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Bré J, Dickson AL, Read OJ, Zhang Y, McKissock FG, Mullen P, Tang P, Zickuhr GM, Czekster CM, Harrison DJ. The novel anti-cancer fluoropyrimidine NUC-3373 is a potent inhibitor of thymidylate synthase and an effective DNA-damaging agent. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2023; 91:401-412. [PMID: 37000221 PMCID: PMC10156769 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fluoropyrimidines, principally 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), remain a key component of chemotherapy regimens for multiple cancer types, in particular colorectal and other gastrointestinal malignancies. To overcome key limitations and pharmacologic challenges that hinder the clinical utility of 5-FU, NUC-3373, a phosphoramidate transformation of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, was designed to improve the efficacy and safety profile as well as the administration challenges associated with 5-FU. METHODS Human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW480 were treated with sub-IC50 doses of NUC-3373 or 5-FU. Intracellular activation was measured by LC-MS. Western blot was performed to determine binding of the active anti-cancer metabolite FdUMP to thymidylate synthase (TS) and DNA damage. RESULTS We demonstrated that NUC-3373 generates more FdUMP than 5-FU, resulting in a more potent inhibition of TS, DNA misincorporation and subsequent cell cycle arrest and DNA damage in vitro. Unlike 5-FU, the thymineless death induced by NUC-3373 was rescued by the concurrent addition of exogenous thymidine. 5-FU cytotoxicity, however, was only reversed by supplementation with uridine, a treatment used to reduce 5-FU-induced toxicities in the clinic. This is in line with our findings that 5-FU generates FUTP which is incorporated into RNA, a mechanism known to underlie the myelosuppression and gastrointestinal inflammation associated with 5-FU. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results highlight key differences between NUC-3373 and 5-FU that are driven by the anti-cancer metabolites generated. NUC-3373 is a potent inhibitor of TS that also causes DNA-directed damage. These data support the preliminary clinical evidence that suggest NUC-3373 has a favorable safety profile in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bré
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK.
- NuCana Plc, 3 Lochside Way, Edinburgh, EH12 9DT, UK.
| | - Alison L Dickson
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
- NuCana Plc, 3 Lochside Way, Edinburgh, EH12 9DT, UK
| | - Oliver J Read
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
- NuCana Plc, 3 Lochside Way, Edinburgh, EH12 9DT, UK
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
| | | | - Peter Mullen
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Peijun Tang
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Greice M Zickuhr
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Clarissa M Czekster
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David J Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
- NuCana Plc, 3 Lochside Way, Edinburgh, EH12 9DT, UK
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2
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Wang Y, Gao S, Chen L, Liu S, Ma J, Cao Z, Li Q. DUT enhances drug resistance to proteasome inhibitors via promoting mitochondrial function in multiple myeloma. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:1030-1038. [PMID: 36426924 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired chemoresistance to proteasome inhibitors (PIs), such as bortezomib (BTZ), becomes an intractable obstacle in the management of multiple myeloma (MM) in the clinic, but the underlying mechanisms are still not well elucidated. In the current study, we established bortezomib-resistant (BR) myeloma cells and performed stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) assay to screen profiled protein expression. The level of deoxyuridine triphosphatase (DUT), an important enzyme of nucleotide metabolism, increased in the BR MM cells. Retrospective analysis indicated patients with higher DUT expression had poorer responses to PI-based treatment and clinical outcomes. DUT knockdown by RNAi effectively minimized BTZ resistance in MM cells. Moreover, DUT knockdown was accompanied with the downregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), contributing to decelerating cell growth, as well as augmented apoptosis due to bortezomib treatment. In contrast, DUT overexpression in parental MM.1S and LP-1 cells enhanced BTZ resistance. Furthermore, acquired resistance to BTZ could trigger the modulation of mitochondrial metabolism and function, as evidenced by elevated expression of genes associated with mitochondrial metabolism, as well as altered oxygen consumption rate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in BR MM cells. DUT inhibition partially attenuated mitochondrial modulation, and instead favored an early impairment of mitochondrial integrity upon BTZ exposure so as to restrict MM progression and overcome drug resistance to BTZ treatment both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, we unveiled previously unrecognized effects of DUT on acquired drug resistance of MM, thus manipulating DUT may be efficacious for sensitizing MM cells to PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Branch, Binhai, Tianjin, 300480, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Branch, Binhai, Tianjin, 300480, China
| | - Su Liu
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Branch, Binhai, Tianjin, 300480, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Branch, Binhai, Tianjin, 300480, China
| | - Zeng Cao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
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3
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Xu M, Liu Y, Wan HL, Wong AM, Ding X, You W, Lo WS, Ng KKC, Wong N. Overexpression of nucleotide metabolic enzyme DUT in hepatocellular carcinoma potentiates a therapeutic opportunity through targeting its dUTPase activity. Cancer Lett 2022; 548:215898. [PMID: 36075487 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Uracil misincorporation during DNA replication is a major cell toxic event, of which cancer cells overcome by activating the dUTPase enzyme. The DUT gene is the only known dUTPase in human. Despite reports on common upregulations in cancers, the role of DUT in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains largely undetermined. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying DUT biology in HCC and tumor susceptibility to drug targeting dUTPase. Overexpression of DUT was found in 42% of HCC tumors and correlated with advanced stage HCC. Knockout of DUT in HCC cell lines showed suppressed proliferation through cell cycle arrest and a spontaneous induction of DNA damage. A protective effect from oxidative stress was also demonstrated in both knockout and overexpression DUT assays. Transcriptome analysis highlighted the NF-κB survival signaling as the downstream effector pathway of DUT in overriding oxidative stress-induced cell death. Interestingly, stably expressed DUT in liver progenitor organoids conferred drug resistance to TKI Sorafenib. Targeting dUTPase activity by TAS-114, could potentiate suppression of HCC growth that synergized with Sorafenib for better treatment sensitivity. In conclusion, upregulated DUT represents a nucleotide metabolic weakness and therapeutic opportunity in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Xu
- Department of Surgery, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Surgery, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Lee Wan
- Department of Surgery, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alissa M Wong
- Department of Surgery, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaofan Ding
- Department of Surgery, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenxing You
- Department of Surgery, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Sze Lo
- Department of Surgery, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin K-C Ng
- Department of Surgery, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nathalie Wong
- Department of Surgery, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Kumar A, Singh AK, Singh H, Thareja S, Kumar P. Regulation of thymidylate synthase: an approach to overcome 5-FU resistance in colorectal cancer. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 40:3. [PMID: 36308643 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase is the rate-limiting enzyme required for DNA synthesis and overexpression of this enzyme causes resistance to cancer cells. Long treatments with 5-FU cause resistance to Thymidylate synthase targeting drugs. We have also compiled different mechanisms of drug resistance including autophagy and apoptosis, drug detoxification and ABC transporters, drug efflux, signaling pathways (AKT/PI3K, RAS-MAPK, WNT/β catenin, mTOR, NFKB, and Notch1 and FOXM1) and different genes associated with resistance in colorectal cancer. We can overcome 5-FU resistance in cancer cells by regulating thymidylate synthase by natural products (Coptidis rhizoma), HDAC inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, Folate antagonists, and several other drugs which have been used in combination with TS inhibitors. This review is a compilation of different approaches reported for the regulation of thymidylate synthase to overcome resistance in colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Harshwardhan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India.
