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Tan Y, Zheng T, Su Z, Chen M, Chen S, Zhang R, Wang R, Li K, Na N. Alternative polyadenylation reprogramming of MORC2 induced by NUDT21 loss promotes KIRC carcinogenesis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e162893. [PMID: 37737260 PMCID: PMC10561724 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.162893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA), a posttranscriptional mechanism of gene expression via determination of 3'UTR length, has an emerging role in carcinogenesis. Although abundant APA reprogramming is found in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), which is one of the major malignancies, whether APA functions in KIRC remains unknown. Herein, we found that chromatin modifier MORC2 gained oncogenic potential in KIRC among the genes with APA reprogramming, and moreover, its oncogenic potential was enhanced by 3'UTR shortening through stabilization of MORC2 mRNA. MORC2 was found to function in KIRC by downregulating tumor suppressor DAPK1 via DNA methylation. Mechanistically, MORC2 recruited DNMT3A to facilitate hypermethylation of the DAPK1 promoter, which was strengthened by 3'UTR shortening of MORC2. Furthermore, loss of APA regulator NUDT21, which was induced by DNMT3B-mediated promoter methylation, was identified as responsible for 3'UTR shortening of MORC2 in KIRC. Additionally, NUDT21 was confirmed to act as a tumor suppressor mainly depending on downregulation of MORC2. Finally, we designed an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) to enhance NUDT21 expression and validated its antitumor effect in vivo and in vitro. This study uncovers the DNMT3B/NUDT21/APA/MORC2/DAPK1 regulatory axis in KIRC, disclosing the role of APA in KIRC and the crosstalk between DNA methylation and APA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Tan
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tong Zheng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijun Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suxiang Chen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruojiao Wang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Na
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Gan Y, Cao C, Li A, Song H, Kuang G, Ma B, Zhang Q, Zhang Q. Silencing of the TRIM58 Gene by Aberrant Promoter Methylation is Associated with a Poor Patient Outcome and Promotes Cell Proliferation and Migration in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:655126. [PMID: 33816562 PMCID: PMC8012909 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.655126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the underlying molecular mechanism of tripartite motif-containing 58 (TRIM58) in the development of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), we explored TRIM58 expression and methylation in tumor tissues and the association with clinicopathological features and prognosis of tissue samples; Moreover, we examined the direct gene transcription of TRIM58-specific DNA demethyltransferase (TRIM58-TET1) by the CRISPR-dCas9 fused with the catalytic domain of TET1 and the biological functions in RCC cells. In this study, we demonstrate that TRIM58 is frequently downregulated by promoter methylation in ccRCC tissues, associated significantly with tumor nuclear grade and poor patient survival. TRIM58-TET1 directly induces demethylation of TRIM58 CpG islands, and activates TRIM58 transcription in RCC cell lines. Besides, DNA demethylation of TRIM58 by TRIM58-TET1 significantly inhibits cell proliferation and migration Overall, our results demonstrate that TRIM58 is inactivated by promoter methylation, associates with tumor nuclear grade and poor survival, and TRIM58 DNA demethylation could directly activate TRIM58 transcription and inhibit cell proliferation and migration in RCC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Cao
- The Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Institute of Urology of Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aolin Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guanyu Kuang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Binglei Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
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Peters I, Merseburger AS, Tezval H, Lafos M, Tabrizi PF, Mazdak M, Wolters M, Kuczyk MA, Serth J, von Klot CA. The Prognostic Value of DNA Methylation Markers in Renal Cell Cancer: A Systematic Review. KIDNEY CANCER 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/kca-190069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Peters
- Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Hossein Tezval
- Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcel Lafos
- Department of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pouriya Faraj Tabrizi
- Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mehrdad Mazdak
- Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mathias Wolters
- Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus A. Kuczyk
- Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Serth
- Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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4
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Serth J, Peters I, Dubrowinskaja N, Reese C, Albrecht K, Klintschar M, Lafos M, Grote A, Becker A, Hennenlotter J, Stenzl A, Tezval H, Kuczyk MA. Age-, tumor-, and metastatic tissue-associated DNA hypermethylation of a T-box brain 1 locus in human kidney tissue. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:33. [PMID: 32070431 PMCID: PMC7029553 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-0823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While a considerable number of tumor-specific hypermethylated loci have been identified in renal cell cancer (RCC), DNA methylation of loci showing successive increases in normal, tumoral, and metastatic tissues could point to genes with high relevance both for the process of tumor development and progression. Here, we report that DNA methylation of a locus in a genomic region corresponding to the 3'UTR of the transcription factor T-box brain 1 (TBR1) mRNA accumulates in normal renal tissues with age and possibly increased body mass index. Moreover, a further tissue-specific increase of methylation was observed for tumor and metastatic tissue samples. RESULTS Biometric analyses of the TCGA KIRC methylation data revealed candidate loci for age-dependent and tumor-specific DNA methylation within the last exon and in a genomic region corresponding to the 3'UTR TBR1 mRNA. To evaluate whether methylation of TBR1 shows association with RCC carcinogenesis, we measured 15 tumor cell lines and 907 renal tissue samples including 355 normal tissues, 175 tissue pairs of normal tumor adjacent and corresponding tumor tissue as well 202 metastatic tissues samples of lung, bone, and brain metastases by the use of pyrosequencing. Statistical evaluation demonstrated age-dependent methylation in normal tissue (R = 0.72, p < 2 × 10-16), association with adiposity (P = 0.019) and tumor-specific hypermethylation (P = 6.1 × 10-19) for RCC tissues. Comparison of tumor and metastatic tissues revealed higher methylation in renal cancer metastases (P = 2.65 × 10-6). CONCLUSIONS Our analyses provide statistical evidence of association between methylation of TBR1 and RCC development and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Serth
- Klinik für Urologie und urologische Onkologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Inga Peters
- Klinik für Urologie und urologische Onkologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia Dubrowinskaja
- Klinik für Urologie und urologische Onkologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christel Reese
- Klinik für Urologie und urologische Onkologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Knut Albrecht
- Brandenburgisches Landesinstitut für Rechtsmedizin, Lindstedter Chaussee 6, D-14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Klintschar
- Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcel Lafos
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Grote
- Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Burgsteig 13, D-33617, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Albert Becker
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, D-53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Hennenlotter
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Klinik für Urologie, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Klinik für Urologie, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hossein Tezval
- Klinik für Urologie und urologische Onkologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus A Kuczyk
- Klinik für Urologie und urologische Onkologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Jing ZF, Bi JB, Li Z, Liu X, Li J, Zhu Y, Zhang XT, Zhang Z, Li Z, Kong CZ. Inhibition of miR-34a-5p can rescue disruption of the p53-DAPK axis to suppress progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:2079-2097. [PMID: 31294899 PMCID: PMC6763763 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DAPK, a transcriptional target of the p53 protein, has long been characterized as a tumor suppressor that acts as a negative regulator in multiple cellular processes. However, increasing studies have suggested that the role of DAPK may vary depending on cell type and cellular context. Thus far, the expression and function of DAPK in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remain ambiguous. Since ccRCC behaves in an atypical way with respect to p53, whether the p53‐DAPK axis functions normally in ccRCC is also an intriguing question. Here, tissue specimens from 61 ccRCC patients were examined for DAPK expression. Functional studies regarding apoptosis, growth, and migration were used to determine the role of DAPK in renal cancer cells. The validity of the p53‐DAPK axis in ccRCC was also determined. Our study identified DAPK as a negative regulator of ccRCC, and its expression was reduced in certain subgroups. However, the p53‐DAPK axis was disrupted due to upregulation of miR‐34a‐5p under stressed conditions. miR‐34a‐5p was identified as a novel repressor of DAPK acting downstream of p53. Inhibition of miR‐34a‐5p can correct the p53‐DAPK axis disruption by upregulating DAPK protein and may have potential to be used as a therapeutic target to improve outcomes for ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fei Jing
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian-Bin Bi
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zeliang Li
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiankui Liu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chui-Ze Kong
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Institute of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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7
