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Tan X, Yan Y, Song B, Zhu S, Mei Q, Wu K. Focal adhesion kinase: from biological functions to therapeutic strategies. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:83. [PMID: 37749625 PMCID: PMC10519103 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a nonreceptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, is a vital participant in primary cellular functions, such as proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. In addition, FAK regulates cancer stem cell activities and contributes to the formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Importantly, increased FAK expression and activity are strongly associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes and metastatic characteristics in numerous tumors. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that modulating FAK activity by application of FAK inhibitors alone or in combination treatment regimens could be effective for cancer therapy. Based on these findings, several agents targeting FAK have been exploited in diverse preclinical tumor models. This article briefly describes the structure and function of FAK, as well as research progress on FAK inhibitors in combination therapies. We also discuss the challenges and future directions regarding anti-FAK combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximin Tan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuheng Yan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bin Song
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Mei
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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2
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Flockerzi FA, Hohneck J, Saar M, Bohle RM, Stahl PR. SCARA5 Is Overexpressed in Prostate Cancer and Linked to Poor Prognosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2211. [PMID: 37443605 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, showing a wide range of clinical behaviors. Therefore, several treatment options arise out of the diagnosis "prostate cancer". For this reason, it is desirable to find novel prognostic and predictive markers. In former studies, we showed that THSD7A expression is associated with unfavorable prognostic parameters in prostate cancer and is linked to a high expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Recently, scavenger receptor class A member 5 (SCARA5) was reported to be the downstream gene of THSD7A in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. SCARA5 is believed to play an important role in the development and progression of several different tumor types. Most studies describe SCARA5 as a tumor suppressor. There is also evidence that SCARA 5 interacts with FAK. To examine the role of SCARA5 as a potential biomarker in prostate cancer, a total of 461 prostate cancers were analyzed via immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays. Furthermore, we compared the expression level of SCARA5 with our previously collected data on THSD7A and FAK. High SCARA5 expression was associated with advanced tumor stage (p < 0.001), positive nodal status (p < 0.001) and high Gleason-score (p < 0.001). At least, strongly SCARA5-positive cancers were associated with THSD7A-positivity. There was no significant association between SCARA5 expression level and FAK expression level. To our knowledge, we are the first to investigate the role of SCARA5 in prostate cancer and we demonstrated that SCARA5 might be a potential biomarker in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Hohneck
- Department of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Saar
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Maria Bohle
- Department of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Phillip Rolf Stahl
- Department of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66424 Homburg, Germany
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3
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Flockerzi FA, Hohneck J, Saar M, Bohle RM, Stahl PR. THSD7A Positivity Is Associated with High Expression of FAK in Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13020221. [PMID: 36673031 PMCID: PMC9857569 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies, and there are a wide range of treatment options after diagnosis. Most prostate cancers behave in an indolent manner. However, a given sub-group has been shown to exhibit aggressive behavior; therefore, it is desirable to find novel prognostic and predictive (molecular) markers. THSD7A expression is significantly associated with unfavorable prognostic parameters in prostate cancer. FAK is overexpressed in several tumor types and is believed to play a role in tumor progression and metastasis. Furthermore, there is evidence that THSD7A might affect FAK-dependent signaling pathways. To examine whether THSD7A expression has an impact on the expression level of FAK in its unphosphorylated form, a total of 461 prostate cancers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays. THSD7A positivity and low FAK expression were associated with adverse pathological features. THSD7A positivity was significantly associated with high FAK expression. To our knowledge we are the first to show that THSD7A positivity is associated with high FAK expression in prostate cancer. This might be proof of the actual involvement of THSD7A in FAK-dependent signaling pathways. This is of special importance because THSD7A might also serve as a putative therapeutic target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Hohneck
- Department of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Saar
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Maria Bohle
- Department of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Phillip Rolf Stahl
- Department of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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4
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Dawson JC, Serrels A, Stupack DG, Schlaepfer DD, Frame MC. Targeting FAK in anticancer combination therapies. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:313-324. [PMID: 33731845 PMCID: PMC8276817 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is both a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and an adaptor protein that primarily regulates adhesion signalling and cell migration, but FAK can also promote cell survival in response to stress. FAK is commonly overexpressed in cancer and is considered a high-value druggable target, with multiple FAK inhibitors currently in development. Evidence suggests that in the clinical setting, FAK targeting will be most effective in combination with other agents so as to reverse failure of chemotherapies or targeted therapies and enhance efficacy of immune-based treatments of solid tumours. Here, we discuss the recent preclinical evidence that implicates FAK in anticancer therapeutic resistance, leading to the view that FAK inhibitors will have their greatest utility as combination therapies in selected patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Alan Serrels
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dwayne G Stupack
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Centre, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Centre, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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5
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Muscarinic receptors promote castration-resistant growth of prostate cancer through a FAK-YAP signaling axis. Oncogene 2020; 39:4014-4027. [PMID: 32205868 PMCID: PMC7428076 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer innervation contributes to the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). However, the precise impact of innervation on PCa cells is still poorly understood. By focusing on muscarinic receptors, which are activated by the nerve-derived neurotransmitter acetylcholine, we show that muscarinic receptors 1 and 3 (m1 and m3) are highly expressed in PCa clinical specimens compared to all other cancer types, and that amplification or gain of their corresponding encoding genes (CHRM1 and CHRM3, respectively) represent a worse prognostic factor for PCa progression free survival. Moreover, m1 and m3 gene gain or amplification are frequent in castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) compared with hormone-sensitive PCa (HSPC) specimens. This was reflected in HSPC-derived cells, which show aberrantly high expression of m1 and m3 under androgen deprivation mimicking castration and androgen receptor inhibition. We also show that pharmacological activation of m1 and m3 signaling is sufficient to induce the castration-resistant growth of PCa cells. Mechanistically, we found that m1 and m3 stimulation induces YAP activation through FAK, whose encoding gene, PTK2 is frequently amplified in CRPC cases. Pharmacological inhibition of FAK and knockdown of YAP abolished m1 and m3-induced castration-resistant growth of PCa cells. Our findings provide novel therapeutic opportunities for muscarinic-signal-driven CRPC progression by targeting the FAK-YAP signaling axis.