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5
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Szabó JE, Nyíri K, Andrási D, Matejka J, Ozohanics O, Vértessy B. Redox status of cysteines does not alter functional properties of human dUTPase but the Y54C mutation involved in monogenic diabetes decreases protein stability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19197. [PMID: 34584184 PMCID: PMC8478915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently it was proposed that the redox status of cysteines acts as a redox switch to regulate both the oligomeric status and the activity of human dUTPase. In a separate report, a human dUTPase point mutation, resulting in a tyrosine to cysteine substitution (Y54C) was identified as the monogenic cause of a rare syndrome associated with diabetes and bone marrow failure. These issues prompt a critical investigation about the potential regulatory role of cysteines in the enzyme. Here we show on the one hand that independently of the redox status of wild-type cysteines, human dUTPase retains its characteristic trimeric assembly and its catalytic activity. On the other hand, the Y54C mutation did not compromise the substrate binding and the catalytic properties of the enzyme at room temperature. The thermal stability of the mutant protein was found to be decreased, which resulted in the loss of 67% of its activity after 90 min incubation at the physiological temperature in contrast to the wild-type enzyme. In addition, the presence or absence of reducing agents had no effect on hDUTY54C activity and stability, although it was confirmed that the introduced cysteine contains a solvent accessible thiol group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Eszter Szabó
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kinga Nyíri
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Andrási
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Matejka
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olivér Ozohanics
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Vértessy
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
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6
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Davison C, Morelli R, Knowlson C, McKechnie M, Carson R, Stachtea X, McLaughlin KA, Prise VE, Savage K, Wilson RH, Mulligan KA, Wilson PM, Ladner RD, LaBonte MJ. Targeting nucleotide metabolism enhances the efficacy of anthracyclines and anti-metabolites in triple-negative breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:38. [PMID: 33824328 PMCID: PMC8024381 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains the most lethal breast cancer subtype with poor response rates to the current chemotherapies and a lack of additional effective treatment options. We have identified deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) as a critical gatekeeper that protects tumour DNA from the genotoxic misincorporation of uracil during treatment with standard chemotherapeutic agents commonly used in the FEC regimen. dUTPase catalyses the hydrolytic dephosphorylation of deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) to deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP), providing dUMP for thymidylate synthase as part of the thymidylate biosynthesis pathway and maintaining low intracellular dUTP concentrations. This is crucial as DNA polymerase cannot distinguish between dUTP and deoxythymidylate triphosphate (dTTP), leading to dUTP misincorporation into DNA. Targeting dUTPase and inducing uracil misincorporation during the repair of DNA damage induced by fluoropyrimidines or anthracyclines represents an effective strategy to induce cell lethality. dUTPase inhibition significantly sensitised TNBC cell lines to fluoropyrimidines and anthracyclines through imbalanced nucleotide pools and increased DNA damage leading to decreased proliferation and increased cell death. These results suggest that repair of treatment-mediated DNA damage requires dUTPase to prevent uracil misincorporation and that inhibition of dUTPase is a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy of TNBC chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Davison
- Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences: Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Roisin Morelli
- Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences: Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Catherine Knowlson
- Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences: Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Melanie McKechnie
- Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences: Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Robbie Carson
- Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences: Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Xanthi Stachtea
- Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences: Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | - Kienan Savage
- Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences: Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Richard H Wilson
- Translational Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Robert D Ladner
- Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences: Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Melissa J LaBonte
- Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences: Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
- Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences: Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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7
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Shorstova T, Su J, Zhao T, Dahabieh M, Leibovitch M, De Sa Tavares Russo M, Avizonis D, Rajkumar S, Watson IR, Del Rincón SV, Miller WH, Foulkes WD, Witcher M. Reprogramming of Nucleotide Metabolism Mediates Synergy between Epigenetic Therapy and MAP Kinase Inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:64-75. [PMID: 33087508 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is a rare but often lethal cancer that is diagnosed at a median age of 24 years. Optimal management of patients is not well defined, and current treatment remains challenging, necessitating the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches. The identification of SMARCA4-inactivating mutations invariably characterizing this type of cancer provided insights facilitating diagnostic and therapeutic measures against this disease. We show here that the BET inhibitor OTX015 acts in synergy with the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib to repress the proliferation of SCCOHT in vivo Notably, this synergy is also observed in some SMARCA4-expressing ovarian adenocarcinoma models intrinsically resistant to BETi. Mass spectrometry, coupled with knockdown of newly found targets such as thymidylate synthase, revealed that the repression of a panel of proteins involved in nucleotide synthesis underlies this synergy both in vitro and in vivo, resulting in reduced pools of nucleotide metabolites and subsequent cell-cycle arrest. Overall, our data indicate that dual treatment with BETi and MEKi represents a rational combination therapy against SCCOHT and potentially additional ovarian cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Shorstova
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jie Su
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tiejun Zhao
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Dahabieh
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew Leibovitch
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Daina Avizonis
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre's (GCRC) Metabolomics Facility, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shivshankari Rajkumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Goodman Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ian R Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, Goodman Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sonia V Del Rincón
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wilson H Miller
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Human Genetics, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Witcher
- Departments of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Yokogawa T, Yano W, Tsukioka S, Osada A, Wakasa T, Ueno H, Hoshino T, Yamamura K, Fujioka A, Fukuoka M, Ohkubo S, Matsuo K. dUTPase inhibition confers susceptibility to a thymidylate synthase inhibitor in DNA-repair-defective human cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:422-432. [PMID: 33140501 PMCID: PMC7780055 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in DNA repair proteins confers susceptibility to DNA damage, making cancer cells vulnerable to various cancer chemotherapies. 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) is an anticancer nucleoside analog that both inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS) and causes DNA damage via the misincorporation of FdUTP and dUTP into DNA under the conditions of dTTP depletion. However, the role of the DNA damage response to its antitumor activity is still unclear. To determine which DNA repair pathway contributes to DNA damage caused by 5‐FU and uracil misincorporation, we examined cancer cells treated with 2ʹ‐deoxy‐5‐fluorouridine (FdUrd) in the presence of TAS‐114, a highly potent inhibitor of dUTPase that restricts aberrant base misincorporation. Addition of TAS‐114 increased FdUTP and dUTP levels in HeLa cells and facilitated 5‐FU and uracil misincorporation into DNA, but did not alter TS inhibition or 5‐FU incorporation into RNA. TAS‐114 showed synergistic potentiation of FdUrd cytotoxicity and caused aberrant base misincorporation, leading to DNA damage and induced cell death even after short‐term exposure to FdUrd. Base excision repair (BER) and homologous recombination (HR) were found to be involved in the DNA repair of 5‐FU and uracil misincorporation caused by dUTPase inhibition in genetically modified chicken DT40 cell lines and siRNA‐treated HeLa cells. These results suggested that BER and HR are major pathways that protect cells from the antitumor effects of massive incorporation of 5‐FU and uracil. Further, dUTPase inhibition has the potential to maximize the antitumor activity of fluoropyrimidines in cancers that are defective in BER or HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Yokogawa