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Joosten SC, Deckers IA, Aarts MJ, Hoeben A, van Roermund JG, Smits KM, Melotte V, van Engeland M, Tjan-Heijnen VC. Prognostic DNA methylation markers for renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Epigenomics 2017; 9:1243-1257. [PMID: 28803494 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Despite numerous published prognostic methylation markers for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), none of these have yet changed patient management. Our aim is to systematically review and evaluate the literature on prognostic DNA methylation markers for RCC. MATERIALS & METHODS We conducted an exhaustive search of PubMed, EMBASE and MEDLINE up to April 2017 and identified 49 publications. Studies were reviewed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, assessed for their reporting quality using the Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK) criteria, and were graded to determine the level of evidence (LOE) for each biomarker. RESULTS We identified promoter methylation of BNC1, SCUBE3, GATA5, SFRP1, GREM1, RASSF1A, PCDH8, LAD1 and NEFH as promising prognostic markers. Extensive methodological heterogeneity across the included studies was observed, which hampers comparability and reproducibility of results, providing a possible explanation why these biomarkers do not reach the clinic. CONCLUSION Potential prognostic methylation markers for RCC have been identified, but they require further validation in prospective studies to determine their true clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Joosten
- Division of Medical Oncology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivette Ag Deckers
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maureen J Aarts
- Division of Medical Oncology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ann Hoeben
- Division of Medical Oncology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joep G van Roermund
- Department of Urology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim M Smits
- Division of Medical Oncology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Melotte
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon van Engeland
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vivianne C Tjan-Heijnen
- Division of Medical Oncology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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8
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Pires-Luís AS, Costa-Pinheiro P, Ferreira MJ, Antunes L, Lobo F, Oliveira J, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Identification of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma using a three-gene promoter methylation panel. J Transl Med 2017; 15:149. [PMID: 28662726 PMCID: PMC5492907 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promoter methylation has emerged as a promising class of epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of renal cell tumors (RCTs). Although differential gene promoter methylation patterns have been reported for the major subtypes (clear cell, papillary and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, and oncocytoma), validation of diagnostic performance in independent series have been seldom performed. Herein, we aimed at assessing the diagnostic performance of genes previously shown to be hypermethylated in RCTs in different clinical settings. METHODS Promoter methylation levels of HOXA9 and OXR1 were assessed by quantitative methylation specific PCR. ROC curves were generated for OXR1, OXR1 combined with MST1R and HOXA9. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were computed, maximizing specificity. Methylation levels were also correlated with clinical and pathological relevant parameters. RESULTS HOXA9 and OXR1 promoter methylation was disclosed in 73 and 87% of RCTs, respectively. A two-gene methylation panel comprising OXR1 and MST1R identified malignancy with 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma with 90% sensitivity and 98% specificity. HOXA9 promoter methylation allowed for discrimination between oncocytoma and both papillary and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma but only with 77% sensitivity and 73% specificity. Significantly higher OXR1 promoter methylation levels (p = 0.005) were associated with high nuclear grade in ccRCC. CONCLUSIONS A panel including OXR1 and MST1R promoter methylation allows specific and sensitive identification of renal cell tumors, and, especially, of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Moreover, higher OXR1 promoter methylation levels associate with clear cell renal cell carcinoma nuclear grade, a surrogate for tumor aggressiveness. Thus, gene promoter methylation analysis might a useful ancillary tool in diagnostic management of renal masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sílvia Pires-Luís
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg., 1st Floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Costa-Pinheiro
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg., 1st Floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Ferreira
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg., 1st Floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Antunes
- Department of Epidemiology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Lobo
- Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Oliveira
- Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg., 1st Floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg., 1st Floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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9
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Pompas-Veganzones N, Sandonis V, Perez-Lanzac A, Beltran M, Beardo P, Juárez A, Vazquez F, Cozar JM, Alvarez-Ossorio JL, Sanchez-Carbayo M. Myopodin methylation is a prognostic biomarker and predicts antiangiogenic response in advanced kidney cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14301-14310. [PMID: 27592258 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopodin is a cytoskeleton protein that shuttles to the nucleus depending on the cellular differentiation and stress. It has shown tumor suppressor functions. Myopodin methylation status was useful for staging bladder and colon tumors and predicting clinical outcome. To our knowledge, myopodin has not been tested in kidney cancer to date. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether myopodin methylation status could be clinically useful in renal cancer (1) as a prognostic biomarker and 2) as a predictive factor of response to antiangiogenic therapy in patients with metastatic disease. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reactions (MS-PCR) were used to evaluate myopodin methylation in 88 kidney tumors. These belonged to patients with localized disease and no evidence of disease during follow-up (n = 25) (group 1), and 63 patients under antiangiogenic therapy (sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib, and temsirolimus), from which group 2 had non-metastatic disease at diagnosis (n = 32), and group 3 showed metastatic disease at diagnosis (n = 31). Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were utilized to assess outcome and response to antiangiogenic agents taking progression, disease-specific survival, and overall survival as clinical endpoints. Myopodin was methylated in 50 out of the 88 kidney tumors (56.8 %). Among the 88 cases analyzed, 10 of them recurred (11.4 %), 51 progressed (57.9 %), and 40 died of disease (45.4 %). Myopodin methylation status correlated to MSKCC Risk score (p = 0.050) and the presence of distant metastasis (p = 0.039). Taking all patients, an unmethylated myopodin identified patients with shorter progression-free survival, disease-specific survival, and overall survival. Using also in univariate and multivariate models, an unmethylated myopodin predicted response to antiangiogenic therapy (groups 2 and 3) using progression-free survival, disease-specific, and overall survival as clinical endpoints. Myopodin was revealed hypermethylated in kidney cancer. Myopodin methylation status identified which patients showed a more aggressive clinical behavior and predicted antiangiogenic response. These observations support the clinical utility of an unmethylated myopodin as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pompas-Veganzones
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Ikerbasque Research Program, Medicine Department, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - V Sandonis
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Ikerbasque Research Program, Medicine Department, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - M Beltran
- Pathology Department, Hospital Puerta Del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
| | - P Beardo
- Urology Department, Hospital De Jerez, Jerez, Spain
| | - A Juárez
- Urology Department, Hospital De Jerez, Jerez, Spain
| | - F Vazquez
- Urology Department, Hospital Virgen De Las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - J M Cozar
- Urology Department, Hospital Virgen De Las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Marta Sanchez-Carbayo
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Ikerbasque Research Program, Medicine Department, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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10
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Jia MX, Chen J. Apoptotic protease activating factor-1 and tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:3729-3735. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i23.3729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) functions as a core apoptosis factor in the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Apaf-1 promoter methylation and loss of heterozygosity are the main causes of cancer, and lower expression of Apaf-1 is closely related to malignant tumors. Apaf-1 expression deletion and methylation can be used as markers for deeper tumor invasion, frequent lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation and poor prognosis. Apaf-1 can be used as a molecular target for anticancer therapy and prognosis prediction. Further research on Apaf-1 will contribute to the development of effective anti-tumor drugs. In this paper, we will review the biochemical structure and function of Apaf-1, Apaf-1 signal transduction pathway, expression of Apaf-1 in a variety of tumors, as well as its role in tumor occurrence, drug resistance and treatment.
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11
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The epigenetic landscape of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. J Kidney Cancer VHL 2015; 2:90-104. [PMID: 28326264 PMCID: PMC5345536 DOI: 10.15586/jkcvhl.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of all kidney tumors. During the last few years, epigenetics has emerged as an important mechanism in ccRCC pathogenesis. Recent reports, involving large-scale methylation and sequencing analyses, have identified genes frequently inactivated by promoter methylation and recurrent mutations in genes encoding chromatin regulatory proteins. Interestingly, three of detected genes (PBRM1, SETD2 and BAP1) are located on chromosome 3p, near the VHL gene, inactivated in over 80% ccRCC cases. This suggests that 3p alterations are an essential part of ccRCC pathogenesis. Moreover, most of the proteins encoded by these genes cooperate in histone H3 modifications. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest discoveries shedding light on deregulation of chromatin machinery in ccRCC. Newly described ccRCC-specific epigenetic alterations could potentially serve as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and become an object of novel therapeutic strategies.
