising strategy to design an immunologic nanoplatform for "cold" tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anning Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China. .,Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Yuxuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Jiwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Guiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China. .,Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Qun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
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21
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Wu Q, Zhang H, Sun S, Wang L, Sun S. Extracellular vesicles and immunogenic stress in cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:894. [PMID: 34599143 PMCID: PMC8486873 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor progression requires bidirectional cell-to-cell communication within a complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) as carriers have the capacity to shuttle regulatory molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, between cancer cells and multiple stromal cells, inducing remarkable phenotypic alterations in the TME. Recently proposed the concept “immunogenic stress”, which means in some stressed microenvironment, cancer cells can release EVs containing specific immunoregulatory mediators, depending on the initiating stress-associated pathway, thereby provoking the changes of immune status in the TME. Considerable evidence has revealed that the intracellular mechanisms underlying the response to diverse stresses are mainly autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress reactions and the DNA damage response (DDR). In addition, the activation of immunogenic stress responses endows hosts with immune surveillance capacity; in contrast, several cargoes in EVs under immunogenic stress trigger a passive immune response by mediating the function of immune cells. This review discusses the current understanding of the immunogenic stress pathways in cancer and describes the interrelation between EVs and immunogenic stress to propose potential treatment strategies and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Hanpu Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
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22
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Day NB, Wixson WC, Shields CW. Magnetic systems for cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2172-2196. [PMID: 34522583 PMCID: PMC8424374 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a rapidly developing area of cancer treatment due to its higher specificity and potential for greater efficacy than traditional therapies. Immune cell modulation through the administration of drugs, proteins, and cells can enhance antitumoral responses through pathways that may be otherwise inhibited in the presence of immunosuppressive tumors. Magnetic systems offer several advantages for improving the performance of immunotherapies, including increased spatiotemporal control over transport, release, and dosing of immunomodulatory drugs within the body, resulting in reduced off-target effects and improved efficacy. Compared to alternative methods for stimulating drug release such as light and pH, magnetic systems enable several distinct methods for programming immune responses. First, we discuss how magnetic hyperthermia can stimulate immune cells and trigger thermoresponsive drug release. Second, we summarize how magnetically targeted delivery of drug carriers can increase the accumulation of drugs in target sites. Third, we review how biomaterials can undergo magnetically driven structural changes to enable remote release of encapsulated drugs. Fourth, we describe the use of magnetic particles for targeted interactions with cellular receptors for promoting antitumor activity. Finally, we discuss translational considerations of these systems, such as toxicity, clinical compatibility, and future opportunities for improving cancer treatment.
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Key Words
- BW, body weight
- Biomaterials
- CpG, cytosine-phosphate-guanine
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- Drug delivery
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FFR, field free region
- HS-TEX, heat-stressed tumor cell exosomes
- HSP, heat shock protein
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- IVIS, in vivo imaging system
- Immunotherapy
- MICA, MHC class I-related chain A
- MPI, magnetic particle imaging
- Magnetic hyperthermia
- Magnetic nanoparticles
- Microrobotics
- ODNs, oligodeoxynucleotides
- PARP, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase
- PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PNIPAM, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- SDF, stromal cell derived-factor
- SID, small implantable device
- SLP, specific loss power
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Day
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - William C Wixson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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23
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Regimbeau M, Abrey J, Vautrot V, Causse S, Gobbo J, Garrido C. Heat shock proteins and exosomes in cancer theranostics. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:46-57. [PMID: 34343652 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a superfamily of molecular chaperones that were discovered through their ability to be induced by different stresses including heat shock. Other than their function as chaperones in proteins homeostasis, HSPs have been shown to inhibit different forms of cell death and to participate in cell proliferation and differentiation processes. Because cancer cells have to rewire their metabolism, they require a high amount of these stress-inducible chaperones for their survival. Therefore, HSPs are unusually abundant in cancer cells where they have oncogene-like functions. In cancer, HSPs have been involved in the regulation of apoptosis, immune responses, angiogenesis, metastasis and treatment resistance. Recently, HSPs have been shown to be secreted through exosomes by cancer cells. These tumor-derived exosomes can be used as circulating markers: HSP-exosomes have been reported as biomarkers of cancer dissemination, response to therapy and/or patient outcome. A new range of functions, mostly in modulation of anticancer immune responses, have been described for these extracellular HSPs. In this review, we will describe those recently reported functions of HSP-exosomes that makes them both targets for anticancer therapeutics and biomarkers for the monitoring of the disease. We will also discuss their emerging interest in cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Regimbeau
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC. 7 blvd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France; Université. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jimena Abrey
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC. 7 blvd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France; Université. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Valentin Vautrot
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC. 7 blvd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France; Université. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France; Anticancer Center Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Sebastien Causse
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC. 7 blvd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France; Université. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jessica Gobbo
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC. 7 blvd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France; Anticancer Center Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Early Phase Unit INCa CLIP², Department of Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Centre, Dijon, France; Centre d'investigation Clinique INSERM 1432, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC. 7 blvd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France; Université. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France; Anticancer Center Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France.
