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Li K, Qi L, Tang G, Xu H, Li Z, Fan B, Li Z, Li Y. Epigenetic Regulation in Urothelial Carcinoma. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:85-97. [PMID: 36545729 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666221221094432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a common malignancy that remains a clinical challenge: Non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (NMIUC) has a high rate of recurrence and risk of progression, while muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIUC) has a high mortality. Although some new treatments, such as immunotherapies, have shown potential effects on some patients, most cases of advanced UC remain incurable. While treatments based on epigenetic mechanisms, whether combined with traditional platinum-based chemotherapy or emerging immunotherapy, show therapeutic advantages. With the advancement of sequencing and bioinformatics, the study of epigenomics, containing DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA, is increasingly linked with the occurrence and progression of UC. Since the epigenetics of UC is a constantly developing field of medicine, this review aims to summarize the latest research on epigenetic regulation of UC, generalize the mechanism of epigenetics in UC, and reveal the potential epigenetic therapies in the clinical setting, in order to provide some new clues on the discovery of new drugs based on the epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guyu Tang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haozhe Xu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongbei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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He P, Jiang F, Guo W, Guo YF, Lei SF, Deng FY. PhosSNPs-Regulated Gene Network and Pathway Significant for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Hum Hered 2021; 86:10-20. [PMID: 34569543 DOI: 10.1159/000518608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are critical for immunity and participate in multiple human diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). PhosSNPs are nonsynonymous SNPs influencing protein phosphorylation, thus probably modulate cell signaling and gene expression. We aimed to identify phosSNPs-regulated gene network/pathway potentially significant for RA. METHODS We collected genome-wide phosSNP genotyping data and transcriptome-wide mRNA expression data from PBMCs of a Chinese sample. We discovered and verified with public datasets differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with RA, and replicated RA-associated SNPs in our study sample. We performed a targeted expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) study on significant phosSNPs and DEGs. RESULTS We identified 29 nominally significant eQTL phosSNPs and 83 target genes, and constructed comprehensive regulatory/interaction networks, highlighting the vital effects of two eQTL phosSNPs (rs371513 and rs4824675, FDR <0.05) and four critical node genes (HSPA4, NDUFA2, MRPL15, and ATP5O). Besides, two node/key genes NDUFA2 and ATP5O, regulated by rs371513, were significantly enriched in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Besides, four pairs of eQTL effects were replicated independently in whole blood and/or transformed fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS The findings delineated a potential role of protein phosphorylation and genetic variations in RA and warranted the significant roles of phosSNPs in regulating RA-associated genes expression in PBMCs. The results pointed out the relevance and significance of oxidative phosphorylation pathway to RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei He
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Fan Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shu-Feng Lei
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei-Yan Deng
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Furuya H, Chan OT, Hokutan K, Tsukikawa Y, Chee K, Kozai L, Chan KS, Dai Y, Wong RS, Rosser CJ. Prognostic Significance of Lymphocyte Infiltration and a Stromal Immunostaining of a Bladder Cancer Associated Diagnostic Panel in Urothelial Carcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 10:diagnostics10010014. [PMID: 31905599 PMCID: PMC7168167 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We set out to expand on our previous work in which we reported the epithelial expression pattern of a urine-based bladder cancer-associated diagnostic panel (A1AT, ANG, APOE, CA9, IL8, MMP9, MMP10, PAI1, SDC1, and VEGFA). Since many of the analytes in the bladder cancer-associated diagnostic signature were chemokines, cytokines, or secreted proteins, we set out to report the stromal staining pattern of the diagnostic signature as well as CD3+ (T-cell) cell and CD68+ (macrophage) cell staining in human bladder tumors as a snapshot of the tumor immune landscape. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on 213 tumor specimens and 74 benign controls. Images were digitally captured and quantitated using Aperio (Vista, CA). The expression patterns were correlated with tumor grade, tumor stage, and outcome measures. We noted a positive correlation of seven of the 10 proteins (excluding A1AT and IL8 which had a negative association and VEGFA had no association) in bladder cancer. The overexpression of MMP10 was associated with higher grade disease, while overexpression of MMP10, PAI1, SDC1 and ANG were associated with high stage bladder cancer and CA9 was associated with low stage bladder cancer. Increased tumor infiltration of CD68+ cells were associated with higher stage disease. Overall survival was significantly reduced in bladder cancer patients' whose tumors expressed eight or more of the 10 proteins that comprise the bladder cancer diagnostic panel. These findings confirm that the chemokines, cytokines, and secreted proteins in a urine-based diagnostic panel are atypically expressed, not only in the epithelial component of bladder tumors, but also in the stromal component of bladder tumors and portends a worse overall survival. Thus, when assessing immunohistochemical staining, it is important to report staining patterns within the stroma as well as the entire stroma itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Furuya
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (H.F.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (K.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Owen T.M. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (H.F.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Kanani Hokutan
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (H.F.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (K.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Yutaro Tsukikawa
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (H.F.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Keanu Chee
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (H.F.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Landon Kozai
- John A. Burn School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
| | - Keith S. Chan
- Department of Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Yunfeng Dai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Regan S. Wong
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Charles J. Rosser
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (H.F.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (K.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Proteomic Identification of the Galectin-1-Involved Molecular Pathways in Urinary Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041242. [PMID: 29671787 PMCID: PMC5979315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Among various heterogeneous types of bladder tumors, urothelial carcinoma is the most prevalent lesion. Some of the urinary bladder urothelial carcinomas (UBUCs) develop local recurrence and may cause distal invasion. Galectin-1 de-regulation significantly affects cell transformation, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and cell invasiveness. In continuation of our previous investigation on the role of galectin-1 in UBUC tumorigenesis, in this study, proteomics strategies were implemented in order to find more galectin-1-associated signaling pathways. The results of this study showed that galectin-1 knockdown could induce 15 down-regulated proteins and two up-regulated proteins in T24 cells. These de-regulated proteins might participate in lipid/amino acid/energy metabolism, cytoskeleton, cell proliferation, cell-cell interaction, cell apoptosis, metastasis, and protein degradation. The aforementioned dys-regulated proteins were confirmed by western immunoblotting. Proteomics results were further translated to prognostic markers by analyses of biopsy samples. Results of cohort studies demonstrated that over-expressions of glutamine synthetase, alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+), fatty acid binding protein 4, and toll interacting protein in clinical specimens were all significantly associated with galectin-1 up-regulation. Univariate analyses showed that de-regulations of glutamine synthetase and fatty acid binding protein 4 in clinical samples were respectively linked to disease-specific survival and metastasis-free survival.
