1
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Schoenfeld K, Harwardt J, Kolmar H. Better safe than sorry: dual targeting antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Biol Chem 2024; 405:443-459. [PMID: 38297991 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapies are revolutionizing cancer treatment and experience a steady increase from preclinical and clinical pipelines to market share. While the clinical success of monoclonal antibodies is frequently limited by low response rates, treatment resistance and various other factors, multispecific antibodies open up new prospects by addressing tumor complexity as well as immune response actuation potently improving safety and efficacy. Novel antibody approaches involve simultaneous binding of two antigens on one cell implying increased specificity and reduced tumor escape for dual tumor-associated antigen targeting and enhanced and durable cytotoxic effects for dual immune cell-related antigen targeting. This article reviews antibody and cell-based therapeutics for oncology with intrinsic dual targeting of either tumor cells or immune cells. As revealed in various preclinical studies and clinical trials, dual targeting molecules are promising candidates constituting the next generation of antibody drugs for fighting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schoenfeld
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Harwardt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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2
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Feng H, Feng J, Han X, Ying Y, Lou W, Liu L, Zhang L. The Potential of Siglecs and Sialic Acids as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Tumor Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:289. [PMID: 38254780 PMCID: PMC10813689 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of sialic acid is closely associated with oncogenesis and tumor progression. Most tumor cells exhibit sialic acid upregulation. Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are receptors that recognize sialic acid and are expressed in various immune cells. The activity of Siglecs in the tumor microenvironment promotes immune escape, mirroring the mechanisms of the well-characterized PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in cancer. Cancer cells utilize sialic acid-linked glycans to evade immune surveillance. As Siglecs exhibit similar mechanisms as the established immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), they are potential therapeutic targets for different forms of cancer, especially ICI-resistant malignancies. Additionally, the upregulation of sialic acid serves as a potential tumor biomarker. This review examines the feasibility of using sialic acid and Siglecs for early malignant tumor detection and discusses the potential of targeting Siglec-sialic acid interaction as a novel cancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haokang Feng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (H.F.); (J.F.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.)
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiale Feng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (H.F.); (J.F.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.)
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (H.F.); (J.F.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.)
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Ying
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (H.F.); (J.F.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.)
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenhui Lou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (H.F.); (J.F.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.)
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- The Shanghai Geriatrics Medical Center, Zhongshan Hospital MinHang MeiLong Branch, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (H.F.); (J.F.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.)
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (H.F.); (J.F.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.)
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Sasso J, Tenchov R, Bird R, Iyer KA, Ralhan K, Rodriguez Y, Zhou QA. The Evolving Landscape of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: In Depth Analysis of Recent Research Progress. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1951-2000. [PMID: 37821099 PMCID: PMC10655051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are targeted immunoconjugate constructs that integrate the potency of cytotoxic drugs with the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies, minimizing damage to healthy cells and reducing systemic toxicity. Their design allows for higher doses of the cytotoxic drug to be administered, potentially increasing efficacy. They are currently among the most promising drug classes in oncology, with efforts to expand their application for nononcological indications and in combination therapies. Here we provide a detailed overview of the recent advances in ADC research and consider future directions and challenges in promoting this promising platform to widespread therapeutic use. We examine data from the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific information, and analyze the publication landscape of recent research to reveal the exploration trends in published documents and to provide insights into the scientific advances in the area. We also discuss the evolution of the key concepts in the field, the major technologies, and their development pipelines with company research focuses, disease targets, development stages, and publication and investment trends. A comprehensive concept map has been created based on the documents in the CAS Content Collection. We hope that this report can serve as a useful resource for understanding the current state of knowledge in the field of ADCs and the remaining challenges to fulfill their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet
M. Sasso
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Robert Bird
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | | | - Yacidzohara Rodriguez
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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McKenna ED, Sarbanes SL, Cummings SW, Roll-Mecak A. The Tubulin Code, from Molecules to Health and Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2023; 39:331-361. [PMID: 37843925 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-030123-032748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential dynamic polymers composed of α/β-tubulin heterodimers. They support intracellular trafficking, cell division, cellular motility, and other essential cellular processes. In many species, both α-tubulin and β-tubulin are encoded by multiple genes with distinct expression profiles and functionality. Microtubules are further diversified through abundant posttranslational modifications, which are added and removed by a suite of enzymes to form complex, stereotyped cellular arrays. The genetic and chemical diversity of tubulin constitute a tubulin code that regulates intrinsic microtubule properties and is read by cellular effectors, such as molecular motors and microtubule-associated proteins, to provide spatial and temporal specificity to microtubules in cells. In this review, we synthesize the rapidly expanding tubulin code literature and highlight limitations and opportunities for the field. As complex microtubule arrays underlie essential physiological processes, a better understanding of how cells employ the tubulin code has important implications for human disease ranging from cancer to neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D McKenna
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Stephanie L Sarbanes
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Steven W Cummings
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Farhangnia P, Ghomi SM, Akbarpour M, Delbandi AA. Bispecific antibodies targeting CTLA-4: game-changer troopers in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155778. [PMID: 37441075 PMCID: PMC10333476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based cancer immunotherapy has become a powerful asset in the arsenal against malignancies. In this regard, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are a ground-breaking novel approach in the therapy of cancers. Recently, BsAbs have represented a significant advancement in improving clinical outcomes. BsAbs are designed to target two different antigens specifically. Over a hundred various BsAb forms currently exist, and more are constantly being manufactured. An antagonistic regulator of T cell activation is cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) or CD152, a second counter-receptor for the B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules was introduced in 1996 by Professor James P. Allison and colleagues. Contrary to the explosive success of dual immune checkpoint blockade for treating cancers, a major hurdle still yet persist is that immune-related adverse events (irAEs) observed by combining immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) or monoclonal antibodies such as ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) and nivolumab (anti-PD-1). A promising strategy to overcome this hurdle is using BsAbs. This article will summarize BsAbs targeting CTLA-4, their applications in cancer immunotherapy, and relevant clinical trial advances. We will also discuss the pre-clinical rationale for using these BsAbs, and provide the current landscape of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Farhangnia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamim Mollazadeh Ghomi
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahzad Akbarpour
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Cellular Therapeutics Facility (ACTF), Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, Section of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gambles MT, Yang J, Kopeček J. Multi-targeted immunotherapeutics to treat B cell malignancies. J Control Release 2023; 358:232-258. [PMID: 37121515 PMCID: PMC10330463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The concept of multi-targeted immunotherapeutic systems has propelled the field of cancer immunotherapy into an exciting new era. Multi-effector molecules can be designed to engage with, and alter, the patient's immune system in a plethora of ways. The outcomes can vary from effector cell recruitment and activation upon recognition of a cancer cell, to a multipronged immune checkpoint blockade strategy disallowing evasion of the cancer cells by immune cells, or to direct cancer cell death upon engaging multiple cell surface receptors simultaneously. Here, we review the field of multi-specific immunotherapeutics implemented to treat B cell malignancies. The mechanistically diverse strategies are outlined and discussed; common B cell receptor antigen targeting strategies are outlined and summarized; and the challenges of the field are presented along with optimistic insights for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tommy Gambles
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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7