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24
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Yamauchi T, Moroishi T. The Yin and Yang of tumour-derived extracellular vesicles in tumour immunity. J Biochem 2021; 169:155-161. [PMID: 33226400 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles that are naturally released from various types of cells. EVs contain a wide variety of cellular components, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and metabolites, which facilitate intercellular communication in diverse biological processes. In the tumour microenvironment, EVs have been shown to play important roles in tumour progression, including immune system-tumour interactions. Although previous studies have convincingly demonstrated the immunosuppressive functions of tumour-derived EVs, some studies have suggested that tumour-derived EVs can also stimulate host immunity, especially in therapeutic conditions. Recent studies have revealed the heterogeneous nature of EVs with different structural and biological characteristics that may account for the divergent functions of EVs in tumour immunity. In this review article, we provide a brief summary of our current understanding of tumour-derived EVs in immune activation and inhibition. We also highlight the emerging utility of EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers and discuss the potential clinical applications of tumour-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Yamauchi
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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25
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Wang X, Zhou Y, Ding K. Roles of exosomes in cancer chemotherapy resistance, progression, metastasis and immunity, and their clinical applications (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:44. [PMID: 34013358 PMCID: PMC8143748 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of vesicle that are secreted by cells, with a diameter of 40-100 nm, and that appear as a cystic shape under an electron microscope. Exosome cargo includes a variety of biologically active substances such as non-coding RNA, lipids and small molecule proteins. Exosomes can be taken up by neighboring cells upon secretion or by distant cells within the circulatory system, affecting gene expression of the recipient cells. The present review discusses the formation and secretion of exosomes, and how they can remodel the tumor microenvironment, enhancing cancer cell chemotherapy resistance and tumor progression. Exosome-mediated induction of tumor metastasis is also highlighted. More importantly, the review discusses the manner in which exosomes can change the metabolism of cancer cells and the immune system, which may help to devise novel therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. With the development of nanotechnology, exosomes can also be used as biomarkers and for the delivery of chemical drugs, serving as a tool to diagnose and treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Gruduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Kaiyang Ding
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
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Zhao W, Hu X, Li W, Li R, Chen J, Zhou L, Qiang S, Wu W, Shi S, Dong C. M2-Like TAMs Function Reversal Contributes to Breast Cancer Eradication by Combination Dual Immune Checkpoint Blockade and Photothermal Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007051. [PMID: 33599061 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy is considered to be a revolutionary anti-tumor strategy that may surpass other traditional therapies. Breast cancer is particularly suitable for it theoretically due to upregulation of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) / programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint pathway which exhausts the adaptive immune response mediated by T lymphocytes. However, its blockades exhibit very little effect in breast cancer, owing to the lack of T lymphocytes pre-infiltration and co-existing of intricate immune negative microenvironment including the macrophage-suppressed "Don't eat me" CD47 signal overexpression. Herein, a stimuli-responsive multifunctional nanoplatform (ZIF-PQ-PDA-AUN) is built. Its photothermal therapy can promote the infiltration of T lymphocytes in addition to ablating tumor cells and AUNP-12 and PQ912 further boost both the innate and adaptive immune reactions by cutting off PD-L1 and CD47 signals, respectively. In contrast to earlier single immunotherapy, the nanocomposites exhibit a stronger anti-tumor immune effect without obvious autoimmune side effects, promoting infiltration of T lymphocyte into the tumor site and strengthening phagocytosis of macrophages, even more exciting, significantly reversing pro-tumor M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to anti-tumor M1-like TAMs. The research may provide a promising strategy to develop high-efficient and low-toxic immunotherapy based on nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrong Zhao
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochun Hu
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai, 201100, P. R. China
| | - Ruihao Li
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Zhou
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Sufeng Qiang
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Shi
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Dong
- Breast Cancer Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China
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Yin T, Xin H, Yu J, Teng F. The role of exosomes in tumour immunity under radiotherapy: eliciting abscopal effects? Biomark Res 2021; 9:22. [PMID: 33789758 PMCID: PMC8011088 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a curative treatment of localized tumours or as palliative control, radiotherapy (RT) has long been known to kill tumour cells and trigger the release of proinflammatory factors and immune cells to elicit an immunological response to cancer. As a crucial part of the tumour microenvironment (TME), exosomes, which are double-layered nanometre-sized vesicles, can convey molecules, present antigens, and mediate cell signalling to regulate tumour immunity via their contents. Different contents result in different effects of exosomes. The abscopal effect is a systemic antitumour effect that occurs outside of the irradiated field and is associated with tumour regression. This effect is mediated through the immune system, mainly via cell-mediated immunity, and results from a combination of inflammatory cytokine cascades and immune effector cell activation. Although the abscopal effect has been observed in various malignancies for many years, it is still a rarely identified clinical event. Researchers have indicated that exosomes can potentiate abscopal effects to enhance the effects of radiation, but the specific mechanisms are still unclear. In addition, radiation can affect exosome release and composition, and irradiated cells release exosomes with specific contents that change the cellular immune status. Hence, fully understanding how radiation affects tumour immunity and the interaction between specific exosomal contents and radiation may be a potential strategy to maximize the efficacy of cancer therapy. The optimal application of exosomes as novel immune stimulators is under active investigation and is described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Huixian Xin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Feifei Teng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China.
