1
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Li Z, Ma L, Gao Z, Wang X, Che X, Zhang P, Li Y, Zhang Q, Liu T, Sun Y, Bai Y, Deng H. Identification and validation of tumor-specific T cell receptors from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes using tumor organoid co-cultures. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:164. [PMID: 38954022 PMCID: PMC11219989 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
T cell receptor-engineered T cells (TCR-Ts) therapy is promising for cancer immunotherapy. Most studies have focused on identifying tumor-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) through predicted tumor neoantigens. However, current algorithms for predicting tumor neoantigens are unreliable and many neoantigens are derived from non-coding regions. Thus, the technological platform for identifying tumor-specific TCRs using natural antigens expressed on tumor cells is urgently needed. In this study, tumor organoids-enriched tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (oeT) were obtained by repeatedly stimulation of autologous patient-derived organoids (PDO) in vitro. The oeT cells specifically responded to autologous tumor PDO by detecting CD137 expression and the secretion of IFN-γ using enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The measurement of oeT cell-mediated killing of three-dimensional organoids was conducted using a caspase3/7 flow cytometry assay kit. Subsequently, tumor-specific T cells were isolated based on CD137 expression and their TCRs were identified through single-cell RT-PCR analysis. The specificity cytotoxicity of TCRs were confirmed by transferring to primary peripheral blood T cells. The co-culture system proved highly effective in generating CD8+ tumor-specific oeT cells. These oeT cells effectively induced IFN-γ secretion and exhibited specificity in killing autologous tumor organoids, while not eliciting a cytotoxic response against normal organoids. The analysis conducted by TCRs revealed a significant expansion of T cells within a specific subset of TCRs. Subsequently, the TCRs were cloned and transferred to peripheral blood T cells generation engineered TCR-Ts, which adequately recognized and killed tumor cell in a patient-specific manner. The co-culture system provided an approach to generate tumor-specific TCRs from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of patients with colorectal cancer, and tumor-specific TCRs can potentially be used for personalized TCR-T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lisha Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhaoya Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, 100041, China
| | - Xiya Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xuan Che
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Pengchong Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yixian Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qianjing Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tianxing Liu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hongkui Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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2
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Dolton G, Rius C, Wall A, Szomolay B, Bianchi V, Galloway SAE, Hasan MS, Morin T, Caillaud ME, Thomas HL, Theaker S, Tan LR, Fuller A, Topley K, Legut M, Attaf M, Hopkins JR, Behiry E, Zabkiewicz J, Alvares C, Lloyd A, Rogers A, Henley P, Fegan C, Ottmann O, Man S, Crowther MD, Donia M, Svane IM, Cole DK, Brown PE, Rizkallah P, Sewell AK. Targeting of multiple tumor-associated antigens by individual T cell receptors during successful cancer immunotherapy. Cell 2023; 186:3333-3349.e27. [PMID: 37490916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The T cells of the immune system can target tumors and clear solid cancers following tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy. We used combinatorial peptide libraries and a proteomic database to reveal the antigen specificities of persistent cancer-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) following successful TIL therapy for stage IV malignant melanoma. Remarkably, individual TCRs could target multiple different tumor types via the HLA A∗02:01-restricted epitopes EAAGIGILTV, LLLGIGILVL, and NLSALGIFST from Melan A, BST2, and IMP2, respectively. Atomic structures of a TCR bound to all three antigens revealed the importance of the shared x-x-x-A/G-I/L-G-I-x-x-x recognition motif. Multi-epitope targeting allows individual T cells to attack cancer in several ways simultaneously. Such "multipronged" T cells exhibited superior recognition of cancer cells compared with conventional T cell recognition of individual epitopes, making them attractive candidates for the development of future immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Cristina Rius
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Aaron Wall
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Barbara Szomolay
- Systems Immunology Research Institute, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Valentina Bianchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sarah A E Galloway
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Md Samiul Hasan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Théo Morin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Marine E Caillaud
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hannah L Thomas
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sarah Theaker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Li Rong Tan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Katie Topley
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Mateusz Legut
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Meriem Attaf
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jade R Hopkins
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Enas Behiry
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Joanna Zabkiewicz
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Caroline Alvares
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Angharad Lloyd
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Amber Rogers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Peter Henley
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Christopher Fegan
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Oliver Ottmann
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Stephen Man
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Michael D Crowther
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK; National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marco Donia
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Paul E Brown
- The Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Pierre Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunology Research Institute, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK.
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3
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Wang X, Sandberg ML, Martin AD, Negri KR, Gabrelow GB, Nampe DP, Wu ML, McElvain ME, Toledo Warshaviak D, Lee WH, Oh J, Daris ME, Chai F, Yao C, Furney J, Pigott C, Kamb A, Xu H. Potent, Selective CARs as Potential T-Cell Therapeutics for HPV-positive Cancers. J Immunother 2021; 44:292-306. [PMID: 34432728 PMCID: PMC8415731 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation T-cell therapies will likely continue to utilize T-cell receptors (TCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) because each receptor type has advantages. TCRs often possess exceptional properties even when tested unmodified from patients' T cells. CARs are generally less sensitive, possibly because their ligand-binding domains are grafted from antibodies selected for binding affinity or avidity and not broadly optimized for a functional response. Because of the disconnect between binding and function among these receptor types, the ultimate potential of CARs optimized for sensitivity and selectivity is not clear. Here, we focus on a thoroughly studied immuno-oncology target, the HLA-A*02/HPV-E629-38 complex, and show that CARs can be optimized by a combination of high-throughput binding screens and low-throughput functional assays to have comparable activity to clinical TCRs in acute assays in vitro. These results provide a case study for the challenges and opportunities of optimizing high-performing CARs, especially in the context of targets utilized naturally by TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julyun Oh
- A2 Biotherapeutics, Agoura Hills, CA
| | | | - Falene Chai
- Innovative Targeting Solutions, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christine Yao
- Innovative Targeting Solutions, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James Furney
- Innovative Targeting Solutions, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Craig Pigott
- Innovative Targeting Solutions, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Han Xu
- A2 Biotherapeutics, Agoura Hills, CA
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4
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McDaid WJ, Lissin N, Pollheimer E, Greene M, Leach A, Smyth P, Bossi G, Longley D, Cole DK, Scott CJ. Enhanced target-specific delivery of docetaxel-loaded nanoparticles using engineered T cell receptors. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:15010-15020. [PMID: 34533174 PMCID: PMC8447836 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04001d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For effective targeted therapy of cancer with chemotherapy-loaded nanoparticles (NPs), antigens that are selective for cancer cells should be targeted to minimise off-tumour toxicity. Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are attractive cancer targets as they can present peptides from tumour-selective proteins on the cell surface, which can be recognised by T cells via T cell receptors (TCRs). In this study, docetaxel-loaded polymeric NPs were conjugated to recombinant affinity-enhanced TCRs to target breast cancer cells presenting a tumour-selective peptide-HLA complex. The TCR-conjugated nanoparticles enabled enhanced delivery of docetaxel and induced cell death through tumour-specific peptide-HLA targeting. These in vitro data demonstrate the potential of targeting tumour-restricted peptide-HLA epitopes using high affinity TCR-conjugated nanoparticles, representing a novel treatment strategy to deliver therapeutic drugs specifically to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J McDaid
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Alderley Park, Congleton Rd, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield, UK, SK10 4TG
| | - Nikolai Lissin
- Immunocore Ltd, 101 Park Dr, Milton, Abingdon, United Kingdom OX14 4RY
| | - Ellen Pollheimer
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
| | - Michelle Greene
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
| | - Adam Leach
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
- Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Peter Smyth
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
| | - Giovanna Bossi
- Immunocore Ltd, 101 Park Dr, Milton, Abingdon, United Kingdom OX14 4RY
| | - Daniel Longley
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
| | - David K Cole
- Immunocore Ltd, 101 Park Dr, Milton, Abingdon, United Kingdom OX14 4RY
| | - Christopher J Scott
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, BT9 7AE.