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Emerging phagocytosis checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:104. [PMID: 36882399 PMCID: PMC9990587 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, mainly including immune checkpoints-targeted therapy and the adoptive transfer of engineered immune cells, has revolutionized the oncology landscape as it utilizes patients' own immune systems in combating the cancer cells. Cancer cells escape immune surveillance by hijacking the corresponding inhibitory pathways via overexpressing checkpoint genes. Phagocytosis checkpoints, such as CD47, CD24, MHC-I, PD-L1, STC-1 and GD2, have emerged as essential checkpoints for cancer immunotherapy by functioning as "don't eat me" signals or interacting with "eat me" signals to suppress immune responses. Phagocytosis checkpoints link innate immunity and adaptive immunity in cancer immunotherapy. Genetic ablation of these phagocytosis checkpoints, as well as blockade of their signaling pathways, robustly augments phagocytosis and reduces tumor size. Among all phagocytosis checkpoints, CD47 is the most thoroughly studied and has emerged as a rising star among targets for cancer treatment. CD47-targeting antibodies and inhibitors have been investigated in various preclinical and clinical trials. However, anemia and thrombocytopenia appear to be formidable challenges since CD47 is ubiquitously expressed on erythrocytes. Here, we review the reported phagocytosis checkpoints by discussing their mechanisms and functions in cancer immunotherapy, highlight clinical progress in targeting these checkpoints and discuss challenges and potential solutions to smooth the way for combination immunotherapeutic strategies that involve both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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8
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Mohammadi Z, Enayati S, Zarei N, Saberi S, Mafakher L, Azizi M, Khalaj V. A Novel Anti-CD22 scFv.Bim Fusion Protein Effectively Induces Apoptosis in Malignant B cells and Promotes Cytotoxicity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:5878-5906. [PMID: 35838885 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CD22 is a B-cell surface antigen which is highly expressed in cancerous B-cell lineages. Anti-CD22 antibodies are currently under focus as promising biologics against hematologic B-cell malignancies. Herein, we introduce a novel active recombinant anti-CD22 scFv.Bim fusion protein for targeting this cancerous antigen. An expression cassette encoding anti-CD22 scFv.Bim fusion protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris. The binding ability, cytotoxicity, and apoptotic activity of the purified recombinant protein against CD22+ Raji cell line were assessed by flow cytometry, microscopy, and MTT assay. Using bioinformatics, the 3D structure of the fusion protein and its interaction with CD22 were assessed. The in vitro binding analysis by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrated the specific binding of scFv.Bim to CD22+ Raji cells but not to CD22- Jurkat cells. MTT data and Annexin V/PI flow cytometry analysis confirmed the apoptotic activity of anti-CD22 scFv.Bim against Raji cells but not Jurkat cells. In silico analysis also revealed the satisfactory stereochemical quality of the 3D model and molecular interactions toward CD22. This novel recombinant anti-CD22 scFv.Bim fusion protein could successfully deliver the pro-apoptotic peptide, BIM, to the target cells and thus nominates it as a promising molecule in treating B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 12th of Farvardin Jonoobi Ave, Jomhoori Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Enayati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 12th of Farvardin Jonoobi Ave, Jomhoori Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Zarei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 12th of Farvardin Jonoobi Ave, Jomhoori Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Saberi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 12th of Farvardin Jonoobi Ave, Jomhoori Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Mafakher
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Azizi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 12th of Farvardin Jonoobi Ave, Jomhoori Street, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Khalaj
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 12th of Farvardin Jonoobi Ave, Jomhoori Street, Tehran, Iran.
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Li M, Mei S, Yang Y, Shen Y, Chen L. Strategies to mitigate the on- and off-target toxicities of recombinant immunotoxins: an antibody engineering perspective. Antib Ther 2022; 5:164-176. [PMID: 35928456 PMCID: PMC9344849 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies using immunotoxins has achieved remarkable efficacies in hematological malignancies. However, the clinical development of immunotoxins is also faced with many challenges like anti-drug antibodies and dose-limiting toxicity issues. Such a poor efficacy/safety ratio is also the major hurdle in the research and development of antibody-drug conjugates. From an antibody engineering perspective, various strategies were summarized/proposed to tackle the notorious on target off tumor toxicity issues, including passive strategy (XTENylation of immunotoxins) and active strategies (modulating the affinity and valency of the targeting moiety of immunotoxins, conditionally activating immunotoxins in the tumor microenvironments and reconstituting split toxin to reduce systemic toxicity etc.). By modulating the functional characteristics of the targeting moiety and the toxic moiety of immunotoxins, selective tumor targeting can be augmented while sparing the healthy cells in normal tissues expressing the same target of interest. If successful, the improved therapeutic index will likely help to address the dose-limiting toxicities commonly observed in the clinical trials of various immunotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- Department of Postgraduate , Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Sen Mei
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Jiangsu Co. Ltd, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
- Institute of Innovative Medicine , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuelei Shen
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Innovative Medicine , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Jiangsu Co. Ltd, Nantong, P.R. China
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
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Nie Z, Shi L, Song K, Xu X, Ding P, Lu B, Wu G, Ma X. LukS-PV inhibits the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by maintaining FOXO3 stability via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2022; 95:110357. [PMID: 35589047 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the common malignant tumors. LukS-PV is the S component of Panton-Valetine leukocidin(PVL) secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) is a member of the FOXO subfamily of transcription factors that acts as a tumor suppressor. In this study, we investigated the role of LukS-PV on the proliferation of HCC and explored possible mechanisms. We treated HCC cells with various concentrations of LukS-PV and evaluated the effect of LukS-PV on cell viability using the cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays. Real-time PCR and western blot assays were used to analyze mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to examine the intracellular localization of FOXO3. The expression of FOXO3 and its downstream target genes were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and the proteosome inhibitor MG132 were used to explore the potential mechanisms by which LukS-PV regulated FOXO3. We demonstrated that LukS-PV inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells in a concentration dependent manner. LukS-PV upregulated FOXO3 expression both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, LukS-PV facilitated the entry of FOXO3 into the nucleus and, subsequently, regulated the transcription of downstream target genes. In addition, we discovered that LukS-PV decreased the expression of phosphorylated FOXO3 through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and maintained FOXO3 protein stability via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Taken together, our data indicated that LukS-PV exert anticancer activities through FOXO3. LukS-PV may be a promising candidate for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchao Nie
- The First Affifiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lan Shi
- The First Affifiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kaidi Song
- The First Affifiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuexue Xu
- The First Affifiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Pengsheng Ding
- The First Affifiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bing Lu
- The First Affifiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gang Wu
- The First Affifiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- The First Affifiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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11
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Jiang KY, Qi LL, Kang FB, Wang L. The intriguing roles of Siglec family members in the tumor microenvironment. Biomark Res 2022; 10:22. [PMID: 35418152 PMCID: PMC9008986 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding receptors are expressed on the surfaces of a variety of immune cells and have complex and diverse immunoregulatory functions in health and diseases. Recent studies have shown that Siglecs could play diverse immune and nonimmune regulatory roles in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and participate in tumor progression through various mechanisms, such as regulating tumor growth and metastasis, mediating the inflammatory response, and promoting tumor immune escape, thereby affecting the prognoses and outcomes of patients. However, depending on the cell type in which they are expressed, each Siglec member binds to corresponding ligands in the microenvironment milieu to drive diverse cell physiological and pathological processes in tumors. Therefore, we herein summarize the expression spectra and functions of the Siglec family in human diseases, particularly cancer, and highlight the possibility of therapeutic interventions targeting the TME in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Ying Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Qi
- Experimental Center for Teaching of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Biao Kang
- The Liver Disease Center of PLA, the 980Th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Jin S, Sun Y, Liang X, Gu X, Ning J, Xu Y, Chen S, Pan L. Emerging new therapeutic antibody derivatives for cancer treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:39. [PMID: 35132063 PMCID: PMC8821599 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies constitute a promising class of targeted anticancer agents that enhance natural immune system functions to suppress cancer cell activity and eliminate cancer cells. The successful application of IgG monoclonal antibodies has inspired the development of various types of therapeutic antibodies, such as antibody fragments, bispecific antibodies, and antibody derivatives (e.g., antibody–drug conjugates and immunocytokines). The miniaturization and multifunctionalization of antibodies are flexible and viable strategies for diagnosing or treating malignant tumors in a complex tumor environment. In this review, we summarize antibodies of various molecular types, antibody applications in cancer therapy, and details of clinical study advances. We also discuss the rationale and mechanism of action of various antibody formats, including antibody–drug conjugates, antibody–oligonucleotide conjugates, bispecific/multispecific antibodies, immunocytokines, antibody fragments, and scaffold proteins. With advances in modern biotechnology, well-designed novel antibodies are finally paving the way for successful treatments of various cancers, including precise tumor immunotherapy, in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Jin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangtao Ning
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuqing Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Precision Medicine on Tumor Therapeutics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, 311200, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Liqiang Pan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of Zhejiang Province, 310003, Hangzhou, China.