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Jan AT, Rahman S, Badierah R, Lee EJ, Mattar EH, Redwan EM, Choi I. Expedition into Exosome Biology: A Perspective of Progress from Discovery to Therapeutic Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1157. [PMID: 33800282 PMCID: PMC7962655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enclosed distinct cellular entities of endocytic origin that shuttle proteins and RNA molecules intercellularly for communication purposes. Their surface is embossed by a huge variety of proteins, some of which are used as diagnostic markers. Exosomes are being explored for potential drug delivery, although their therapeutic utilities are impeded by gaps in knowledge regarding their formation and function under physiological condition and by lack of methods capable of shedding light on intraluminal vesicle release at the target site. Nonetheless, exosomes offer a promising means of developing systems that enable the specific delivery of therapeutics in diseases like cancer. This review summarizes information on donor cell types, cargoes, cargo loading, routes of administration, and the engineering of exosomal surfaces for specific peptides that increase target specificity and as such, therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, India;
| | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Botany, MS College, BR Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar 842001, India;
| | - Raied Badierah
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, and Laboratory University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Ehab H. Mattar
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, and Laboratory University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, and Laboratory University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
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Guo Y, Wang H, Huang L, Ou L, Zhu J, Liu S, Xu X. Small extracellular vesicles-based cell-free strategies for therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:17-26. [PMID: 34766134 PMCID: PMC8491241 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are extracellular nanovesicles that contain bioactive proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. A variety of biological process is regulated with sEVs. sEVs are an intercellular messenger regulating recipient cell function and play a role in disease initiation and progression. sEVs derived from certain cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells and immune cells, have the potential for clinical therapy as they possess the characteristics of their parental cells. With better understanding of sEVs biogenesis, their transportation properties, extended circulatory capability, and exceptional biocompatibility, sEVs emerge as a potential therapeutic tool in the clinic. Here, we summarize applications of sEVs-based therapies in different diseases and current knowledge about the strategies in bioengineered sEVs, as well as the challenges for their use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeye Guo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lingling Ou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shujing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Nicolini A, Ferrari P, Biava PM. Exosomes and Cell Communication: From Tumour-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Tumour Progression to the Use of Exosomal Cargo for Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040822. [PMID: 33669294 PMCID: PMC7920050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recently, within the research community, exosomes, transporters of bioactive molecules involved in many signalling pathways and cell-to-cell communication with the capacity to alter the tumour microenvironment, have been attracting increasing interest among oncologists. These molecules can play multiple roles, e.g., as useful biomarkers in diagnosis, modulators of the immune system, promoters of the formation of the pre-metastatic niches and cancer metastasis and carriers of substances or factors with anticancer properties. This review focuses on the use of exosomes as a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. Particularly, it highlights the potential of exosomes as carriers of stem cell differentiation stage factors (SCDSFs) for “cell reprogramming” therapy, a promising research field on which we have reported previously. Here, the main characteristics of this treatment and the advantages that can be obtained using mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes up-loaded with the SCDSFs as carriers of these factors are also discussed. Abstract Exosomes are nano-vesicle-shaped particles secreted by various cells, including cancer cells. Recently, the interest in exosomes among cancer researchers has grown enormously for their many potential roles, and many studies have focused on the bioactive molecules that they export as exosomal cargo. These molecules can function as biomarkers in diagnosis or play a relevant role in modulating the immune system and in promoting apoptosis, cancer development and progression. Others, considering exosomes potentially helpful for cancer treatment, have started to investigate them in experimental therapeutic trials. In this review, first, the biogenesis of exosomes and their main characteristics was briefly described. Then, the capability of tumour-derived exosomes and oncosomes in tumour microenvironments (TMEs) remodelling and pre-metastatic niche formation, as well as their interference with the immune system during cancer development, was examined. Finally, the potential role of exosomes for cancer therapy was discussed. Particularly, in addition, their use as carriers of natural substances and drugs with anticancer properties or carriers of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and anticancer vaccines for immunotherapy, exosomes as biological reprogrammers of cancer cells have gained increased consensus. The principal aspects and the rationale of this intriguing therapeutic proposal are briefly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolini
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Ferrari
- Unit of Oncology 1, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Pier Mario Biava
- Scientific Institute of Research and Care Multimedica, 20099 Milan, Italy;