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6
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Hong KO, Ahn CH, Yang IH, Han JM, Shin JA, Cho SD, Hong SD. Norcantharidin Suppresses YD-15 Cell Invasion Through Inhibition of FAK/Paxillin and F-Actin Reorganization. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101928. [PMID: 31109130 PMCID: PMC6572169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Norcantharidin (NCTD), a demethylated derivative of cantharidin, has been reported to exhibit activity against various types of cancers. However, the anti-invasive effects of NCTD and its molecular mechanism in human mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) remain incompletely elucidated. Clonogenic, wound healing, invasion, zymography, western blotting and immunocytochemistry assays were performed in YD-15 cells to investigate the anti-invasive effect of NCTD and its molecular mechanism of action. The inhibitory effects of NCTD on invasiveness were compared with those of a novel focal adhesion kinase (FAK) kinase inhibitor, PF-562271. NCTD markedly suppressed the colony formation, migration, and invasion of YD-15 cells as well as the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9. It disrupted F-actin reorganization through suppressing the FAK/Paxillin axis. Moreover, NCTD exhibited a powerful anti-invasive effect compared with that of PF-562271 in YD-15 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that NCTD has a potential anti-invasive activity against YD-15 cells. This study may clarify the impact of NCTD on migration and invasion of human MEC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ok Hong
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Chi-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - In-Hyoung Yang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Jung-Min Han
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Ji-Ae Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Sung-Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Seong Doo Hong
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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7
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Sharma J, Larkin J. Therapeutic Implication of SOCS1 Modulation in the Treatment of Autoimmunity and Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:324. [PMID: 31105556 PMCID: PMC6499178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of intracellular proteins has a vital role in the regulation of the immune system and resolution of inflammatory cascades. SOCS1, also called STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI) or JAK-binding protein (JAB), is a member of the SOCS family with actions ranging from immune modulation to cell cycle regulation. Knockout of SOCS1 leads to perinatal lethality in mice and increased vulnerability to cancer, while several SNPs associated with the SOCS1 gene have been implicated in human inflammation-mediated diseases. In this review, we describe the mechanism of action of SOCS1 and its potential therapeutic role in the prevention and treatment of autoimmunity and cancer. We also provide a brief outline of the other JAK inhibitors, both FDA-approved and under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joseph Larkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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8
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Cooper J, Giancotti FG. Integrin Signaling in Cancer: Mechanotransduction, Stemness, Epithelial Plasticity, and Therapeutic Resistance. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:347-367. [PMID: 30889378 PMCID: PMC6684107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Integrins mediate cell adhesion and transmit mechanical and chemical signals to the cell interior. Various mechanisms deregulate integrin signaling in cancer, empowering tumor cells with the ability to proliferate without restraint, to invade through tissue boundaries, and to survive in foreign microenvironments. Recent studies have revealed that integrin signaling drives multiple stem cell functions, including tumor initiation, epithelial plasticity, metastatic reactivation, and resistance to oncogene- and immune-targeted therapies. Here, we discuss the mechanisms leading to the deregulation of integrin signaling in cancer and its various consequences. We place emphasis on novel functions, determinants of context dependency, and mechanism-based therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cooper
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Filippo G Giancotti
- Department of Cancer Biology and David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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9
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Thomas KS, Owen KA, Conger K, Llewellyn RA, Bouton AH, Casanova JE. Non-redundant functions of FAK and Pyk2 in intestinal epithelial repair. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4497. [PMID: 30872746 PMCID: PMC6418130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion signaling between epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix plays a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and the response to tissue damage. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and its close relative Pyk2 are non-receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate adhesion signaling to promote cell proliferation, motility and survival. FAK has also been shown to act as a mechanosensor by modulating cell proliferation in response to changes in tissue compliance. We previously showed that mice lacking FAK in the intestinal epithelium are phenotypically normal under homeostatic conditions but hypersensitive to experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Here we report that Pyk2-deficient mice are also phenotypically normal under homeostatic conditions and are similarly hypersensitive to DSS-induced colitis. These data indicate that normal intestinal development and homeostatic maintenance can occur in the presence of either FAK or Pyk2, but that both kinases are necessary for epithelial repair following injury. In contrast, mice lacking both FAK and Pyk2 develop spontaneous colitis with 100% penetrance by 4 weeks of age. Normal colonic phenotype and function are restored upon treatment of the double knockout mice with antibiotics, implicating commensal bacteria or bacterial products in the etiology of the spontaneous colitis exhibited by these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keena S Thomas
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Katherine A Owen
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Ampel Biosolutions, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA
| | - Kathryn Conger
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Ryan A Llewellyn
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Amy H Bouton
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - James E Casanova
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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10
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Depression promotes prostate cancer invasion and metastasis via a sympathetic-cAMP-FAK signaling pathway. Oncogene 2018. [PMID: 29515233 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Depression drives cancer progression and induces poor clinical outcome. However, the mechanisms underlying depression and cancer outcomes are unclear. In this work, we investigated 98 prostate cancer patients and found that patients with high score of psychological depression were correlated with tumor invasion and metastasis. We found focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was increased in cancer patients with metastatic features and high score of depression. FAK knockdown completely blocked depression-promoted tumor invasion in orthotopic transplantation tumors. In Hi-myc mice and a murine model of depression, sympathetic activation was detected in the prostate tissue. Further we showed that FAK activation was dependent on a cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. Our results demonstrated that the activation of a sympathetic-FAK signaling pathway in prostate cancer patients with high degrees of depression facilitates tumor invasion. We suggest that blocking β2AR with propranolol or inhibiting FAK activation with PF562 271 may be novel strategies for depressed patients with invasive prostate cancer.
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11
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HER2 reduces breast cancer radiosensitivity by activating focal adhesion kinase in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45186-45198. [PMID: 27286256 PMCID: PMC5216715 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has demonstrated that human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is involved in the radiation response to breast cancer. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated if HER2 overexpression is associated with radiosensitivity of breast cancer. We constructed breast cancer cell lines differing in HER2 expression by transducing HER2 cDNA or short hairpin RNA against HER2. We then assessed the radiosensitivity and investigated the potential mechanism by using cell proliferation assay, cell adhesion assays, anoikis assays, colony formation assays, and western blotting analyses. We found that HER2 introduction in breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (low HER2 expression) and MDA-MB-231 (HER2 is not expressed) promoted cell proliferation and invasion and enhanced cell adhesion and resistance to anoikis. Moreover, HER2 reduced radiosensitivity in these two cells compared with the corresponding control. The opposite results were observed when HER2 was silenced in breast cancer cell lines ZR-7530 and SK-BR-3 (both cells with high expression of HER2) using HER2 shRNA. In addition, animal experiment results showed HER2 could enhance the radioresistance of xenograft tumors. Further studies showed HER2 promoted the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (Fak) and thereby up-regulated the expression of proteins associated with the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition such as Claudin-1, ZO-1, and ZEB-1. The inhibition of Fak activity using the Fak inhibitor (PF-562281) restored the radiosensitivity in HER2-overexpressing cells. In conclusion, HER2 reduces the radiosensitivity of breast cancer by activating Fak in vitro and in vivo. Fak might be a potential target for the radiosensitization of HER2-overexpressed breast cancer.