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13
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Banerjee T, Vallurupalli A. Emerging new cell therapies/immune therapies in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Curr Probl Cancer 2021; 46:100825. [DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2021.100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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14
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Kreitman RJ, Pastan I. Immunotoxins: From Design to Clinical Application. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1696. [PMID: 34827694 PMCID: PMC8615697 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Special Issue of Biomolecules entitled "Immunotoxins, From Design to Clinical Application" contains seven reviews related to immunotoxins [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Kreitman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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15
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Khirehgesh MR, Sharifi J, Safari F, Akbari B. Immunotoxins and nanobody-based immunotoxins: review and update. J Drug Target 2021; 29:848-862. [PMID: 33615933 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1894435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotoxins (ITs) are protein-based drugs that compose of targeting and cytotoxic moieties. After binding the IT to the specific cell-surface antigen, the IT internalises into the target cell and kills it. Targeting and cytotoxic moieties usually include monoclonal antibodies and protein toxins with bacterial or plant origin, respectively. ITs have been successful in haematologic malignancies treatment. However, ITs penetrate poorly into solid tumours because of their large size. Use of camelid antibody fragments known as nanobodies (Nbs) as a targeting moiety may overcome this problem. Nbs are the smallest fragment of antibodies with excellent tumour tissue penetration. The ability to recognise cryptic (immuno-evasive) target antigens, low immunogenicity, and high-affinity are other fundamental characteristics of Nbs that make them suitable candidates in targeted therapy. Here, we reviewed and discussed the structure and function of ITs, Nbs, and nanobody-based ITs. To gain sound insight into the issue at hand, we focussed on nanobody-based ITs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Khirehgesh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jafar Sharifi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahman Akbari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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16
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Shah NN, Sokol L. Targeting CD22 for the Treatment of B-Cell Malignancies. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:225-236. [PMID: 34262884 PMCID: PMC8275043 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s288546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic agents play an increasingly important role in the treatment of B-cell malignancies. CD19 and CD20 are common targets for lymphoid malignancies, though patients who relapse have few therapeutic options remaining. CD22 is a cell surface sialoglycoprotein uniquely present on B-cells and regulates B-cell function and proliferation. Thus, it is an appealing therapeutic target for autoimmune disorders and B-cell malignancies. A variety of therapies targeting CD22 have been developed, including monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, radioimmunoconjugates, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and bispecific antibodies. Here, we review the biology of CD22 and key therapies targeting CD22 in lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikesh N Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lubomir Sokol
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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17
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Sialic Acid-Siglec Axis in Human Immune Regulation, Involvement in Autoimmunity and Cancer and Potential Therapeutic Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115774. [PMID: 34071314 PMCID: PMC8198044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglecs are sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. Most Siglecs function as transmembrane receptors mainly expressed on blood cells in a cell type-specific manner. They recognize and bind sialic acids in specific linkages on glycoproteins and glycolipids. Since Sia is a self-molecule, Siglecs play a role in innate immune responses by distinguishing molecules as self or non-self. Increasing evidence supports the involvement of Siglecs in immune signaling representing immune checkpoints able to regulate immune responses in inflammatory diseases as well as cancer. Although further studies are necessary to fully understand the involvement of Siglecs in pathological conditions as well as their interactions with other immune regulators, the development of therapeutic approaches that exploit these molecules represents a tremendous opportunity for future treatments of several human diseases, as demonstrated by their application in several clinical trials. In the present review, we discuss the involvement of Siglecs in the regulation of immune responses, with particular focus on autoimmunity and cancer and the chance to target the sialic acid-Siglec axis as novel treatment strategy.
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18
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Yamaguchi A, Anami Y, Ha SYY, Roeder TJ, Xiong W, Lee J, Ueno NT, Zhang N, An Z, Tsuchikama K. Chemical generation of small molecule-based bispecific antibody-drug conjugates for broadening the target scope. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 32:116013. [PMID: 33482584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) hold great therapeutic promise for cancer indications; however, treating tumors with intratumor heterogeneity remains challenging. We hypothesized that ADCs that can simultaneously target two different cancer antigens could address this issue. Here, we report controlled production and evaluation of bispecific ADCs chemically functionalized with tumor-targeting small molecules. Enzyme-mediated conjugation of bi-functional branched linkers and following sequential orthogonal click reactions with payload and tumor targeting modules (folic acid or RGD peptide) afforded homogeneous bispecific ADCs with defined ligand/drug-to-antibody ratios ranging from 4 + 4 to 16 + 4 (ligand/payload). Most bispecific ADCs were stable under physiological conditions for 14 days. Functionalization with the cancer-specific ligands did not impair cathepsin B-mediated payload release from ADCs. Bispecific ADCs targeting the folate receptor (FR)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) demonstrated specific binding and high cell killing potency only in cells expressing either antigen (FR or HER2). Integrin/HER2 bispecific ADCs equipped with RGD peptides also showed target-specific binding and cytotoxicity in integrin- or HER2-positive cells. These findings suggest that our small-molecule based bispecific ADCs have the potential to effectively treat tumors with heterogeneous antigen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Yamaguchi
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Summer Y Y Ha
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Travis J Roeder
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jangsoon Lee
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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19
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Functions and therapeutic targets of Siglec-mediated infections, inflammations and cancers. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 120:5-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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20
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Huang S, van Duijnhoven SMJ, Sijts AJAM, van Elsas A. Bispecific antibodies targeting dual tumor-associated antigens in cancer therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:3111-3122. [PMID: 32989604 PMCID: PMC7679314 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have emerged as a leading drug class for cancer therapy and are becoming increasingly of interest for therapeutic applications. As of April 2020, over 123 BsAbs are under clinical evaluation for use in oncology (including the two marketed BsAbs Blinatumomab and Catumaxomab). The majority (82 of 123) of BsAbs under clinical evaluation can be categorized as bispecific immune cell engager whereas a second less well-discussed subclass of BsAbs targets two tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). In this review, we summarize the clinical development of dual TAAs targeting BsAbs and provide an overview of critical considerations when designing dual TAA targeting BsAbs. METHODS Herein the relevant literature and clinical trials published in English until April 1st 2020 were searched using PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov database. BsAbs were considered to be active in clinic if their clinical trials were not terminated, withdrawn or completed before 2018 without reporting results. Data missed by searching ClinicalTrials.gov was manually curated. RESULTS Dual TAAs targeting BsAbs offer several advantages including increased tumor selectivity, potential to concurrently modulate two functional pathways in the tumor cell and may yield improved payload delivery. CONCLUSIONS Dual TAAs targeting BsAbs represent a valuable class of biologics and early stage clinical studies have demonstrated promising anti-tumor efficacy in both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Huang
- Aduro Biotech Europe, Oss, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Hamamichi S, Fukuhara T, Hattori N. Immunotoxin Screening System: A Rapid and Direct Approach to Obtain Functional Antibodies with Internalization Capacities. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100658. [PMID: 33076544 PMCID: PMC7602748 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins, while harmful and potentially lethal, have been engineered to develop potent therapeutics including cytotoxins and immunotoxins (ITs), which are modalities with highly selective targeting capabilities. Currently, three cytotoxins and IT are FDA-approved for treatment of multiple forms of hematological cancer, and additional ITs are tested in the clinical trials or at the preclinical level. For next generation of ITs, as well as antibody-mediated drug delivery systems, specific targeting by monoclonal antibodies is critical to enhance efficacies and reduce side effects, and this methodological field remains open to discover potent therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Here, we describe our application of engineered toxin termed a cell-based IT screening system. This unique screening strategy offers the following advantages: (1) identification of monoclonal antibodies that recognize cell-surface molecules, (2) selection of the antibodies that are internalized into the cells, (3) selection of the antibodies that induce cytotoxicity since they are linked with toxins, and (4) determination of state-specific activities of the antibodies by differential screening under multiple experimental conditions. Since the functional monoclonal antibodies with internalization capacities have been identified successfully, we have pursued their subsequent modifications beyond antibody drug conjugates, resulting in development of immunoliposomes. Collectively, this screening system by using engineered toxin is a versatile platform, which enables straight-forward and rapid selection for discovery of novel functional antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Hamamichi
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Fukuhara
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
- Department of Research for Parkinson’s Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5802-2731; Fax: +81-3-5800-0547
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