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12
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Perks CM, Holly JM. Epigenetic regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:159-66. [PMID: 25920743 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that are independent of alterations in DNA sequence. It is now accepted that disruption of epigenetic mechanisms plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cancer: culminating in altered gene function and malignant cellular transformation. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the most widely studied changes but non-coding RNAs such as miRNAs are also considered part of the epigenetic machinery. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is composed of two ligands, IGF-I and -II, their receptors and six high affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). The IGF axis plays a key role in cancer development and progression. As IGFBP genes have consistently been identified among the most common to be aberrantly altered in tumours, this review will focus on epigenetic regulation of IGFBP-3 in cancer for which the majority of evidence has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Perks
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK,
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Abstract
Death associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK) is an important serine/theoreine kinase involved in various cellular processes such as apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation. DAPK expression and activity are misregulated in multiple diseases including cancer, neuronal death, stoke, et al. Methylation of the DAPK gene is common in many types of cancer and can lead to loss of DAPK expression. In this review, we summarize the pathological status and functional roles of DAPK in disease and compare the published reagents that can manipulate the expression or activity of DAPK. The pleiotropic functions of DAPK make it an intriguing target and the barriers and opportunities for targeting DAPK for future clinical application are discussed.
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Abstract
Imbalanced cell death is a common phenomenon in many human diseases, including cancer. DAPK's essential function is in promoting apoptosis. DAPK interacts with stress-induced receptors through its death domain to initiate an apoptosis cascade. In addition, DAPK phosphorylates multiple cytosolic substrates and can mediate transfer of signaling pathways to the effector caspases. A series of studies demonstrated that, depending on stimuli, DAPK expression is regulated on both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Silencing of DAPK due to hypermethylation of its promoter was reported in many types of cancer. STAT3 and p52-NFkB transcription factors have been shown to down-regulate DAPK expression. In contrast, p53, C/EBP-β and Smad transcription factors bind to their specific response elements within the DAPK promoter and induce its transcription. Post-transcriptionally, DAPK undergoes alternative splicing, which results in the production of two functionally different isoforms. Moreover, miRNA 103 and miRNA 107 recently were shown to inhibit DAPK in colorectal cancer. Here we summarize our recent knowledge about transcriptional regulation of DAPK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Benderska
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätstrasse 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Li C, Wang L, Su J, Zhang R, Fu L, Zhou Y. mRNA expression and hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes apoptosis protease activating factor-1 and death-associated protein kinase in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:280-286. [PMID: 23946818 PMCID: PMC3742820 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) and death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) are p53 pathway-related genes that play significant roles in the activation of caspases, which are involved in mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. The present study aimed to confirm the role of hyper-methylation of the Apaf-1 and DAPK gene promoter regions in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and the effect of the demethylation drug, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC). mRNA from 53 OSCC samples, 23 normal oral mucosa samples and Tca8113 human tongue carcinoma cell lines was detected using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The DNA from each sample was analyzed using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). The Tca8113 cells were demethylated using DAC and the demethylation and re-expression of Apaf-1 and DAPK were analyzed. The Apaf-1 and DAPK mRNA expression index was decreased in 51 (96.23%) and 50 (94.34%) cases, respectively, in the tumor tissues. Hypermethylation of the Apaf-1 and DAPK promoter regions was detected in 46 (86.79%) and 38 (71.69%) cases, respectively. Promoter hypermethylation of the two genes correlated with a decreased mRNA expression in the tumor tissues. Subsequent to being treated with DAC, Apaf-1 and DAPK were demethylated and re-expressed in the Tca8113 cells. Apaf-1 and DAPK promoter hypermethylation may be associated with low gene expression in OSCC. Furthermore, a loss of Apaf-1 and DAPK expression may recover following demethylation. The data provide evidence that methylation exists in OSCC and may play a role in the development of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- Departments of Implant Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130011, P.R. China
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16
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Xiao W, Wang J, Li H, Guan W, Xia D, Yu G, Xiao H, Lang B, Ma X, Liu J, Zhang X, Ye Z, Xu H. Fibulin-1 is Down-Regulated Through Promoter Hypermethylation and Suppresses Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression. J Urol 2013; 190:291-301. [PMID: 23391467 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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17
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Carter JA, Górecki DC, Mein CA, Ljungberg B, Hafizi S. CpG dinucleotide-specific hypermethylation of the TNS3 gene promoter in human renal cell carcinoma. Epigenetics 2013; 8:739-47. [PMID: 23803643 DOI: 10.4161/epi.25075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tensin3 is a cytoskeletal regulatory protein that inhibits cell motility. Downregulation of the gene encoding Tensin3 (TNS3) in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may contribute to cancer cell metastatic behavior. We speculated that epigenetic mechanisms, e.g., gene promoter hypermethylation, might account for TNS3 downregulation. In this study, we identified and validated a TNS3 gene promoter containing a CpG island, and quantified the methylation level within this region in RCC. Using a luciferase reporter assay we demonstrated a functional minimal promoter activity for a 500-bp sequence within the TNS3 CpG island. Pyrosequencing enabled quantitative determination of DNA methylation of each CpG dinucleotide (a total of 43) in the TNS3 gene promoter. Across the entire analyzed CpG stretch, RCC DNA showed a higher methylation level than both non-tumor kidney DNA and normal control DNA. Out of all the CpGs analyzed, two CpG dinucleotides, specifically position 2 and 8, showed the most pronounced increases in methylation levels in tumor samples. Furthermore, CpG-specific higher methylation levels were correlated with lower TNS3 gene expression levels in RCC samples. In addition, pharmacological demethylation treatment of cultured kidney cells caused a 3-fold upregulation of Tensin3 expression. In conclusion, these results reveal a differential methylation pattern in the TNS3 promoter occurring in human RCC, suggesting an epigenetic mechanism for aberrant Tensin downregulation in human kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Carter
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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O'Rourke CJ, Knabben V, Bolton E, Moran D, Lynch T, Hollywood D, Perry AS. Manipulating the epigenome for the treatment of urological malignancies. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:185-96. [PMID: 23353098 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Urological malignancies (cancers of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testes) account for 15% of all human cancers and more than 500,000 deaths worldwide each year. This group of malignancies is spread across multiple generations, affecting the young (testicular) through middle and old-age (kidney, prostate and bladder). Like most human cancers, urological cancers are characterized by widespread epigenetic insult, causing changes in DNA hypermethylation and histone modifications leading to silencing of tumor suppressor genes and genomic instability. The inherent stability yet dynamic plasticity of the epigenome lends itself well to therapeutic manipulation. Epigenetic changes are amongst the earliest lesions to occur during carcinogenesis and are essentially reversible (unlike mutations). For this reason, much attention has been placed over the past two decades on deriving pharmacological compounds that can specifically target and reverse such epi-mutations, either halting cancer on its developmental trajectory or reverting fully formed cancers to a more clinically manageable state. This review discusses DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors that have been extensively studied in preclinical models and clinical trials for advanced and metastatic urological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm J O'Rourke