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5
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Wang X, Martin AD, Negri KR, McElvain ME, Oh J, Wu ML, Lee WH, Ando Y, Gabrelow GB, Toledo Warshaviak D, Sandberg ML, Xu H, Kamb A. Extensive functional comparisons between chimeric antigen receptors and T cell receptors highlight fundamental similarities. Mol Immunol 2021; 138:137-149. [PMID: 34419823 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Though TCRs have been subject to limited engineering in the context of therapeutic design and optimization, they are used largely as found in nature. On the other hand, CARs are artificial, composed of different segments of proteins that function in the immune system. This characteristic raises the possibility of altered response to immune regulatory stimuli. Here we describe a large-scale, systematic comparison of CARs and TCRs across 5 different pMHC targets, with a total of 19 constructs examined in vitro. These functional measurements include CAR- and TCR-mediated activation, proliferation, and cytotoxicity in both acute and chronic settings. Surprisingly, we find no consistent difference between CARs and TCRs as receptor classes with respect to their relative sensitivity to major regulators of T cell activation: PD-L1, CD80/86 and IL-2. Though TCRs often emerge from human blood directly as potent, selective receptors, CARs must be heavily optimized to attain these properties for pMHC targets. Nonetheless, when iteratively improved and compared head to head in functional tests, CARs appear remarkably similar to TCRs with respect to immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyin Wang
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Aaron D Martin
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Kathleen R Negri
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Michele E McElvain
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Julyun Oh
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Ming-Lun Wu
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Wen-Hua Lee
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Yuta Ando
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Grant B Gabrelow
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | | | - Mark L Sandberg
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Han Xu
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States.
| | - Alexander Kamb
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States.
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6
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Cai L, Caraballo Galva LD, Peng Y, Luo X, Zhu W, Yao Y, Ji Y, He Y. Preclinical Studies of the Off-Target Reactivity of AFP 158-Specific TCR Engineered T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:607. [PMID: 32395117 PMCID: PMC7196607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous T cells engineered with T receptor genes (TCR) are being studied to treat cancers. We have recently identified a panel of mouse TCRs specific for the HLA-A0201/alpha fetoprotein epitope (AFP158) complex and have shown that human T cells engineered with these TCR genes (TCR-Ts) can eradicate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) xenografts in NSG mice. However, due to TCR’s promiscuity, their off-target cross-reactivity must be studied prior to conducting clinical trials. In this study, we conducted in vitro X-scan assay and in silico analysis to determine the off-target cross-reactivity of 3 AFP158-specific TCR-Ts. We found that the 3 AFP158-specific TCR-Ts could be cross-activated by ENPP1436 peptide and that the TCR3-Ts could also be activated by another off-target peptide, RCL1215. However, compared to AFP158, it requires 250 times more ENPP1436 and 10,000 times more RCL1215 peptides to achieve the same level of activation. The EC50 of ENPP1436 peptide for activating TCR-Ts is approximately 17–33 times higher than AFP158. Importantly, the ENPP1+ tumor cells did not activate TCR1-Ts and TCR2-Ts, and only weakly activated TCR3-Ts. The IFNγ produced by TCR3-Ts after ENPP1+ cell stimulation was >22x lower than that after HepG2 cells. And, all TCR-Ts did not kill ENPP1 + tumor cells. Furthermore, ectopic over-expression of ENPP1 protein in HLA-A2+ tumor cells did not activate TCR-Ts. In silico analysis showed that the ENPP1436 peptide affinity for HLA-A0201 was ranked 40 times lower than AFP158 and the chance of ENPP1436 peptide being processed and presented by HLA-A0201 was 100 times less likely than AFP158. In contrast, the two off-targets (Titin and MAGE-A3) that did cause severe toxicity in previous trials have the same or higher MHC-binding affinity and the same or higher chance of being processed and presented. In conclusion, our data shows that TCR-Ts can be activated by off-target ENPP1436 peptide. But, compared to target AFP158, it requires at least 250 times more ENPP1436 to achieve the same level of activation. Importantly, ENPP1436 peptide in human cells is not processed and presented to a sufficient level to activate the AFP158-specific TCR-Ts. Thus, these TCR-Ts, especially the TCR1-Ts and TCR2-Ts, will unlikely cause significant off-target toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Cai
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Leidy D Caraballo Galva
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States.,The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Yibing Peng
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Xiaobing Luo
- Cellular Biomedicine Group (CBMG), Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Yihong Yao
- Cellular Biomedicine Group (CBMG), Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Yun Ji
- Cellular Biomedicine Group (CBMG), Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Yukai He
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States.,The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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7
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Li Z, Gong H, Liu Q, Wu W, Cheng J, Mei Y, Chen Y, Zheng H, Yu X, Zhong S, Li Y. Identification of an HLA-A*24:02-restricted α-fetoprotein signal peptide-derived antigen and its specific T-cell receptor for T-cell immunotherapy. Immunology 2020; 159:384-392. [PMID: 31849039 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer with limited treatments. Asia has the highest HCC incidence rates; China accounts for over 50% of all HCC cases worldwide. T-cell receptor (TCR) -engineered T-cell immunotherapies specific for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) -A*02:01-restricted α-fetoprotein (AFP) peptide have shown encouraging results in clinics. HLA-A*24:02 is more common than HLA-A*02:01 in Asian countries, including China. Here we identified a novel HLA-A*24:02-restricted peptide KWVESIFLIF (AFP2-11 ) located in AFP signal peptide domain by mass spectrometric analysis of HLA-bound peptides from HepG2 cells. A TCR (KWV3.1) specific for AFP2-11 -HLA-A*24:02 was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a healthy donor. The binding affinity of soluble KWV3.1 to its antigen was determined to be ~55 μm, within the affinity range of native TCRs for self-antigens. KWV3.1-transfected T cells could specifically activate and kill AFP2-11 pulsed T2-A24 cells and AFP+ HLA-A*24:02+ tumor cell lines, demonstrating that AFP2-11 can be naturally presented on the surface of AFP+ tumor cell lines. The newly identified antigenic peptide can provide a novel target for immunotherapeutic strategies for patients with AFP+ HLA-A*24:02+ HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Guangdong Xiangxue Life Sciences, Ltd., Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiping Gong
- Guangdong Xiangxue Life Sciences, Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuping Liu
- Guangdong Xiangxue Life Sciences, Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanli Wu
- Guangdong Xiangxue Life Sciences, Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianting Cheng
- Guangdong Xiangxue Life Sciences, Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Mei
- Guangdong Xiangxue Life Sciences, Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaolong Chen
- Guangdong Xiangxue Life Sciences, Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjun Zheng
- Guangdong Xiangxue Life Sciences, Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Guangdong Xiangxue Life Sciences, Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Zhong