- Department of Research for Parkinson’s Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Rodrigues Mantuano N, Natoli M, Zippelius A, Läubli H. Tumor-associated carbohydrates and immunomodulatory lectins as targets for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001222. [PMID: 33020245 PMCID: PMC7537339 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During oncogenesis, tumor cells present specific carbohydrate chains that are new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Whereas these tumor-associated carbohydrates (TACA) can be targeted with antibodies and vaccination approaches, TACA including sialic acid-containing glycans are able to inhibit anticancer immune responses by engagement of immune receptors on leukocytes. A family of immune-modulating receptors are sialic acid-binding Siglec receptors that have been recently described to inhibit antitumor activity mediated by myeloid cells, natural killer cells and T cells. Other TACA-binding receptors including selectins have been linked to cancer progression. Recent studies have shown that glycan-lectin interactions can be targeted to improve cancer immunotherapy. For example, interactions between the immune checkpoint T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 and the lectin galectin-9 are targeted in clinical trials. In addition, an antibody against the lectin Siglec-15 is being tested in an early clinical trial. In this review, we summarize the previous and current efforts to target TACA and to inhibit inhibitory immune receptors binding to TACA including the Siglec-sialoglycan axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Natoli
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Han S, Shuen WH, Wang WW, Nazim E, Toh HC. Tailoring precision immunotherapy: coming to a clinic soon? ESMO Open 2020; 5 Suppl 1:e000631. [PMID: 33558033 PMCID: PMC7046383 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based and antibody-based cancer immunotherapies have been widely tested across increasing numbers of cancers with an unprecedented number of successful practice-changing immunotherapy clinical trials, achieving significant survival outcomes and, characteristically, some very long-term survivors. Still, a sizeable proportion of patients, especially with solid tumours, do not benefit from immunotherapy. Here, we summarise key literature on immunotherapy biomarkers and resistance mechanisms and discuss potential strategies to overcome such resistance to improve patient outcomes. The ever-expanding understanding of the tumour-immune interaction and the tumour microenvironment allows a real opportunity to identify predictive biomarkers and tailor immune-based therapies, including designing rational combination drugs to enhance clinical outcomes, and to identify patients most likely to benefit from immunotherapy. Where there has never been a precision chemotherapy clinic in the last 70 years since its inception, even with no shortage of trying, the hope and evolution of a functional precision immunotherapy cancer clinic is a much more likely reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Ocology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Ho Shuen
- Division of Medical Ocology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Who-Whong Wang
- Division of Medical Ocology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esdy Nazim
- Division of Medical Ocology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Ocology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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24
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Oh F, Modiano JF, Bachanova V, Vallera DA. Bispecific Targeting of EGFR and Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) Using Ligand-Targeted Toxins in Solid Tumors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060956. [PMID: 32630411 PMCID: PMC7356355 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-targeted toxins (LTTs) are bioengineered molecules which are composed of a targeting component linked to a toxin that induces cell death once the LTT binds its target. Bispecific targeting allows for the simultaneous targeting of two receptors. In this review, we mostly focus on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a target. We discuss the development and testing of a bispecific LTT targeting EGFR and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) as two attractive targets implicated in tumor growth and in the regulation of the tumor microvasculature in solid tumors. In vitro and mouse xenograft studies have shown that EGFR-targeted bispecific angiotoxin (eBAT) is effective against human solid tumors. Canine studies have shown that eBAT is both safe and effective against canine hemangiosarcoma, which is physiologically similar to human angiosarcoma. Finding the appropriate dosing strategy and sequencing of eBAT administration, in combination with other therapeutics, are among important factors for future directions. Together, the data indicate that eBAT targets cancer stem cells, it may have a role in inhibiting human tumor vasculature, and its bispecific conformation may have a role in reducing toxicity in comparative oncologic trials in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Oh
- School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA;
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.F.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Jaime F. Modiano
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.F.M.); (V.B.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Veronika Bachanova
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.F.M.); (V.B.)
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel A. Vallera
- School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA;
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.F.M.); (V.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-26-266-664
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25
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Development of Glypican-3 Targeting Immunotoxins for the Treatment of Liver Cancer: An Update. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060934. [PMID: 32575752 PMCID: PMC7356171 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for most liver cancers and represents one of the deadliest cancers in the world. Despite the global demand for liver cancer treatments, there remain few options available. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved Lumoxiti, a CD22-targeting immunotoxin, as a treatment for patients with hairy cell leukemia. This approval helps to demonstrate the potential role that immunotoxins can play in the cancer therapeutics pipeline. However, concerns have been raised about the use of immunotoxins, including their high immunogenicity and short half-life, in particular for treating solid tumors such as liver cancer. This review provides an overview of recent efforts to develop a glypican-3 (GPC3) targeting immunotoxin for treating HCC, including strategies to deimmunize immunotoxins by removing B- or T-cell epitopes on the bacterial toxin and to improve the serum half-life of immunotoxins by incorporating an albumin binding domain.
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26
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Lejeune M, Köse MC, Duray E, Einsele H, Beguin Y, Caers J. Bispecific, T-Cell-Recruiting Antibodies in B-Cell Malignancies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:762. [PMID: 32457743 PMCID: PMC7221185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are designed to recognize and bind to two different antigens or epitopes. In the last few decades, BsAbs have been developed within the context of cancer therapies and in particular for the treatment of hematologic B-cell malignancies. To date, more than one hundred different BsAb formats exist, including bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs), and new constructs are constantly emerging. Advances in protein engineering have enabled the creation of BsAbs with specific mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Moreover, a better understanding of resistance and evasion mechanisms, as well as advances in the protein engineering and in immunology, will help generating a greater variety of BsAbs to treat various cancer types. This review focuses on T-cell-engaging BsAbs and more precisely on the various BsAb formats currently being studied in the context of B-cell malignancies, on ongoing clinical trials and on the clinical concerns to be taken into account in the development of new BsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Lejeune
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Murat Cem Köse
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Elodie Duray
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yves Beguin
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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27
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Borgatti A, Fieberg A, Winter AL, Stuebner K, Taras E, Todhunter D, Masyr A, Rendhal A, Vallera DA, Koopmeiners JS, Modiano JF. Impact of repeated cycles of EGF bispecific angiotoxin (eBAT) administered at a reduced interval from doxorubicin chemotherapy in dogs with splenic haemangiosarcoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:664-674. [PMID: 32187827 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that eBAT, an EGF-targeted angiotoxin, was safe and it improved the overall survival for dogs with splenic haemangiosarcoma when added to the standard of care in a single cycle of three administrations in the minimal residual disease setting. Our objective for the SRCBST-2 trial was to assess whether increased dosing through multiple cycles of eBAT would be well tolerated and would further enhance the benefits of eBAT. Eligibility was expanded to dogs with stage 3 haemangiosarcoma, provided that gross lesions could be surgically excised. The interval between eBAT and the start of chemotherapy was reduced, and the experimental therapy was expanded to three cycles, each administered at the biologically active dose (50 μg/kg) on a Monday/Wednesday/Friday schedule following splenectomy, and scheduled 1 week prior to the first, second and fifth doxorubicin chemotherapy. Twenty-five dogs were enrolled; six experienced acute hypotension with two requiring hospitalization. Self-limiting elevation of ALT was observed in one dog. A statistically significant survival benefit was not seen in this study in eBAT-treated dogs compared with a Contemporary comparison group of dogs with stages 1-3 haemangiosarcoma treated with standard of care alone. Our results indicate that repeated dosing cycles of eBAT starting 1 week prior to doxorubicin chemotherapy led to greater toxicity and reduced efficacy compared with a single cycle given between surgery and a delayed start of chemotherapy. Further work is needed to understand the precise mechanisms of action of eBAT in order to optimize its clinical benefits in the treatment of canine haemangiosarcoma and other tumours. IACUC Protocols 1110A06186 and 1507-32804A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Borgatti
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Clinical Investigation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ann Fieberg
- Coordinating Center for Biometric Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amber L Winter
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Clinical Investigation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kathleen Stuebner
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Clinical Investigation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth Taras
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Deborah Todhunter
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alison Masyr
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron Rendhal
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel A Vallera
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Immunotoxin SS1P is rapidly removed by proximal tubule cells of kidney, whose damage contributes to albumin loss in urine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6086-6091. [PMID: 32123080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919038117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are chimeric proteins composed of an Fv and a protein toxin being developed for cancer treatment. The Fv brings the toxin to the cancer cell, but most of the RITs do not reach the tumor and are removed by other organs. To identify cells responsible for RIT removal, and the pathway by which RITs reach these cells, we studied SS1P, a 63-kDa RIT that targets mesothelin-expressing tumors and has a short serum half-life. The major organs that remove RIT were identified by live mouse imaging of RIT labeled with FNIR-Z-759. Cells responsible for SS1P removal were identified by immunohistochemistry and intravital two-photon microscopy of kidneys of rats. The primary organ of SS1P removal is kidney followed by liver. In the kidney, SS1P passes through the glomerulus, is taken up by proximal tubular cells, and transferred to lysosomes. In the liver, macrophages are involved in removal. The short half-life of SS1P is due to its very rapid filtration by the kidney followed by degradation in proximal tubular cells of the kidney. In mice treated with SS1P, proximal tubular cells are damaged and albumin in the urine is increased. SS1P uptake by kidney is reduced by coadministration of l-lysine. Our data suggests that l-lysine administration to humans might prevent SS1P-mediated kidney damage, reduce albumin loss in urine, and alleviate capillary leak syndrome.