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Amiri A, Pourhanifeh MH, Mirzaei HR, Nahand JS, Moghoofei M, Sahebnasagh R, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR. Exosomes and Lung Cancer: Roles in Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Applications. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:308-328. [PMID: 32013817 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200204141952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a malignancy with a high morbidity and mortality rate, and affected patients have low survival and poor prognosis. The therapeutic approaches for the treatment of this cancer, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, are not particularly effective partly due to late diagnosis. Therefore, the search for new diagnostic and prognostic tools is a critical issue. Novel biomarkers, such as exosomes, could be considered as potential diagnostic tools for malignancies, particularly lung cancer. Exosomes are nanovesicles, which are associated with different physiological and pathological conditions. It has been shown that these particles are released from many cells, such as cancer cells, immune cells and to some degree normal cells. Exosomes could alter the behavior of target cells through intercellular transfer of their cargo (e.g. DNA, mRNA, long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs and proteins). Thus, these vehicles may play pivotal roles in various physiological and pathological conditions. The current insights into lung cancer pathogenesis suggest that exosomes are key players in the pathogenesis of this cancer. Hence, these nanovesicles and their cargos could be used as new diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers in the treatment of lung cancer. Besides the diagnostic roles of exosomes, their use as drug delivery systems and as cancer vaccines is under investigation. The present review summarizes the current information on the diagnostic and pathogenic functions of exosomes in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Amiri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashahd, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roxana Sahebnasagh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
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Stephen ZR, Zhang M. Recent Progress in the Synergistic Combination of Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia and Immunotherapy for Treatment of Cancer. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001415. [PMID: 33236511 PMCID: PMC8034553 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has demonstrated great clinical success in certain cancers, driven primarily by immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell therapies. Immunotherapy can elicit strong, durable responses in some patients, but others do not respond, and to date immunotherapy has demonstrated success in only a limited number of cancers. To address this limitation, combinatorial approaches with chemo- and radiotherapy have been applied in the clinic. Extensive preclinical evidence suggests that hyperthermia therapy (HT) has considerable potential to augment immunotherapy with minimal toxicity. This progress report will provide a brief overview of immunotherapy and HT approaches and highlight recent progress in the application of nanoparticle (NP)-based HT in combination with immunotherapy. NPs allow for tumor-specific targeting of deep tissue tumors while potentially providing more even heating. NP-based HT increases tumor immunogenicity and tumor permeability, which improves immune cell infiltration and creates an environment more responsive to immunotherapy, particularly in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Stephen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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33
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Yong T, Li X, Wei Z, Gan L, Yang X. Extracellular vesicles-based drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2020; 328:562-574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Li Z, Deng J, Sun J, Ma Y. Hyperthermia Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment Facilitates Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:595207. [PMID: 33240283 PMCID: PMC7680736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have ushered in a new era of cancer therapy; however, ICIs are only effective in selective patients. The efficacy of ICIs is closely related to the tumor microenvironment. Fever for a long time was thought to directly regulate the immune response, and artificial “fever” from hyperthermia modulates the tumor immune microenvironment by providing danger signals with heat shock proteins (HSPs) as well as subsequent activation of immune systems. Encouraging results have been achieved in preclinical studies focused on potential synergetic effects by combining hyperthermia with ICIs. In this review, we summarized a cluster of immune-related factors that not only make hyperthermia a treatment capable of defending against cancer but also make hyperthermia a reliable treatment that creates a type I-like tumor microenvironment (overexpression of PD-L1 and enrichment of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes) in complementary for the enhancement of the ICIs. Then we reviewed recent preclinical data of the combination regimens involving hyperthermia and ICIs that demonstrated the combined efficacy and illustrated possible approaches to further boost the effectiveness of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Li
- Oncology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Oncology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhai Sun
- Oncology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanling Ma
- Oncology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
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35
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Apraiz A, Benedicto A, Marquez J, Agüera-Lorente A, Asumendi A, Olaso E, Arteta B. Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Malignant Melanoma Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113177. [PMID: 33138017 PMCID: PMC7692065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the innate counterparts of adaptive immune cells. Emerging data indicate that they are also key players in the progression of multiple tumors. In this review we briefly describe ILCs’ functions in the skin, lungs and liver. Next, we analyze the role of ILCs in primary cutaneous melanoma and in its most frequent and deadly metastases, those in liver and lung. We focus on their dual anti– and pro-tumoral functions, depending on the cross-interactions among them and with the surrounding stromal cells that form the tumor microenvironment (TME) in each organ. Next, we detail the role of extracellular vesicles secreted to the TME by ILCs and melanoma on both cell populations. We conclude that the identification of markers and tools to allow the modulation of individual ILC subsets, in addition to the development of standardized protocols, is essential for addressing the therapeutic modulation of ILCs. Abstract The role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in cancer progression has been uncovered in recent years. ILCs are classified as Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 ILCs, which are characterized by the transcription factors necessary for their development and the cytokines and chemokines they produce. ILCs are a highly heterogeneous cell population, showing both anti– and protumoral properties and capable of adapting their phenotypes and functions depending on the signals they receive from their surrounding environment. ILCs are considered the innate counterparts of the adaptive immune cells during physiological and pathological processes, including cancer, and as such, ILC subsets reflect different types of T cells. In cancer, each ILC subset plays a crucial role, not only in innate immunity but also as regulators of the tumor microenvironment. ILCs’ interplay with other immune and stromal cells in the metastatic microenvironment further dictates and influences this dichotomy, further strengthening the seed-and-soil theory and supporting the formation of more suitable and organ-specific metastatic environments. Here, we review the present knowledge on the different ILC subsets, focusing on their interplay with components of the tumor environment during the development of primary melanoma as well as on metastatic progression to organs, such as the liver or lung.