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12
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Sayeed A, Lu H, Liu Q, Deming D, Duffy A, McCue P, Dicker AP, Davis RJ, Gabrilovich D, Rodeck U, Altieri DC, Languino LR. β1 integrin- and JNK-dependent tumor growth upon hypofractionated radiation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52618-52630. [PMID: 27438371 PMCID: PMC5288136 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is an effective cancer treatment modality although tumors invariably become resistant. Using the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model system, we report that a hypofractionated radiation schedule (10 Gy/day for 5 consecutive days) effectively blocks prostate tumor growth in wild type (β1wt /TRAMP) mice as well as in mice carrying a conditional ablation of β1 integrins in the prostatic epithelium (β1pc-/- /TRAMP). Since JNK is known to be suppressed by β1 integrins and mediates radiation-induced apoptosis, we tested the effect of SP600125, an inhibitor of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) in the TRAMP model system. Our results show that SP600125 negates the effect of radiation on tumor growth in β1pc-/- /TRAMP mice and leads to invasive adenocarcinoma. These effects are associated with increased focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression and phosphorylation in prostate tumors in β1pc-/- /TRAMP mice. In marked contrast, radiation-induced tumor growth suppression, FAK expression and phosphorylation are not altered by SP600125 treatment of β1wt /TRAMP mice. Furthermore, we have reported earlier that abrogation of insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) in prostate cancer cells enhances the sensitivity to radiation. Here we further explore the β1/IGF-IR crosstalk and report that β1 integrins promote cell proliferation partly by enhancing the expression of IGF-IR. In conclusion, we demonstrate that β1 integrin-mediated inhibition of JNK signaling modulates tumor growth rate upon hypofractionated radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aejaz Sayeed
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Huimin Lu
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Deming
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Duffy
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter McCue
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam P Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dmitry Gabrilovich
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Translational Tumor Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ulrich Rodeck
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dario C Altieri
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucia R Languino
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Serrels B, McGivern N, Canel M, Byron A, Johnson SC, McSorley HJ, Quinn N, Taggart D, Von Kreigsheim A, Anderton SM, Serrels A, Frame MC. IL-33 and ST2 mediate FAK-dependent antitumor immune evasion through transcriptional networks. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaan8355. [PMID: 29208683 PMCID: PMC6128400 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan8355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediates tumor cell-intrinsic behaviors that promote tumor growth and metastasis. We previously showed that FAK also induces the expression of inflammatory genes that inhibit antitumor immunity in the microenvironment. We identified a crucial, previously unknown role for the dual-function cytokine interleukin-33 (IL-33) in FAK-dependent immune evasion. In murine squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells, specifically nuclear FAK enhanced the expression of the genes encoding IL-33, the chemokine CCL5, and the soluble, secreted form of the IL-33 receptor, called soluble ST2 (sST2). The abundance of IL-33 and CCL5 was increased in FAK-positive SCC cells but not in normal keratinocytes. IL-33 associated with FAK in the nucleus, and the FAK-IL-33 complex interacted with a network of chromatin modifiers and transcriptional regulators, including TAF9, WDR82, and BRD4, which promote the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and its induction of genes encoding chemokines, including CCL5. We did not detect secretion of IL-33 from FAK-positive SCC cells; thus, we propose that the increased production and secretion of sST2 likely sequesters IL-33 secreted by other cell types within the tumor environment, thus blocking its stimulatory effects on infiltrating host immune cells. Depleting FAK, IL-33, or sST2 from SCC cells before implantation induced tumor regression in syngeneic mice, except when CD8+ T cells were co-depleted. Our data provide mechanistic insight into how FAK controls the tumor immune environment, namely, through a transcriptional regulatory network mediated by nuclear IL-33. Targeting this axis may boost antitumor immunity in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Serrels
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - Niamh McGivern
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Marta Canel
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam Byron
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Sarah C Johnson
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Niall Quinn
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - David Taggart
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Alex Von Kreigsheim
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Alan Serrels
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
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14
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Canel M, Byron A, Sims AH, Cartier J, Patel H, Frame MC, Brunton VG, Serrels B, Serrels A. Nuclear FAK and Runx1 Cooperate to Regulate IGFBP3, Cell-Cycle Progression, and Tumor Growth. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5301-5312. [PMID: 28807942 PMCID: PMC6126615 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a potentially important regulator of gene expression in cancer, impacting both cellular function and the composition of the surrounding tumor microenvironment. Here, we report in a murine model of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that nuclear FAK regulates Runx1-dependent transcription of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and that this regulates SCC cell-cycle progression and tumor growth in vivo Furthermore, we identified a novel molecular complex between FAK and Runx1 in the nucleus of SCC cells and showed that FAK interacted with a number of Runx1-regulatory proteins, including Sin3a and other epigenetic modifiers known to alter Runx1 transcriptional function through posttranslational modification. These findings provide important new insights into the role of FAK as a scaffolding protein in molecular complexes that regulate gene transcription. Cancer Res; 77(19); 5301-12. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canel
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Byron
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jessy Cartier
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hitesh Patel
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Alan Serrels
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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15
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Jung SY, Kho S, Song KH, Ahn J, Park IC, Nam KY, Hwang SG, Nam SY, Cho SJ, Song JY. Novel focal adhesion kinase 1 inhibitor sensitizes lung cancer cells to radiation in a p53-independent manner. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1583-1589. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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16
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Hu C, Chen X, Wen J, Gong L, Liu Z, Wang J, Liang J, Hu F, Zhou Q, Wei L, Shen Y, Zhang W. Antitumor effect of focal adhesion kinase inhibitor PF562271 against human osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1347-1356. [PMID: 28406574 PMCID: PMC5497929 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) overexpression is related to invasive and metastatic properties in different kinds of cancers. Target therapy by inhibiting FAK has achieved promising effect in some cancer treatments, but its effect in human osteosarcoma has not been well studied. In the present study, we analyzed the antitumor efficacy of PF562271, an FAK inhibitor, against osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylated FAK (Y397) was highly expressed in primary human osteosarcoma tumor samples and was associated with osteosarcoma prognosis and lung metastasis. PF562271 greatly suppressed proliferation and colony formation in human osteosarcoma cell lines. In addition, treatment of osteosarcoma cell lines with PF562271 induced apoptosis and downregulated the activity of the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. PF562271 also impaired the tube formation ability of endothelial cells in vitro. Finally, oral treatment with PF562271 in mice dramatically reduced tumor volume, weight, and angiogenesis of osteosarcoma xenografts in vivo. These results indicate that FAK inhibitor PF562271 can potentially be effectively used for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhen Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Wuxi Xinrui Hospital, Wuxi Branch, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Junxiang Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangzhi Gong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuochao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangqiong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhui Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Cimadamore A, Scarpelli M, Piva F, Massari F, Gasparrini S, Doria A, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R. Activity of chemokines in prostate and renal tumors and their potential role as future therapeutic targets. Future Oncol 2017; 13:1105-1114. [PMID: 28147707 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a class of low-molecular-weight proteins that induce chemotaxis and are implicated in the modulation of angiogenesis. The imbalance among angiogenic and antiangiogenic chemokines can promote the development of several conditions, including chronic inflammation, dysplastic transformation and cancer. In this review, we describe the activity and clinical significance of chemokines in prostate and renal tumors and provide an update on ongoing studies in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialist Clinical & Odontostomatological Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Gasparrini