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Wakako Yano
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sayaka Tsukioka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akiko Osada
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wakasa
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ueno
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuya Hoshino
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamamura
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akio Fujioka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukuoka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohkubo
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsuo
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
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9
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Szabó JE, Surányi ÉV, Mébold BS, Trombitás T, Cserepes M, Tóth J. A user-friendly, high-throughput tool for the precise fluorescent quantification of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates from biological samples. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e45. [PMID: 32103262 PMCID: PMC7192609 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells maintain a fine-tuned, dynamic concentration balance in the pool of deoxyribonucleoside 5′-triphosphates (dNTPs). This balance is essential for physiological processes including cell cycle control or antiviral defense. Its perturbation results in increased mutation frequencies, replication arrest and may promote cancer development. An easily accessible and relatively high-throughput method would greatly accelerate the exploration of the diversified consequences of dNTP imbalances. The dNTP incorporation based, fluorescent TaqMan-like assay published by Wilson et al. has the aforementioned advantages over mass spectrometry, radioactive or chromatography based dNTP quantification methods. Nevertheless, the assay failed to produce reliable data in several biological samples. Therefore, we applied enzyme kinetics analysis on the fluorescent dNTP incorporation curves and found that the Taq polymerase exhibits a dNTP independent exonuclease activity that decouples signal generation from dNTP incorporation. Furthermore, we found that both polymerization and exonuclease activities are unpredictably inhibited by the sample matrix. To resolve these issues, we established a kinetics based data analysis method which identifies the signal generated by dNTP incorporation. We automated the analysis process in the nucleoTIDY software which enables even the inexperienced user to calculate the final and accurate dNTP amounts in a 96-well-plate setup within minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Eszter Szabó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.,Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Éva Viola Surányi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.,Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Bence Sándor Mébold
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Tamás Trombitás
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.,Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Mihály Cserepes
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Tóth
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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10
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A Peptidic Thymidylate-Synthase Inhibitor Loaded on Pegylated Liposomes Enhances the Antitumour Effect of Chemotherapy Drugs in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124452. [PMID: 32585842 PMCID: PMC7352236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no effective long-term treatment for ovarian cancer (OC) resistant to poly-chemotherapy regimens based on platinum drugs. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated a strong association between development of Pt-drug resistance and increased thymidylate synthase (hTS) expression, and the consequent cross-resistance to the hTS inhibitors 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and raltitrexed (RTX). In the present work, we propose a new tool to combat drug resistance. We propose to treat OC cell lines, both Pt-sensitive and -resistant, with dual combinations of one of the four chemotherapeutic agents that are widely used in the clinic, and the new peptide, hTS inhibitor, [D-Gln4]LR. This binds hTS allosterically and, unlike classical inhibitors that bind at the catalytic pocket, causes cell growth inhibition without inducing hTS overexpression. The dual drug combinations showed schedule-dependent synergistic antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. We observed that the simultaneous treatment or 24h pre-treatment of OC cells with the peptide followed by either agent produced synergistic effects even in resistant cells. Similar synergistic or antagonistic effects were obtained by delivering the peptide into OC cells either by means of a commercial delivery system (SAINT-PhD) or by pH sensitive PEGylated liposomes. Relative to non-PEGylated liposomes, the latter had been previously characterized and found to allow macrophage escape, thus increasing their chance to reach the tumour tissue. The transition from the SAINT-PhD delivery system to the engineered liposomes represents an advancement towards a more drug-like delivery system and a further step towards the use of peptides for in vivo studies. Overall, the results suggest that the association of standard drugs, such as cDDP and/or 5-FU and/or RTX, with the novel peptidic TS inhibitor encapsulated into PEGylated pH-sensitive liposomes can represent a promising strategy for fighting resistance to cDDP and anti-hTS drugs.
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11
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Liang J, Lu T, Chen Z, Zhan C, Wang Q. Mechanisms of resistance to pemetrexed in non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2019; 8:1107-1118. [PMID: 32010588 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2019.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, lung cancer has remained the most common cause of cancer death while non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the most of all lung cancer cases. Regardless of multiple existing managements, chemotherapy regimens are still the mainstay of treatment for NSCLC, where pemetrexed has shown cytotoxic activity and has increasingly been used, especially for advanced cases. However, chemo-resistance may inhibit clinical efficacy after long-term use. Mechanisms responsible for chemo-resistance to pemetrexed in NSCLC are plethoric but can be separated into two categories to be discussed: tumor cells and their interactions with drugs. Phenomena relevant to tumor cells such as oncogene or oncoprotein alterations, DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and tumor cell biology behavior are discussed, as well as processes associated with drug dynamics, including drug uptake, drug elimination, and antifolate polyglutamylation. This review will focus on clinical trials and the basic biomedical mechanisms of NSCLC treated with pemetrexed and will describe the underlying mechanisms of resistance to facilitate more efficient clinical therapies to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhencong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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12
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The Role of a Key Amino Acid Position in Species-Specific Proteinaceous dUTPase Inhibition. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060221. [PMID: 31174420 PMCID: PMC6627510 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein inhibitors of key DNA repair enzymes play an important role in deciphering physiological pathways responsible for genome integrity, and may also be exploited in biomedical research. The staphylococcal repressor StlSaPIbov1 protein was described to be an efficient inhibitor of dUTPase homologues showing a certain degree of species-specificity. In order to provide insight into the inhibition mechanism, in the present study we investigated the interaction of StlSaPIbov1 and Escherichia coli dUTPase. Although we observed a strong interaction of these proteins, unexpectedly the E. coli dUTPase was not inhibited. Seeking a structural explanation for this phenomenon, we identified a key amino acid position where specific mutations sensitized E. coli dUTPase to StlSaPIbov1 inhibition. We solved the three-dimensional (3D) crystal structure of such a mutant in complex with the substrate analogue dUPNPP and surprisingly found that the C-terminal arm of the enzyme, containing the P-loop-like motif was ordered in the structure. This segment was never localized before in any other E. coli dUTPase crystal structures. The 3D structure in agreement with solution phase experiments suggested that ordering of the flexible C-terminal segment upon substrate binding is a major factor in defining the sensitivity of E. coli dUTPase for StlSaPIbov1 inhibition.