- Prostate Molecular Oncology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Lin HY, Huang TT, Lee MS, Hung SK, Lin RI, Tseng CE, Chang SM, Chiou WY, Hsu FC, Hsu WL, Liu DW, Su YC, Li SC, Chan MWY. Unexpected close surgical margin in resected buccal cancer: very close margin and DAPK promoter hypermethylation predict poor clinical outcomes. Oral Oncol 2012; 49:336-44. [PMID: 23245584 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In resected buccal cancer patients, an unexpected close surgical margin has been observed to correlate with poor clinical outcomes. However, close surgical margin alone does not independently guide post-operative therapies, revealing a clinical debate. Hence, the present study intended to explore epigenetic-based bio-predictors for further stratifying this debating patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2000 and 2008, we retrospectively recruited 44 resected buccal cancer patients with a close surgical margin of ≤5 mm. All patients had post-operative radiotherapy. Genomic DNA was extracted from tumor-enrich areas that contained cancer cells of >70%. Methylation-specific PCR was performed to detect promoter methylation of four tumor suppressor genes, including RASSF1A, DAPK, IRF8, and SFRP1. Post-irradiation locoregional control was defined as the primary end point. RESULTS There were 40 males and 4 females, with a median age of 53.5 years (range, 32-82 years). Multivariate analysis identified two independent predictors for locoregional recurrence: very close margin of ≤1 mm (HR: 4.96; 95% CI, 1.63-15.09; P=0.018) and promoter hypermethylation of DAPK (HR: 2.83; 95% CI, 1.05-7.63; P=0.042). The highest risk of locoregional recurrence was observed in patients with both of the two factors (HR, 8.05; 95% CI, 2.56-25.82; P=0.002) when compared with patients with none. Shorter disease-free survival, but not overall survival, was also observed. CONCLUSION More aggressive managements should be considered in resected buccal cancer patients with both very close margin and DAPK promoter hypermethylation rather than post-operative observation or radiotherapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon-Yi Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taiwan, ROC
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Protzel C, Maruschke M, Hakenberg OW. Epidemiology, Aetiology, and Pathogenesis of Renal Cell Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Homocysteinylated protein levels in internal mammary artery (IMA) fragments and its genotype-dependence. S-homocysteine-induced methylation modifications in IMA and aortic fragments. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 369:235-46. [PMID: 22798153 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of internal mammary artery (IMA) toward atherosclerosis is not well understood. In plasma, homocysteine (Hcy) occurs in reduced, oxidized, homocysteine thiolactone and a component of proteins as a result of N- or S-homocysteinylation. We evaluated S/N-homocysteinylated protein levels in IMA fragments of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, and whether they were affected by genetic common variants. We tested whether tHcy, Hcy-S-protein levels, genotypes or Hcy-induced methylation modifications were related to differences in iNOS, Ddah2, and eNOS gene expression between territories. A small percentage of Hcy-S-proteins were found in IMA fragments. The Mthfr C677T (rs1801133) and Pon-1 Leu55Met (rs854560) variants were associated with Hcy-S-proteins. We observed a gradual difference according to Hcy-S-protein levels in the methylation degree of the Ddah2 gene promoter in aortic, but not in IMA, fragments. No correlation between the degree of methylation and the Ddah2 gene expression levels was found in both types of analyzed fragments. Total Hcy but not Hcy-S-proteins correlated with iNOS promoter methylation. Analyzed variants seem to contribute to the in vivo Hcy binding properties to IMA. The contribution of the Hcy-derived methylation modifications to Ddah2 and eNOS gene expression seems to be tissue-specific and independent of the Ddah2/ADMA/eNOS pathway. Hcy-derived methylation modifications to the iNOS gene promoter contribute to a lesser extent to iNOS gene expression.
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22
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Apoptosome-dependent caspase activation proteins as prognostic markers in Stage II and III colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1499-1505. [PMID: 22481083 PMCID: PMC3341858 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Critical to successful execution of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis is apoptosome formation and subsequent activation of caspases. Defects in this pathway have an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis and chemoresistance; therefore, the expression of apoptosome-associated proteins may be associated with clinical outcome and response to chemotherapy. Methods: Here we performed a systematic analysis of the immunohistochemical expression of the key proteins involved in apoptosome-dependent caspase activation (APAF1, Pro-caspases 9 and 3, SMAC, and XIAP) in a cohort of Stage II and III colorectal cancer patients from a Phase III trial of adjuvant 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy vs postoperative observation alone. Results: Survival analysis indicated that of the apoptosome-associated proteins examined here, Pro-caspase 3 and APAF1 have potential clinical utility as predictive markers in Stage II and III colorectal cancer, respectively. Interestingly, we identified APAF1 staining to be associated with better recurrence-free and overall survival in patients receiving chemotherapy. Conclusion: These studies reveal the importance of the apoptosome-dependent caspase activation pathway, specifically Pro-caspase 3 and APAF1 proteins, for predicting both prognosis and response to therapy.
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Henrique R, Luís AS, Jerónimo C. The epigenetics of renal cell tumors: from biology to biomarkers. Front Genet 2012; 3:94. [PMID: 22666228 PMCID: PMC3364466 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell tumors (RCT) collectively constitute the third most common type of genitourinary neoplasms, only surpassed by prostate and bladder cancer. They comprise a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with distinctive clinical, morphological, and genetic features. Epigenetic alterations are a hallmark of cancer cells and their role in renal tumorigenesis is starting to emerge. Aberrant DNA methylation, altered chromatin remodeling/histone onco-modifications and deregulated microRNA expression not only contribute to the emergence and progression of RCTs, but owing to their ubiquity, they also constitute a promising class of biomarkers tailored for disease detection, diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and prediction of response to therapy. Moreover, due to their dynamic and reversible properties, those alterations represent a target for epigenetic-directed therapies. In this review, the current knowledge about epigenetic mechanisms and their altered status in RCT is summarized and their envisaged use in a clinical setting is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Henrique
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida Porto, Portugal
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24
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Youssef RF, Cost NG, Darwish OM, Margulis V. Prognostic markers in renal cell carcinoma: A focus on the 'mammalian target of rapamycin' pathway. Arab J Urol 2012; 10:110-7. [PMID: 26558012 PMCID: PMC4442886 DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Increased knowledge about the molecular pathways involved in tumorigenesis has led to the discovery of new prognostic molecular markers and development of novel targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In this review we describe the prognostic markers of RCC and highlight the areas of recent discovery with a focus on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Methods We reviewed previous reports, using PubMed with the search terms ‘renal cell carcinoma’, ‘molecular markers’, ‘prognosis’, ‘outcomes’ and ‘mammalian target of rapamycin pathway’ published in the last two decades. We created a library of 100 references and focused on presenting the recent advances in the field. Results Growing evidence suggests that mTOR deregulation is associated with many types of human cancer, including RCC. Consequently, temsirolimus and everolimus, which target mTOR, are approved for treating advanced RCC. There is a demand to integrate clinical, pathological and molecular markers into accurate prognostic models to provide patients with the most personalised cancer care possible. Conclusions The mTOR pathway is highly implicated in RCC tumorigenesis and progression, and its constituents might represent a promising prognostic tool and target for treating RCC. Combining newly discovered molecular markers with classic clinicopathological prognostics might potentially improve the management of RCC.
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Key Words
- 4E-BP1, eukaryotic initiation factor-binding protein-1
- CA-9, carbonic anhydrase 9
- HIF, hypoxia inducible factor
- IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- Molecular markers
- PI3k, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- Prognostic
- Renal cell carcinoma
- S6K1, S6 kinase 1
- TKR, tyrosine kinase receptor
- TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VHL, von Hippel-Lindau
- mTOR
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy F Youssef
- Division of Urologic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas G Cost
- Division of Urologic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Oussama M Darwish
- Division of Urologic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vitaly Margulis
- Division of Urologic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Jerónimo C, Henrique R. Epigenetic biomarkers in urological tumors: A systematic review. Cancer Lett 2011; 342:264-74. [PMID: 22198482 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Prostate, bladder, kidney and testis cancers, the most common genitourinary (GU) neoplasms, are generally clinically silent at their earliest stages when curative treatment is most likely successful. However, there are no consensual guidelines for GU cancer screening and available methods are characterized by suboptimal sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, standard clinical and pathological parameters meet with important limitations in the assessment of prognosis in an individual basis. Herein, we focus on the development of epigenetic-based GU cancer biomarkers, which have emerged from exploratory studies in recent years and that hold the promise to revolutionize the clinical management of GU cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal.