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Surgery & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University Medical School, Cordoba, Spain.,Champalimaud Clinical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
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18
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Ou WB, Lu M, Eilers G, Li H, Ding J, Meng X, Wu Y, He Q, Sheng Q, Zhou HM, Fletcher JA. Co-targeting of FAK and MDM2 triggers additive anti-proliferative effects in mesothelioma via a coordinated reactivation of p53. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:1253-1263. [PMID: 27736841 PMCID: PMC5104897 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved mesothelioma patient survival will require development of novel and more effective pharmacological interventions. TP53 genomic mutations are uncommon in mesothelioma, and recent data indicate that p53 remains functional, and therefore is a potential therapeutic target in these cancers. In addition, the tumour suppressor NF2 is inactivated by genomic mechanisms in more than 80% of mesothelioma, causing upregulation of FAK activity. Because FAK is a negative regulator of p53, NF2 regulation of FAK-p53-MDM2 signalling loops were evaluated. METHODS Interactions of FAK-p53 or NF2-FAK were evaluated by phosphotyrosine-p53 immunoaffinity purification and tandem mass spectrometry, and p53, FAK, and NF2 immunoprecipitations. Activation and/or expression of FAK, p53, and NF2 were also evaluated in mesotheliomas. Effects of combination MDM2 and FAK inhibitors/shRNAs were assessed by measuring mesothelioma cell viability/growth, expression of cell cycle checkpoints, and cell cycle alterations. RESULTS We observed constitutive activation of FAK, a known negative regulator of p53, in each of 10 mesothelioma cell lines and each of nine mesothelioma surgical specimens, and FAK was associated with p53 in five of five mesothelioma cell lines. In four mesotheliomas with wild-type p53, FAK silencing by RNAi induced expression and phosphorylation of p53. However, FAK regulation of mesothelioma proliferation was not restricted to p53-dependent pathways, as demonstrated by immunoblots after FAK knockdown in JMN1B mesothelioma cells, which have mutant/inactivated p53, compared with four mesothelioma cell lines with nonmutant p53. Additive effects were obtained through a coordinated reactivation of p53, by FAK knockdown/inhibition and MDM2 inhibition, as demonstrated by immunoblots, cell viability, and cell-cycle analyses, showing increased p53 expression, apoptosis, anti-proliferative effects, and cell-cycle arrest, as compared with either intervention alone. Our results also indicate that NF2 regulates the interaction of FAK-p53 and MDM2-p53. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight novel therapeutic opportunities in mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Ou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minmin Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Grant Eilers
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hailong Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiongyan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuli Meng
- Department of Breast Cancer Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Sheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Meng Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jonathan A Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Roy-Luzarraga M, Hodivala-Dilke K. Molecular Pathways: Endothelial Cell FAK-A Target for Cancer Treatment. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3718-24. [PMID: 27262114 PMCID: PMC5386133 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase, focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also known as PTK2), is a key mediator of signal transduction downstream of integrins and growth factor receptors in a variety of cells, including endothelial cells. FAK is upregulated in several advanced-stage solid tumors and has been described to promote tumor progression and metastasis through effects on both tumor cells and stromal cells. This observation has led to the development of several FAK inhibitors, some of which have entered clinical trials (GSK2256098, VS-4718, VS-6062, VS-6063, and BI853520). Resistance to chemotherapy is a serious limitation of cancer treatment and, until recently, most studies were restricted to tumor cells, excluding the possible roles performed by the tumor microenvironment. A recent report identified endothelial cell FAK (EC-FAK) as a major regulator of chemosensitivity. By dysregulating endothelial cell-derived paracrine (also known as angiocrine) signals, loss of FAK solely in the endothelial cell compartment is able to induce chemosensitization to DNA-damaging therapies in the malignant cell compartment and thereby reduce tumor growth. Herein, we summarize the roles of EC-FAK in cancer and development and review the status of FAK-targeting anticancer strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3718-24. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Roy-Luzarraga
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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20
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Inhibition of growth, migration and invasion of human bladder cancer cells by antrocin, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea, and its molecular mechanisms. Cancer Lett 2016; 373:174-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Serrels A, Lund T, Serrels B, Byron A, McPherson RC, von Kriegsheim A, Gómez-Cuadrado L, Canel M, Muir M, Ring JE, Maniati E, Sims AH, Pachter JA, Brunton VG, Gilbert N, Anderton SM, Nibbs RJB, Frame MC. Nuclear FAK controls chemokine transcription, Tregs, and evasion of anti-tumor immunity. Cell 2015; 163:160-73. [PMID: 26406376 PMCID: PMC4597190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) promotes anti-tumor immune evasion. Specifically, the kinase activity of nuclear-targeted FAK in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells drives exhaustion of CD8(+) T cells and recruitment of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment by regulating chemokine/cytokine and ligand-receptor networks, including via transcription of Ccl5, which is crucial. These changes inhibit antigen-primed cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell activity, permitting growth of FAK-expressing tumors. Mechanistically, nuclear FAK is associated with chromatin and exists in complex with transcription factors and their upstream regulators that control Ccl5 expression. Furthermore, FAK's immuno-modulatory nuclear activities may be specific to cancerous squamous epithelial cells, as normal keratinocytes do not have nuclear FAK. Finally, we show that a small-molecule FAK kinase inhibitor, VS-4718, which is currently in clinical development, also drives depletion of Tregs and promotes a CD8(+) T cell-mediated anti-tumor response. Therefore, FAK inhibitors may trigger immune-mediated tumor regression, providing previously unrecognized therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - Tom Lund
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Adam Byron
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Rhoanne C McPherson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Alexander von Kriegsheim
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Laura Gómez-Cuadrado
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Marta Canel
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Jennifer E Ring
- Verastem Inc., 117 Kendrick Street, Suite 500, Needham, MA 02494, USA
| | - Eleni Maniati
- Queen Mary, University of London, Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | | | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Nick Gilbert
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
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22
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Pelillo C, Bergamo A, Mollica H, Bestagno M, Sava G. Colorectal Cancer Metastases Settle in the Hepatic Microenvironment Through α5β1 Integrin. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:2385-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pelillo
- Callerio Foundation Onlus; via A. Fleming 22-31; 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Alberta Bergamo