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Casadevall D, Kilian AY, Bellmunt J. The prognostic role of epigenetic dysregulation in bladder cancer: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 61:82-93. [PMID: 29121502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite adequate treatment and follow-up, around one fifth of patients with localized bladder cancer will present with disease progression. Adequate prognostic biomarkers are lacking to define patients who are at risk. Mutations in chromatin remodeling genes are more frequently found in bladder cancer than in any other solid tumor. However, the prognostic relevance of epigenetic dysregulation has not been established and may offer an opportunity for biomarker discovery. METHODS Looking for prognostic epigenetic factors, we performed a comprehensive PubMed search using keywords such as "bladder cancer", "chromatin remodeling", "gene methylation" and "epigenetics". We only included studies reporting on the association of epigenetic markers with prognostic outcomes such as recurrence, progression or survival. RESULTS Of 1113 results, 87 studies met the inclusion criteria, which represented a total of 85 epigenetic markers with potential prognostic relevance. No prospective studies were identified. Seventy-three percent (64/87) of the studies involved mixed cohorts of muscle invasive and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Promoter methylation of genes with putative prognostic value affected cellular processes such as cell cycle, apoptosis, cell-adhesion or migration, as well as critical pathways such as MAP-kinase or Wnt. Alteration of chromatin regulatory elements suggest a prognostic relevance alterations leading to a predominantly silenced chromatin state. CONCLUSIONS The prognostic impact of epigenetic alterations in bladder cancer is still unclear. Prospective evaluation of methylation marks and chromatin remodeling gene alterations using consistent methods and criteria is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Casadevall
- Cancer Research Program, PSMAR-IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Cancer Research Program, PSMAR-IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, DANA 1230, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Kim YJ, Kim WJ. Can we use methylation markers as diagnostic and prognostic indicators for bladder cancer? Investig Clin Urol 2016; 57 Suppl 1:S77-88. [PMID: 27326410 PMCID: PMC4910760 DOI: 10.4111/icu.2016.57.s1.s77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder have diverse biological and functional characteristics, and numerous factors are likely to be involved in recurrence, progression, and patient survival. While several molecular markers used to evaluate the development and prognosis of bladder cancer have been studied, they are of limited value; therefore, new molecular parameters useful for predicting the prognosis of bladder cancer patients (particularly patients at high risk of progression and recurrence) are required. Recent progress in the understanding of epigenetic modification and gene silencing has provided new opportunities for the detection, treatment, and prevention of cancer. Methylation is an important molecular mechanism in bladder cancer and may have utility as a prognostic and/or diagnostic marker. This review discusses the epigenetic issues involved in the detection and prediction of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-June Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
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Verhaaren BF, Debette S, Bis JC, Smith JA, Ikram MK, Adams HH, Beecham AH, Rajan KB, Lopez LM, Barral S, van Buchem MA, van der Grond J, Smith AV, Hegenscheid K, Aggarwal NT, de Andrade M, Atkinson EJ, Beekman M, Beiser AS, Blanton SH, Boerwinkle E, Brickman AM, Bryan RN, Chauhan G, Chen CP, Chouraki V, de Craen AJ, Crivello F, Deary IJ, Deelen J, De Jager PL, Dufouil C, Elkind MS, Evans DA, Freudenberger P, Gottesman RF, Guðnason V, Habes M, Heckbert SR, Heiss G, Hilal S, Hofer E, Hofman A, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Knopman DS, Lewis CE, Liao J, Liewald DC, Luciano M, van der Lugt A, Martinez OO, Mayeux R, Mazoyer B, Nalls M, Nauck M, Niessen WJ, Oostra BA, Psaty BM, Rice KM, Rotter JI, von Sarnowski B, Schmidt H, Schreiner PJ, Schuur M, Sidney SS, Sigurdsson S, Slagboom PE, Stott DJ, van Swieten JC, Teumer A, Töglhofer AM, Traylor M, Trompet S, Turner ST, Tzourio C, Uh HW, Uitterlinden AG, Vernooij MW, Wang JJ, Wong TY, Wardlaw JM, Windham BG, Wittfeld K, Wolf C, Wright CB, Yang Q, Zhao W, Zijdenbos A, Jukema JW, Sacco RL, Kardia SL, Amouyel P, Mosley TH, Longstreth WT, DeCarli CC, van Duijn CM, Schmidt R, Launer LJ, Grabe HJ, Seshadri SS, Ikram MA, Fornage M. Multiethnic genome-wide association study of cerebral white matter hyperintensities on MRI. CIRCULATION. CARDIOVASCULAR GENETICS 2015; 8:398-409. [PMID: 25663218 PMCID: PMC4427240 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH) is associated with an increased risk of stroke, dementia, and death. WMH are highly heritable, but their genetic underpinnings are incompletely characterized. To identify novel genetic variants influencing WMH burden, we conducted a meta-analysis of multiethnic genome-wide association studies. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 21 079 middle-aged to elderly individuals from 29 population-based cohorts, who were free of dementia and stroke and were of European (n=17 936), African (n=1943), Hispanic (n=795), and Asian (n=405) descent. WMH burden was quantified on MRI either by a validated automated segmentation method or a validated visual grading scale. Genotype data in each study were imputed to the 1000 Genomes reference. Within each ethnic group, we investigated the relationship between each single-nucleotide polymorphism and WMH burden using a linear regression model adjusted for age, sex, intracranial volume, and principal components of ancestry. A meta-analysis was conducted for each ethnicity separately and for the combined sample. In the European descent samples, we confirmed a previously known locus on chr17q25 (P=2.7×10(-19)) and identified novel loci on chr10q24 (P=1.6×10(-9)) and chr2p21 (P=4.4×10(-8)). In the multiethnic meta-analysis, we identified 2 additional loci, on chr1q22 (P=2.0×10(-8)) and chr2p16 (P=1.5×10(-8)). The novel loci contained genes that have been implicated in Alzheimer disease (chr2p21 and chr10q24), intracerebral hemorrhage (chr1q22), neuroinflammatory diseases (chr2p21), and glioma (chr10q24 and chr2p16). CONCLUSIONS We identified 4 novel genetic loci that implicate inflammatory and glial proliferative pathways in the development of WMH in addition to previously proposed ischemic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F.J. Verhaaren
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Dept of Radiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- Inserm U897, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux
- Dept of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris
- Inserm U1191, Montpellier, France
- Dept of Neurology, Boston Univ School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Dept of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Dept of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, National Univ of Singapore & National Univ Health System, Singapore
- Dept of Ophthalmology, National Univ of Singapore & National Univ Health System, Singapore
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, National Univ of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hieab H. Adams
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Dept of Radiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ashley H. Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Univ of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | | | - Lorna M. Lopez
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, Univ of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Barral
- Dept of Neurology, Columbia Univ Medical Ctr, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | - Katrin Hegenscheid
- Dept of Diagnostic Radiology & Neuroradiology, Univ Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Mariza de Andrade
- Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Marian Beekman
- Dept of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden Univ Medical Ctr, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alexa S. Beiser
- Dept of Neurology, Boston Univ School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham
- Dept of Biostatistics, Boston Univ School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Susan H. Blanton
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Univ of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Dept of Human Genetics, Univ of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Neuroscience Program, Univ of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Ctr, Univ of Texas Health Science Ctr at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- G.H. Sergievsky Ctr, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease & Aging Brain, Columbia Univ Medical Ctr, New York, NY
| | - R. Nick Bryan
- Dept of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Univ of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ganesh Chauhan
- Inserm U897, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux
- Inserm U1191, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Vincent Chouraki
- Dept of Neurology, Boston Univ School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham
| | - Anton J.M. de Craen
- Dept of Gerontology & Geriatrics, Leiden Univ Medical Ctr, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, Univ of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joris Deelen
- Dept of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden Univ Medical Ctr, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mitchell S.V. Elkind