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Ahmad ST, Arjumand W, Seth A, Saini AK, Sultana S. Methylation of the APAF-1 and DAPK-1 promoter region correlates with progression of renal cell carcinoma in North Indian population. Tumour Biol 2011; 33:395-402. [PMID: 21922274 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant promoter hypermethylation of cancer associated genes occur frequently during carcinogenesis and may serve as a cancer biomarker. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and relevance of promoter methylation of the tumor suppressor DAPK-1, APAF-1 () and SPARC in relation to different pathological stages and histological grades of tumor progression that might act as possible independent prognostic factor in the susceptibility towards renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in North Indian population. Three tumor suppressor gene promoters namely APAF-1, DAPK-1 and SPARC were assessed by methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR) in 196 primarily resected renal cell tumors paired with the corresponding normal tissue samples. After genomic DNA isolation and sodium bisulfite modification, methylation levels were determined and correlated with standard clinicopathological parameters, pathological stage and Fuhrman nuclear grade of RCC. Significant differences in methylation frequency among the four subtypes of renal tumors were found for APAF-1 (p < 0.001), DAPK-1 (p < 0.001) and SPARC (p = 0.182), when compared with the corresponding normal tissue. Male subjects showed stronger association of methylation frequency of all the three genes with RCC than the female subjects. Additionally, higher frequency of APAF-1, DAPK-1 and SPARC promoter methylation were directly correlated with higher tumor stage (p (trend) < 0.001). Higher frequency of promoter methylation of APAF-1 and SPARC were also associated with higher nuclear grade (p < 0.001 and p = 0.036, respectively). This gene panel might contribute to a more optimal diagnostic coverage and information, improving preoperative assessment and therapeutic decision-making in patients harboring suspicious renal masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiekh Tanveer Ahmad
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
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Minardi D, Lucarini G, Filosa A, Zizzi A, Milanese G, Polito M, Polito M, Di Primio R, Montironi R, Muzzonigro G. Do DNA-methylation and histone acetylation play a role in clear cell renal carcinoma? Analysis of radical nephrectomy specimens in a long-term follow-up. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011; 24:149-58. [PMID: 21496397 DOI: 10.1177/039463201102400117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated global methylation and histone acetylation in 50 conventional clear cell renal carcinomas (RCC), treated with radical nephrectomy, to assess their possible role as diagnostic biomarkers. The features considered in this study were patient age, tumor size and grade, percentage and intensity of 5-methylcytosine (5mc) and Acetyl-Histone (Lys 9) expression in tumor tissue. All considered parameters were correlated with patient specific survival. The mean percentage of global cellular methylation in tumoral tissue was significantly higher compared to normal peritumoral tissue (p<0.0001), while the intensity of cellular methylation was significantly higher in normal tissue than in tumoral tissue (p=0.001). The mean percentage of histone cellular acetylation in tumoral tissue was significantly lower compared to normal peritumoral tissue (p=0.0005), while the intensity of mean acetylation in neoplastic tissue was similar to the normal tissue. The percentage of global DNA methylation was significantly higher in grades 3 and 4 tumors (p=0.033). Global DNA methylation and histone acetylation in tumoral tissue did not correlate with survival. Fuhrman grade was statistically significant for prognosis (p=0.031). In conclusion, global hypermethylation and histone hypoacetylation play an important role in RCC carcinogenesis; Fuhrman grade is still considered the most important factor for patient survival; 5mc can have a role as markers of aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Minardi
- Department of Clinic and Specialistic Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
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Morselli E, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Mariño G, Michaud M, Vitale I, Maiuri MC, Kroemer G. Oncosuppressive functions of autophagy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2251-69. [PMID: 20712403 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) constitutes a phylogenetically old mechanism leading to the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic structures. At baseline levels, autophagy exerts homeostatic functions by ensuring the turnover of potentially harmful organelles and long-lived aggregate-prone proteins. Moreover, the autophagic flow can be dramatically upregulated in response to a plethora of stressful conditions, including glucose, amino acid, oxygen, or growth factor deprivation, accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, and invasion by intracellular pathogens. In some experimental settings, stress-induced autophagy has been shown to contribute to programmed cell death. Nevertheless, autophagy most often confers cytoprotection by providing cells with new metabolic substrates or by ridding them of noxious intracellular entities including protein aggregates and invading organisms. Thus, autophagy has been implicated in an ever-increasing number of human diseases including cancer. Autophagy inhibition accelerates the demise of tumor cells that are subjected to chemo- or radiotherapy, thereby constituting an interesting target for the development of anticancer strategies. However, several oncosuppressor proteins and oncoproteins have been recently shown to stimulate and inhibit the autophagic flow, respectively, suggesting that autophagy exerts bona fide tumor-suppressive functions. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms by which autophagy may prevent oncogenesis.
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Cui T, Chen Y, Yang L, Knösel T, Zöller K, Huber O, Petersen I. DSC3 expression is regulated by p53, and methylation of DSC3 DNA is a prognostic marker in human colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1013-9. [PMID: 21364582 PMCID: PMC3065270 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Desmocollin 3 (DSC3), a member of the cadherin superfamily and integral component of desmosomes, is involved in carcinogenesis. However, the role of DSC3 in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not yet been established. Methods: Desmocollin 3 expression in CRC cell lines was analysed by RT–PCR and western blotting. Methylation status of DSC3 was examined by demethylation tests, methylation-specific PCR, and bisulphite sequencing (BS). The regulatory role of p53 was investigated by transfection. Results: Desmocollin 3 was downregulated in CRC cells at mRNA and protein levels. Desmocollin 3 expression was restored in five out of seven cell lines after 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (DAC) treatment. A heterogeneous methylation pattern was detected by BS in promoter region and exon 1 of DSC3. Methylation of DSC3 genomic sequences was found in 41% (41 out of 99) of primary CRC, being associated with poor prognosis (P=0.002). Transfection of p53 alone or in combination of DAC increased the DSC3 expression. Similarly, treatment with p53 inducer adriamycin alone or in combination with DAC enhanced DSC3 expression. Conclusions: DNA methylation contributes to downregulation of DSC3 in CRC cell lines. Methylation status of DSC3 DNA is a prognostic marker for CRC. P53 appears to have an important role in regulating DSC3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cui
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Jena, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, Jena 07743, Germany
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Genome-wide methylation analysis identifies epigenetically inactivated candidate tumour suppressor genes in renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2010; 30:1390-401. [PMID: 21132003 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The detection of promoter region hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing has facilitated the identification of candidate renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumour suppressor genes (TSGs). We have used a genome-wide strategy (methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and whole-genome array analysis in combination with high-density expression array analysis) to identify genes that are frequently methylated and silenced in RCC. MeDIP analysis on 9 RCC tumours and 3 non-malignant normal kidney tissue samples was performed, and an initial shortlist of 56 candidate genes that were methylated by array analysis was further investigated; 9 genes were confirmed to show frequent promoter region methylation in primary RCC tumour samples (KLHL35 (39%), QPCT (19%), SCUBE3 (19%), ZSCAN18 (32%), CCDC8 (35%), FBN2 (34%), ATP5G2 (36%), PCDH8 (58%) and CORO6 (22%)). RNAi knockdown for KLHL35, QPCT, SCUBE3, ZSCAN18, CCDC8 and FBN2 resulted in an anchorage-independent growth advantage. Tumour methylation of SCUBE3 was associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer death or relapse (P=0.0046). The identification of candidate epigenetically inactivated RCC TSGs provides new insights into renal tumourigenesis.