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13
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Aarabi G, Zeller T, Heydecke G, Munz M, Schäfer A, Seedorf U. Roles of the Chr.9p21.3 ANRIL Locus in Regulating Inflammation and Implications for Anti-Inflammatory Drug Target Identification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:47. [PMID: 29868613 PMCID: PMC5968182 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) is a common gingival infectious disease caused by an over-aggressive inflammatory reaction to dysbiosis of the oral microbiome. The disease induces a profound systemic inflammatory host response, that triggers endothelial dysfunction and pro-thrombosis and thus may aggravate atherosclerotic vascular disease and its clinical complications. Recently, a risk haplotype at the ANRIL/CDKN2B-AS1 locus on chromosome 9p21.3, that is not only associated with coronary artery disease / myocardial infarction (CAD/MI) but also with PD, could be identified by genome-wide association studies. The locus encodes ANRIL - a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) which, like other lncRNAs, regulates genome methylation via interacting with specific DNA sequences and proteins, such as DNA methyltranferases and polycomb proteins, thereby affecting expression of multiple genes by cis and trans mechanisms. Here, we describe ANRIL regulated genes and metabolic pathways and discuss implications of the findings for target identification of drugs with potentially anti-inflammatory activity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Aarabi
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg (UHZ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Heydecke
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Munz
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Arne Schäfer
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Seedorf
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Yano W, Yokogawa T, Wakasa T, Yamamura K, Fujioka A, Yoshisue K, Matsushima E, Miyahara S, Miyakoshi H, Taguchi J, Chong KT, Takao Y, Fukuoka M, Matsuo K. TAS-114, a First-in-Class Dual dUTPase/DPD Inhibitor, Demonstrates Potential to Improve Therapeutic Efficacy of Fluoropyrimidine-Based Chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1683-1693. [PMID: 29748212 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antimetabolite and exerts antitumor activity via intracellularly and physiologically complicated metabolic pathways. In this study, we designed a novel small molecule inhibitor, TAS-114, which targets the intercellular metabolism of 5-FU to enhance antitumor activity and modulates catabolic pathway to improve the systemic availability of 5-FU. TAS-114 strongly and competitively inhibited deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase), a gatekeeper protein preventing aberrant base incorporation into DNA, and enhanced the cytotoxicity of fluoropyrimidines in cancer cells; however, it had little intrinsic activity. In addition, TAS-114 had moderate and reversible inhibitory activity on dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), a catabolizing enzyme of 5-FU. Thus, TAS-114 increased the bioavailability of 5-FU when coadministered with capecitabine in mice, and it significantly improved the therapeutic efficacy of capecitabine by reducing the required dose of the prodrug by dual enzyme inhibition. Enhancement of antitumor efficacy caused by the addition of TAS-114 was retained in the presence of a potent DPD inhibitor containing oral fluoropyrimidine (S-1), indicating that dUTPase inhibition plays a major role in enhancing the antitumor efficacy of fluoropyrimidine-based therapy. In conclusion, TAS-114, a dual dUTPase/DPD inhibitor, demonstrated the potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of fluoropyrimidine. Dual inhibition of dUTPase and DPD is a novel strategy for the advancement of oral fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy for cancer treatment. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(8); 1683-93. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Yano
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Yokogawa
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. .,Business Development Department, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kandanishiki-cho, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wakasa
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamamura
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akio Fujioka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yoshisue
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Eiji Matsushima
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyahara
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyakoshi
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko Taguchi
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Khoon Tee Chong
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yayoi Takao
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukuoka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsuo
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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15
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Ji D, Kietrys AM, Lee Y, Kool ET. ATP-Linked Chimeric Nucleotide as a Specific Luminescence Reporter of Deoxyuridine Triphosphatase. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1614-1621. [PMID: 29578692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide surveillance enzymes play important roles in human health, by monitoring damaged monomers in the nucleotide pool and deactivating them before they are incorporated into chromosomal DNA or disrupt nucleotide metabolism. In particular, deamination of cytosine, leading to uracil in DNA and in the nucleotide pool, can be deleterious, causing DNA damage. The enzyme deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase) is currently under study as a therapeutic and prognostic target for cancer. Measuring the activity of this enzyme is important both in basic research and in clinical applications involving this pathway, but current methods are nonselective, detecting pyrophosphate, which is produced by many enzymes. Here we describe the design and synthesis of a dUTPase enzyme-specific chimeric dinucleotide (DUAL) that replaces the pyrophosphate leaving group of the native substrate with ATP, enabling sensitive detection via luciferase luminescence signaling. The DUAL probe functions sensitively and selectively to quantify enzyme activities in vitro and in cell lysates. We further report the first measurements of dUTPase activities in eight different cell lines, which are found to vary by a factor of 7-fold. We expect that the new probe can be of considerable utility in research involving this clinically significant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debin Ji
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Anna M Kietrys
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Yujeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Eric T Kool
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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16
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Abstract
Human deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase), essential for DNA integrity, acts as a survival factor for tumor cells and is a target for cancer chemotherapy. Here we report that the Staphylococcal repressor protein StlSaPIBov1 (Stl) forms strong complex with human dUTPase. Functional analysis reveals that this interaction results in significant reduction of both dUTPase enzymatic activity and DNA binding capability of Stl. We conducted structural studies to understand the mechanism of this mutual inhibition. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) complemented with hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) data allowed us to obtain 3D structural models comprising a trimeric dUTPase complexed with separate Stl monomers. These models thus reveal that upon dUTPase-Stl complex formation the functional homodimer of Stl repressor dissociates, which abolishes the DNA binding ability of the protein. Active site forming dUTPase segments were directly identified to be involved in the dUTPase-Stl interaction by HDX-MS, explaining the loss of dUTPase activity upon complexation. Our results provide key novel structural insights that pave the way for further applications of the first potent proteinaceous inhibitor of human dUTPase.