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Critical Issues in the Development of Immunotoxins for Anticancer Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:104-115. [PMID: 31669121 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxins (ITs) are attractive anticancer modalities aimed at cancer-specific delivery of highly potent cytotoxic protein toxins. An IT consists of a targeting domain (an antibody, cytokine, or another cell-binding protein) chemically conjugated or recombinantly fused to a highly cytotoxic payload (a bacterial and plant toxin or human cytotoxic protein). The mode of action of ITs is killing designated cancer cells through the effector function of toxins in the cytosol after cellular internalization via the targeted cell-specific receptor-mediated endocytosis. Although numerous ITs of diverse structures have been tested in the past decades, only 3 ITs-denileukin diftitox, tagraxofusp, and moxetumomab pasudotox-have been clinically approved for treating hematological cancers. No ITs against solid tumors have been approved for clinical use. In this review, we discuss critical research and development issues associated with ITs that limit their clinical success as well as strategies to overcome these obstacles. The issues include off-target and on-target toxicities, immunogenicity, human cytotoxic proteins, antigen target selection, cytosolic delivery efficacy, solid-tumor targeting, and developability. To realize the therapeutic promise of ITs, novel strategies for safe and effective cytosolic delivery into designated tumors, including solid tumors, are urgently needed.
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Shafiee F, Aucoin MG, Jahanian-Najafabadi A. Targeted Diphtheria Toxin-Based Therapy: A Review Article. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2340. [PMID: 31681205 PMCID: PMC6813239 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Conventional therapeutic strategies usually offer limited specificity, resulting in severe side effects and toxicity to normal tissues. Targeted cancer therapy, on the other hand, can improve the therapeutic potential of anti-cancer agents and decrease unwanted side effects. Targeted applications of cytolethal bacterial toxins have been found to be especially useful for the specific eradication of cancer cells. Targeting is either mediated by peptides or by protein-targeting moieties, such as antibodies, antibody fragments, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), growth factors, or cytokines. Together with a toxin domain, these molecules are more commonly referred to as immunotoxins. Targeting can also be achieved through gene delivery and cell-specific expression of a toxin. Of the available cytolethal toxins, diphtheria toxin (DT) is one of the most frequently used for these strategies. Of the many DT-based therapeutic strategies investigated to date, two immunotoxins, OntakTM and TagraxofuspTM, have gained FDA approval for clinical application. Despite some success with immunotoxins, suicide-gene therapy strategies, whereby controlled tumor-specific expression of DT is used for the eradication of malignant cells, are gaining prominence. The first part of this review focuses on DT-based immunotoxins, and it then discusses recent developments in tumor-specific expression of DT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shafiee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marc G Aucoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Jahanian-Najafabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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31
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Suurs FV, Lub-de Hooge MN, de Vries EGE, de Groot DJA. A review of bispecific antibodies and antibody constructs in oncology and clinical challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:103-119. [PMID: 31028837 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are antibodies that bind two distinct epitopes to cancer.. For use in oncology, one bsAb has been approved and 57 bsAbs are in clinical trials, none of which has reached phase 3. These bsAbs show great variability in design and mechanism of action. The various designs are often linked to the mechanisms of actions. The majority of bsAbs engage immune cells to destroy tumor cells. However, some bsAbs are also used to deliver payloads to tumors or to block tumor signaling pathways. This review provides insight into the choice of construct for bsAbs, summarizes the clinical development of bsAbs in oncology and identifies subsequent challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans V Suurs
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn N Lub-de Hooge
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Derk Jan A de Groot
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus are not ideal immunosuppressive agents. Side effects, including increased rates of infection, hypertension, and malignancy, can be severe. Thus, in the past decade, there has been much focus on the development of novel therapeutic agents and strategies designed to replace or minimize CNI exposure in transplant patients. This article reviews potential novel targets in T cells, alloantibody-producing B cells, plasma cells, and complement in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sik Shin
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Ivica Grgic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital, Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldinger Strasse 1, Marburg 35033, Germany
| | - Anil Chandraker
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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33
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Jeong GH, Lee KH, Lee IR, Oh JH, Kim DW, Shin JW, Kronbichler A, Eisenhut M, van der Vliet HJ, Abdel-Rahman O, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Veronese N, Dragioti E, Koyanagi A, Radua J, Shin JI. Incidence of Capillary Leak Syndrome as an Adverse Effect of Drugs in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020143. [PMID: 30691103 PMCID: PMC6406478 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary leak syndrome (CLS) is a rare disease with profound vascular leakage, which can be associated with a high mortality. There have been several reports on CLS as an adverse effect of anti-cancer agents and therapy, but the incidence of CLS according to the kinds of anti-cancer drugs has not been systemically evaluated. Thus, the aim of our study was to comprehensively meta-analyze the incidence of CLS by different types of cancer treatment or after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We searched the literatures (inception to July 2018) and among 4612 articles, 62 clinical trials (studies) were eligible. We extracted the number of patients with CLS, total cancer patients, name of therapeutic agent and dose, and type of cancer. We performed a meta-analysis to estimate the summary effects with 95% confidence interval and between-study heterogeneity. The reported incidence of CLS was categorized by causative drugs and BMT. The largest number of studies reported on CLS incidence during interleukin-2 (IL-2) treatment (n = 18), which yielded a pooled incidence of 34.7% by overall estimation and 43.9% by meta-analysis. The second largest number of studies reported on anti-cluster of differentiation (anti-CD) agents (n = 13) (incidence of 33.9% by overall estimation and 35.6% by meta-analysis) or undergoing BMT (n = 7 (21.1% by overall estimation and 21.7% by meta-analysis). Also, anti-cancer agents, including IL-2 + imatinib mesylate (three studies) and anti-CD22 monoclinal antibodies (mAb) (four studies), showed a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of CLS. Our study is the first to provide an informative overview on the incidence rate of reported CLS patients as an adverse event of anti-cancer treatment. This meta-analysis can lead to a better understanding of CLS and assist physicians in identifying the presence of CLS early in the disease course to improve the outcome and optimize management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang Hun Jeong
- College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
| | - Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, C.P.O., Box 8044, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - I Re Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, C.P.O., Box 8044, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Ji Hyun Oh
- Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Korea.