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Chen Y, Cui T, Knösel T, Yang L, Zöller K, Petersen I. IGFBP7 is a p53 target gene inactivated in human lung cancer by DNA hypermethylation. Lung Cancer 2010; 73:38-44. [PMID: 21095038 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) was considered a tumor suppressor gene in lung cancer. However, the mechanism responsible for the downregulation of this gene has not yet been fully understood. In this study, we analyzed the epigenetic inactivation of IGFBP7 expression in human lung cancer. We found that 14 out of 16 lung cancer cell lines showed decreased expression of IGFBP7 compared to control cells by real-time RT-PCR, and 42 out of 90 patients (46.7%) with primary lung tumor exhibited negative staining of IGFBP7 by immunohistochemistry analysis. The IGFBP7 expression could be restored by demethylation agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) in 7 cancer cell lines. Methylation status of IGFBP7 was further evaluated by bisulfite sequencing (BS) and methylation-specific-PCR (MSP). It turned out that low expression of IGFBP7 was associated with DNA methylation in lung cancer cell lines and in primary lung tumors (P=0.019). To explore the regulatory role of p53 on IGFBP7, we transfected a wild type p53 expression vector into lung cancer cell lines H1299, H2228, and H82. Forced expression of p53 increased IGFBP7 expression only in H82 harboring no IGFBP7 methylation, while transfection in combination with DAC induced the expression of IGFBP7 in H1299 and H2228, in which IGFBP7 was methylated. Additionally, treatment with p53 inducer adriamycin (ADR) alone or in combination with DAC increased the expression of IGFBP7 in the 3 cell lines. Our data suggest that IGFBP7 is inactivated in lung cancer by DNA hypermethylation in both lung cancer cell lines and primary lung tumors, and IGFBP7 might be regulated by p53 in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Jena, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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32
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Shah JB, Margulis V. In search of a better crystal ball: recent advances in prognostic markers for clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010; 10:837-42. [PMID: 20553209 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advances in imaging have led to a steady increase in the incidence of kidney cancer over the last two decades. There has been no corresponding improvement in our ability to predict the behavior of renal cell carcinoma. Patients with low-risk renal cell carcinoma have good long-term survival with only localized therapy but patients with aggressive disease do poorly, even with optimal multimodal treatment. Biomarkers to differentiate between these two very divergent populations have traditionally been of only limited utility. We review the recent advances in the development of molecular and immunologic markers aimed at improving prognostication of renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay B Shah
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9110, USA
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33
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Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation, in particular promoter hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes, has an important role in the development of many human cancers, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Indeed, apart from mutations in the well studied von Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL), the mutation frequency rates of known tumor suppressor genes in RCC are generally low, but the number of genes found to show frequent inactivation by promoter methylation in RCC continues to grow. Here, we review the genes identified as epigenetically silenced in RCC and their relationship to pathways of tumor development. Increased understanding of RCC epigenetics provides new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of RCC and opportunities for developing novel strategies for the diagnosis, prognosis and management of RCC.
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Abstract
Promoter region hyermethylation and transcriptional silencing is a frequent cause of tumour suppressor gene (TSG) inactivation in many types of human cancers. Functional epigenetic studies, in which gene expression is induced by treatment with demethylating agents, may identify novel genes with tumour-specific methylation. We used high-density gene expression microarrays in a functional epigenetic study of 11 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines. Twenty-eight genes were then selected for analysis of promoter methylation status in cell lines and primary RCC. Eight genes (BNC1, PDLIM4, RPRM, CST6, SFRP1, GREM1, COL14A1 and COL15A1) showed frequent (>30% of RCC tested) tumour-specific promoter region methylation. Hypermethylation was associated with transcriptional silencing. Re-expression of BNC1, CST6, RPRM and SFRP1 suppressed the growth of RCC cell lines and RNA interference knock-down of BNC1, SFRP1 and COL14A1 increased the growth of RCC cell lines. Methylation of BNC1 or COL14A1 was associated with a poorer prognosis independent of tumour size, stage or grade. The identification of these epigenetically inactivated candidate RCC TSGs can provide insights into renal tumourigenesis and a basis for developing novel therapies and biomarkers for prognosis and detection.
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35
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Huang HY, Li SH, Yu SC, Chou FF, Tzeng CC, Hu TH, Uen YH, Tian YF, Wang YH, Fang FM, Huang WW, Wei YC, Wu JM, Li CF. Homozygous deletion of MTAP gene as a poor prognosticator in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6963-72. [PMID: 19887491 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chromosome 9 is frequently deleted in high-risk gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), whereas its specific tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are less understood. We did an integrative study of MTAP gene at 9p21 to analyze its implication in GISTs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To search TSGs on chromosome 9, we used ultrahigh-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization to profile DNA copy number alterations of 22 GISTs, with special attention to MTAP gene. MTAP immunoexpression was assessable for 306 independent GISTs on tissue microarrays, with 146 cases analyzed for MTAP homozygous deletion, 181 for mutations of KIT and PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinase genes, and 7 for MTAP hypermethylation. RESULTS Array comparative genomic hybridization identified 11 candidate TSGs on 9p and six on 9q. MTAP and/or CDKN2A/CDKN2B at 9p21.3 were deleted in one intermediate-risk (11%) and seven high-risk (70%) GISTs with two cases homozygously codeleted at both loci. MTAP homozygous deletion, present in 25 of 146 cases, was highly associated with larger size and higher mitotic rate, Ki-67 index, and risk level (all P < 0.01) but not with receptor tyrosine kinase genotypes. Whereas MTAP homozygous deletion correlated with MTAP protein loss (P < 0.001), 7 of 30 GISTs without MTAP expression did not show homozygous deletion, including three MTAP-hypermethylated cases. MTAP homozygous deletion was univariately predictive of decreased disease-free survival (P < 0.0001) and remained multivariately independent (P = 0.0369, hazard ratio = 2.166), together with high-risk category (P < 0.0001), Ki-67 index >5% (P = 0.0106), and nongastric location (P = 0.0416). CONCLUSIONS MTAP homozygous deletion, the predominant mechanism to deplete protein expression, is present in 17% of GISTs. It correlates with important prognosticators and independently predicts worse outcomes, highlighting the role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Ying Huang
- Departments of Pathology, Surgery, and Radiation Oncology, and Divisions of Oncology and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Kurkjian
- Advanced Developmental Therapeutics Training Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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37
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Arai E, Ushijima S, Fujimoto H, Hosoda F, Shibata T, Kondo T, Yokoi S, Imoto I, Inazawa J, Hirohashi S, Kanai Y. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in both precancerous conditions and clear cell renal cell carcinomas are correlated with malignant potential and patient outcome. Carcinogenesis 2008; 30:214-21. [PMID: 19037089 PMCID: PMC2639047 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify genome-wide DNA methylation profiles during multistage renal carcinogenesis, bacterial artificial chromosome array-based methylated CpG island amplification (BAMCA) was performed. Non-cancerous renal cortex tissue obtained from patients with clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) (N) was at the precancerous stage where DNA hypomethylation and DNA hypermethylation on multiple bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones were observed. By unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis based on BAMCA data for their N, 51 patients with clear cell RCCs were clustered into two subclasses, Clusters AN (n = 46) and BN (n = 5). Clinicopathologically aggressive clear cell RCCs were accumulated in Cluster BN, and the overall survival rate of patients in Cluster BN was significantly lower than that of patients in Cluster AN. By unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis based on BAMCA data for their RCCs, 51 patients were clustered into two subclasses, Clusters AT (n = 43) and BT (n = 8). Clinicopathologically aggressive clear cell RCCs were accumulated in Cluster BT, and the overall survival rate of patients in Cluster BT was significantly lower than that of patients in Cluster AT. Multivariate analysis revealed that belonging to Cluster BT was an independent predictor of recurrence. Cluster BN was completely included in Cluster BT, and the majority of the BAC clones that significantly discriminated Cluster BN from Cluster AN also discriminated Cluster BT from Cluster AT. In individual patients, DNA methylation status in N was basically inherited by the corresponding clear cell RCC. DNA methylation alterations in the precancerous stage may generate more malignant clear cell RCCs and determine patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Arai
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Watts GS, Futscher BW, Holtan N, Degeest K, Domann FE, Rose SL. DNA methylation changes in ovarian cancer are cumulative with disease progression and identify tumor stage. BMC Med Genomics 2008; 1:47. [PMID: 18826610 PMCID: PMC2566571 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-1-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands with associated loss of gene expression, and hypomethylation of CpG-rich repetitive elements that may destabilize the genome are common events in most, if not all, epithelial cancers. Methods The methylation of 6,502 CpG-rich sequences spanning the genome was analyzed in 137 ovarian samples (ten normal, 23 low malignant potential, 18 stage I, 16 stage II, 54 stage III, and 16 stage IV) ranging from normal tissue through to stage IV cancer using a sequence-validated human CpG island microarray. The microarray contained 5' promoter-associated CpG islands as well as CpG-rich satellite and Alu repetitive elements. Results Results showed a progressive de-evolution of normal CpG methylation patterns with disease progression; 659 CpG islands showed significant loss or gain of methylation. Satellite and Alu sequences were primarily associated with loss of methylation, while promoter CpG islands composed the majority of sequences with gains in methylation. Since the majority of ovarian tumors are late stage when diagnosed, we tested whether DNA methylation profiles could differentiate between normal and low malignant potential (LMP) compared to stage III ovarian samples. We developed a class predictor consisting of three CpG-rich sequences that was 100% sensitive and 89% specific when used to predict an independent set of normal and LMP samples versus stage III samples. Bisulfite sequencing confirmed the NKX-2-3 promoter CpG island was hypermethylated with disease progression. In addition, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment of the ES2 and OVCAR ovarian cancer cell lines re-expressed NKX-2-3. Finally, we merged our CpG methylation results with previously published ovarian expression microarray data and identified correlated expression changes. Conclusion Our results show that changes in CpG methylation are cumulative with ovarian cancer progression in a sequence-type dependent manner, and that CpG island microarrays can rapidly discover novel genes affected by CpG methylation in clinical samples of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Watts
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85724 USA.