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Scholl JN, Dias CK, Muller L, Battastini AMO, Figueiró F. Extracellular vesicles in cancer progression: are they part of the problem or part of the solution? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2625-2641. [PMID: 33094653 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released especially by cancer cells. They modulate the tumor microenvironment by interacting with immune cells while carrying immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory molecules. In this review, we will explore some conflicting reports regarding the immunological outcomes of EVs in cancer progression, in which they might initiate an antitumor immune response or an immunosuppressive response. Concerning immunosuppression, the role of tumor-derived EVs' in the adenosinergic system is underexplored. The enhancement of adenosine (ADO) levels in the tumor microenvironment impairs T-cell function and cytokine release. However, some tumor-derived EVs may deliver immunostimulatory factors, promoting immunogenic activity, even with ADO production. The modulatory role of ADO over the tumor progression represents a piece in an intricate microenvironment with anti and pro tumoral seesaw-like mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliete Nathali Scholl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Camila Kehl Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Laurent Muller
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
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Shahnazari M, Samadi P, Pourjafar M, Jalali A. Therapeutic vaccines for colorectal cancer: The progress and future prospect. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106944. [PMID: 33182032 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are usually derived from the patient's tumor cells or the antigens found on their surface, which may help the immune system to identify and kill these malignant cells. Current focus of many researches is designing vaccines with the hope of triggering the immune system to attack cancer cells in a more effective, reliable and safe manner. Although colorectal cancer (CRC) is recognized as the third leading cause of death by cancer, but significant advances in therapy strategies have been made in recent years, including cancer vaccine. In this review, we present various vaccine platforms that have been used in the border battle against CRC, some of which have been approved for clinical use and some are in late-stage clinical trials. Until September 2020 there is approximately 1940 clinical trials of cancer vaccines on patients with different cancer types, and also many more trials are in the planning stages, which makes it the most important period of therapeutic cancer vaccines studies in the history of the immunotherapy. In cancer vaccines clinical trials, there are several considerations that must be taken into account including engineering of antigen-presenting cells, potential toxicity of antigenic areas, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vaccines, and monitoring of the patients' immune response. Therefore, the need to overcome immunosuppression mechanisms/immune tolerance is a critical step for the success of introducing therapeutic vaccines into the widely used drugs on market. In this way, better understanding of neoantigens, tumor immune surveillance escape mechanisms and host-tumor interactions are required to develop more effective and safe cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Shahnazari
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Pouria Samadi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mona Pourjafar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Akram Jalali
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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O-Glycan-Altered Extracellular Vesicles: A Specific Serum Marker Elevated in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092469. [PMID: 32878320 PMCID: PMC7563872 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer (PC) is among the most lethal malignancies due to an often delayed and difficult initial diagnosis. Therefore, the development of a novel, early stage, diagnostic PC marker in liquid biopsies is of great significance. In this study, we analyzed the differential glycomic profiling of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from serum using lectin microarray. The glyco-candidates of PC-specific EVs were quantified using a high-sensitive exosome-counting system, ExoCounter. An absolute quantification system for altered glycan-containing EVs elevated in PC serum was established. EVs recognized by O-glycan-binding lectins ABA or ACA were identified as candidate markers by lectin microarray. Quantitative analyses using ExoCounter revealed that the ABA- or ACA-positive EVs were significantly increased in the serum of PC patients. These specific EVs with O-glycans can act as potential biomarkers in a liquid biopsy for PC patients screening. Abstract Pancreatic cancer (PC) is among the most lethal malignancies due to an often delayed and difficult initial diagnosis. Therefore, the development of a novel, early stage, diagnostic PC marker in liquid biopsies is of great significance. In this study, we analyzed the differential glycomic profiling of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from serum (two cohorts including 117 PC patients and 98 normal controls) using lectin microarray. The glyco-candidates of PC-specific EVs were quantified using a high-sensitive exosome-counting system, ExoCounter. An absolute quantification system for altered glycan-containing EVs elevated in PC serum was established. EVs recognized by O-glycan-binding lectins ABA or ACA were identified as candidate markers by lectin microarray. Quantitative analyses using ExoCounter revealed that the ABA- or ACA-positive EVs were significantly increased in the culture of PC cell lines or in the serum of PC patients including carbohydrate antigen 19-9 negative patients with high area under curve values. The elevated numbers of EVs in PC serum returned to normal levels after pancreatectomy. Histological examination confirmed that the tumors stained with ABA/ACA. These specific EVs with O-glycans recognized by ABA/ACA are elevated in PC sera and can act as potential biomarkers in a liquid biopsy for PC patients screening.