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17
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Yan Y, Qing Y, Pink JJ, Gerson SL. Loss of Uracil DNA Glycosylase Selectively Resensitizes p53-Mutant and -Deficient Cells to 5-FdU. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:212-221. [PMID: 29117941 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors including fluoropyrimidines [e.g., 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FdU, floxuridine)] and antifolates (e.g., pemetrexed) are widely used against solid tumors. Previously, we reported that shRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) of uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) sensitized cancer cells to 5-FdU. Because p53 has also been shown as a critical determinant of the sensitivity to TS inhibitors, we further interrogated 5-FdU cytotoxicity after UDG depletion with regard to p53 status. By analyzing a panel of human cancer cells with known p53 status, it was determined that p53-mutated or -deficient cells are highly resistant to 5-FdU. UDG depletion resensitizes 5-FdU in p53-mutant and -deficient cells, whereas p53 wild-type (WT) cells are not affected under similar conditions. Utilizing paired HCT116 p53 WT and p53 knockout (KO) cells, it was shown that loss of p53 improves cell survival after 5-FdU, and UDG depletion only significantly sensitizes p53 KO cells. This sensitization can also be recapitulated by UDG depletion in cells with p53 KD by shRNAs. In addition, sensitization is also observed with pemetrexed in p53 KO cells, but not with 5-FU, most likely due to RNA incorporation. Importantly, in p53 WT cells, the apoptosis pathway induced by 5-FdU is activated independent of UDG status. However, in p53 KO cells, apoptosis is compromised in UDG-expressing cells, but dramatically elevated in UDG-depleted cells. Collectively, these results provide evidence that loss of UDG catalyzes significant cell death signals only in cancer cells mutant or deficient in p53.Implications: This study reveals that UDG depletion restores sensitivity to TS inhibitors and has chemotherapeutic potential in the context of mutant or deficient p53. Mol Cancer Res; 16(2); 212-21. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yulan Qing
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John J Pink
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stanton L Gerson
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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18
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Hagenkort A, Paulin CBJ, Desroses M, Sarno A, Wiita E, Mortusewicz O, Koolmeister T, Loseva O, Jemth AS, Almlöf I, Homan E, Lundbäck T, Gustavsson AL, Scobie M, Helleday T. dUTPase inhibition augments replication defects of 5-Fluorouracil. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23713-23726. [PMID: 28423595 PMCID: PMC5410339 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimetabolite 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is used in the treatment of various forms of cancer and has a complex mode of action. Despite 6 decades in clinical application the contribution of 5-FdUTP and dUTP [(5-F)dUTP] and 5-FUTP misincorporation into DNA and RNA respectively, for 5-FU-induced toxicity is still under debate.This study investigates DNA replication defects induced by 5-FU treatment and how (5-F)dUTP accumulation contributes to this effect. We reveal that 5-FU treatment leads to extensive problems in DNA replication fork progression, causing accumulation of cells in S-phase, DNA damage and ultimately cell death. Interestingly, these effects can be reinforced by either depletion or inhibition of the deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase, also known as DUT), highlighting the importance of (5-F)dUTP accumulation for cytotoxicity.With this study, we not only extend the current understanding of the mechanism of action of 5-FU, but also contribute to the characterization of dUTPase inhibitors. We demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of dUTPase is a promising approach that may improve the efficacy of 5-FU treatment in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hagenkort
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthieu Desroses
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Sarno
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elisée Wiita
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Mortusewicz
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Koolmeister
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Loseva
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Jemth
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Almlöf
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evert Homan
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Gustavsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Scobie
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Ukon N, Zhao S, Yu W, Shimizu Y, Nishijima KI, Kubo N, Kitagawa Y, Tamaki N, Higashikawa K, Yasui H, Kuge Y. Dynamic PET evaluation of elevated FLT level after sorafenib treatment in mice bearing human renal cell carcinoma xenograft. EJNMMI Res 2016; 6:90. [PMID: 27957722 PMCID: PMC5153393 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, has anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activities and is therapeutically effective against renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Recently, we have evaluated the tumor responses to sorafenib treatment in a RCC xenograft using [Methyl-3H(N)]-3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythythymidine ([3H]FLT). Contrary to our expectation, the FLT level in the tumor significantly increased after the treatment. In this study, to clarify the reason for the elevated FLT level, dynamic 3′-[18F]fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine ([18F]FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) and kinetic studies were performed in mice bearing a RCC xenograft (A498). The A498 xenograft was established in nude mice, and the mice were assigned to the control (n = 5) and treatment (n = 5) groups. The mice in the treatment group were orally given sorafenib (20 mg/kg/day p.o.) once daily for 3 days. Twenty-four hours after the treatment, dynamic [18F]FLT PET was performed by small-animal PET. Three-dimensional regions of interest (ROIs) were manually defined for the tumors. A three-compartment model fitting was carried out to estimate four rate constants using the time activity curve (TAC) in the tumor and the blood clearance rate of [18F]FLT. Results The dynamic pattern of [18F]FLT levels in the tumor significantly changed after the treatment. The rate constant of [18F]FLT phosphorylation (k3) was significantly higher in the treatment group (0.111 ± 0.027 [1/min]) than in the control group (0.082 ± 0.009 [1/min]). No significant changes were observed in the distribution volume, the ratio of [18F]FLT forward transport (K1) to reverse transport (k2), between the two groups (0.556 ± 0.073 and 0.641 ± 0.052 [mL/g] in the control group). Conclusions Our dynamic PET studies indicated that the increase in FLT level may be caused by the phosphorylation of FLT in the tumor after the sorafenib treatment in the mice bearing a RCC xenograft. Dynamic PET studies with kinetic modeling could provide improved understanding of the biochemical processes involved in tumor responses to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Ukon
- Department of Tracer Kinetics & Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Songji Zhao
- Department of Tracer Kinetics & Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Department of Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Tracer Kinetics & Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nishijima
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Naoki Kubo
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Nagara Tamaki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kei Higashikawa
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasui
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuji Kuge
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan. .,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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21
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Abstract