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, C.P.O., Box 8044, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Jae Won Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, C.P.O., Box 8044, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Michael Eisenhut
- Luton& Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Lewsey Road, Luton LU4 ODZ, UK.
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, UK.
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK.
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Nicola Veronese
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Elena Dragioti
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu/CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 113 30 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, C.P.O., Box 8044, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Vallera DA, Kreitman RJ. Immunotoxins Targeting B cell Malignancy-Progress and Problems With Immunogenicity. Biomedicines 2018; 7:biomedicines7010001. [PMID: 30577664 PMCID: PMC6466112 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Few immunotoxins or targeted toxins have become mainline cancer therapies. Still immunotoxins continue to be of major interest and subject of research and development as alternative therapies for drug resistant cancer. A major matter of concern continues to be immunogenicity exemplified by the anti-toxin response of the treated patient. Since some of our most effective toxins are bacterial in nature and bacterial proteins are highly immunogenic, this review describes some efforts to address this pressing issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Vallera
- Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Masonic Cancer Center, Department of Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Robert J Kreitman
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Mohseni M, Uludag H, Brandwein JM. Advances in biology of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and therapeutic implications. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2018; 8:29-56. [PMID: 30697448 PMCID: PMC6334189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer and also occurs in adults. Although the outcomes of multi-agent chemotherapy regimens have greatly improved, high toxicity and relapses in many patients necessitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Advances in molecular profiling and cytogenetics have identified a broad range of genetic abnormalities, including gene mutations, chromosome translocations and aneuploidy, which has provided a more comprehensive understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of ALL. This understanding has also led to new targeted therapeutic approaches, including the use of selective small molecule inhibitors, nucleic acid-based therapies and immune-based therapies mediated by specific monoclonal antibodies and cellular immunotherapy, which are poised to revolutionize the treatment of various ALL subtypes. The main focus of this review is to highlight the latest advances in ALL biology, including the identification of prognostic factors and putative therapeutic targets. We also review the current status of, and ongoing progress in, the development of targeted therapies for ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mohseni
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludag
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Meyer SJ, Linder AT, Brandl C, Nitschke L. B Cell Siglecs-News on Signaling and Its Interplay With Ligand Binding. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2820. [PMID: 30559744 PMCID: PMC6286995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 and Siglec-G are members of the Siglec family. Both are inhibitory co-receptors on the surface of B cells and inhibit B-cell receptor induced signaling, characterized by inhibition of the calcium mobilization and cellular activation. CD22 functions predominantly as an inhibitor on conventional B cells, while Siglec-G is an important inhibitor on the B1a-cell subset. These two B-cell Siglecs do not only inhibit initial signaling, but also have an important function in preventing autoimmunity, as double deficient mice develop a lupus-like phenotype with age. Siglecs are characterized by their conserved ability to bind terminal sialic acid of glycans on the cell surface, which is important to regulate the inhibitory role of Siglecs. While CD22 binds α2,6-linked sialic acids, Siglec-G can bind both α2,6-linked and α2,3-linked sialic acids. Interestingly, ligand binding is differentially regulating the ability of CD22 and Siglec-G to control B-cell activation. Within the last years, quite a few studies focused on the different functions of B-cell Siglecs and the interplay of ligand binding and signal inhibition. This review summarizes the role of CD22 and Siglec-G in regulating B-cell receptor signaling, membrane distribution with the importance of ligand binding, preventing autoimmunity and the role of CD22 beyond the naïve B-cell stage. Additionally, this review article features the long time discussed interaction between CD45 and CD22 with highlighting recent data, as well as the interplay between CD22 and Galectin-9 and its influence on B-cell receptor signaling. Moreover, therapeutical approaches targeting human CD22 will be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Meyer
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra T Linder
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin Brandl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Hu Y, Wei X, Liao Z, Gao Y, Liu X, Su J, Yuan G. Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into the Markers of Resting and LPS-Activated Macrophages in Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113562. [PMID: 30424518 PMCID: PMC6274997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are very versatile immune cells, with the characteristics of a proinflammatory phenotype in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. However, the specific activation marker genes of macrophages have not been systematically investigated in teleosts. In this work, leukocytes (WBC) were isolated using the Percoll gradient method. Macrophages were enriched by the adherent culture of WBC, then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Macrophages were identified by morphological features, functional activity and authorized cytokine expression. Subsequently, we collected samples, constructed and sequenced transcriptomic libraries including WBC, resting macrophage (Mø) and activated macrophage (M(LPS)) groups. We gained a total of 20.36 Gb of clean data including 149.24 million reads with an average length of 146 bp. Transcriptome analysis showed 708 differential genes between WBC and Mø, 83 differentially expressed genes between Mø and M(LPS). Combined with RT-qPCR, we proposed that four novel cell surface marker genes (CD22-like, CD63, CD48 and CD276) and two chemokines (CXCL-like and CCL39.3) would be emerging potential marker genes of macrophage in grass carp. Furthermore, CD69, CD180, CD27, XCL32a.2 and CXCL8a genes can be used as marker genes to confirm whether macrophages are activated. Transcriptome profiling reveals novel molecules associated with macrophages in C. Idella, which may represent a potential target for macrophages activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhen Hu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaolei Wei
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhiwei Liao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Gailing Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Vasilenko EA, Mokhonov VV, Gorshkova EN, Astrakhantseva IV. Bispecific Antibodies: Formats and Areas of Application. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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39
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Abou-Elkacem L, Wang H, Chowdhury SM, Kimura RH, Bachawal SV, Gambhir SS, Tian L, Willmann JK. Thy1-Targeted Microbubbles for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1574-1585. [PMID: 29301827 PMCID: PMC5884723 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To engineer a dual human and murine Thy1-binding single-chain-antibody ligand (Thy1-scFv) for contrast microbubble-enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).Experimental Design: Thy1-scFv were engineered using yeast-surface-display techniques. Binding to soluble human and murine Thy1 and to Thy1-expressing cells was assessed by flow cytometry. Thy1-scFv was then attached to gas-filled microbubbles to create MBThy1-scFv Thy1 binding of MBThy1-scFv to Thy1-expressing cells was evaluated under flow shear stress conditions in flow-chamber experiments. MBscFv-scrambled and MBNon-targeted were used as negative controls. All microbubble types were tested in both orthotopic human PDAC xenografts and transgenic PDAC mice in vivoResults: Thy1-scFv had a KD of 3.4 ± 0.36 nmol/L for human and 9.2 ± 1.7 nmol/L for murine Thy1 and showed binding to both soluble and cellularly expressed Thy1. MBThy1-scFv was attached to Thy1 with high affinity compared with negative control microbubbles (P < 0.01) as assessed by flow cytometry. Similarly, flow-chamber studies showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher binding of MBThy1-scFv (3.0 ± 0.81 MB/cell) to Thy1-expressing cells than MBscFv-scrambled (0.57 ± 0.53) and MBNon-targeted (0.43 ± 0.53). In vivo ultrasound molecular imaging using MBThy1-scFv demonstrated significantly higher signal (P < 0.01) in both orthotopic (5.32 ± 1.59 a.u.) and transgenic PDAC (5.68 ± 2.5 a.u.) mice compared with chronic pancreatitis (0.84 ± 0.6 a.u.) and normal pancreas (0.67 ± 0.71 a.u.). Ex vivo immunofluorescence confirmed significantly (P < 0.01) increased Thy1 expression in PDAC compared with chronic pancreatitis and normal pancreas tissue.Conclusions: A dual human and murine Thy1-binding scFv was designed to generate contrast microbubbles to allow PDAC detection with ultrasound. Clin Cancer Res; 24(7); 1574-85. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotfi Abou-Elkacem
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California.