- Callerio Foundation Onlus; via A. Fleming 22-31; 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Hilaria Mollica
- Callerio Foundation Onlus; via A. Fleming 22-31; 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Marco Bestagno
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; AREA Science Park; Padriciano 99 34102 Trieste Italy
| | - Gianni Sava
- Callerio Foundation Onlus; via A. Fleming 22-31; 34127 Trieste Italy
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Trieste; via A. Fleming 22; 34127 Trieste Italy
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23
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Vlachostergios PJ, Papandreou CN. Targeting neuroendocrine prostate cancer: molecular and clinical perspectives. Front Oncol 2015; 5:6. [PMID: 25699233 PMCID: PMC4313607 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma, either co-present with the local adenocarcinoma disease or as a result of transdifferentiation later in time, was described as one major process of emerging resistance to androgen deprivation therapies, and at the clinical level it is consistent with the development of rapidly progressive visceral disease, often in the absence of elevated serum prostate-specific antigen level. Until present, platinum-based chemotherapy has been the only treatment modality, able to produce a fair amount of responses but of short duration. Recently, several efforts for molecular characterization of this lethal phenotype have resulted in identification of novel signaling factors involved in microenvironment interactions, mitosis, and neural reprograming as potential therapeutic targets. Ongoing clinical testing of specific inhibitors of these targets, for example, Aurora kinase A inhibitors, in carefully selected patients and exploitation of expression changes of the target before and after manipulation is anticipated to increase the existing data and facilitate therapeutic decision making at this late stage of the disease when hormonal manipulations, even with the newest androgen-directed therapies are no longer feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos N Papandreou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
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24
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Yoon H, Dehart JP, Murphy JM, Lim STS. Understanding the roles of FAK in cancer: inhibitors, genetic models, and new insights. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 63:114-28. [PMID: 25380750 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414561498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a protein tyrosine kinase that regulates cellular adhesion, motility, proliferation and survival in various types of cells. Interestingly, FAK is activated and/or overexpressed in advanced cancers, and promotes cancer progression and metastasis. For this reason, FAK became a potential therapeutic target in cancer, and small molecule FAK inhibitors have been developed and are being tested in clinical phase trials. These inhibitors have demonstrated to be effective by inducing tumor cell apoptosis in addition to reducing metastasis and angiogenesis. Furthermore, several genetic FAK mouse models have made advancements in understanding the specific role of FAK both in tumors and in the tumor environment. In this review, we discuss FAK inhibitors as well as genetic mouse models to provide mechanistic insights into FAK signaling and its potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Joshua P Dehart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - James M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Ssang-Taek Steve Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
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25
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Lee HW, Cho HJ, Lee SJ, Song HJ, Cho HJ, Park MC, Seol HJ, Lee JI, Kim S, Lee HM, Choi HY, Nam DH, Joo KM. Tpl2 induces castration resistant prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2065-77. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Urology; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Se Jeong Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Suwon South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Suwon South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cho
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Min Chul Park
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Ho Jun Seol
- Department of Neurosurgery; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jung-Il Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyun Moo Lee
- Department of Urology; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Han Yong Choi
- Department of Urology; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Suwon South Korea
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Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed and activated in several advanced-stage solid cancers. FAK promotes tumour progression and metastasis through effects on cancer cells, as well as stromal cells of the tumour microenvironment. The kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions of FAK control cell movement, invasion, survival, gene expression and cancer stem cell self-renewal. Small molecule FAK inhibitors decrease tumour growth and metastasis in several preclinical models and have initial clinical activity in patients with limited adverse events. In this Review, we discuss FAK signalling effects on both tumour and stromal cell biology that provide rationale and support for future therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J. Sulzmaier
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christine Jean
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - David D. Schlaepfer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Address correspondence to: David D. Schlaepfer, Ph.D., University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., MC0803, La Jolla, CA 92093,
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Shanthi E, Krishna MH, Arunesh GM, Venkateswara Reddy K, Sooriya Kumar J, Viswanadhan VN. Focal adhesion kinase inhibitors in the treatment of metastatic cancer: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:1077-100. [PMID: 25113248 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.948845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays a prominent role in integrin signaling. FAK activation increases phosphorylation of Tyr397 and other sites of the protein. FAK-dependent activation of signaling pathways implicated in controlling essential cellular functions including growth, proliferation, survival and migration. FERM (F for the 4.1 protein, ezrin, radixin and moesin) domain-enhanced p53 degradation plays a critical role in proliferation and survival. FAK, overexpressed in metastatic tumors, has emerged as an important therapeutic target for the development of selective inhibitors. FAK inhibitors achieved tumor growth inhibition and induced apoptosis. Strategies targeting FAK inhibition using novel compounds have created an exciting opportunity for anticancer therapy. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the current research with available data from early phase clinical trials and discusses the available small-molecule inhibitors of FAK from patents. The importance of inhibiting FAK activity in cancer patients is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Emerging data from clinical trials with orally available small-molecule inhibitors of FAK are promising. Although this approach is appropriate as a targeted therapeutic approach against several metastatic cancer types, several compounds in research are yet to prove their preclinical efficacy. This report lays special emphasis on the available patent data of FAK inhibitors for such targeted molecular therapies. This review summarizes current knowledge about FAK inhibition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekambaram Shanthi
- Jubilant Biosys Ltd , 96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560 022, Karnataka , India
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28
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FAK-heterozygous mice display enhanced tumour angiogenesis. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2020. [PMID: 23799510 PMCID: PMC3712492 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic ablation of endothelial focal adhesion kinase (FAK) can inhibit pathological angiogenesis, suggesting that loss of endothelial FAK is sufficient to reduce neovascularization. Here we show that reduced stromal FAK expression in FAK-heterozygous mice unexpectedly enhances both B16F0 and CMT19T tumour growth and angiogenesis. We further demonstrate that cell proliferation and microvessel sprouting, but not migration, are increased in serum-stimulated FAK-heterozygous endothelial cells. FAK-heterozygous endothelial cells display an imbalance in FAK phosphorylation at pY397 and pY861 without changes in Pyk2 or Erk1/2 activity. By contrast, serum-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt is enhanced in FAK-heterozygous endothelial cells and these cells are more sensitive to Akt inhibition. Additionally, low doses of a pharmacological FAK inhibitor, although too low to affect FAK autophosphorylation in vitro, can enhance angiogenesis ex vivo and tumour growth in vivo. Our results highlight a potential novel role for FAK as a nonlinear, dose-dependent regulator of angiogenesis where heterozygous levels of FAK enhance angiogenesis.