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Krawczyk MA, Pospieszynska A, Styczewska M, Bien E, Sawicki S, Marino Gammazza A, Fucarino A, Gorska-Ponikowska M. Extracellular Chaperones as Novel Biomarkers of Overall Cancer Progression and Efficacy of Anticancer Therapy. APPLIED SCIENCES 2020; 10:6009. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Exosomal heat shock proteins (Hsps) are involved in intercellular communication both in physiological and pathological conditions. They play a role in key processes of carcinogenesis including immune system regulation, cell differentiation, vascular homeostasis and metastasis formation. Thus, exosomal Hsps are emerging biomarkers of malignancies and possible therapeutic targets. Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) are patients aged 15–39 years. This age group, placed between pediatric and adult oncology, pose a particular challenge for cancer management. New biomarkers of cancer growth and progression as well as prognostic factors are desperately needed in AYAs. In this review, we attempted to summarize the current knowledge on the role of exosomal Hsps in selected solid tumors characteristic for the AYA population and/or associated with poor prognosis in this age group. These included malignant melanoma, brain tumors, and breast, colorectal, thyroid, hepatocellular, lung and gynecological tract carcinomas. The studies on exosomal Hsps in these tumors are limited; however; some have provided promising results. Although further research is needed, there is potential for future clinical applications of exosomal Hsps in AYA cancers, both as novel biomarkers of disease presence, progression or relapse, or as therapeutic targets or tools for drug delivery.
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Wan Z, Dong Y, Wei M, Gao X, Yang G, Zhang J, Liu L. Exosomes in Tumor Immunotherapy: Mediator, Drug Carrier, and Prognostic Biomarker. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000061. [PMID: 32700829 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wan
- Department of Hematology Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710038 P. R. China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Hematology Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710038 P. R. China
| | - Mengying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- Department of Hematology Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710038 P. R. China
| | - Guodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Hematology Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an 710038 P. R. China
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Srinivasan ES, Sankey EW, Grabowski MM, Chongsathidkiet P, Fecci PE. The intersection between immunotherapy and laser interstitial thermal therapy: a multipronged future of neuro-oncology. Int J Hyperthermia 2020; 37:27-34. [PMID: 32672126 PMCID: PMC11229985 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1746413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of immunotherapy (IT) in oncological treatment has greatly improved outcomes in a number of disease states. However, its use in tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) remains limited for multiple reasons related to the unique immunologic tumor microenvironment. As such, it is valuable to consider the intersection of IT with additional treatment methods that may improve access to the CNS and effectiveness of existing IT modalities. One such combination is the pairing of IT with localized hyperthermia (HT) generated through technologies such as laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT). The wide-ranging immunomodulatory effects of localized and whole-body HT have been investigated for some time. Hyperthermia has demonstrated immunostimulatory effects at the level of tumor cells, immune cells, and the broader environment governing potential immune surveillance. A thorough understanding of these effects as well as the current and upcoming investigations of such in combination with IT is important in considering the future directions of neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S Srinivasan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric W Sankey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Peter E Fecci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Donoso-Quezada J, Ayala-Mar S, González-Valdez J. State-of-the-art exosome loading and functionalization techniques for enhanced therapeutics: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:804-820. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1785385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Ayala-Mar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Monterrey, Mexico
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Kothandan VK, Kothandan S, Kim DH, Byun Y, Lee YK, Park IK, Hwang SR. Crosstalk between Stress Granules, Exosomes, Tumour Antigens, and Immune Cells: Significance for Cancer Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E172. [PMID: 32276342 PMCID: PMC7349635 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA granules and exosomes produced by tumour cells under various stresses in the microenvironment act as critical determinants of cell survival by promoting angiogenesis, cancer metastasis, chemoresistance, and immunosuppression. Meanwhile, developmental cancer/testis (CT) antigens that are normally sequestered in male germ cells of the testes, but which are overexpressed in malignant tumour cells, can function as tumour antigens triggering immune responses. As CT antigens are potential vaccine candidates for use in cancer immunotherapy, they could be targeted together with crosstalk between stress granules, exosomes, and immune cells for a synergistic effect. In this review, we describe the effects of exosomes and exosomal components presented to the recipient cells under different types of stresses on immune cells and cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss their significance for cancer immunity, as well as the outlook for their future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth Kumar Kothandan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Sangeetha Kothandan
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600073, India