| | - Huaijun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Sayan M Chowdhury
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Richard H Kimura
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Sunitha V Bachawal
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Health, Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jürgen K Willmann
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
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Development of a Deimmunized Bispecific Immunotoxin dDT2219 against B-Cell Malignancies. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10010032. [PMID: 29316610 PMCID: PMC5793119 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphtheria toxin (DT) related targeted toxins are effective in cancer treatment, but efficacy diminishes in time because of their immunogenic potential and/or former vaccinations. In order to overcome this limitation for DT2219, a promising bispecific targeted toxin which targets CD19 and CD22, we deimmunized the DT moiety, and thereby developed an exciting improved drug (dDT2219) which still has the potential to sufficiently target B-cell malignancies but also limits clearance because of its reduced immunogenicity. The DT moiety was modified by inducing point mutations in prominent positions on the molecular surface. The new engineered dDT2219 was tested for activity, efficacy, and specificity using functional assays, proliferation assays, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, 12 samples of Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia (CLL) patients were used to assess binding. Immunogenicity was determined using a BALB/c mouse model. dDT2219 was efficient and specific against B-cell malignancies such as Bukitt-Lymphoma cell lines Daudi and Raji. dDT2219 showed specific binding on targets and on CLL samples. Intraperitoneal vaccination of immune competent mice showed that even after multiple administrations with increasing doses, induction of neutralizing antibodies was significantly lower in the dDT2219 treated animal group. The new dDT2219 combines potent anti-tumor cell activity with a reduced immunogenicity. With regard to the frequent development of neutralizing antibodies after multiple administrations with immunotoxins, dDT2219 shows promise to overcome this limitation and thus might maintain effectiveness even after multiple treatment cycles.
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Santiago R, Vairy S, Sinnett D, Krajinovic M, Bittencourt H. Novel therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:1081-1099. [PMID: 28608730 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1340938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During recent decades, the prognosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has improved dramatically, nowadays, reaching a cure rate of almost 90%. These results are due to a better management and combination of old therapies, refined risk-group stratification and emergence of minimal residual disease (MRD) combined with treatment's intensification for high-risk subgroups. However, the subgroup of patients with refractory/relapsed ALL still presents a dismal prognosis indicating necessity for innovative therapeutic approaches. Areas covered: We performed an exhaustive review of current first-line therapies for childhood ALL in the worldwide main consortia, summarized the major advances for front-line and relapse treatment and highlighted recent and promising innovative therapies with an overview of the most promising ongoing clinical trials. Expert opinion: Two major avenues marked the beginning of 21st century. First, is the introduction of tyrosine-kinase inhibitor coupled to chemotherapy for treatment of Philadelphia positive ALL opening new treatment possibilities for the recently identified subgroup of Ph-like ALL. Second, is the breakthrough of immunotherapy, notably CAR T-cell and specific antibody-based therapy, with remarkable success observed in initial studies. This review gives an insight on current knowledge in these innovative therapeutic directions, summarizes currently ongoing clinical trials and addresses challenges these approaches are faced with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Santiago
- a CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center , Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,b Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Montreal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Stéphanie Vairy
- a CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center , Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,b Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Montreal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- a CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center , Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,b Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Montreal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Maja Krajinovic
- a CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center , Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,b Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Montreal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,c Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Montreal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Henrique Bittencourt
- a CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center , Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,b Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Montreal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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Borgatti A, Koopmeiners JS, Sarver AL, Winter AL, Stuebner K, Todhunter D, Rizzardi AE, Henriksen JC, Schmechel S, Forster CL, Kim JH, Froelich J, Walz J, Henson MS, Breen M, Lindblad-Toh K, Oh F, Pilbeam K, Modiano JF, Vallera DA. Safe and Effective Sarcoma Therapy through Bispecific Targeting of EGFR and uPAR. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:956-965. [PMID: 28193671 PMCID: PMC5418099 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas differ from carcinomas in their mesenchymal origin. Therapeutic advancements have come slowly, so alternative drugs and models are urgently needed. These studies report a new drug for sarcomas that simultaneously targets both tumor and tumor neovasculature. eBAT is a bispecific angiotoxin consisting of truncated, deimmunized Pseudomonas exotoxin fused to EGF and the amino terminal fragment of urokinase. Here, we study the drug in an in vivo "ontarget" companion dog trial as eBAT effectively kills canine hemangiosarcoma and human sarcoma cells in vitro We reasoned the model has value due to the common occurrence of spontaneous sarcomas in dogs and a limited lifespan allowing for rapid accrual and data collection. Splenectomized dogs with minimal residual disease were given one cycle of eBAT followed by adjuvant doxorubicin in an adaptive dose-finding, phase I-II study of 23 dogs with spontaneous, stage I-II, splenic hemangiosarcoma. eBAT improved 6-month survival from <40% in a comparison population to approximately 70% in dogs treated at a biologically active dose (50 μg/kg). Six dogs were long-term survivors, living >450 days. eBAT abated expected toxicity associated with EGFR targeting, a finding supported by mouse studies. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and EGFR are targets for human sarcomas, so thorough evaluation is crucial for validation of the dog model. Thus, we validated these markers for human sarcoma targeting in the study of 212 human and 97 canine sarcoma samples. Our results support further translation of eBAT for human patients with sarcomas and perhaps other EGFR-expressing malignancies. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(5); 956-65. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Borgatti
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Aaron L Sarver
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amber L Winter
- Clinical Investigation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Kathleen Stuebner
- Clinical Investigation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Deborah Todhunter
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anthony E Rizzardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan C Henriksen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen Schmechel
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Colleen L Forster
- BioNet Histology Research Laboratory, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jong-Hyuk Kim
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jerry Froelich
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jillian Walz
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Michael S Henson
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Cancer Genetics Program, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Felix Oh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kristy Pilbeam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel A Vallera
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Zheng Q, Wang Z, Zhang H, Huang Q, Madsen JC, Sachs DH, Huang CA, Wang Z. Diphtheria toxin-based anti-human CD19 immunotoxin for targeting human CD19 + tumors. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:584-594. [PMID: 28306193 PMCID: PMC5527461 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD19 is expressed on normal and neoplastic B cells and is a promising target for immunotherapy. However, there is still an unmet need to further develop novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of the refractory/relapsing human CD19+ tumors. We have developed a diphtheria toxin‐based anti‐human CD19 immunotoxin for targeting human CD19+ tumors. We have constructed three isoforms of the CD19 immunotoxin: monovalent, bivalent, and foldback diabody. In vitro binding affinity and efficacy analysis demonstrated that the bivalent isoform had the highest binding affinity and in vitro efficacy. The in vivo efficacy of the CD19 immunotoxins was assessed using human CD19+ JeKo‐1 tumor‐bearing NOD/SCID IL‐2 receptor γ−/− (NSG) mouse model. In these animals, CD19 immunotoxins significantly prolonged the median survival from 31 days in controls to 34, 36, and 40 days in animals receiving the monovalent isoform, foldback diabody isoform, and bivalent isoform, respectively. The bivalent CD19 immunotoxin is a promising therapeutic drug candidate for targeting relapsing/refractory human CD19+ tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qi Huang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joren C Madsen
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David H Sachs
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,TBRC Laboratories, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christene A Huang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Bispecific Antibodies as a Development Platform for New Concepts and Treatment Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010048. [PMID: 28036020 PMCID: PMC5297683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of molecular cloning technology and the deep understanding of antibody engineering, there are diverse bispecific antibody formats from which to choose to pursue the optimal biological activity and clinical purpose. The single-chain-based bispecific antibodies usually bridge tumor cells with immune cells and form an immunological synapse because of their relatively small size. Bispecific antibodies in the IgG format include asymmetric bispecific antibodies and homodimerized bispecific antibodies, all of which have an extended blood half-life and their own crystalline fragment (Fc)-mediated functions. Besides retargeting effector cells to the site of cancer, new applications were established for bispecific antibodies. Bispecific antibodies that can simultaneously bind to cell surface antigens and payloads are a very ideal delivery system for therapeutic use. Bispecific antibodies that can inhibit two correlated signaling molecules at the same time can be developed to overcome inherent or acquired resistance and to be more efficient angiogenesis inhibitors. Bispecific antibodies can also be used to treat hemophilia A by mimicking the function of factor VIII. Bispecific antibodies also have broad application prospects in bone disorders and infections and diseases of the central nervous system. The latest developments of the formats and application of bispecific antibodies will be reviewed. Furthermore, the challenges and perspectives are summarized in this review.