- Guangdong Xiangxue Life Sciences, Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Guangdong Xiangxue Life Sciences, Ltd., Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Dolton G, Zervoudi E, Rius C, Wall A, Thomas HL, Fuller A, Yeo L, Legut M, Wheeler S, Attaf M, Chudakov DM, Choy E, Peakman M, Sewell AK. Optimized Peptide-MHC Multimer Protocols for Detection and Isolation of Autoimmune T-Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1378. [PMID: 30008714 PMCID: PMC6034003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide–MHC (pMHC) multimers have become the “gold standard” for the detection and isolation of antigen-specific T-cells but recent evidence shows that normal use of these reagents can miss fully functional T-cells that bear T-cell receptors (TCRs) with low affinity for cognate antigen. This issue is particularly pronounced for anticancer and autoimmune T-cells as self-reactive T-cell populations are enriched for low-affinity TCRs due to the removal of cells with higher affinity receptors by immune tolerance mechanisms. Here, we stained a wide variety of self-reactive human T-cells using regular pMHC staining and an optimized technique that included: (i) protein kinase inhibitor (PKI), to prevent TCR triggering and internalization, and (ii) anti-fluorochrome antibody, to reduce reagent dissociation during washing steps. Lymphocytes derived from the peripheral blood of type 1 diabetes patients were stained with pMHC multimers made with epitopes from preproinsulin (PPI), insulin-β chain, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), or glucose-6-phospate catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) presented by disease-risk allelles HLA A*02:01 or HLA*24:02. Samples from ankylosing spondylitis patients were stained with a multimerized epitope from vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1 (VIPR1) presented by HLA B*27:05. Optimized procedures stained an average of 40.5-fold (p = 0.01, range between 1.4 and 198) more cells than could be detected without the inclusion of PKI and cross-linking anti-fluorochrome antibody. Higher order pMHC dextramers recovered more cells than pMHC tetramers in parallel assays, and standard staining protocols with pMHC tetramers routinely recovered less cells than functional assays. HLA A*02:01-restricted PPI-specific and HLA B*27:05-restricted VIPR1-specific T-cell clones generated using the optimized procedure could not be stained by standard pMHC tetramer staining. However, these clones responded well to exogenously supplied peptide and endogenously processed and presented epitopes. We also showed that anti-fluorochrome antibody-conjugated magnetic beads enhanced staining of self-reactive T-cells that could not be stained using standard protocols, thus enabling rapid ex vivo isolation of autoimmune T-cells. We, therefore, conclude that regular pMHC tetramer staining is generally unsuitable for recovering self-reactive T-cells from clinical samples and recommend the use of the optimized protocols described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Efthalia Zervoudi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Rius
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Wall
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L Thomas
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Yeo
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Legut
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Wheeler
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Meriem Attaf
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Centre for Data-Intensive Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia.,Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ernest Choy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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9
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Rius C, Attaf M, Tungatt K, Bianchi V, Legut M, Bovay A, Donia M, Thor Straten P, Peakman M, Svane IM, Ott S, Connor T, Szomolay B, Dolton G, Sewell AK. Peptide-MHC Class I Tetramers Can Fail To Detect Relevant Functional T Cell Clonotypes and Underestimate Antigen-Reactive T Cell Populations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2263-2279. [PMID: 29483360 PMCID: PMC5857646 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-MHC (pMHC) multimers, usually used as streptavidin-based tetramers, have transformed the study of Ag-specific T cells by allowing direct detection, phenotyping, and enumeration within polyclonal T cell populations. These reagents are now a standard part of the immunology toolkit and have been used in many thousands of published studies. Unfortunately, the TCR-affinity threshold required for staining with standard pMHC multimer protocols is higher than that required for efficient T cell activation. This discrepancy makes it possible for pMHC multimer staining to miss fully functional T cells, especially where low-affinity TCRs predominate, such as in MHC class II–restricted responses or those directed against self-antigens. Several recent, somewhat alarming, reports indicate that pMHC staining might fail to detect the majority of functional T cells and have prompted suggestions that T cell immunology has become biased toward the type of cells amenable to detection with multimeric pMHC. We use several viral- and tumor-specific pMHC reagents to compare populations of human T cells stained by standard pMHC protocols and optimized protocols that we have developed. Our results confirm that optimized protocols recover greater populations of T cells that include fully functional T cell clonotypes that cannot be stained by regular pMHC-staining protocols. These results highlight the importance of using optimized procedures that include the use of protein kinase inhibitor and Ab cross-linking during staining to maximize the recovery of Ag-specific T cells and serve to further highlight that many previous quantifications of T cell responses with pMHC reagents are likely to have considerably underestimated the size of the relevant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rius
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Meriem Attaf
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Tungatt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Bianchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Legut
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Amandine Bovay
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.,Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, Lausanne University Hospital, Epalinges VD 1066, Switzerland
| | - Marco Donia
- Centre for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Per Thor Straten
- Centre for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Centre for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Connor
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and.,Cardiff University School of Biosciences, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Szomolay
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; .,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
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10
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Jones N, Cronin JG, Dolton G, Panetti S, Schauenburg AJ, Galloway SAE, Sewell AK, Cole DK, Thornton CA, Francis NJ. Metabolic Adaptation of Human CD4 + and CD8 + T-Cells to T-Cell Receptor-Mediated Stimulation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1516. [PMID: 29170670 PMCID: PMC5684100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Linking immunometabolic adaptation to T-cell function provides insight for the development of new therapeutic approaches in multiple disease settings. T-cell activation and downstream effector functions of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells are controlled by the strength of interaction between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and peptides presented by human leukocyte antigens (pHLA). The role of TCR–pHLA interactions in modulating T-cell metabolism is unknown. Here, for the first time, we explore the relative contributions of the main metabolic pathways to functional responses in human CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Increased expression of hexokinase II accompanied by higher basal glycolysis is demonstrated in CD4+ T-cells; cytokine production in CD8+ T-cells is more reliant on oxidative phosphorylation. Using antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell clones and altered peptide ligands, we demonstrate that binding affinity tunes the underlying metabolic shift. Overall, this study provides important new insight into how metabolic pathways are controlled during antigen-specific activation of human T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - James G Cronin
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Panetti
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew K Sewell
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David K Cole
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A Thornton
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J Francis
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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11
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Zanetti M. A second chance for telomerase reverse transcriptase in anticancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 14:115-128. [DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Hickman ES, Lomax ME, Jakobsen BK. Antigen Selection for Enhanced Affinity T-Cell Receptor-Based Cancer Therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:769-85. [PMID: 26993321 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116637837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of adaptive immune responses in the prevention of cancer has been accumulating for decades. Spontaneous T-cell responses occur in multiple indications, bringing the study of de novo expressed cancer antigens to the fore and highlighting their potential as targets for cancer immunotherapy. Circumventing the immune-suppressive mechanisms that maintain tumor tolerance and driving an antitumor cytotoxic T-cell response in cancer patients may eradicate the tumor or block disease progression. Multiple strategies are being pursued to harness the cytotoxic potential of T cells clinically. Highly promising results are now emerging. The focus of this review is the target discovery process for cancer immune therapeutics based on affinity-matured T-cell receptors (TCRs). Target cancer antigens in the context of adoptive cell transfer technologies and soluble biologic agents are discussed. To appreciate the impact of TCR-based technology and understand the TCR discovery process, it is necessary to understand key differences between TCR-based therapy and other immunotherapy approaches. The review first summarizes key advances in the cancer immunotherapy field and then discusses the opportunities that TCR technology provides. The nature and breadth of molecular targets that are tractable to this approach are discussed, together with the challenges associated with finding them.