- Dept of Neurology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Dept of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia Univ, New York, NY
| | | | - Paul Freudenberger
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Medical Univ Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Vilmundur Guðnason
- The Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, Univ of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mohamad Habes
- Dept of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Univ of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA
- Institutes for Community Medicine, Univ Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susan R. Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Dept of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Dept of Medicine Epidemiology, Univ of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Dept of Epidemiology, Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Saima Hilal
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, National Univ of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edith Hofer
- Dept of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical Univ Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics & Documentation, Medical Univ Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Albert Hofman
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carla A. Ibrahim-Verbaas
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Dept of Neurology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cora E. Lewis
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Univ of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jiemin Liao
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, National Univ of Singapore & National Univ Health System, Singapore
- Dept of Ophthalmology, National Univ of Singapore & National Univ Health System, Singapore
| | - David C.M. Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, Univ of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, Univ of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Dept of Radiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver O. Martinez
- Alzheimer's Disease Ctr, Imaging of Dementia & Aging (IdeA) Laboratory, Dept of Neurology, Ctr for Neuroscience, Univ of California, Davis, CA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- G.H. Sergievsky Ctr, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease & Aging Brain, Columbia Univ Medical Ctr, New York, NY
| | | | - Mike Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Clinical Chemistry & Laboratory Medicine, Univ Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wiro J. Niessen
- Dept of Radiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Dept of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft Univ of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Dept of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Dept of Medicine Epidemiology, Univ of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Dept of Medicine Health Services, Univ of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA
| | - Kenneth M. Rice
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Dept of Biostatistics, Univ of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics & Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Ctr, Torrance, CA
- Dept of Neurology, Univ Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Helena Schmidt
- Dept of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Univ School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Pamela J. Schreiner
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, Univ of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Maaike Schuur
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Dept of Neurology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Dept of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden Univ Medical Ctr, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - David J.M. Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Univ of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | | | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics & Functional Genomics, Univ Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Matthew Traylor
- Research Centre for Stroke & Dementia, St. George's, Univ of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Trompet
- Dept of Cardiology, Leiden Univ Medical Ctr, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Hae-Won Uh
- Dept of Medical Statistics & Bioinformatics, Leiden Univ Medical Ctr, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Dept of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meike W. Vernooij
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Dept of Radiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jing J. Wang
- National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham
- Dept of Biostatistics, Boston Univ School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Tien Y. Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, National Univ of Singapore & National Univ Health System, Singapore
- Dept of Ophthalmology, National Univ of Singapore & National Univ Health System, Singapore
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, Univ of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, SINAPSE Collaboration, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Univ of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - B. Gwen Windham
- Division of Geriatrics/ Gerontology, Univ of Mississippi Medical Ctr, Jackson, MS
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Ctr for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Clinton B. Wright
- Neuroscience Program, Univ of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Dept of Epidemiology & Public Health Sciences, Univ of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Dept of Neurology, Univ of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Univ of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Qiong Yang
- National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham
- Dept of Biostatistics, Boston Univ School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Dept of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Dept of Cardiology, Leiden Univ Medical Ctr, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph L. Sacco
- Dept of Epidemiology & Public Health Sciences, Univ of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Dept of Neurology, Univ of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Univ of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Sharon L.R. Kardia
- Dept of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Inserm, U744, Lille, France
- Université Lille 2, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Ctr Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - W. T. Longstreth
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Dept of Medicine Epidemiology, Univ of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Dept of Neurology, Univ of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles C. DeCarli
- Alzheimer's Disease Ctr, Imaging of Dementia & Aging (IdeA) Laboratory, Dept of Neurology, Ctr for Neuroscience, Univ of California, Davis, CA
| | | | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Dept of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical Univ Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, & Biometry, National Institute of Aging, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Dept of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Univ Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sudha S. Seshadri
- Dept of Neurology, Boston Univ School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Dept of Radiology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Dept of Neurology, Erasmus MC Univ Medical Ctr, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Ctr, Univ of Texas Health Science Ctr at Houston, Houston, TX
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Univ of Texas Health Science Ctr at Houston, Houston, TX
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8
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Zhang G, Gomes-Giacoia E, Dai Y, Lawton A, Miyake M, Furuya H, Goodison S, Rosser CJ. Validation and clinicopathologic associations of a urine-based bladder cancer biomarker signature. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:200. [PMID: 25387487 PMCID: PMC4245773 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-014-0200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To validate the expression of a urine-based bladder cancer associated diagnostic signature comprised of 10 targets; ANG, CA9, MMP9, MMP10, SERPINA1, APOE, SDC1, VEGFA, SERPINE1 and IL8 in bladder tumor tissues. Methods Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on tumor specimens from 213 bladder cancer patients (transitional cell carcinoma only) and 74 controls. Staining patterns were digitally captured and quantitated (Aperio, Vista, CA), and expression was correlated with tumor stage, tumor grade and outcome measures. Results We revealed a positive association of 9 of the 10 proteins (excluding VEGF) in bladder cancer. Relative to control cases, a reduction in SDC1 and overexpression of MMP9, MMP10, SERPINE1, IL8, APOE, SERPINA1, ANG were associated with high stage bladder cancer. Reduced VEGF and increased SERPINA1 were associated with high-grade bladder cancer. Disease-specific survival was significantly reduced in tumors with high expression of SERPINE1 and/or IL8. Conclusions These findings confirm that the proteins in a urine-based diagnostic signature are aberrantly expressed in bladder tumor tissues, and support the potential additional utility of selected biomarkers for the clinicopathological evaluation of excised tissue or biopsy material. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_200
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Cancer Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA.