Artificially modified nucleotides, in the form of nucleoside analogues, are widely used in the treatment of cancers and various other diseases, and have become important tools in the laboratory to characterise DNA repair pathways. In contrast, the role of endogenously occurring nucleotide modifications in genome stability is little understood. This is despite the demonstration over three decades ago that the cellular DNA precursor pool is orders of magnitude more susceptible to modification than the DNA molecule itself. More recently, underscoring the importance of this topic, oxidation of the cellular nucleotide pool achieved through targeting the sanitation enzyme MTH1, appears to be a promising anti-cancer strategy. This article reviews our current understanding of modified DNA precursors in genome stability, with a particular focus upon oxidised nucleotides, and outlines some important outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nicholas C K Valerie
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Inside the biochemical pathways of thymidylate synthase perturbed by anticancer drugs: Novel strategies to overcome cancer chemoresistance. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 23:20-54. [PMID: 26690339 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of the mechanisms of action of antitumor agents and the precise mechanisms underlying drug resistance is that these two processes are directly linked. Moreover, it is often possible to delineate chemoresistance mechanisms based on the specific mechanism of action of a given anticancer drug. A more holistic approach to the chemoresistance problem suggests that entire metabolic pathways, rather than single enzyme targets may better explain and educate us about the complexity of the cellular responses upon cytotoxic drug administration. Drugs, which target thymidylate synthase and folate-dependent enzymes, represent an important therapeutic arm in the treatment of various human malignancies. However, prolonged patient treatment often provokes drug resistance phenomena that render the chemotherapeutic treatment highly ineffective. Hence, strategies to overcome drug resistance are primarily designed to achieve either enhanced intracellular drug accumulation, to avoid the upregulation of folate-dependent enzymes, and to circumvent the impairment of DNA repair enzymes which are also responsible for cross-resistance to various anticancer drugs. The current clinical practice based on drug combination therapeutic regimens represents the most effective approach to counteract drug resistance. In the current paper, we review the molecular aspects of the activity of TS-targeting drugs and describe how such mechanisms are related to the emergence of clinical drug resistance. We also discuss the current possibilities to overcome drug resistance by using a molecular mechanistic approach based on medicinal chemistry methods focusing on rational structural modifications of novel antitumor agents. This paper also focuses on the importance of the modulation of metabolic pathways upon drug administration, their analysis and the assessment of their putative roles in the networks involved using a meta-analysis approach. The present review describes the main pathways that are modulated by TS-targeting anticancer drugs starting from the description of the normal functioning of the folate metabolic pathway, through the protein modulation occurring upon drug delivery to cultured tumor cells as well as cancer patients, finally describing how the pathways are modulated by drug resistance development. The data collected are then analyzed using network/netwire connecting methods in order to provide a wider view of the pathways involved and of the importance of such information in identifying additional proteins that could serve as novel druggable targets for efficacious cancer therapy.
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23
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The Overexpression of FEN1 and RAD54B May Act as Independent Prognostic Factors of Lung Adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139435. [PMID: 26431531 PMCID: PMC4592204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic lethality arises when a combination of mutations in two or more genes leads to cell death. However, the prognostic role of concordant overexpression of synthetic lethality genes in protein level rather than a combination of mutations is not clear. In this study, we explore the prognostic role of combined overexpression of paired genes in lung adenocarcinoma. We used immunohistochemical staining to investigate 24 paired genes in 93 lung adenocarcinoma patients and Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate their prognostic roles. Among 24 paired genes, only FEN1 (Flap endonuclease 1) and RAD54B (RAD54 homolog B) were overexpressed in lung adenocarcinoma patients with poor prognosis. Patients with expression of both FEN1 and RAD54B were prone to have advanced nodal involvement and significantly poor prognosis (HR = 2.35, P = 0.0230). These results suggest that intensive follow up and targeted therapy might improve clinical outcome for patients who show expression of both FEN1 and RAD54B.
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24
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Kiyonari S, Iimori M, Matsuoka K, Watanabe S, Morikawa-Ichinose T, Miura D, Niimi S, Saeki H, Tokunaga E, Oki E, Morita M, Kadomatsu K, Maehara Y, Kitao H. The 1,2-Diaminocyclohexane Carrier Ligand in Oxaliplatin Induces p53-Dependent Transcriptional Repression of Factors Involved in Thymidylate Biosynthesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2332-42. [PMID: 26208523 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs are widely used as components of combination chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. One such drug, oxaliplatin, exerts a synergistic effect against advanced colorectal cancer in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin. In the p53-proficient colorectal cancer cell line HCT116, oxaliplatin represses the expression of deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase), a ubiquitous pyrophosphatase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of dUTP to dUMP and inhibits dUTP-mediated cytotoxicity. However, the underlying mechanism of this activity has not been completely elucidated, and it remains unclear whether factors other than downregulation of dUTPase contribute to the synergistic effect of 5-FU and oxaliplatin. In this study, we found that oxaliplatin and dachplatin, platinum-based drugs containing the 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) carrier ligand, repressed the expression of nuclear isoform of dUTPase (DUT-N), whereas cisplatin and carboplatin did not. Oxaliplatin induced early p53 accumulation, upregulation of primary miR-34a transcript expression, and subsequent downregulation of E2F3 and E2F1. Nutlin-3a, which activates p53 nongenotoxically, had similar effects. Introduction of miR-34a mimic also repressed E2F1 and DUT-N expression, indicating that this miRNA plays a causative role. In addition to DUT-N, oxaliplatin repressed, in a p53-dependent manner, the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in thymidylate biosynthesis. Consequently, oxaliplatin significantly decreased the level of dTTP in the dNTP pool in a p53-dependent manner. These data indicate that the DACH carrier ligand in oxaliplatin triggers signaling via the p53-miR-34a-E2F axis, leading to transcriptional regulation that ultimately results in accumulation of dUTP and reduced dTTP biosynthesis, potentially enhancing 5-FU cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Kiyonari
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Iimori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsuoka
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sugiko Watanabe
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Tomomi Morikawa-Ichinose
- Metabolic Profiling Research Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miura
- Metabolic Profiling Research Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Niimi
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Eriko Tokunaga
- Department of Comprehensive Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Masaru Morita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitao
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan.