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13
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Identification of human viral protein-derived ligands recognized by individual MHCI-restricted T-cell receptors. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:573-82. [PMID: 26846725 PMCID: PMC4943067 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that autoimmunity can be triggered by virus-specific CD8+ T cells that crossreact with self-derived peptide epitopes presented on the cell surface by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecules. Identification of the associated viral pathogens is challenging because individual T-cell receptors can potentially recognize up to a million different peptides. Here, we generate peptide length-matched combinatorial peptide library (CPL) scan data for a panel of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell clones spanning different restriction elements and a range of epitope lengths. CPL scan data drove a protein database search limited to viruses that infect humans. Peptide sequences were ranked in order of likelihood of recognition. For all anti-viral CD8+ T-cell clones examined in this study, the index peptide was either the top-ranked sequence or ranked as one of the most likely sequences to be recognized. Thus, we demonstrate that anti-viral CD8+ T-cell clones are highly focused on their index peptide sequence and that ‘CPL-driven database searching' can be used to identify the inciting virus-derived epitope for a given CD8+ T-cell clone. Moreover, to augment access to CPL-driven database searching, we have created a publicly accessible webtool. Application of these methodologies in the clinical setting may clarify the role of viral pathogens in the etiology of autoimmune diseases.
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14
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Oates J, Hassan NJ, Jakobsen BK. ImmTACs for targeted cancer therapy: Why, what, how, and which. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Dolton G, Tungatt K, Lloyd A, Bianchi V, Theaker SM, Trimby A, Holland CJ, Donia M, Godkin AJ, Cole DK, Straten PT, Peakman M, Svane IM, Sewell AK. More tricks with tetramers: a practical guide to staining T cells with peptide-MHC multimers. Immunology 2015; 146:11-22. [PMID: 26076649 PMCID: PMC4552497 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of antigen-specific T-cell populations by flow cytometry with peptide-MHC (pMHC) multimers is now commonplace. These reagents allow the tracking and phenotyping of T cells during infection, autoimmunity and cancer, and can be particularly revealing when used for monitoring therapeutic interventions. In 2009, we reviewed a number of 'tricks' that could be used to improve this powerful technology. More recent advances have demonstrated the potential benefits of using higher order multimers and of 'boosting' staining by inclusion of an antibody against the pMHC multimer. These developments now allow staining of T cells where the interaction between the pMHC and the T-cell receptor is over 20-fold weaker (K(D) > 1 mm) than could previously be achieved. Such improvements are particularly relevant when using pMHC multimers to stain anti-cancer or autoimmune T-cell populations, which tend to bear lower affinity T-cell receptors. Here, we update our previous work to include discussion of newer tricks that can produce substantially brighter staining even when using log-fold lower concentrations of pMHC multimer. We further provide a practical guide to using pMHC multimers that includes a description of several common pitfalls and how to circumvent them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Katie Tungatt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Angharad Lloyd
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Valentina Bianchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sarah M Theaker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Trimby
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Christopher J Holland
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marco Donia
- Centre for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Andrew J Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Per Thor Straten
- Centre for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mark Peakman
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Centre for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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16
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Tan MP, Gerry AB, Brewer JE, Melchiori L, Bridgeman JS, Bennett AD, Pumphrey NJ, Jakobsen BK, Price DA, Ladell K, Sewell AK. T cell receptor binding affinity governs the functional profile of cancer-specific CD8+ T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:255-70. [PMID: 25496365 PMCID: PMC4408161 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer via patient-derived T cells is an attractive approach to cancer therapy, with the potential to circumvent immune regulatory networks. However, high-affinity tumour-specific TCR clonotypes are typically deleted from the available repertoire during thymic selection because the vast majority of targeted epitopes are derived from autologous proteins. This process places intrinsic constraints on the efficacy of T cell-based cancer vaccines and therapeutic strategies that employ naturally generated tumour-specific TCRs. In this study, we used altered peptide ligands and lentivirus-mediated transduction of affinity-enhanced TCRs selected by phage display to study the functional properties of CD8(+) T cells specific for three different tumour-associated peptide antigens across a range of binding parameters. The key findings were: (i) TCR affinity controls T cell antigen sensitivity and polyfunctionality; (ii) supraphysiological affinity thresholds exist, above which T cell function cannot be improved; and (iii) T cells transduced with very high-affinity TCRs exhibit cross-reactivity with self-derived peptides presented by the restricting human leucocyte antigen. Optimal system-defined affinity windows above the range established for natural tumour-specific TCRs therefore allow the enhancement of T cell effector function without off-target effects. These findings have major implications for the rational design of novel TCR-based biologics underpinned by rigorous preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Tan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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17
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Løset GÅ, Berntzen G, Frigstad T, Pollmann S, Gunnarsen KS, Sandlie I. Phage Display Engineered T Cell Receptors as Tools for the Study of Tumor Peptide-MHC Interactions. Front Oncol 2015; 4:378. [PMID: 25629004 PMCID: PMC4290511 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has finally come of age, demonstrated by recent progress in strategies that engage the endogenous adaptive immune response in tumor killing. Occasionally, significant and durable tumor regression has been achieved. A giant leap forward was the demonstration that the pre-existing polyclonal T cell repertoire could be re-directed by use of cloned T cell receptors (TCRs), to obtain a defined tumor-specific pool of T cells. However, the procedure must be performed with caution to avoid deleterious cross-reactivity. Here, the use of engineered soluble TCRs may represent a safer, yet powerful, alternative. There is also a need for deeper understanding of the processes that underlie antigen presentation in disease and homeostasis, how tumor-specific peptides are generated, and how epitope spreading evolves during tumor development. Due to its plasticity, the pivotal interaction where a TCR engages a peptide/MHC (pMHC) also requires closer attention. For this purpose, phage display as a tool to evolve cloned TCRs represents an attractive avenue to generate suitable reagents allowing the study of defined pMHC presentation, TCR engagement, as well as for the discovery of novel therapeutic leads. Here, we highlight important aspects of the current status in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Åge Løset
- Nextera AS , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | | | | | | | - Kristin S Gunnarsen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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18