| | - Evan Gomes-Giacoia
- MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Cancer Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA.
| | - Yunfeng Dai
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
| | | | - Makito Miyake
- MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Cancer Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA.
| | - Hideki Furuya
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Rm 327, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
| | - Steve Goodison
- MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Cancer Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA. .,Nonagen Bioscience Corp, Orlando, Florida, USA. .,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
| | - Charles J Rosser
- MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Cancer Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA. .,Nonagen Bioscience Corp, Orlando, Florida, USA. .,University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Rm 327, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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9
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Neidhart M, Karouzakis E, Jüngel A, Gay RE, Gay S. Inhibition of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase activity: a new therapeutic concept in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1723-33. [PMID: 24578214 DOI: 10.1002/art.38574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes in polyamine-modulated factor 1 (PMF-1) promoter methylation might favor the expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SSAT-1), causing excessive consumption of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of SSAT-1 activity inhibition, either alone or in combination with SAM. METHODS Synovial fibroblasts were isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis (OA). PMF-1 promoter methylation was determined by pyrosequencing. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against SSAT-1 were transfected weekly in RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). In addition, synovial fibroblasts were treated with diminazene aceturate (DA), an inhibitor of SSAT-1. SSAT-1, 5-methylcytosine (5-MeC), adenosyl methionine decarboxylase (AMD), PMF-1, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT-1), CXCL12, β1 integrin, and CD44 levels were measured by flow cytometry. Putrescine levels were determined by colorimetry. Levels of matrix metalloproteinases were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell adhesion was tested. The SCID mouse model of RA was used to monitor the invasiveness of RASFs. RESULTS RASFs showed elevated SSAT-1, AMD, and PMF-1 levels. However, PMF-1 promoter methylation was unchanged. Transfection of siRNA targeting SSAT-1 increased 5-MeC levels within 21 days. Similarly, DA increased 5-MeC levels in RASFs. In addition, DA increased the levels of DNMT-1, decreased the levels of AMD, putrescine, activation markers, and MMP-1, and altered the adhesion of RASFs. DA was more efficient in RASFs with higher levels of SSAT-1. Most interestingly, the combination of DA and SAM reduced the invasiveness of RASFs by 70%. CONCLUSION The use of DA alone or in combination with SAM/L-methionine might introduce a new therapeutic concept in RA. This is the first therapy that would directly target RASFs and thereby inhibit ongoing joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Neidhart
- Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Oliveira AI, Jerónimo C, Henrique R. Moving forward in bladder cancer detection and diagnosis: the role of epigenetic biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 12:871-8. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Lee M, Nam ES, Jung SH, Kim SY, Lee SJ, Yoon JH, Lee NW, Jeon S, Choi JS, Cho CH, Moon Y, Chung YJ, Kwon Y. 1p36.22 region containing PGD gene is frequently gained in human cervical cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013; 40:545-53. [PMID: 24125036 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify commonly occurring DNA copy number alterations in Korean cervical cancers. METHODS DNA copy number alteration was screened by whole-genome array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis. For the array CGH discovery, genomic DNA from five cervical cancers and 10 normal cervical tissues were examined. For the independent validation of the most significant chromosomal alteration (1p36.22, PGD gene), 40 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cervical tissue samples were collected; 10 of them were used for quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the other 30 samples were used for immunohistochemical analysis. Chromosomal segments differently distributed between cancers and normal controls were determined to be recurrently altered regions (RAR). RESULTS A total of 13 RAR (11 RAR losses and two RAR gains) were defined in this study. Of the 13 cervical cancer-specific RAR, RAR gain in the 1p36.22 locus where the PGD gene is located was the most commonly detected in cancers (P = 0.004). In the quantitative polymerase chain reaction replication, copy number gain of the PGD gene was consistently identified in cervical cancers but not in the normal tissues (P = 0.02). In immunohistochemical analysis, PGD expression was significantly higher in cervical cancers than normal tissues (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our results will be helpful to understand cervical carcinogenesis, and the PGD gene can be a useful biomarker of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Li H, Wang J, Xiao W, Xia D, Lang B, Wang T, Guo X, Hu Z, Ye Z, Xu H. Epigenetic inactivation of KLF4 is associated with urothelial cancer progression and early recurrence. J Urol 2013; 191:493-501. [PMID: 24018236 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE KLF4 is a transcription factor with divergent functions in different malignancies. We analyzed KLF4 expression and DNA methylation, and their clinical relevance and biological function in urothelial cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry and Sequenom™ MassARRAY® were done to detect the expression and promoter methylation of KLF4 in urothelial cancer tissues. The association of the recurrence-free survival rate and decreased KLF4 or KLF4 methylation status was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, Cox regression analysis and ROC assay. Lentivirus based KLF4 over expression and dsRNA mediated knockdown were used to detect KLF4 functions in urothelial cancer in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS KLF4 was down-regulated in urothelial cancer due to promoter hypermethylation. Each correlated with recurrence-free survival in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer after transurethral resection of bladder cancer, which potentiates them as valuable predictive biomarkers for early recurrence. Moreover, in and ex vivo experiments showed that KLF4 suppressed urothelial cancer cell growth, migration and invasion inhibited the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS KLF4 may function as a tumor suppressor gene in urothelial cancer since down-regulation of KLF4 by promoter hypermethylation would promote cancer progression. In addition, decreased expression of KLF4 or its promoter hypermethylation may have predictive value for early recurrence in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Xia