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29
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Mierke CT. The role of focal adhesion kinase in the regulation of cellular mechanical properties. Phys Biol 2013; 10:065005. [PMID: 24304934 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of mechanical properties is necessary for cell invasion into connective tissue or intra- and extravasation through the endothelium of blood or lymph vessels. Cell invasion is important for the regulation of many healthy processes such as immune response reactions and wound healing. In addition, cell invasion plays a role in disease-related processes such as tumor metastasis and autoimmune responses. Until now the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in regulating mechanical properties of cells and its impact on cell invasion efficiency is still not well known. Thus, this review focuses on mechanical properties regulated by FAK in comparison to the mechano-regulating protein vinculin. Moreover, it points out the connection between cancer cell invasion and metastasis and FAK by showing that FAK regulates cellular mechanical properties required for cellular motility. Furthermore, it sheds light on the indirect interaction of FAK with vinculin by binding to paxillin, which then impairs the binding of paxillin to vinculin. In addition, this review emphasizes whether FAK fulfills regulatory functions similar to vinculin. In particular, it discusses the differences and the similarities between FAK and vinculin in regulating the biomechanical properties of cells. Finally, this paper highlights that both focal adhesion proteins, vinculin and FAK, synergize their functions to regulate the mechanical properties of cells such as stiffness and contractile forces. Subsequently, these mechanical properties determine cellular invasiveness into tissues and provide a source sink for future drug developments to inhibit excessive cell invasion and hence, metastases formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Institute of Experimental Physics I, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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30
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Ward KK, Tancioni I, Lawson C, Miller NL, Jean C, Chen XL, Uryu S, Kim J, Tarin D, Stupack DG, Plaxe SC, Schlaepfer DD. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity prevents anchorage-independent ovarian carcinoma cell growth and tumor progression. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 30:579-94. [PMID: 23275034 PMCID: PMC3622195 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence and spread of ovarian cancer is the 5th leading cause of death for women in the United States. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase located on chromosome 8q24.3 (gene is Ptk2), a site commonly amplified in serous ovarian cancer. Elevated FAK mRNA levels in serous ovarian carcinoma are associated with decreased (logrank P = 0.0007, hazard ratio 1.43) patient overall survival, but how FAK functions in tumor progression remains undefined. We have isolated aggressive ovarian carcinoma cells termed ID8-IP after intraperitoneal (IP) growth of murine ID8 cells in C57Bl6 mice. Upon orthotopic implantation within the peri-ovarian bursa space, ID8-IP cells exhibit greater tumor growth, local and distant metastasis, and elevated numbers of ascites-associated cells compared to parental ID8 cells. ID8-IP cells exhibit enhanced growth under non-adherent conditions with elevated FAK and c-Src tyrosine kinase activation compared to parental ID8 cells. In vitro, the small molecule FAK inhibitor (Pfizer, PF562,271, PF-271) at 0.1 uM selectively prevented anchorage-independent ID8-IP cell growth with the inhibition of FAK tyrosine (Y)397 but not c-Src Y416 phosphorylation. Oral PF-271 administration (30 mg/kg, twice daily) blocked FAK but not c-Src tyrosine phosphorylation in ID8-IP tumors. This was associated with decreased tumor size, prevention of peritoneal metastasis, reduced tumor-associated endothelial cell number, and increased tumor cell-associated apoptosis. FAK knockdown and re-expression assays showed that FAK activity selectively promoted anchorage-independent ID8-IP cell survival. These results support the continued evaluation of FAK inhibitors as a promising clinical treatment for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy K. Ward
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Isabelle Tancioni
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christine Lawson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nichol L.G. Miller
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christine Jean
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Xiao Lei Chen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sean Uryu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Josephine Kim
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - David Tarin
- Department of Pathology, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Dwayne G. Stupack
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Steven C. Plaxe
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - David D. Schlaepfer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
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31
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Yoshioka T, Otero J, Chen Y, Kim YM, Koutcher JA, Satagopan J, Reuter V, Carver B, de Stanchina E, Enomoto K, Greenberg NM, Scardino PT, Scher HI, Sawyers CL, Giancotti FG. β4 Integrin signaling induces expansion of prostate tumor progenitors. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:682-99. [PMID: 23348745 PMCID: PMC3561800 DOI: 10.1172/jci60720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The contextual signals that regulate the expansion of prostate tumor progenitor cells are poorly defined. We found that a significant fraction of advanced human prostate cancers and castration-resistant metastases express high levels of the β4 integrin, which binds to laminin-5. Targeted deletion of the signaling domain of β4 inhibited prostate tumor growth and progression in response to loss of p53 and Rb function in a mouse model of prostate cancer (PB-TAg mice). Additionally, it suppressed Pten loss-driven prostate tumorigenesis in tissue recombination experiments. We traced this defect back to an inability of signaling-defective β4 to sustain self-renewal of putative cancer stem cells in vitro and proliferation of transit-amplifying cells in vivo. Mechanistic studies indicated that mutant β4 fails to promote transactivation of ErbB2 and c-Met in prostate tumor progenitor cells and human cancer cell lines. Pharmacological inhibition of ErbB2 and c-Met reduced the ability of prostate tumor progenitor cells to undergo self-renewal in vitro. Finally, we found that β4 is often coexpressed with c-Met and ErbB2 in human prostate cancers and that combined pharmacological inhibition of these receptor tyrosine kinases exerts antitumor activity in a mouse xenograft model. These findings indicate that the β4 integrin promotes prostate tumorigenesis by amplifying ErbB2 and c-Met signaling in tumor progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yoshioka
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Javier Otero
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jason A. Koutcher
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jaya Satagopan
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victor Reuter
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brett Carver
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Enomoto
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Norman M. Greenberg
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter T. Scardino
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Howard I. Scher
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles L. Sawyers
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Filippo G. Giancotti
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.
Departments of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program,
Department of Medicine,
Department of Medical Physics,
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Antitumor Assessment Core, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
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32
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Lagares D, Busnadiego O, García-Fernández RA, Lamas S, Rodríguez-Pascual F. Adenoviral gene transfer of endothelin-1 in the lung induces pulmonary fibrosis through the activation of focal adhesion kinase. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:834-42. [PMID: 22962065 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0446oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in the development of pulmonary fibrosis, based on its capacity in vitro to promote extracellular matrix (ECM) production and contraction, and on studies showing elevated expression of ET-1 and its receptors in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. However, the in vivo fibrogenic effect of ET-1 is not well characterized. We used the adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of ET-1 to overexpress ET-1 transiently in murine lungs by intratracheal administration. An increased expression of ET-1 for 3 to 10 days after injection resulted in a moderate but reversible fibrotic response, peaking on Day 14 after infection and characterized by the deposition of ECM components, myofibroblast formation, and a significant inflammatory infiltrate, mainly in the peribronchiolar/perivascular region. Adenoviral-mediated ET-1 overexpression activated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) both in vitro, using primary murine lung fibroblasts, and in vivo, intratracheally administered in the lungs of mice. The inhibition of FAK with the compound PF-562,271 prevented ET-1-mediated collagen deposition and myofibroblast formation, thereby preventing the development of lung fibrosis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the overexpression of ET-1 directly in the lungs of mice can initiate a fibrogenic response characterized by increased ECM deposition and myofibroblast formation, and that this effect of ET-1 can be prevented by inhibition of FAK. Our data suggest that the ET-1/FAK axis may contribute importantly to the pathogenesis of fibrotic disorders, and highlight FAK as a potential therapeutic target in these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lagares