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Catch me if you can: Leukemia Escape after CD19-Directed T Cell Immunotherapies. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2016; 14:357-362. [PMID: 27761200 PMCID: PMC5061074 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the revolution in cancer treatment of this last decade. Among multiple approaches able to harness the power of the immune system against cancer, T cell based immunotherapies represent one of the most successful examples. In particular, biotechnological engineering of protein structures, like the T cell receptor or the immunoglobulins, allowed the generation of synthetic peptides like chimeric antigen receptors and bispecific antibodies that are able to redirect non-tumor specific T cells to recognize and kill leukemic cells. The anti-CD19/CD3 bispecific antibody blinatumomab and anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CART19) have produced deep responses in patients with relapsed and refractory B-cell acute leukemias. However, although the majority of these patients responds to anti-CD19 immunotherapy, a subset of them still relapses. Interestingly, a novel family of leukemia escape mechanisms has been described, all characterized by the apparent loss of CD19 on the surface of leukemic blasts. This extraordinary finding demonstrates the potent selective pressure of CART19/blinatumomab that drives extreme and specific escape strategies by leukemic blasts. Patients with CD19-negative relapsed leukemia have very poor prognosis and novel approaches to treat and ideally prevent antigen-loss are direly needed. In this review we discuss the incidence, mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for CD19-negative leukemia relapses occuring after CD19-directed T cell immunotherapies and present our future perspective.
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de Goeij BECG, Vink T, Ten Napel H, Breij ECW, Satijn D, Wubbolts R, Miao D, Parren PWHI. Efficient Payload Delivery by a Bispecific Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting HER2 and CD63. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2688-2697. [PMID: 27559142 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are designed to be stable in circulation and to release potent cytotoxic drugs intracellularly following antigen-specific binding, uptake, and degradation in tumor cells. Efficient internalization and routing to lysosomes where proteolysis can take place is therefore essential. For many cell surface proteins and carbohydrate structures on tumor cells, however, the magnitude of these processes is insufficient to allow for an effective ADC approach. We hypothesized that we could overcome this limitation by enhancing lysosomal ADC delivery via a bispecific antibody (bsAb) approach, in which one binding domain would provide tumor specificity, whereas the other binding domain would facilitate targeting to the lysosomal compartment. We therefore designed a bsAb in which one binding arm specifically targeted CD63, a protein that is described to shuttle between the plasma membrane and intracellular compartments, and combined it in a bsAb with a HER2 binding arm, which was selected as model antigen for tumor-specific binding. The resulting bsHER2xCD63his demonstrated strong binding, internalization and lysosomal accumulation in HER2-positive tumor cells, and minimal internalization into HER2-negative cells. By conjugating bsHER2xCD63his to the microtubule-disrupting agent duostatin-3, we were able to demonstrate potent cytotoxicity of bsHER2xCD63his-ADC against HER2-positive tumors, which was not observed with monovalent HER2- and CD63-specific ADCs. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that intracellular trafficking of ADCs can be improved using a bsAb approach that targets the lysosomal membrane protein CD63 and provide a rationale for the development of novel bsADCs that combine tumor-specific targeting with targeting of rapidly internalizing antigens. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2688-97. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Vink
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Richard Wubbolts
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David Miao
- Concortis Biosystems Corp., San Diego, California
| | - Paul W H I Parren
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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47
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Novel immunotherapeutic strategies to target alloantibody-producing B and plasma cells in transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2016; 21:419-26. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Augmenting the Efficacy of Immunotoxins and Other Targeted Protein Toxins by Endosomal Escape Enhancers. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070200. [PMID: 27376327 PMCID: PMC4963833 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic moiety of almost all protein-based targeted toxins must enter the cytosol of the target cell to mediate its fatal effect. Although more than 500 targeted toxins have been investigated in the past decades, no antibody-targeted protein toxin has been approved for tumor therapeutic applications by the authorities to date. Missing efficacy can be attributed in many cases to insufficient endosomal escape and therefore subsequent lysosomal degradation of the endocytosed toxins. To overcome this drawback, many strategies have been described to weaken the membrane integrity of endosomes. This comprises the use of lysosomotropic amines, carboxylic ionophores, calcium channel antagonists, various cell-penetrating peptides of viral, bacterial, plant, animal, human and synthetic origin, other organic molecules and light-induced techniques. Although the efficacy of the targeted toxins was typically augmented in cell culture hundred or thousand fold, in exceptional cases more than million fold, the combination of several substances harbors new problems including additional side effects, loss of target specificity, difficulties to determine the therapeutic window and cell type-dependent variations. This review critically scrutinizes the chances and challenges of endosomal escape enhancers and their potential role in future developments.
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Barriuso B, Antolín P, Arias FJ, Girotti A, Jiménez P, Cordoba-Diaz M, Cordoba-Diaz D, Girbés T. Anti-Human Endoglin (hCD105) Immunotoxin-Containing Recombinant Single Chain Ribosome-Inactivating Protein Musarmin 1. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E184. [PMID: 27294959 PMCID: PMC4926150 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (CD105) is an accessory component of the TGF-β receptor complex, which is expressed in a number of tissues and over-expressed in the endothelial cells of tumor neovasculature. Targeting endoglin with immunotoxins containing type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins has proved an effective tool to reduce blood supply to B16 mice tumor xenografts. We prepared anti-endoglin immunotoxin (IT)-containing recombinant musarmin 1 (single chain ribosome-inactivating proteins) linked to the mouse anti-human CD105 44G4 mouse monoclonal antibody via N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP). The immunotoxin specifically killed L929 fibroblast mouse cells transfected with the short form of human endoglin with IC50 values in the range of 5 × 10(-10) to 10(-9) M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Barriuso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Antolín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - F Javier Arias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
- Bioforge, University of Valladolid, Spain and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 47002 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Alessandra Girotti
- Bioforge, University of Valladolid, Spain and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 47002 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Cordoba-Diaz
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology and University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Damián Cordoba-Diaz
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology and University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tomás Girbés
- Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
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50
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Schmohl JU, Todhunter D, Oh S, Vallera DA. Mutagenic Deimmunization of Diphtheria Toxin for Use in Biologic Drug Development. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4067-82. [PMID: 26473923 PMCID: PMC4626721 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7104067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted toxins require multiple treatments and therefore must be deimmunized. We report a method of protein deimmunization based on the point mutation of highly hydrophilic R, K, D, E, and Q amino acids on the molecular surface of truncated diphtheria-toxin (DT390). METHODS Based on their surface position derived from an X-ray-crystallographic model, residues were chosen for point mutation that were located in prominent positions on the molecular surface and away from the catalytic site. Mice were immunized with a targeted toxin containing either a mutated DT390 containing seven critical point mutations or the non-mutated parental toxin form. RESULTS Serum analysis revealed a significant 90% reduction in anti-toxin antibodies in mice immunized with the mutant, but not the parental drug form despite multiple immunizations. The experiment was repeated in a second strain of mice with a different MHC-haplotype to address whether point mutation removed T or B cell epitopes. Findings were identical indicating that B cell epitopes were eliminated from DT. The mutant drug form lost only minimal activity in vitro as well as in vivo. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that this method may be effective for deimmunizing of other proteins and that discovery of a deimmunized form of DT may lead to the development of more effective targeted toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg U Schmohl
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Section of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55423, USA.
- Department for Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine 2, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Deborah Todhunter
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Section of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55423, USA.
| | - Seung Oh
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Section of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55423, USA.
| | - Daniel A Vallera
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Section of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55423, USA.
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