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lang
- School of Health Sciences, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Guo
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiquan Hu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Kandimalla R, van Tilborg AA, Zwarthoff EC. DNA methylation-based biomarkers in bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2013; 10:327-35. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Di Pierro GB, Gulia C, Cristini C, Fraietta G, Marini L, Grande P, Gentile V, Piergentili R. Bladder cancer: a simple model becomes complex. Curr Genomics 2013; 13:395-415. [PMID: 23372425 PMCID: PMC3401896 DOI: 10.2174/138920212801619232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in developed countries and it is also characterized by a high number of recurrences. Despite this, several authors in the past reported that only two altered molecular pathways may genetically explain all cases of bladder cancer: one involving the FGFR3 gene, and the other involving the TP53 gene. Mutations in any of these two genes are usually predictive of the malignancy final outcome. This cancer may also be further classified as low-grade tumors, which is always papillary and in most cases superficial, and high-grade tumors, not necessarily papillary and often invasive. This simple way of considering this pathology has strongly changed in the last few years, with the development of genome-wide studies on expression profiling and the discovery of small non-coding RNA affecting gene expression. An easy search in the OMIM (On-line Mendelian Inheritance in Man) database using "bladder cancer" as a query reveals that genes in some way connected to this pathology are approximately 150, and some authors report that altered gene expression (up- or down-regulation) in this disease may involve up to 500 coding sequences for low-grade tumors and up to 2300 for high-grade tumors. In many clinical cases, mutations inside the coding sequences of the above mentioned two genes were not found, but their expression changed; this indicates that also epigenetic modifications may play an important role in its development. Indeed, several reports were published about genome-wide methylation in these neoplastic tissues, and an increasing number of small non-coding RNA are either up- or down-regulated in bladder cancer, indicating that impaired gene expression may also pass through these metabolic pathways. Taken together, these data reveal that bladder cancer is far to be considered a simple model of malignancy. In the present review, we summarize recent progress in the genome-wide analysis of bladder cancer, and analyse non-genetic, genetic and epigenetic factors causing extensive gene mis-regulation in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Battista Di Pierro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologico-Ostetriche e Scienze Urologiche, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza - Università di Roma
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15
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Sánchez-Carbayo M. Urine epigenomics: a promising path for bladder cancer diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 12:429-32. [PMID: 22702358 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Effects of histone modifications on increased expression of polyamine biosynthetic genes in suicide. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 15:1161-6. [PMID: 22008221 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered polyamine metabolism has been consistently observed as underlying the suicide process. We recently performed a global analysis of polyamine gene expression across the brains of suicide completers, and identified up-regulation of four genes, arginase II (ARG2), S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AMD1), and antizymes 1 and 2 (OAZ1 and OAZ2), which play essential roles in polyamine biosynthesis. To determine if a shared epigenetic mechanism is involved in their overexpression in the prefrontal cortex, we measured promoter levels of tri-methyl modified histone-3-lysine-4 (H3K4me3), a marker of open chromatin, and assessed its association with suicide and gene expression. We identified increased H3K4me3 in the promoter region of OAZ1 in suicide, and found that H3K4me3 was correlated with the expression of OAZ1 and ARG2. Overall, our findings indicate that the H3K4me3 modification plays an important role in the regulation of polyamine biosynthesis, and that this mechanism may be involved in the neurobiology of suicide.
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17
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Methylation markers for urine-based detection of bladder cancer: the next generation of urinary markers for diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer. Adv Urol 2012; 2012:503271. [PMID: 22761614 PMCID: PMC3385670 DOI: 10.1155/2012/503271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the urinary bladder is the fifth most common neoplasm in the industrialized countries. Diagnosis and surveillance are dependent on invasive evaluation with cystoscopy and to some degree cytology as an adjunct analysis. Nomuscle invasive bladder cancer is characterized by frequent recurrences after resection, and up to 30% will develop an aggressive phenotype. The journey towards a noninvasive test for diagnosing bladder cancer, in order to replace or extend time between cystoscopy, has been ongoing for more than a decade. However, only a handful of tests that aid in clinical decision making are commercially available. Recent reports of DNA methylation in urine specimens highlight a possible clinical use of this marker type, as high sensitivities and specificities have been shown. This paper will focus on the currently available markers NMP22, ImmunoCyt, and UroVysion as well as novel DNA methylation markers for diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer.