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Goel HL, Chang C, Pursell B, Leav I, Lyle S, Xi HS, Hsieh CC, Adisetiyo H, Roy-Burman P, Coleman IM, Nelson PS, Vessella RL, Davis RJ, Plymate SR, Mercurio AM. VEGF/neuropilin-2 regulation of Bmi-1 and consequent repression of IGF-IR define a novel mechanism of aggressive prostate cancer. Cancer Discov 2012; 2:906-21. [PMID: 22777769 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We show that the VEGF receptor neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is associated with high-grade, PTEN-null prostate cancer and that its expression in tumor cells is induced by PTEN loss as a consequence of c-Jun activation. VEGF/NRP2 signaling represses insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-IR) expression and signaling, and the mechanism involves Bmi-1-mediated transcriptional repression of the IGF-IR. This mechanism has significant functional and therapeutic implications that were evaluated. IGF-IR expression positively correlates with PTEN and inversely correlates with NRP2 in prostate tumors. NRP2 is a robust biomarker for predicting response to IGF-IR therapy because prostate carcinomas that express NRP2 exhibit low levels of IGF-IR. Conversely, targeting NRP2 is only modestly effective because NRP2 inhibition induces compensatory IGF-IR signaling. Inhibition of both NRP2 and IGF-IR, however, completely blocks tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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Lahlou H, Sanguin-Gendreau V, Frame MC, Muller WJ. Focal adhesion kinase contributes to proliferative potential of ErbB2 mammary tumour cells but is dispensable for ErbB2 mammary tumour induction in vivo. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R36. [PMID: 22373082 PMCID: PMC3496154 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is hypothesized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer. Methods To directly evaluate the role of FAK in mammary tumour progression, we have used a conditional FAK mouse model and mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV)-driven Cre recombinase strain to inactivate FAK in the mammary epithelium of a transgenic mouse model of ErbB2 breast cancer. Results Although mammary epithelial disruption of FAK in this model resulted in both a delay in onset and a decrease in the number of neoplastic lesions, mammary tumours occurred in 100% of virgin female mice. All of the tumours and derived metastases that developed were proficient for FAK due to the absence of Cre recombinase expression. The hyperplastic epithelia where Cre-mediated recombination of FAK could be detected exhibited a profound proliferative defect. Consistent with these observations, disruption of FAK in established tumour cells resulted in reduced tumour growth that was associated with impaired proliferation. To avoid the selection for FAK-proficient ErbB2 tumour epithelia through escape of Cre-mediated recombination, we next intercrossed the FAK conditional mice with a separate MMTV-driven ErbB2 strain that co-expressed ErbB2 and Cre recombinase on the same transcriptional unit. Conclusions While a delay in tumour induction was noted, FAK-deficient tumours arose in 100% of female animals indicating that FAK is dispensable for ErbB2 tumour initiation. In addition, the FAK-null ErbB2 tumours retained their metastatic potential. We further demonstrated that the FAK-related Pyk2 kinase is still expressed in these tumours and is associated with its downstream regulator p130Cas. These observations indicate that Pyk2 can functionally substitute for FAK in ErbB2 mammary tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Lahlou
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Ave, west, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
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Graham K, Moran-Jones K, Sansom OJ, Brunton VG, Frame MC. FAK deletion promotes p53-mediated induction of p21, DNA-damage responses and radio-resistance in advanced squamous cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27806. [PMID: 22194793 PMCID: PMC3237418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that is elevated in a variety of human cancers. While FAK is implicated in many cellular processes that are perturbed in cancer, including proliferation, actin and adhesion dynamics, polarisation and invasion, there is only some limited information regarding the role of FAK in radiation survival. We have evaluated whether FAK is a general radio-sensitising target, as has been suggested by previous reports. We used a clean genetic system in which FAK was deleted from mouse squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells (FAK -/-), and reconstituted with exogenous FAK wild type (wt). Surprisingly, the absence of FAK was associated with increased radio-resistance in advanced SCC cells. FAK re-expression inhibited p53-mediated transcriptional up-regulation of p21, and a sub-set of other p53 target genes involved in DNA repair, after treatment with ionizing radiation. Moreover, p21 depletion promoted radio-sensitisation, implying that FAK-mediated inhibition of p21 induction is responsible for the relative radio-sensitivity of FAK-proficient SCC cells. Our work adds to a growing body of evidence that there is a close functional relationship between integrin/FAK signalling and the p53/p21 pathway, but demonstrates that FAK's role in survival after stress is context-dependent, at least in cancer cells. We suggest that there should be caution when considering inhibiting FAK in combination with radiation, as this may not always be clinically advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Graham
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Kim Moran-Jones
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Valerie G. Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Margaret C. Frame
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Lechertier T, Hodivala-Dilke K. Focal adhesion kinase and tumour angiogenesis. J Pathol 2011; 226:404-12. [PMID: 21984450 DOI: 10.1002/path.3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is essential for tumour development. It is initiated and regulated by growth factors via their surface receptors, which activate several intracellular signalling pathways in endothelial cells. Cell adhesion molecules, such as integrins, also regulate angiogenesis. Despite these facts, inhibitors of endothelial cell growth factor receptors or integrins have not been as effective as initially hoped in the long-term inhibition of angiogenesis in cancer patients. Signalling downstream of growth factor receptors and integrins converge on the ubiquitously expressed non-receptor tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK is involved in endothelial cell proliferation, migration and survival, is up-regulated in many cancers and has recently been shown to control tumour angiogenesis. Indeed, FAK inhibitors are presently being developed for the treatment of cancer. However, recent studies have indicated the complexities of understanding the precise role for FAK in angiogenesis. Here we have summarized some of the key features of FAK, addressed some of the apparently contradictory roles of this molecule in angiogenesis and provided some perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Lechertier
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Stokes JB, Adair SJ, Slack-Davis JK, Walters DM, Tilghman RW, Hershey ED, Lowrey B, Thomas KS, Bouton AH, Hwang RF, Stelow EB, Parsons JT, Bauer TW. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase by PF-562,271 inhibits the growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer concomitant with altering the tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:2135-45. [PMID: 21903606 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Current therapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) target individual tumor cells. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is activated in PDA, and levels are inversely associated with survival. We investigated the effects of PF-562,271 (a small-molecule inhibitor of FAK/PYK2) on (i) in vitro migration, invasion, and proliferation; (ii) tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in a murine model; and (iii) stromal cell composition in the PDA microenvironment. Migration assays were conducted to assess tumor and stromal cell migration in response to cellular factors, collagen, and the effects of PF-562,271. An orthotopic murine model was used to assess the effects of PF-562,271 on tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Proliferation assays measured PF-562,271 effects on in vitro growth. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the effects of FAK inhibition on the cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment. FAK and PYK2 were activated and expressed in patient-derived PDA tumors, stromal components, and human PDA cell lines. PF-562,271 blocked phosphorylation of FAK (phospho-FAK or Y397) in a dose-dependent manner. PF-562,271 inhibited migration of tumor cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and macrophages. Treatment of mice with PF-562,271 resulted in reduced tumor growth, invasion, and metastases. PF-562,271 had no effect on tumor necrosis, angiogenesis, or apoptosis, but it did decrease tumor cell proliferation and resulted in fewer tumor-associated macrophages and fibroblasts than control or gemcitabine. These data support a role for FAK in PDA and suggest that inhibitors of FAK may contribute to efficacious treatment of patients with PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme B Stokes