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Tungatt K, Bianchi V, Crowther MD, Powell WE, Schauenburg AJ, Trimby A, Donia M, Miles JJ, Holland CJ, Cole DK, Godkin AJ, Peakman M, Straten PT, Svane IM, Sewell AK, Dolton G. Antibody stabilization of peptide-MHC multimers reveals functional T cells bearing extremely low-affinity TCRs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:463-74. [PMID: 25452566 PMCID: PMC4273996 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorochrome-conjugated peptide–MHC (pMHC) multimers are commonly used in combination with flow cytometry for direct ex vivo visualization and characterization of Ag-specific T cells, but these reagents can fail to stain cells when TCR affinity and/or TCR cell-surface density are low. pMHC multimer staining of tumor-specific, autoimmune, or MHC class II–restricted T cells can be particularly challenging, as these T cells tend to express relatively low-affinity TCRs. In this study, we attempted to improve staining using anti-fluorochrome unconjugated primary Abs followed by secondary staining with anti-Ab fluorochrome-conjugated Abs to amplify fluorescence intensity. Unexpectedly, we found that the simple addition of an anti-fluorochrome unconjugated Ab during staining resulted in considerably improved fluorescence intensity with both pMHC tetramers and dextramers and with PE-, allophycocyanin-, or FITC-based reagents. Importantly, when combined with protein kinase inhibitor treatment, Ab stabilization allowed pMHC tetramer staining of T cells even when the cognate TCR–pMHC affinity was extremely low (KD >1 mM) and produced the best results that we have observed to date. We find that this inexpensive addition to pMHC multimer staining protocols also allows improved recovery of cells that have recently been exposed to Ag, improvements in the recovery of self-specific T cells from PBMCs or whole-blood samples, and the use of less reagent during staining. In summary, Ab stabilization of pMHC multimers during T cell staining extends the range of TCR affinities that can be detected, yields considerably enhanced staining intensities, and is compatible with using reduced amounts of these expensive reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Tungatt
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Bianchi
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Crowther
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy E Powell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea J Schauenburg
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Trimby
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Donia
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - John J Miles
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia; and
| | - Christopher J Holland
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - David K Cole
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Godkin
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Per Thor Straten
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom;
| | - Garry Dolton
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
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19
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Dolton G, Lissina A, Skowera A, Ladell K, Tungatt K, Jones E, Kronenberg-Versteeg D, Akpovwa H, Pentier JM, Holland CJ, Godkin AJ, Cole DK, Neller MA, Miles JJ, Price DA, Peakman M, Sewell AK. Comparison of peptide-major histocompatibility complex tetramers and dextramers for the identification of antigen-specific T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:47-63. [PMID: 24673376 PMCID: PMC4089154 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorochrome-conjugated peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimers are widely used for flow cytometric visualization of antigen-specific T cells. The most common multimers, streptavidin-biotin-based 'tetramers', can be manufactured readily in the laboratory. Unfortunately, there are large differences between the threshold of T cell receptor (TCR) affinity required to capture pMHC tetramers from solution and that which is required for T cell activation. This disparity means that tetramers sometimes fail to stain antigen-specific T cells within a sample, an issue that is particularly problematic when staining tumour-specific, autoimmune or MHC class II-restricted T cells, which often display TCRs of low affinity for pMHC. Here, we compared optimized staining with tetramers and dextramers (dextran-based multimers), with the latter carrying greater numbers of both pMHC and fluorochrome per molecule. Most notably, we find that: (i) dextramers stain more brightly than tetramers; (ii) dextramers outperform tetramers when TCR-pMHC affinity is low; (iii) dextramers outperform tetramers with pMHC class II reagents where there is an absence of co-receptor stabilization; and (iv) dextramer sensitivity is enhanced further by specific protein kinase inhibition. Dextramers are compatible with current state-of-the-art flow cytometry platforms and will probably find particular utility in the fields of autoimmunity and cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dolton
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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20
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Cole DK, Miles KM, Madura F, Holland CJ, Schauenburg AJA, Godkin AJ, Bulek AM, Fuller A, Akpovwa HJE, Pymm PG, Liddy N, Sami M, Li Y, Rizkallah PJ, Jakobsen BK, Sewell AK. T-cell receptor (TCR)-peptide specificity overrides affinity-enhancing TCR-major histocompatibility complex interactions. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:628-38. [PMID: 24196962 PMCID: PMC3887192 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.522110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
αβ T-cell receptors (TCRs) engage antigens using complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops that are either germ line-encoded (CDR1 and CDR2) or somatically rearranged (CDR3). TCR ligands compose a presentation platform (major histocompatibility complex (MHC)) and a variable antigenic component consisting of a short "foreign" peptide. The sequence of events when the TCR engages its peptide-MHC (pMHC) ligand remains unclear. Some studies suggest that the germ line elements of the TCR engage the MHC prior to peptide scanning, but this order of binding is difficult to reconcile with some TCR-pMHC structures. Here, we used TCRs that exhibited enhanced pMHC binding as a result of mutations in either CDR2 and/or CDR3 loops, that bound to the MHC or peptide, respectively, to dissect the roles of these loops in stabilizing TCR-pMHC interactions. Our data show that TCR-peptide interactions play a strongly dominant energetic role providing a binding mode that is both temporally and energetically complementary with a system requiring positive selection by self-pMHC in the thymus and rapid recognition of non-self-pMHC in the periphery.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Binding, Competitive
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Complementarity Determining Regions/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- HLA Antigens/chemistry
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-A2 Antigen/chemistry
- HLA-A2 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-A2 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Cole
- From Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN
| | - Kim M. Miles
- From Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN
| | - Florian Madura
- From Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Godkin
- From Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN
| | - Anna M. Bulek
- From Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN
| | - Anna Fuller
- From Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN
| | | | - Phillip G. Pymm
- From Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN
- the Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford 0X3 9DS, and
| | - Nathaniel Liddy
- Immunocore Ltd., 57C Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Malkit Sami
- Immunocore Ltd., 57C Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Li
- Immunocore Ltd., 57C Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bent K. Jakobsen
- Immunocore Ltd., 57C Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- From Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN
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21
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Bossi G, Gerry AB, Paston SJ, Sutton DH, Hassan NJ, Jakobsen BK. Examining the presentation of tumor-associated antigens on peptide-pulsed T2 cells. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26840. [PMID: 24482751 PMCID: PMC3894244 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-pulsed T2 cells are routinely used to study T-cell activation by MHC-restricted
peptides derived from tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Nevertheless, the capacity of T2
cells to present antigenic epitopes remains to be precisely quantified, primarily due to
the detection limits imposed by available methods. Since naturally-processed TAA-derived
epitopes have been shown to be displayed at levels as low as 10–150 copies per cell,
highly sensitive detection and quantification techniques are essential to assess the
natural degree of T-cell sensitivity. Here, we report the use of soluble, high-affinity
T-cell receptors (TCRs) coupled with single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to quantify
three reported TAA-derived epitopes on peptide-pulsed T2 cells, dissecting the
relationship between concentration of exogenous peptide, number of epitopes presented, and
activation of epitope-specific T cells. Our findings indicate that peptide concentrations
in the low nanomolar range are required for T2 cells to present TAAs in extents that are
comparable to those of malignant cells.