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18
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Alvarez-Múgica M, Fernández-Gómez JM, Cebrian V, Fresno F, Escaf S, Sánchez-Carbayo M. Polyamine-modulated factor-1 methylation predicts Bacillus Calmette-Guérin response in patients with high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma. Eur Urol 2012; 63:364-70. [PMID: 22682992 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a standard treatment to reduce tumor recurrence and delay progression of high-risk non-muscle-invasive (NMI) bladder tumors. However, it is not clear yet which patients are more likely to respond to BCG. OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate the role of polyamine-modulated factor-1 (PMF-1) methylation in predicting clinical outcome of T1 high-grade (T1HG) bladder tumors treated with BCG. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In a retrospective design, PMF-1 methylation was analyzed on tumor specimens belonging to 108 patients with T1HG NMI bladder cancer undergoing BCG treatment. Median follow-up was 77 mo (range: 5-235 mo). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PMF-1 methylation was assessed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reactions. Recurrence, progression into muscle-invasive tumors, and disease-specific survival rates were analyzed using competing risks regression analysis. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Among the 108 patients analyzed, 35 had recurring disease (32.4%), 21 progressed (19.4%), and 16 died of disease (14.8%); 71.3% of tumors had PMF-1 methylation. Univariate analyses using cumulative incidence curves revealed that an unmethylated PMF-1 was significantly associated with increased recurrence (p=0.026), progression (p=0.01), and shorter disease-specific survival (log-rank, p=0.03). Multivariate analyses indicated that among sex, age, focality, tumor size, and concomitant carcinoma in situ, only PMF-1 methylation provided significant hazard ratios (HRs) for recurrence of (HR: 2.032; p=0.042), and progression (HR: 2.910; p=0.020). Limitations of the study include its retrospective design, lymphovascular invasion status not available, short maintenance BCG, and that a second transurethral resection was not performed. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic analyses revealed that the methylation status of PMF-1 was associated with the clinical outcome of patients with T1HG tumors undergoing BCG treatment. An unmethylated PMF-1 correlated to recurrence and progression in T1HG disease using univariate and multivariate analyses. Thus, assessing the methylation status of PMF-1 may serve to distinguish patients responding to BCG from those who may require more aggressive therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alvarez-Múgica
- Tumor Markers Group, Molecular Pathology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
This article focuses on the epigenetic alterations of aberrant promoter hypermethylation of genes, and histone modifications or RNA interference in cancer cells. Current knowledge of the hypermethylation of allele(s) in classical tumor suppressor genes in inherited and sporadic cancer, candidate tumor suppressor and other cancer genes is summarized gene by gene. Global and array-based studies of tumor cell hypermethylation are discussed. The importance of standardization of scoring of the methylation status of a gene is highlighted. The histone marks associated with hypermethylated genes, and the miRNAs with dysregulated expression, in kidney or bladder tumor cells are also discussed. Kidney cancer has the highest mortality rate of the genito-urinary cancers. There are management issues associated with the high recurrence rate of superficial bladder cancer, while muscle-invasive bladder cancer has a poor prognosis. These clinical problems are the basis for the translational application of gene hypermethylation in the diagnosis and prognosis of kidney and bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Hoffman
- Departments of Surgical Oncology & Pathology, W350, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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20
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Dudziec E, Goepel JR, Catto JWF. Global epigenetic profiling in bladder cancer. Epigenomics 2012; 3:35-45. [PMID: 22126151 DOI: 10.2217/epi.10.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is a common disease that arises from two distinct molecular pathways, and is one of the most expensive malignancies to manage. Accurate biomarkers that could detect tumor recurrence or predict future progression would improve the care of patients and reduce the cost of managing the disease. DNA methylation, histone modification and ncRNA expression are important epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the expression of genes. These regulatory mechanisms are altered with bladder cancer, and therefore, represent potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets owing to the reversible nature of their modification. In this article, we will discuss these epigenetic changes in bladder cancer and assess their clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dudziec
- The Institute for Cancer Studies & The Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, UK
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21
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Hypermethylation in bladder cancer: biological pathways and translational applications. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:347-61. [PMID: 22274923 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A compelling body of evidences sustains the importance of epigenetic mechanisms in the development and progression of cancer. Assessing the epigenetic component of bladder tumors is strongly improving our understanding of their biology and clinical behavior. In terms of DNA methylation, cancer cells show genome-wide hypomethylation and site-specific CpG island promoter hypermethylation. In the context of other epigenetic alterations, this review will focus on the hypermethylation of CpG islands in promoter regions, as the most widely described epigenetic modification in bladder cancer. CpG islands hypermethylation is believed to be critical in the transcriptional silencing and regulation of tumor suppressor and crucial cancer genes involved in the major molecular pathways controlling bladder cancer development and progression. In particular, several biological pathways of frequently methylated genes include cell cycle, DNA repair, apoptosis, and invasion, among others. Furthermore, translational aspects of bladder cancer methylomes described to date will be discussed towards their potential application as bladder cancer biomarkers. Several tissue methylation signatures and individual candidates have been evidenced, that could potentially stratify tumors histopathologically, and discriminate patients in terms of their clinical outcome. Tumor methylation profiles could also be detected in urinary specimens showing a promising role as non-invasive markers for cancer diagnosis towards an early detection and potentially for the surveillance of bladder cancer patients in a near future. However, the epigenomic exploration of bladder cancer has only just begun. Genome-scale DNA methylation profiling studies will further highlight the relevance of the epigenetic component to gain knowledge of bladder cancer biology and identify those profiles and candidates better correlating with clinical behavior.
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Jerónimo C, Henrique R. Epigenetic biomarkers in urological tumors: A systematic review. Cancer Lett 2011; 342:264-74. [PMID: 22198482 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Prostate, bladder, kidney and testis cancers, the most common genitourinary (GU) neoplasms, are generally clinically silent at their earliest stages when curative treatment is most likely successful. However, there are no consensual guidelines for GU cancer screening and available methods are characterized by suboptimal sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, standard clinical and pathological parameters meet with important limitations in the assessment of prognosis in an individual basis. Herein, we focus on the development of epigenetic-based GU cancer biomarkers, which have emerged from exploratory studies in recent years and that hold the promise to revolutionize the clinical management of GU cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal.