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25
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Human dCTP pyrophosphatase 1 promotes breast cancer cell growth and stemness through the modulation on 5-methyl-dCTP metabolism and global hypomethylation. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e159. [PMID: 26075750 PMCID: PMC4491611 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human DCTPP1 (dCTP pyrophosphatase 1), also known as XTP3-transactivated protein A, belongs to MazG-like nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphatase (NTP-PPase) superfamily. Being a newly identified pyrophosphatase, its relevance to tumorigenesis and the mechanisms are not well investigated. In the present study, we have confirmed our previous study that DCTPP1 was significantly hyperexpressed in breast cancer and further demonstrated its strong association with tumor progression and poor prognosis in breast cancer. Knockdown of DCTPP1 in breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cells remarkably retarded proliferation and colony formation in vitro. The capacity of mammosphere formation of MCF-7 was suppressed with the silence of DCTPP1, which was consistent with the enhanced mammosphere-forming ability in DCTPP1-overexpressed MDA-MB-231 cells. To further dissect the mechanisms of DCTPP1 in promoting tumor cell growth and stemness maintenance, its biochemical properties and biological functions were investigated. DCTPP1 displayed bioactive form with tetrameric structure similar to other MazG domain-containing pyrophosphatases based on structure simulation. A substrate preference for dCTP and its methylated or halogen-modified derivatives over the other canonical (deoxy-) NTPs was demonstrated from enzymatic assay. This substrate preference was also proved in breast cancer cells that the intracellular 5-methyl-dCTP level increased in DCTPP1-deficient MCF-7 cells but decreased in DCTPP1-overexpressed MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, global methylation level was elevated in DCTPP1-knockdown MCF-7 cells or mammosphere-forming MCF-7 cells but decreased significantly in DCTPP1-overexpressed MDA-MB-231 cells and its mammospheres. Our results thus indicated that human DCTPP1 was capable of modulating the concentration of intracellular 5-methyl-dCTP. This in turn affected global methylation, contributing to a known phenomenon of hypomethylation related to the cancer cell growth and stemness maintenance. Our current investigations point to the pathological functions of DCTPP1 overexpression in breast cancer cells with aberrant dCTP metabolism and epigenetic modification.
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26
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Sakamoto K, Yokogawa T, Ueno H, Oguchi K, Kazuno H, Ishida K, Tanaka N, Osada A, Yamada Y, Okabe H, Matsuo K. Crucial roles of thymidine kinase 1 and deoxyUTPase in incorporating the antineoplastic nucleosides trifluridine and 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine into DNA. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2327-34. [PMID: 25901475 PMCID: PMC4441292 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trifluridine (FTD) and 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (FdUrd), a derivative of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), are antitumor agents that inhibit thymidylate synthase activity and their nucleotides are incorporated into DNA. However, it is evident that several differences occur in the underlying antitumor mechanisms associated with these nucleoside analogues. Recently, TAS-102 (composed of FTD and tipiracil hydrochloride, TPI) was shown to prolong the survival of patients with colorectal cancer who received a median of 2 prior therapies, including 5-FU. TAS-102 was recently approved for clinical use in Japan. These data suggest that the antitumor activities of TAS-102 and 5-FU proceed via different mechanisms. Thus, we analyzed their properties in terms of thymidine salvage pathway utilization, involving membrane transporters, a nucleoside kinase, a nucleotide-dephosphorylating enzyme, and DNA polymerase α. FTD incorporated into DNA with higher efficiency than FdUrd did. Both FTD and FdUrd were transported into cells by ENT1 and ENT2 and were phosphorylated by thymidine kinase 1, which showed a higher catalytic activity for FTD than for FdUrd. deoxyUTPase (DUT) did not recognize dTTP and FTD-triphosphate (F3dTTP), whereas deoxyuridine-triphosphate (dUTP) and FdUrd-triphosphate (FdUTP) were efficiently degraded by DUT. DNA polymerase α incorporated both F3dTTP and FdUTP into DNA at sites aligned with adenine on the opposite strand. FTD-treated cells showed differing nuclear morphologies compared to FdUrd-treated cells. These findings indicate that FTD and FdUrd are incorporated into DNA with different efficiencies due to differences in the substrate specificities of TK1 and DUT, causing abundant FTD incorporation into DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sakamoto
- Drug Discovery and Development I, Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Yokogawa
- Drug Discovery and Development I, Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ueno
- Drug Discovery and Development I, Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Kei Oguchi
- Drug Discovery and Development I, Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kazuno
- Drug Discovery and Development I, Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Keiji Ishida
- Drug Discovery and Development I, Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Nozomu Tanaka
- Drug Discovery and Development I, Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Akiko Osada
- Drug Discovery and Development I, Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Yukari Yamada
- Drug Discovery and Development I, Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okabe
- Drug Discovery and Development I, Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsuo
- Drug Discovery and Development I, Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
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Glucocorticoid receptor status is a principal determinant of variability in the sensitivity of non-small-cell lung cancer cells to pemetrexed. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 9:519-26. [PMID: 24736075 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pemetrexed is an S-phase targeted drug in front-line or maintenance therapy of advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but methods are needed for predicting the drug response. Dexamethasone is typically administered the day before, the day of, and the day after pemetrexed. As dexamethasone strongly regulates many genes including p53 through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), we hypothesized that dexamethasone influences tumor response to pemetrexed. METHODS Eight nonsquamous NSCLC cell line models with varied p53 and GRα/GRβ status were used for gene expression and cell-cycle analyses and for loss- or gain-of-function experiments. RESULTS In three cell lines dexamethasone profoundly, but reversibly, suppressed the fraction of S-phase cells. Dexamethasone also reversibly repressed expression of thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase, which are primary targets of pemetrexed but are also quintessential S-phase enzymes as well as the S-phase-dependent expression of thymidine kinase 1. Dexamethasone also decreased expression of the major pemetrexed transporters, the reduced folate carrier and the proton coupled folate transporter. Only cells expressing relatively high GRα showed these dexamethasone effects, regardless of p53 status. In cells expressing low GRα, the dexamethasone response was rescued by ectopic GRα. Further, depletion of p53 did not attenuate the dexamethasone effects. The presence of dexamethasone during pemetrexed treatment protected against pemetrexed cytotoxicity in only the dexamethasone responsive cells. CONCLUSIONS The results predict that in nonsquamous NSCLC tumors, reversible S-phase suppression by dexamethasone, possibly combined with a reduction in the drug transporters, attenuates responsiveness to pemetrexed and that GR status is a principal determinant of tumor variability of this response.
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Oxidatively induced DNA damage and its repair in cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 763:212-45. [PMID: 25795122 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidatively induced DNA damage is caused in living organisms by endogenous and exogenous reactive species. DNA lesions resulting from this type of damage are mutagenic and cytotoxic and, if not repaired, can cause genetic instability that may lead to disease processes including carcinogenesis. Living organisms possess DNA repair mechanisms that include a variety of pathways to repair multiple DNA lesions. Mutations and polymorphisms also occur in DNA repair genes adversely affecting DNA repair systems. Cancer tissues overexpress DNA repair proteins and thus develop greater DNA repair capacity than normal tissues. Increased DNA repair in tumors that removes DNA lesions before they become toxic is a major mechanism for development of resistance to therapy, affecting patient survival. Accumulated evidence suggests that DNA repair capacity may be a predictive biomarker for patient response to therapy. Thus, knowledge of DNA protein expressions in normal and cancerous tissues may help predict and guide development of treatments and yield the best therapeutic response. DNA repair proteins constitute targets for inhibitors to overcome the resistance of tumors to therapy. Inhibitors of DNA repair for combination therapy or as single agents for monotherapy may help selectively kill tumors, potentially leading to personalized therapy. Numerous inhibitors have been developed and are being tested in clinical trials. The efficacy of some inhibitors in therapy has been demonstrated in patients. Further development of inhibitors of DNA repair proteins is globally underway to help eradicate cancer.