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22
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Tada Y, Yoshikawa T, Shimomura M, Sawada Y, Sakai M, Shirakawa H, Nobuoka D, Nakatsura T. Analysis of cytotoxic T lymphocytes from a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma who showed a clinical response to vaccination with a glypican‑3‑derived peptide. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1019-26. [PMID: 23903757 PMCID: PMC3829797 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3), which is a carcinoembryonic antigen, is overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previously, we performed a phase I clinical trial of GPC3-derived peptide vaccination in patients with advanced HCC, and reported that GPC3 peptide vaccination is safe and has clinical efficacy. Moreover, we proposed that a peptide-specific CTL response is a predictive marker of overall survival in patients with HCC who receive peptide vaccination. In this study, we established GPC3-derived peptide-specific CTL clones from the PBMCs of an HLA-A
*
02:07-positive patient with HCC who was vaccinated with an HLA-A2-restricted GPC3 peptide vaccine and showed a clinical response in the phase I clinical trial. Established CTL clones were analyzed using the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay and a cytotoxicity assay. GPC3 peptide-specific CTL clones were established successfully from the PBMCs of the patient. One CTL clone showed cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines that expressed endogenously the GPC3 peptide. The results suggest that CTLs have high avidity, and that natural antigen-specific killing activity against tumor cells can be induced in a patient with HCC who shows a clinical response to vaccination with the GPC3
144–152
peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Tada
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277‑8577, Japan
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23
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Kondo S, Demachi-Okamura A, Hirosawa T, Maki H, Fujita M, Uemura Y, Akatsuka Y, Yamamoto E, Shibata K, Ino K, Kikkawa F, Kuzushima K. An HLA-modified ovarian cancer cell line induced CTL responses specific to an epitope derived from claudin-1 presented by HLA-A*24:02 molecules. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1103-10. [PMID: 23806269 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that react to ovarian cancer cells, we isolated a CTL clone that specifically recognizes claudin-1 in an HLA-A*24:02-restricted manner. Naïve CD8(+) T lymphocytes were obtained from a healthy adult donor and stimulated twice in vitro with HLA-modified TOV21G cells that were originally derived from an ovarian clear-cell carcinoma line. The TOV21G modification involved RNAi-mediated gene silencing of intrinsic HLA molecules and lentiviral transduction of a synonymously mutated HLA-A*24:02. Then, cDNA library construction using mRNA extracted from the parental TOV21G cells and subsequent expression cloning were conducted. These experiments revealed that a CTL clone obtained from the bulk culture recognized a minimal epitope peptide RYEFGQALF, which was derived from an autoantigen claudin-1 presented by HLA-A*24:02 molecules. This clone exhibited cytolytic activities against three ovarian cancer cell lines and normal bronchial epithelial cells in an HLA-A*24:02-restricted manner. Our data indicate that HLA-modified cancer cells can be used as an artificial antigen-presenting cell to generate antigen-specific CTLs in a manner restricted by an HLA allele of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kondo
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
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24
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Clement M, Ladell K, Ekeruche-Makinde J, Miles JJ, Edwards ESJ, Dolton G, Williams T, Schauenburg AJA, Cole DK, Lauder SN, Gallimore AM, Godkin AJ, Burrows SR, Price DA, Sewell AK, Wooldridge L. Anti-CD8 antibodies can trigger CD8+ T cell effector function in the absence of TCR engagement and improve peptide-MHCI tetramer staining. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:654-63. [PMID: 21677135 PMCID: PMC3145095 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells recognize immunogenic peptides presented at the cell surface bound to MHCI molecules. Ag recognition involves the binding of both TCR and CD8 coreceptor to the same peptide-MHCI (pMHCI) ligand. Specificity is determined by the TCR, whereas CD8 mediates effects on Ag sensitivity. Anti-CD8 Abs have been used extensively to examine the role of CD8 in CD8(+) T cell activation. However, as previous studies have yielded conflicting results, it is unclear from the literature whether anti-CD8 Abs per se are capable of inducing effector function. In this article, we report on the ability of seven monoclonal anti-human CD8 Abs to activate six human CD8(+) T cell clones with a total of five different specificities. Six of seven anti-human CD8 Abs tested did not activate CD8(+) T cells. In contrast, one anti-human CD8 Ab, OKT8, induced effector function in all CD8(+) T cells examined. Moreover, OKT8 was found to enhance TCR/pMHCI on-rates and, as a consequence, could be used to improve pMHCI tetramer staining and the visualization of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells. The anti-mouse CD8 Abs, CT-CD8a and CT-CD8b, also activated CD8(+) T cells despite opposing effects on pMHCI tetramer staining. The observed heterogeneity in the ability of anti-CD8 Abs to trigger T cell effector function provides an explanation for the apparent incongruity observed in previous studies and should be taken into consideration when interpreting results generated with these reagents. Furthermore, the ability of Ab-mediated CD8 engagement to deliver an activation signal underscores the importance of CD8 in CD8(+) T cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Clement
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Julia Ekeruche-Makinde
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - John J. Miles
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Emily S. J. Edwards
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Garry Dolton
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Tamsin Williams
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrea J. A. Schauenburg
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David K. Cole
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sarah N. Lauder
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Awen M. Gallimore
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J. Godkin
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Scott R. Burrows
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - David A. Price
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemisty, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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25
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Wooldridge L, Laugel B, Ekeruche J, Clement M, van den Berg HA, Price DA, Sewell AK. CD8 controls T cell cross-reactivity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 185:4625-32. [PMID: 20844204 PMCID: PMC3018649 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estimates of human αβ TCR diversity suggest that there are <10(8) different Ag receptors in the naive T cell pool, a number that is dwarfed by the potential number of different antigenic peptide-MHC (pMHC) molecules that could be encountered. Consequently, an extremely high degree of cross-reactivity is essential for effective T cell immunity. Ag recognition by T cells is unique in that it involves a coreceptor that binds at a site distinct from the TCR to facilitate productive engagement of the pMHC. In this study, we show that the CD8 coreceptor controls T cell cross-reactivity for pMHCI Ags, thereby ensuring that the peripheral T cell repertoire is optimally poised to negotiate the competing demands of responsiveness in the face of danger and quiescence in the presence of self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wooldridge
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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26