| | - Do Hee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergent Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju, Chungbuk 27469, Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Seung Rim Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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Scholl JN, de Fraga Dias A, Pizzato PR, Lopes DV, Moritz CEJ, Jandrey EHF, Souto GD, Colombo M, Rohden F, Sévigny J, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS, Battastini AMO, Figueiró F. Characterization and antiproliferative activity of glioma-derived extracellular vesicles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:1001-1018. [PMID: 32249669 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To characterize a method to isolate glioma-derived extracellular vesicles (GEVs) and understand their role in immune system modulation and glioma progression. Materials & methods: GEVs were isolated by differential centrifugation from C6 cell supernatant and characterized by size and expression of CD9, HSP70, CD39 and CD73. The glioma model was performed by injecting C6 glioma cells into the right striatum of Wistar rats in the following groups: controls (C6 cells alone), coinjection (C6 cells + GEVs) and GEVs by intranasal administration followed by immune cells, tumor size and cells proliferation analyses. Results: GEVs presented uniform size (175 nm), expressed CD9, HSP70, CD39, CD73 and produced adenosine. In vivo, we observed a reduction in tumor size, in cell proliferation (Ki-67) and in a regulatory cell marker (FoxP3). Conclusion: GEVs, administered before or at tumor challenge, have antiproliferative properties and reduce regulatory cells in the glioma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliete Nathali Scholl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Fraga Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Pauline Rafaela Pizzato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Daniela Vasconcelos Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Cesar Eduardo Jacintho Moritz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança (ESEFID), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Elisa Helena Farias Jandrey
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Dadalt Souto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Colombo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Francieli Rohden
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et D'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
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Qin F, Liu X, Chen J, Huang S, Wei W, Zou Y, Liu X, Deng K, Mo S, Chen J, Chen X, Huang Y, Liang W. Anti-TGF-β attenuates tumor growth via polarization of tumor associated neutrophils towards an anti-tumor phenotype in colorectal cancer. J Cancer 2020; 11:2580-2592. [PMID: 32201528 PMCID: PMC7066015 DOI: 10.7150/jca.38179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated neutrophils (TANs) play important roles in the progress of CRC. Since tumor microenvironments could influence the phenotypes of TANs, altering the tumor microenvironment to polarize the phenotype of TANs may be a new strategy for tumor treatment. This study aims to investigate the effect of anti-TGF-β on the polarization of TANs from a pro-tumor phenotype towards an anti-tumor phenotype in CRC. In this work, CRC patients had more infiltration of TANs and higher expression of TGF-β in CRC tissue when compared with the controls. In vitro, SW480 cells were co-cultured with primed neutrophils, which simulated the TANs in the tumor microenvironment, and TGF-β was blocked by anti-TGF-β (1D11) in order to polarize TANs. Anti-TGF-β treatment increased the cytotoxicity of TANs and decreased the metastatic chemoattractants secreted by TANs, and ultimately increased the apoptosis of CRC cells significantly while remarkably suppressing the migration of tumor cells. The changes of signaling pathways in the TANs and tumor cells were explored. The results showed that anti-TGF-β attenuated CRC may be partly mediated by suppression of PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in TANs and partly mediated by suppression of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways in tumor cells. Furthermore, the tumor in the mice treated with 1D11 was obviously smaller and had reverse tumorigenesis compared with the controls, while neutrophil depletion reduced the anti-tumor effect of 1D11. Our data suggest that anti-TGF-β attenuates tumor growth via the polarization of TANs to an anti-tumor phenotype in CRC, which provides new strategies for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxian Qin
- Medical Science Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China 545005
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liuzhou Municipal Liutie Center Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China 545007
| | - Jifei Chen
- Medical Science Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China 545005
| | - Shishun Huang
- Medical Science Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China 545005
| | - Wei Wei
- Medical Science Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China 545005
| | - Yan Zou
- Medical Science Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China 545005
| | - Xuexiang Liu
- Medical Science Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China 545005
| | - Kaifeng Deng
- Medical Science Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China 545005
| | - Shanying Mo
- Medical Science Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China 545005
| | - Jianming Chen
- Medical Science Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China 545005
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Medical Science Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China 545005
| | - Yujie Huang
- Medical Science Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China 545005
| | - Weijun Liang
- Medical Science Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China 545005
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Does Direct and Indirect Exposure to Ionising Radiation Influence the Metastatic Potential of Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010236. [PMID: 31963587 PMCID: PMC7016586 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionising radiation (IR) is commonly used for cancer therapy; however, its potential influence on the metastatic ability of surviving cancer cells exposed directly or indirectly to IR remains controversial. Metastasis is a multistep process by which the cancer cells dissociate from the initial site, invade, travel through the blood stream or lymphatic system, and colonise distant sites. This complex process has been reported to require cancer cells to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by which the cancer cells convert from an adhesive, epithelial to motile, mesenchymal form and is also associated with changes in glycosylation of cell surface proteins, which may be functionally involved in metastasis. In this paper, we give an overview of metastatic mechanisms and of the fundamentals of cancer-associated glycosylation changes. While not attempting a comprehensive review of this wide and fast moving field, we highlight some of the accumulating evidence from in vitro and in vivo models for increased metastatic potential in cancer cells that survive IR, focusing on angiogenesis, cancer cell motility, invasion, and EMT and glycosylation. We also explore the indirect effects in cells exposed to exosomes released from irradiated cells. The results of such studies need to be interpreted with caution and there remains limited evidence that radiotherapy enhances the metastatic capacity of cancers in a clinical setting and undoubtedly has a very positive clinical benefit. However, there is potential that this therapeutic benefit may ultimately be enhanced through a better understanding of the direct and indirect effects of IR on cancer cell behaviour.