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Serrels A, McLeod K, Canel M, Kinnaird A, Graham K, Frame MC, Brunton VG. The role of focal adhesion kinase catalytic activity on the proliferation and migration of squamous cell carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:287-97. [PMID: 21823119 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is upregulated in several epithelial tumours and there has been considerable interest in developing small molecule kinase inhibitors of FAK. However, FAK also has important adaptor functions within the cell, integrating signals from both integrins and growth factors. To investigate the role of FAKs kinase domain, we generated fak-deficient squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines. Re-expression of a wild type or kinase dead FAK allowed us to delineate its kinase dependent functions. In addition, we used the novel FAK kinase inhibitor PF-562,271. The kinase activity of FAK was important for tumour cell migration and polarity but more striking was its requirement for the anchorage independent 3 dimensional (3D) proliferation of SCC cells and their growth as xenografts in mice. Inhibition of FAK activity and prevention of growth in 3D correlated with Src inhibition. We further identified a mechanism whereby FAK regulates proliferation in 3D via regulation of the kinase activity of Src. This was dependent on the kinase activity of FAK and its resulting phosphorylation on Y397 that provides a high affinity binding site for Src. These data support the further development of FAK kinase inhibitors as agents that have the potential to inhibit both tumour cell migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Walsh C, Tanjoni I, Uryu S, Tomar A, Nam JO, Luo H, Phillips A, Patel N, Kwok C, McMahon G, Stupack DG, Schlaepfer DD. Oral delivery of PND-1186 FAK inhibitor decreases tumor growth and spontaneous breast to lung metastasis in pre-clinical models. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 9:778-90. [PMID: 20234193 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.9.10.11433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase recruited to integrin-mediated matrix attachment sites where FAK activity is implicated in the control of cell survival, migration, and invasion. Although genetic studies support the importance of FAK activity in promoting tumor progression, it remains unclear whether pharmacological FAK inhibition prevents tumor metastasis. Here, we show that the FAK inhibitor PND-1186 blocks FAK Tyr-397 phosphorylation in vivo and exhibits anti-tumor efficacy in orthotopic breast carcinoma mouse tumor models. PND-1186 (100 mg/kg intraperitoneal, i.p.) showed promising pharmacokinetics (PK) and inhibited tumor FAK Tyr-397 phosphorylation for 12 hours. Oral administration of 150 mg/kg PND-1186 gave a more sustained PK profile verses i.p., and when given twice daily, PND-1186 significantly inhibited sygeneic murine 4T1 orthotopic breast carcinoma tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis to lungs. Moreover, low-level 0.5 mg/ml PND-1186 ad libitum administration in drinking water prevented oncogenic KRAS- and BRAF-stimulated MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma tumor growth and metastasis with inhibition of tumoral FAK and p130Cas phosphorylation. Although PND-1186 was not cytotoxic to cells in adherent culture, tumors from animals receiving PND-1186 exhibited increased TUNEL staining, decreased leukocyte infiltrate and reduced tumor-associated splenomegaly. In vitro, PND-1186 reduced tumor necrosis factor-a triggered interleukin-6 cytokine expression, indicating that FAK inhibition may impact tumor progression via effects on both tumor and stromal cells. As oral administration of PND-1186 also decreased experimental tumor metastasis, PND-1186 may therefore be useful clinically to curb breast tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Walsh
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
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Golubovskaya VM. Focal adhesion kinase as a cancer therapy target. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 10:735-41. [PMID: 21214510 DOI: 10.2174/187152010794728648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that resides at the sites of focal adhesions. The 125 kDa FAK protein is encoded by the FAK gene located on human chromosome 8q24. Structurally, FAK consists of an amino-terminal regulatory FERM domain, a central catalytic kinase domain, and a carboxy-terminal focal adhesion targeting domain. FAK has been shown to be an important mediator of cell adhesion, growth, proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and migration, all of which are often disrupted in cancer cells. Normal tissues have low expression of FAK, while primary and metastatic tumors significantly overexpress this protein. This review summarizes expression of FAK by immunohistochemical staining in different tumor types and presents several FAK inhibition therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita M Golubovskaya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Abstract
Tyrosine kinases play significant roles in tumor progression and therapy resistance. Inhibitors of tyrosine kinases are on the forefront of targeted therapy. For prostate cancer, tyrosine kinases play an additional role in the development of castration-resistant disease state, the most troubling aspect of prostate cancinogenesis which presently defies any effective treatment. Among the 30 or so tyrosine kinases expressed in a typical prostate cancer cell, nearly one third of them have been implicated in prostate carcinogenesis. Interestingly, most of them channel signals through a trio of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, Src/Etk/FAK, referred here as Src tyrosine kinase complex. This complex has been shown to play a significant role in the aberrant activation of androgen receptor (AR) mediated by growth factors (e.g., epidermal growth factor (EGF)), cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6), chemokines (IL-8), and neurokines (gastrin-releasing peptide). These factors are induced and released from the prostate cancer to the stromal cells upon androgen withdrawal. The Src kinase complex has the ability to phosphorylate androgen receptor, resulting in the nuclear translocation and stabilization of un-liganded androgen receptor. Indeed, tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting Src can inhibit androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in preclinical xenograft model. While effective in inducing growth arrest and inhibiting metastasis of castration-resistant tumors, Src inhibitors rarely induce a significant level of apoptosis. This is also reflected by the general ineffectiveness of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as monotherapy in clinical trials. One of the underlying causes of apoptosis resistance is "autophagy," which is induced by tyrosine kinase inhibitors and by androgen withdrawal. Autophagy is a self-digesting process to regenerate energy by removal of long-lived proteins and retired organelles to provide a survival mechanism to cells encountering stresses. Excessive autophagy, sometimes, could lead to type II programmed cell death. We demonstrated that autophagy blockade sensitizes prostate cancer cells toward Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Thus, a combination therapy based on Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor and autophagy modulator deserves further attention as a potential treatment for relapsed prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Jien Kung
- UC Davis Cancer Center, UCDMC, Res III, Rm. 2400, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Schwock J, Dhani N, Hedley DW. Targeting focal adhesion kinase signaling in tumor growth and metastasis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:77-94. [PMID: 20001212 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903460340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a crucial mediator of integrin and growth factor signaling, is a novel and promising target in cancer therapy. FAK resides within focal adhesions which are contact points between extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytoskeleton, and increased expression of the kinase has been linked with cancer cell migration, proliferation and survival. The aim of this review is to summarize the current research in the area and to assess the potential of different FAK-targeting strategies for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We briefly examine the evidence pointing towards FAK as potential anti-cancer target since its discovery in 1992. Then, we summarize different approaches developed to interfere with FAK signaling and important results reported from these experiments. Finally, we discuss the potential of these strategies to accomplish inhibition of tumor growth and distant spread as well as potentially meaningful combinations with other therapeutic modalities in the context of the currently available evidence. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The review emphasizes the link between FAK biology and the consequences of interference with FAK signaling. Based on this foundation an opinion is formed with regard to the future of FAK as therapeutic target. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Inhibition of FAK harbours the potential to restrain malignant growth and progression with minimal side effects in normal tissues. Small molecule inhibitors of the kinase should be examined in further clinical studies and combinations with existing therapies need to be explored. More efforts are required to identify markers which predict response towards FAK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Schwock
- Princess Margaret Hospital/Ontario Cancer Institute (PMH/OCI), Toronto M5G 2M9, Ontario, Canada
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