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Wooldridge L, Clement M, Lissina A, Edwards ESJ, Ladell K, Ekeruche J, Hewitt RE, Laugel B, Gostick E, Cole DK, Debets R, Berrevoets C, Miles JJ, Burrows SR, Price DA, Sewell AK. MHC class I molecules with Superenhanced CD8 binding properties bypass the requirement for cognate TCR recognition and nonspecifically activate CTLs. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:3357-66. [PMID: 20190139 PMCID: PMC3024536 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) CTLs are essential for effective immune defense against intracellular microbes and neoplasia. CTLs recognize short peptide fragments presented in association with MHC class I (MHCI) molecules on the surface of infected or dysregulated cells. Ag recognition involves the binding of both TCR and CD8 coreceptor to a single ligand (peptide MHCI [pMHCI]). The TCR/pMHCI interaction confers Ag specificity, whereas the pMHCI/CD8 interaction mediates enhanced sensitivity to Ag. Striking biophysical differences exist between the TCR/pMHCI and pMHCI/CD8 interactions; indeed, the pMHCI/CD8 interaction can be >100-fold weaker than the cognate TCR/pMHCI interaction. In this study, we show that increasing the strength of the pMHCI/CD8 interaction by approximately 15-fold results in nonspecific, cognate Ag-independent pMHCI tetramer binding at the cell surface. Furthermore, pMHCI molecules with superenhanced affinity for CD8 activate CTLs in the absence of a specific TCR/pMHCI interaction to elicit a full range of effector functions, including cytokine/chemokine release, degranulation and proliferation. Thus, the low solution binding affinity of the pMHCI/CD8 interaction is essential for the maintenance of CTL Ag specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wooldridge
- Department of Infection, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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27
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Matera L. The choice of the antigen in the dendritic cell-based vaccine therapy for prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 36:131-41. [PMID: 19954892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumor antigens (TA) are promising candidates for targeted treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). Critical issues in the preparation of dendritic cell (DC)-based TA vaccines are the DC maturation state and the appropriateness of the TA. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acide pshosphatase (PAP) presented by DC have produced encouraging results and PAP-loaded DCs are at late-stage development for PCa patients. TAs indispensable for tumor survival and propagation are now emerging as first choice TAs for future vaccines. The increased expression and enzymatic activity of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) by aggressive prostate tumors is indicative of a unique, selective advantage on the part of cells expressing them. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and survivin are both involved in tumor cell survival and considered universal TAs. The T cell epitope potential of peptides derived from these TAs has been defined by computer-assisted prediction programs and has been tested in vitro and in vivo in terms of their ability to recruit cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and to be recognised as CTL targets. Results, reviewed here, show that anti-tumor immunity can be induced in vivo by DC loaded with both whole TAs and TA peptides. The promising, but still limited clinical success suggests further exploration of this immune therapy in the more appropriate setting of minimal disease. In advanced stages, vaccine can still be effective when combined with systemic or local cytoreductive therapies, which may overcome antigen specific tolerance and subvert the tumor immunosuppressive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Matera
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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28
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Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Inoda S, Kobayasi JI, Nakatsugawa M, Mori T, Hara I, Sato N. The functioning antigens: beyond just as the immunological targets. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:798-806. [PMID: 19445013 PMCID: PMC11158174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic peptides derived from tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) facilitate peptide cancer vaccine therapies. With the recent progress in cancer immunity research, huge amounts of antigenic peptides have already been reported. Clinical trials using such peptides are underway now all over the world. Some reports have shown the efficacy of peptide vaccine therapies. However, others ended with unfavorable results, suggesting fundamental underlying problems. One major mechanism that negates the peptide vaccine therapy is tumor escape from immunological systems caused by loss of antigens. TAAs that are used in cancer vaccine therapies may be divided into two major groups: functioning antigens and nonfunctioning antigens. A 'functioning antigen' could be defined as a TAA that is essential for tumor growth, is expressed in several kinds of malignancies and shows homogenous expression in cancerous tissues. It is not difficult to imagine that antigen loss will occur easily with non-functioning antigens as a target of cancer vaccine therapy. Thus, it is essential to use functioning antigens for successful cancer vaccine therapy. In this review, we discuss the functioning antigens and their categorization in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West 17, Chuo-ko, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
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29
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Aloysius MM, Mc Kechnie AJ, Robins RA, Verma C, Eremin JM, Farzaneh F, Habib NA, Bhalla J, Hardwick NR, Satthaporn S, Sreenivasan T, El-Sheemy M, Eremin O. Generation in vivo of peptide-specific cytotoxic T cells and presence of regulatory T cells during vaccination with hTERT (class I and II) peptide-pulsed DCs. J Transl Med 2009; 7:18. [PMID: 19298672 PMCID: PMC2674878 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Optimal techniques for DC generation for immunotherapy in cancer are yet to be established. Study aims were to evaluate: (i) DC activation/maturation milieu (TNF-α +/- IFN-α) and its effects on CD8+ hTERT-specific T cell responses to class I epitopes (p540 or p865), (ii) CD8+ hTERT-specific T cell responses elicited by vaccination with class I alone or both class I and II epitope (p766 and p672)-pulsed DCs, prepared without IFN-α, (iii) association between circulating T regulatory cells (Tregs) and clinical responses. Methods Autologous DCs were generated from 10 patients (HLA-0201) with advanced cancer by culturing CD14+ blood monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 supplemented with TNF-α [DCT] or TNF-α and IFN-α [DCTI]. The capacity of the DCs to induce functional CD8+ T cell responses to hTERT HLA-0201 restricted nonapeptides was assessed by MHC tetramer binding and peptide-specific cytotoxicity. Each DC preparation (DCT or DCTI) was pulsed with only one type of hTERT peptide (p540 or p865) and both preparations were injected into separate lymph node draining regions every 2–3 weeks. This vaccination design enabled comparison of efficacy between DCT and DCTI in generating hTERT peptide specific CD8+ T cells and comparison of class I hTERT peptide (p540 or p865)-loaded DCT with or without class II cognate help (p766 and p672) in 6 patients. T regulatory cells were evaluated in 8 patients. Results (i) DCTIs and DCTs, pulsed with hTERT peptides, were comparable (p = 0.45, t-test) in inducing peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses. (ii) Class II cognate help, significantly enhanced (p < 0.05, t-test) peptide-specific CD8+T cell responses, compared with class I pulsed DCs alone. (iii) Clinical responders had significantly lower (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test) T regs, compared with non-responders. 4/16 patients experienced partial but transient clinical responses during vaccination. Vaccination was well tolerated with minimal toxicity. Conclusion Addition of IFN-α to ex vivo monocyte-derived DCs, did not significantly enhance peptide-specific T cell responses in vivo, compared with TNF-α alone. Class II cognate help significantly augments peptide-specific T cell responses. Clinically favourable responses were seen in patients with low levels of circulating T regs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Aloysius
- Section of Surgery, Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, UK.