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Karouzakis E, Gay RE, Gay S, Neidhart M. Increased recycling of polyamines is associated with global DNA hypomethylation in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:1809-17. [PMID: 22170508 DOI: 10.1002/art.34340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Global DNA hypomethylation in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) contributes to their intrinsic activation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether increased polyamine metabolism is associated with a decreased level of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), causing global DNA hypomethylation. METHODS Synovial fibroblasts were isolated from synovial tissue obtained from 12 patients with RA and from 6 patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The cells were stained for S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase (AMD), spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT1), polyamine-modulated factor 1-binding protein 1 (PMFBP1), solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2), DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT-1), α9 integrin, and β1 integrin and analyzed by flow cytometry. Nuclear 5-methylcytosine (5-MeC) was measured by flow cytometry, the expression of diacetylspermine (DASp) in cell culture supernatants and cell extracts was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and SAM expression in cell extracts was measured by fluorometry. RESULTS The expression of SSAT1, AMD, and PMFBP1 was significantly increased in RASFs compared with OASFs. The expression of DASp in cell culture supernatants and the expression of SLC3A2 were significantly elevated in RASFs. The levels of SAM in cell culture extracts, as well as the levels of DNMT-1 protein and 5-MeC, were significantly reduced in RASFs. Parameters of polyamine metabolism were negatively correlated with the expression of SAM, DNMT-1, and 5-MeC. CONCLUSION These data clearly show that intrinsic elevations of PMFBP1 and SSAT1 enhance the catabolism and recycling of polyamines in RASFs and suggest that high consumption of SAM via this pathway is an important factor contributing to global DNA hypomethylation in these cells.
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Fiori LM, Turecki G. Epigenetic regulation of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1) in suicide. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:1229-35. [PMID: 21501848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1) is downregulated across the brains of suicide completers, and that its expression is influenced by genetic variations in the promoter. Several promoter polymorphisms in SAT1, including rs6526342, have been associated with suicide and other psychiatric disorders, and display haplotype-specific effects on expression. However, these effects cannot explain total variability in SAT1 expression, and other regulatory mechanisms, such as epigenetic factors, may also be at play. In this study, we assessed the involvement of epigenetic factors in controlling SAT1 expression in the prefrontal cortex of suicide completers by mapping CpG methylation across a 1880-bp region of the SAT1 promoter, and measuring levels of tri-methylated histone-3-lysine 27 (H3K27me3) at the promoter in suicide completers and controls. Our results demonstrated that CpG methylation was significantly negatively correlated with SAT1 expression. Although overall or site-specific CpG methylation was not associated with suicide or SAT1 expression, we observed high levels of methylation at the polymorphic CpG site created by rs6526342, indicating a relationship between promoter haplotypes and methylation. There was no association between H3K27me3 and suicide, nor was this modification associated with SAT1 expression. Overall, our results indicate that epigenetic factors in the promoter region of SAT1 influence gene expression levels, and may provide a mechanism for both our previous findings of haplotype-specific effects of promoter variations on SAT1 expression, as well as the widespread downregulation of SAT1 expression observed in the brains of suicide completers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Fiori
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Reinert T, Modin C, Castano FM, Lamy P, Wojdacz TK, Hansen LL, Wiuf C, Borre M, Dyrskjøt L, Orntoft TF. Comprehensive genome methylation analysis in bladder cancer: identification and validation of novel methylated genes and application of these as urinary tumor markers. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5582-92. [PMID: 21788354 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epigenetic alterations are common and can now be addressed in a parallel fashion. We investigated the methylation in bladder cancer with respect to location in genome, consistency, variation in metachronous tumors, impact on transcripts, chromosomal location, and usefulness as urinary markers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A microarray assay was utilized to analyze methylation in 56 samples. Independent validation was conducted in 63 samples by a PCR-based method and bisulfite sequencing. The methylation levels in 174 urine specimens were quantified. Transcript levels were analyzed using expression microarrays and pathways were analyzed using dedicated software. RESULTS Global methylation patterns were established within and outside CpG islands. We validated methylation of the eight tumor markers genes ZNF154 (P < 0.0001), HOXA9 (P < 0.0001), POU4F2 (P < 0.0001), EOMES (P = 0.0005), ACOT11 (P = 0.0001), PCDHGA12 (P = 0.0001), CA3 (P = 0.0002), and PTGDR (P = 0.0110), the candidate marker of disease progression TBX4 (P < 0.04), and other genes with stage-specific methylation. The methylation of metachronous tumors was stable and targeted to certain pathways. The correlation to expression was not stringent. Chromosome 21 showed most differential methylation (P < 0.0001) and specifically hypomethylation of keratins, which together with keratin-like proteins were epigenetically regulated. In DNA from voided urine, we detected differential methylation of ZNF154 (P < 0.0001), POU4F2 (P < 0.0001), HOXA9 (P < 0.0001), and EOMES (P < 0.0001), achieving 84% sensitivity and 96% specificity. CONCLUSIONS We initiated a detailed mapping of the methylome in metachronous bladder cancer. Novel genes with tumor, chromosome, as well as pathway-specific differential methylation in bladder cancer were identified. The methylated genes were promising cancer markers for early detection of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinert
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Alva AS, Hahn NM, Aparicio AM, Singal R, Yellapragada S, Sonpavde G. Hypomethylating agents for urologic cancers. Future Oncol 2011; 7:447-63. [PMID: 21417907 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Silencing of tumor suppressor genes by promoter-region methylation as an epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation is increasingly recognized as beneficial in cancer. Initially developed as cytotoxic high-dose therapies, azacitidine and decitabine are now being reinvestigated in lower-dose cancer treatment regimens with a different paradigm - hypomethylation. Recent evidence for benefit in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemias has renewed interest in hypomethylation as a therapeutic option in epithelial cancers. In this article, we describe the mechanistic aspects of DNA methylation, which alters gene expression, and review the evidence for hypomethylation as a therapeutic option in urologic cancers. Potential correlative studies that may assist in developing tailored therapy with hypomethylating agents are reviewed. Given that the population with urologic cancers is typically elderly with multiple comorbidities, the excellent tolerability of lower-dose hypomethylating agents provides a high therapeutic index and rational development is warranted, bearing in mind that the cytostatic and delayed activity present challenges in the choice of appropriate trial end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajjai S Alva
- Baylor College of Medicine & Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
In the testicular cancer cell line, NT2, we previously demonstrated that differentially methylated regions were located in introns or intergenic regions, and postulated these might regulate non-coding RNAs. Three microRNAs and three small nucleolar RNAs were differentially methylated; one, miR-199a, was associated with the progression and prognosis of gastric and ovarian cancers. In this report we document, by epigenomic profiling of testicular tissue, that miR-199a is transcribed as antisense of dynamin 3 (chromosome 1q24.3), and hypermethylation of this region is correlated with miR-199a-5p/3p repression and tumor malignancy. Re-expression of miR-199a in testicular cancer cells led to suppression of cell growth, cancer migration, invasion and metastasis. The miR-199a-5p, one of two mature miRNA species derived from miR-199a, is associated with tumor malignancy. We further identified the embryonal carcinoma antigen podocalyxin-like protein 1 (PODXL), an anti-adhesive protein expressed in aggressive tumors, as a target of miR-199a-5p. We demonstrated PODXL is overexpressed in malignant testicular tumor, and cellular depletion of PODXL resulted in suppression of cancer invasion. The inverse relationship between PODXL and miR-199a-5p expression suggests PODXL is a downstream effector mediating the action of miR199a-5p. This report identifies DNA methylation, miR-199a dysregulation and PODXL as critical factors in tumor malignancy.