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39
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Yaqinuddin A, Qureshi SA, Qazi R, Abbas F. Down-regulation of DNMT3b in PC3 cells effects locus-specific DNA methylation, and represses cellular growth and migration. Cancer Cell Int 2008; 8:13. [PMID: 18798999 PMCID: PMC2564899 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrations in DNA methylation patterns promote changes in gene expression patterns and are invariably associated with neoplasia. DNA methylation is carried out and maintained by several DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) among which DNMT1 functions as a maintenance methylase while DNMT3a and 3b serve as de novo enzymes. Although DNMT3b has been shown to preferentially target the methylation of DNA sequences residing in pericentric heterochromatin whether it is involved in gene specific methylation remains an open question. To address this issue, we have silenced the expression of DNMT3b in the prostate-derived PC3 cells through RNA interference and subsequently studied the accompanied cellular changes as well as the expression profiles of selected genes. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that DNMT3b depletion results in increased apoptosis and reduced migration of PC3 cells compared to the untransfected control cells. Reduced DNMT3b expression resulted in hypomethylation of retinoblastoma (Rb), retinoic-acid receptor beta (RAR-beta), and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene promoters, and also culminated in increased expression of CDKN3 and cytochrome b5. Although DNMT3b silenced cells were found to have reduced growth and migratory potential, there was no apparent changes in their invasive ability compared to the parental PC3 cell line. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that DNMT3b preferentially targets certain gene promoters in PC3 cells and that its depletion significantly reduces growth and migration of PC3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Yaqinuddin
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
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40
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Minardi D, Lucarini G, Filosa A, Milanese G, Zizzi A, Primio RD, Montironi R, Muzzonigro G. Prognostic role of global DNA-methylation and histone acetylation in pT1a clear cell renal carcinoma in partial nephrectomy specimens. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:2115-2121. [PMID: 18752633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery is the main treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC); nephron sparing surgery can be performed as a treatment of choice for small peripheral lesions. Epigenetics configures a new entity that regulates gene expression throughout methylation, acetylation and chromatin remodelling. In addition to silencing as a result of mutations, loss of heterozygosity, or classic genetic events, epigenetic modification symbolizes essential events during carcinogenesis and tumour development. We investigated global methylation and histone acetylation expression in a series of small conventional clear cell renal carcinomas (i.e. less than 5 cm) (pT1a) treated with partial nephrectomy, to assess their possible role as diagnostic biomarkers. A total of 54 patients with conventional single RCC were selected and treated with partial nephrectomy; they were followed up to 186 months. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded sections, using anti-5-methylcytosine (5mc) and anti-Acetyl-Histone H3 (Lys 9). Our results confirm that the mean percentage of global cellular methylation in tumoural tissue was significantly higher compared to healthy peritumoural tissue, whereas the mean percentage of histone cellular acetylation in tumoural tissue was significantly lower. The percentage of methylation was significantly higher in grades 3 and 4 (P = 0.033), whereas the percentage of histone acetylation was significantly lower (P = 0.023), suggesting therefore that these markers could correlate with tumour aggressiveness in pT1a RCC. On univariate analysis of patient survival in relation to the different considered factors, Fuhrman grade was the most important survival factor. These epigenetic markers can give us interesting information about chromatin remodelling in RCCs; the percentage of global methylation increases with increasing Fuhrman grade, whereas histone acetylation decreases with increasing grade in small RCC; our results suggest that global hypermethylation and histone hypoacetylation can be assumed to be an early event in RCC and to correlate with tumour aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Minardi
- Institute of Maternal and Children's Sciences-Urology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Lucarini
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies-Histology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Filosa
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Milanese
- Institute of Maternal and Children's Sciences-Urology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Zizzi
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies-Histology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - R Di Primio
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies-Histology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - R Montironi
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Muzzonigro
- Institute of Maternal and Children's Sciences-Urology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
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Functional epigenomics approach to identify methylated candidate tumour suppressor genes in renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:496-501. [PMID: 18195710 PMCID: PMC2361461 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Promoter region hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing is a frequent cause of tumour suppressor gene (TSG) inactivation in many human cancers. Previously, to identify candidate epigenetically inactivated TSGs in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we monitored changes in gene expression in four RCC cell lines after treatment with the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine. This enabled us to identify HAI-2/SPINT2 as a novel epigenetically inactivated candidate RCC TSG. To identify further candidate TSGs, we undertook bioinformatic and molecular genetic evaluation of a further 60 genes differentially expressed after demethylation. In addition to HAI-2/SPINT2, four genes (PLAU, CDH1, IGFB3 and MT1G) had previously been shown to undergo promoter methylation in RCC. After bioinformatic prioritisation, expression and/or methylation analysis of RCC cell lines±primary tumours was performed for 34 genes. KRT19 and CXCL16 were methylated in RCC cell lines and primary RCC; however, 22 genes were differentially expressed after demethylation but did not show primary tumour-specific methylation (methylated in normal tissue (n=1); methylated only in RCC cell lines (n=9) and not methylated in RCC cell lines (n=12)). Re-expression of CXCL16 reduced growth of an RCC cell line in vitro. In a summary, a functional epigenomic analysis of four RCC cell lines using microarrays representing 11 000 human genes yielded both known and novel candidate TSGs epigenetically inactivated in RCC, suggesting that this is valid strategy for the identification of novel TSGs and biomarkers.