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30
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Wooldridge L, Lissina A, Cole DK, van den Berg HA, Price DA, Sewell AK. Tricks with tetramers: how to get the most from multimeric peptide-MHC. Immunology 2009; 126:147-64. [PMID: 19125886 PMCID: PMC2632693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of fluorochrome-conjugated peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimers in conjunction with continuing advances in flow cytometry has transformed the study of antigen-specific T cells by enabling their visualization, enumeration, phenotypic characterization and isolation from ex vivo samples. Here, we bring together and discuss some of the 'tricks' that can be used to get the most out of pMHC multimers. These include: (1) simple procedures that can substantially enhance the staining intensity of cognate T cells with pMHC multimers; (2) the use of pMHC multimers to stain T cells with very-low-affinity T-cell receptor (TCR)/pMHC interactions, such as those that typically predominate in tumour-specific responses; and (3) the physical grading and clonotypic dissection of antigen-specific T cells based on the affinity of their cognate TCR using mutant pMHC multimers in conjunction with new approaches to the molecular analysis of TCR gene expression. We also examine how soluble pMHC can be used to examine T-cell activation, manipulate T-cell responses and study allogeneic and superantigen interactions with TCRs. Finally, we discuss the problems that arise with pMHC class II (pMHCII) multimers because of the low affinity of TCR/pMHCII interactions and lack of 'coreceptor help'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wooldridge
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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31
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2007 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:355-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Melenhorst JJ, Scheinberg P, Chattopadhyay PK, Lissina A, Gostick E, Cole DK, Wooldridge L, van den Berg HA, Bornstein E, Hensel NF, Douek DC, Roederer M, Sewell AK, Barrett AJ, Price DA. Detection of low avidity CD8(+) T cell populations with coreceptor-enhanced peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers. J Immunol Methods 2008; 338:31-9. [PMID: 18675271 PMCID: PMC2714739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of soluble recombinant peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHCI) molecules conjugated in multimeric form to fluorescent labels has enabled the physical quantification and characterization of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell populations by flow cytometry. Several factors determine the binding threshold that enables visualization of cognate CD8(+) T cells with these reagents; these include the affinity of the T cell receptor (TCR) for pMHCI antigen. Here, we show that multimers constructed from peptide-human leukocyte antigen (pHLA) A0201 monomers engineered in the heavy chain alpha2 domain to enhance CD8 binding (K(D) approximately 85 microM) without impacting the TCR binding platform can detect cognate CD8(+) T cells bearing low affinity TCRs that are not visible with the corresponding wildtype pHLA A0201 multimeric complexes. Mechanistically, this effect is mediated by a disproportionate enhancement of the TCR/pMHCI association rate. In direct ex vivo applications, these coreceptor-enhanced multimers exhibit faithful cognate binding properties; concomitant increases in background staining within the non-cognate CD8(+) T cell population can be resolved phenotypically using polychromatic flow cytometry as a mixture of naïve and memory cells. These findings provide the first validation of a novel approach to the physical detection of low avidity antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell populations; such coreceptor-enhanced multimeric reagents are likely to be useful in a multitude of settings for the detection of auto-immune, tumor-specific and cross-reactive CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Joseph Melenhorst
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Phillip Scheinberg
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pratip K. Chattopadhyay
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Lissina
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Emma Gostick
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David K. Cole
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Ethan Bornstein
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy F. Hensel
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - A. John Barrett
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David A. Price
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Wenandy L, Sørensen RB, Sengeløv L, Svane IM, thor Straten P, Andersen MH. The immunogenicity of the hTERT540-548 peptide in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4-7. [PMID: 18172245 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of telomerase, is an attractive target antigen for cancer immunotherapy due to its expression in the vast majority of human tumors. The first immunogenic peptide described from hTERT was the HLA-A2-restricted peptide hTERT540 (ILAKFLHWL). However, much discrepancy exists about the processing and presentation of this epitope on the surface of neoplastic cells. Originally, it was described that specific CTL can be generated in vitro and that such cells are able to kill a range of hTERT(+) tumor cell lines and primary tumors in a peptide-specific, HLA-A2-restricted fashion. Furthermore, it was described that vaccination of cancer patients with hTERT540 introduced functional antitumor CD8(+) T cells in patients. More recently, it was described that most patients with cancer have circulating hTERT540-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes. In contrast, several other studies have concluded that hTERT540 is not presented on the surface of tumor cells and that immunization of cancer patients with hTERT540 leads to the introduction of specific T cells that do not recognize tumor cells in vivo. In the present commentary, we summarize these highly contradictive results about this potentially very important T-cell epitope. Furthermore, we describe novel data showing that naturally occurring immune responses against hTERT540 are, although rare, present in cancer patients and that such hTERT540-specific T cells are able to recognize and kill cancer cells. Hence, our data support the findings that hTERT540 peptide is presented by human tumors and can be a target for CTL-mediated tumor lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Wenandy
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Cole DK, Dunn SM, Sami M, Boulter JM, Jakobsen BK, Sewell AK. T cell receptor engagement of peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I does not modify CD8 binding. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:2700-9. [PMID: 18243322 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cytotoxic T cells is initiated by engagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) with peptide-major histocompatibility class I complexes (pMHCI). The CD8 co-receptor also binds to pMHCI, but at a distinct site, and allows the potential for tripartite TCR/pMHCI/CD8 interactions, which can increase T cell antigen sensitivity. There has been a substantial interest in the effect of the pMHCI/CD8 interaction upon TCR/pMHCI engagement, and several conflicting studies have examined this event, using the soluble extracellular domains of CD8 and the TCR, by surface plasmon resonance. However, the evidence to date suggests that the TCR engages cognate pMHCI before CD8 recruitment, so the question of whether TCR engagement alters CD8 binding is likely to be more relevant to the biological order of T cell antigen encounter. Here, we have examined the binding of CD8 to several variants of the HLA A2-restricted telomerase(540-548) antigen (ILAKFLHWL) and the HLA A2-restricted NY-ESO-1(157-165) antigen (SLLMWITQC) that bind to their cognate TCRs with distinct affinities and kinetics. These interactions represent a range of agonists that exhibit different CD8 dependency for activation of their respective T cells. By using engineered affinity enhanced TCRs to these ligands, which have extended off-rates of approximately 1h compared to seconds for the wildtype TCRs, we have examined pMHCI/CD8 binding before and during TCR-engagement. Here we show that the binding of the extracellular domain of the TCR to pMHCI does not transmit structural changes to the pMHCI-CD8 binding site that would alter the subsequent pMHCI/CD8 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Cole
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Immunology, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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Weide B, Garbe C, Rammensee HG, Pascolo S. Plasmid DNA- and messenger RNA-based anti-cancer vaccination. Immunol Lett 2008; 115:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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