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Rodríguez Zorrilla S, García García A, Blanco Carrión A, Gándara Vila P, Somoza Martín M, Gallas Torreira M, Pérez Sayans M. Exosomes in head and neck cancer. Updating and revisiting. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 34:1641-1651. [PMID: 31496355 PMCID: PMC6746279 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1662000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have gone from being considered simple containers of intracellular waste substances to be considered important carriers of cellular signals. Its broad capacity to promote tumour growth, both in situ and metastatic, has greatly intensified scientific research on them. In the same way and depending on its content, its tumour suppressive properties have opened a window of light and hope in the fight against cancer. In the present review we try to gather in a simple and understandable way the most relevant knowledge to date on the role of exosomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma, helping to understand their process of formation, release and activity on the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rodríguez Zorrilla
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Abel García García
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Andrés Blanco Carrión
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Pilar Gándara Vila
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Manuel Somoza Martín
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Mercedes Gallas Torreira
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Mario Pérez Sayans
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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Panagopoulou MS, Wark AW, Birch DJS, Gregory CD. Phenotypic analysis of extracellular vesicles: a review on the applications of fluorescence. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1710020. [PMID: 32002172 PMCID: PMC6968689 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1710020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have numerous potential applications in the field of healthcare and diagnostics, and research into their biological functions is rapidly increasing. Mainly because of their small size and heterogeneity, there are significant challenges associated with their analysis and despite overt evidence of the potential of EVs in clinical diagnostic practice, guidelines for analytical procedures have not yet been properly established. Here, we present an overview of the main methods for studying the properties of EVs based on the principles of fluorescence. Setting aside the isolation, purification and physicochemical characterization strategies which answer questions about the size, surface charge and stability of EVs (reviewed elsewhere), we focus on available optical tools that enable the direct analysis of phenotype and mechanisms of interaction with tissues. In brief, the topics on which we elaborate range from the most popular approaches such as nanoparticle tracking analysis and flow cytometry, to less commonly used techniques such as fluorescence depolarization and microarrays as well as emerging areas such as fast fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). We highlight that understanding the strengths and limitations of each method is essential for choosing the most appropriate combination of analytical tools. Finally, future directions of this rapidly developing area of medical diagnostics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Panagopoulou
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alastair W. Wark
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, Technology and Innovation Centre, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - David J S Birch
- Photophysics Group, Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher D. Gregory
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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Qin M, Du G, Sun X. Biomimetic cell-derived nanocarriers for modulating immune responses. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:530-543. [PMID: 31750453 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01444f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize various applications of biomimetic carriers in modulating immune responses and discuss the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems
- Ministry of Education
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems
- Ministry of Education
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems
- Ministry of Education
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
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Benites BD, Alvarez MC, Saad STO. Small Particles, Big Effects: The Interplay Between Exosomes and Dendritic Cells in Antitumor Immunity and Immunotherapy. Cells 2019; 8:E1648. [PMID: 31888159 PMCID: PMC6952774 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells play a fundamental role in the antitumor immunity cycle, and the loss of their antigen-presenting function is a recognized mechanism of tumor evasion. We have recently demonstrated the effect of exosomes extracted from serum of patients with acute myeloid leukemia as important inducers of dendritic cell immunotolerance, and several other works have recently demonstrated the effects of these nanoparticles on immunity to other tumor types as well. The aim of this review was to highlight the recent findings on the effects of tumor exosomes on dendritic cell functions, the mechanisms by which they can lead to tumor evasion, and their manipulation as a possible strategy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Deltreggia Benites
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; (M.C.A.); (S.T.O.S.)
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