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42
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Baldewijns MML, van Vlodrop IJH, Schouten LJ, Soetekouw PMMB, de Bruïne AP, van Engeland M. Genetics and epigenetics of renal cell cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2007; 1785:133-55. [PMID: 18187049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not a single disease, but comprises a group of tumors of renal epithelial origin, each with a different histology, displaying a different clinical course and caused by different genetic alterations. Since cure rates are inversely associated with stage and response to the available treatment regimes is limited to a subgroup of patients, diagnostic methods facilitating early detection and new therapeutic modalities are necessary. Increased knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology of RCC has resulted in the identification of genetic alterations involved in renal cell cancer carcinogenesis. Promising agents to target these pathways, especially the angiogenesis pathway, are being developed, some of which are already standard of care. In addition to genetics, knowledge on epigenetics in the process of renal tumorigenesis has been significantly increased in the last decades. Epigenetics will play an increasing role in the development of new therapeutic modalities and may deliver new prognostic and early diagnostic markers. In this review we discuss the background of RCC and the clinical applications of RCC genetics and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella M L Baldewijns
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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43
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Christoph F, Hinz S, Kempkensteffen C, Schostak M, Schrader M, Miller K. mRNA Expression Profiles of Methylated
APAF-1
and
DAPK-1
Tumor Suppressor Genes Uncover Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinomas With Aggressive Phenotype. J Urol 2007; 178:2655-9. [PMID: 17945286 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.07.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Christoph
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Hinz
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Kempkensteffen
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Schostak
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Schrader
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Miller
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews recent reports on prognostic markers in renal cell carcinoma. RECENT FINDINGS Inclusion in studies of larger cohorts of patients has yielded enhanced prognostic information from integrated pathological markers; the findings suggest that adjustment to the TNM (tumour-node-metastasis) system is warranted. A number of patient-related factors remain important prognostically, including performance status, C-reactive protein and thrombocytosis, but also immunological factors (e.g. expression of B7-H1 by renal cell carcinomas is associated with progression). Additional prognostic information may be derived from a range of molecular markers. Findings of gene array and methylation studies may yield independent prognostic information. Enhanced knowledge of signalling pathways has facilitated better understanding of underlying biology and prediction of response to treatment. Other genes involved in regulating hypoxia-inducible factor [e.g. genes encoding carbonic anhydrase-IX and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog)] were reported to be prognostically important in renal cell carcinoma. Other markers independently predicted survival (e.g. thymidine-phosphorylase and survivin). SUMMARY The potential of molecular markers suggested by clinical research is encouraging. Knowledge of various pathways will facilitate creation of systems of biomarkers that are predictive of individual response to therapy. Useful biomarkers may have potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Börje Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Krause H, Schrader M, Miller K. Molekulare translationale Forschung – eine Gegenüberstellung internationaler Entwicklungen und eigener Forschungsansätze. Urologe A 2007; 46:1163-5. [PMID: 17628770 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-007-1459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Krause
- Urologische Klinik und Hochschulambulanz, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindeburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin.
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Achiron A, Feldman A, Mandel M, Gurevich M. Impaired Expression of Peripheral Blood Apoptotic-Related Gene Transcripts in Acute Multiple Sclerosis Relapse. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1107:155-67. [PMID: 17804543 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1381.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Differential expression of apoptotic genes may influence the susceptibility of activated lymphocytes to expand and induce acute relapse and persistent inflammation in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The exact relationship between alterations in apoptotic-related gene expression and clinical disease activity has not been broadly evaluated. In this study we studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) expression of pro- and antiapoptotic genes in RRMS patients during acute relapse in comparison to patients in remission. Using cDNA Affymetrix microarrays platform (U133A2 microarrays) we analyzed the gene expression profile of PBMC derived from 22 RRMS patients in acute relapse (15 females, mean age 34.6 +/- 1.8 years, disease duration 5.6 +/- 0.8 years) in comparison to 20 sex- and age-matched RRMS patients in remission. One thousand five hundred seventy-eight gene transcripts significantly differentiated acute multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse from remission. This characteristic gene expression signature was enriched by an apoptotic-related pathway. The 1578 gene transcripts that significantly differentiated acute relapse from remission were enriched by 55 apoptotic-related genes in that reflected different operating pathways during the acute phase of the disease. These genes mainly involved the caspase-dependent pathway and included overexpression of the negative regulator of FAS-induced apoptosis (TOSO) and the BCL2 antiapoptotic family members (BCL2, BCL2 AA) as well as downexpression of proapoptotic genes like BAX, apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (APAF1) and caspases 1, 2, 8, 9. and 10. An additional group of antiapoptotic genes related to T cell receptor-mediated apoptosis was also found to be overexpressed in acute relapse and included TCR-binding CD3E antigen, antiapoptotic serine threonin kinase (AKT), and NF kappa B-associated genes like reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA) and human T cell leukemia virus type I-binding protein (Tax1BP) known to inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate impaired apoptotic mechanisms in peripheral lymphocytes from RRMS patients during acute relapse. This suggests that the inflammatory process in active disease is targeted by inhibition of proapoptotic and repression of antiapoptotic genes that allow prolonged abnormal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Achiron
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel.
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Nakamichi I, Tomita Y, Zhang B, Sugiyama H, Kanakura Y, Fukuhara S, Hino M, Kanamaru A, Ogawa H, Aozasa K. Correlation between promoter hypermethylation of GSTP1 and response to chemotherapy in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Ann Hematol 2007; 86:557-64. [PMID: 17508213 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-007-0299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) and O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) are involved in drug-resistant to chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin. In this study, prognostic significance of promoter hypermethylation and mRNA and protein expression of GSTP1 and MGMT together with promoter hypermethylation of death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was analyzed. Fifty-three patients with DLBCL, 24 men and 29 women, with age ranging from 23 to 91 (median 65), were analyzed. Genomic DNA and total RNA extracted from frozen samples of DLBCL were analyzed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine promoter hypermethylation and mRNA expression of GSTP1, MGMT, and DAPK. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine GSTP1 and MGMT expression at the protein level. Promoter hypermethylation of GSTP1, MGMT, and DAPK was detected in 12 (22.6%), 21 (39.6%), and 36 (67.9%) of 53 patients, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry did not show a correlation between methylation status and mRNA and protein expression of GSTP1 and MGMT. Patients with GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation showed a better 5-year overall survival rate than those without (100 vs 62.2%; p < 0.05). However, GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation was not an independent prognosticator in multivariate analysis. Methylation status of GSTP1 could be an indicator of drug response and a prognosticator for DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- DNA Modification Methylases/genetics
- DNA Modification Methylases/metabolism
- DNA Repair Enzymes/genetics
- DNA Repair Enzymes/metabolism
- Death-Associated Protein Kinases
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Silencing
- Glutathione S-Transferase pi/genetics
- Glutathione S-Transferase pi/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/physiopathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuko Nakamichi
- Department of Pathology (C3), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Zlobec I, Minoo P, Baker K, Haegert D, Khetani K, Tornillo L, Terracciano L, Jass JR, Lugli A. Loss of APAF-1 expression is associated with tumour progression and adverse prognosis in colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:1101-7. [PMID: 17350821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of APAF-1 in colorectal cancer (CRC). Immunohistochemistry for APAF-1 was performed on a tissue microarray of 1015 mismatch-repair (MMR) proficient and 130 sporadic MLH1-negative CRCs. The association of APAF-1 with clinico-pathological features including 10-year survival time was analysed. Methylation specific PCR was performed on a subset of MMR-proficient and MLH1-negative CRC. Loss of APAF-1 was associated with advanced T stage (p-value=0.022), N stage (p-value=0.009), vascular invasion (p-value=0.001) and worse survival (p-value=0.017) in MMR-proficient CRC. In MLH1-negative CRC, loss of APAF-1 was associated with metastasis (p-value=0.041), worse prognosis (p-value<0.001) and independently predicted shorter survival time (p-value<0.001). No methylation was found in the selected region of APAF-1. APAF-1 is a marker of tumour progression in MMR-proficient CRC and an independent adverse prognostic factor in MLH1-negative CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inti Zlobec
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Duff Medical Building, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Canada H3A 2B4.
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