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28
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Duarte-Pereira S, Paiva F, Costa VL, Ramalho-Carvalho J, Savva-Bordalo J, Rodrigues A, Ribeiro FR, Silva VM, Oliveira J, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Prognostic value of opioid binding protein/cell adhesion molecule-like promoter methylation in bladder carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:1106-14. [PMID: 21273058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The OPCML gene (opioid binding protein/cell adhesion molecule-like), a putative tumour suppressor gene, is frequently inactivated in carcinomas, namely through aberrant promoter methylation. Herein, we aimed to determine whether OPCML altered expression mediated by epigenetic mechanisms was implicated in bladder carcinogenesis and to assess its potential as a bladder cancer epi-marker. OPCML promoter methylation levels from 91 samples of bladder urothelial carcinoma, 25 normal bladder tissues and bladder cancer cell lines were assessed by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, and correlated with OPCML mRNA expression, determined by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. To prove the epigenetic regulation of OPCML, five bladder cancer cell lines were exposed to 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), a specific DNA methyltransferase inhibitor and trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. In bladder tumours, the overall frequency of methylation was 60% and methylation levels were significantly higher when compared with normal mucosa (P=0.0001). No correlation was found between methylation levels and clinicopathological parameters. Interestingly, OPCML promoter methylation was associated with worse disease-specific survival (P=0.022) in univariate analysis. Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation between OPCML promoter methylation and mRNA expression levels was found, although a significant re-expression was only achieved when 5-aza-dC and TSA were used simultaneously. The high frequency of OPCML promoter methylation in urothelial carcinomas suggests an important role for this epigenetic alteration in bladder carcinogenesis, highlighting its potential as an epigenetic biomarker for bladder urothelial carcinoma with prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Duarte-Pereira
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Portugal
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Marsit CJ, Houseman EA, Christensen BC, Gagne L, Wrensch MR, Nelson HH, Wiemels J, Zheng S, Wiencke JK, Andrew AS, Schned AR, Karagas MR, Kelsey KT. Identification of methylated genes associated with aggressive bladder cancer. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12334. [PMID: 20808801 PMCID: PMC2925945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 500,000 individuals diagnosed with bladder cancer in the U.S. require routine cystoscopic follow-up to monitor for disease recurrences or progression, resulting in over $2 billion in annual expenditures. Identification of new diagnostic and monitoring strategies are clearly needed, and markers related to DNA methylation alterations hold great promise due to their stability, objective measurement, and known associations with the disease and with its clinical features. To identify novel epigenetic markers of aggressive bladder cancer, we utilized a high-throughput DNA methylation bead-array in two distinct population-based series of incident bladder cancer (n = 73 and n = 264, respectively). We then validated the association between methylation of these candidate loci with tumor grade in a third population (n = 245) through bisulfite pyrosequencing of candidate loci. Array based analyses identified 5 loci for further confirmation with bisulfite pyrosequencing. We identified and confirmed that increased promoter methylation of HOXB2 is significantly and independently associated with invasive bladder cancer and methylation of HOXB2, KRT13 and FRZB together significantly predict high-grade non-invasive disease. Methylation of these genes may be useful as clinical markers of the disease and may point to genes and pathways worthy of additional examination as novel targets for therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J. Marsit
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Community Health, Center for Environmental Health and Technology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - E. Andres Houseman
- Department of Community Health, Center for Environmental Health and Technology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Brock C. Christensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Community Health, Center for Environmental Health and Technology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Luc Gagne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Margaret R. Wrensch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Heather H. Nelson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joseph Wiemels
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shichun Zheng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John K. Wiencke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Angeline S. Andrew
- Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Alan R. Schned
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Karl T. Kelsey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Community Health, Center for Environmental Health and Technology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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Sturgeon CM, Duffy MJ, Hofmann BR, Lamerz R, Fritsche HA, Gaarenstroom K, Bonfrer J, Ecke TH, Grossman HB, Hayes P, Hoffmann RT, Lerner SP, Löhe F, Louhimo J, Sawczuk I, Taketa K, Diamandis EP. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for use of tumor markers in liver, bladder, cervical, and gastric cancers. Clin Chem 2010; 56:e1-48. [PMID: 20207771 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.133124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Updated National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for the use of tumor markers in the clinic have been developed. METHODS Published reports relevant to use of tumor markers for 4 cancer sites--liver, bladder, cervical, and gastric--were critically reviewed. RESULTS Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) may be used in conjunction with abdominal ultrasound for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis associated with hepatitis B or C virus infection. AFP concentrations >200 microg/L in cirrhotic patients with typical hypervascular lesions >2 cm in size are consistent with HCC. After a diagnosis of HCC, posttreatment monitoring with AFP is recommended as an adjunct to imaging, especially in the absence of measurable disease. Although several urine markers have been proposed for bladder cancer, none at present can replace routine cystoscopy and cytology in the management of patients with this malignancy. Some may, however, be used as complementary adjuncts to direct more effective use of clinical procedures. Although carcinoembryonic antigen and CA 19-9 have been proposed for use gastric cancer and squamous cell carcinoma antigen for use in cervical cancer, none of these markers can currently be recommended for routine clinical use. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of these recommendations should encourage optimal use of tumor markers for patients with liver, bladder, cervical, or gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine M Sturgeon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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