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29
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Mehrmohamadi M, Liu X, Shestov AA, Locasale JW. Characterization of the usage of the serine metabolic network in human cancer. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1507-19. [PMID: 25456139 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine, glycine, one-carbon (SGOC) metabolic network is implicated in cancer pathogenesis, but its general functions are unknown. We carried out a computational reconstruction of the SGOC network and then characterized its expression across thousands of cancer tissues. Pathways including methylation and redox metabolism exhibited heterogeneous expression indicating a strong context dependency of their usage in tumors. From an analysis of coexpression, simultaneous up- or downregulation of nucleotide synthesis, NADPH, and glutathione synthesis was found to be a common occurrence in all cancers. Finally, we developed a method to trace the metabolic fate of serine using stable isotopes, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and a mathematical model. Although the expression of single genes didn't appear indicative of flux, the collective expression of several genes in a given pathway allowed for successful flux prediction. Altogether, these findings identify expansive and heterogeneous functions for the SGOC metabolic network in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Mehrmohamadi
- Field of Genomics, Genetics, and Development, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Jason W Locasale
- Field of Genomics, Genetics, and Development, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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30
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Szabó JE, Németh V, Papp-Kádár V, Nyíri K, Leveles I, Bendes AÁ, Zagyva I, Róna G, Pálinkás HL, Besztercei B, Ozohanics O, Vékey K, Liliom K, Tóth J, Vértessy BG. Highly potent dUTPase inhibition by a bacterial repressor protein reveals a novel mechanism for gene expression control. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:11912-20. [PMID: 25274731 PMCID: PMC4231751 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer of phage-related pathogenicity islands of Staphylococcus aureus (SaPI-s) was recently reported to be activated by helper phage dUTPases. This is a novel function for dUTPases otherwise involved in preservation of genomic integrity by sanitizing the dNTP pool. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism of the dUTPase-induced gene expression control using direct techniques. The expression of SaPI transfer initiating proteins is repressed by proteins called Stl. We found that Φ11 helper phage dUTPase eliminates SaPIbov1 Stl binding to its cognate DNA by binding tightly to Stl protein. We also show that dUTPase enzymatic activity is strongly inhibited in the dUTPase:Stl complex and that the dUTPase:dUTP complex is inaccessible to the Stl repressor. Our results disprove the previously proposed G-protein-like mechanism of SaPI transfer activation. We propose that the transfer only occurs if dUTP is cleared from the nucleotide pool, a condition promoting genomic stability of the virulence elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit E Szabó
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Németh
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Papp-Kádár
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Nyíri
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ibolya Leveles
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Abris Á Bendes
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Zagyva
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Róna
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka L Pálinkás
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Besztercei
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olivér Ozohanics
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Vékey
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Liliom
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Tóth
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Institutes of Enzymology and Organic Chemistry, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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31
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Genovese F, Gualandi A, Taddia L, Marverti G, Pirondi S, Marraccini C, Perco P, Pelà M, Guerrini R, Amoroso MR, Esposito F, Martello A, Ponterini G, D’Arca D, Costi MP. Mass Spectrometric/Bioinformatic Identification of a Protein Subset That Characterizes the Cellular Activity of Anticancer Peptides. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5250-61. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500510v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Genovese
- C.I.G.S., University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via
G. Campi 213/A, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gualandi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Laura Taddia
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Gaetano Marverti
- Department
of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Silvia Pirondi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Chiara Marraccini
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Paul Perco
- Emergentec biodevelopment GmbH, Gersthofer Straße 29-31, Wien 1180, Austria
| | - Michela Pelà
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara 44100, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara 44100, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Amoroso
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Andrea Martello
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Glauco Ponterini
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Domenico D’Arca
- Department
of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
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Nagy GN, Leveles I, Vértessy BG. Preventive DNA repair by sanitizing the cellular (deoxy)nucleoside triphosphate pool. FEBS J 2014; 281:4207-23. [PMID: 25052017 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of modified bases in DNA is attributed to some major factors: incorporation of altered nucleotide building blocks and chemical reactions or radiation effects on bases within the DNA structure. Several enzyme families are involved in preventing the incorporation of noncanonical bases playing a 'sanitizing' role. The catalytic mechanism of action of these enzymes has been revealed for a number of representatives in clear structural and kinetic detail. In this review, we focus in detail on those examples where clear evidence has been produced using high-resolution structural studies. Comparing the protein fold and architecture of the enzyme active sites, two main classes of sanitizing deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphatases can be assigned that are distinguished by the site of nucleophilic attack. In enzymes associated with attack at the α-phosphorus, it is shown that coordination of the γ-phosphate group is also ensured by multiple interactions. By contrast, enzymes catalyzing attack at the β-phosphorus atom mainly coordinate the α- and the β-phosphate only. Characteristic differences are also observed with respect to the role of the metal ion cofactor (Mg(2+) ) and the coordination of nucleophilic water. Using different catalytic mechanisms embedded in different protein folds, these enzymes present a clear example of convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely N Nagy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
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Wilson PM, Danenberg PV, Johnston PG, Lenz HJ, Ladner RD. Standing the test of time: targeting thymidylate biosynthesis in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014; 11:282-98. [PMID: 24732946 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 60 years, chemotherapeutic agents that target thymidylate biosynthesis and the enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS) have remained among the most-successful drugs used in the treatment of cancer. Fluoropyrimidines, such as 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine, and antifolates, such as methotrexate and pemetrexed, induce a state of thymidylate deficiency and imbalances in the nucleotide pool that impair DNA replication and repair. TS-targeted agents are used to treat numerous solid and haematological malignancies, either alone or as foundational therapeutics in combination treatment regimens. We overview the pivotal discoveries that led to the rational development of thymidylate biosynthesis as a chemotherapeutic target, and highlight the crucial contribution of these advances to driving and accelerating drug development in the earliest era of cancer chemotherapy. The function of TS as well as the mechanisms and consequences of inhibition of this enzyme by structurally diverse classes of drugs with distinct mechanisms of action are also discussed. In addition, breakthroughs relating to TS-targeted therapies that transformed the clinical landscape in some of the most-difficult-to-treat cancers, such as pancreatic, colorectal and non-small-cell lung cancer, are highlighted. Finally, new therapeutic agents and novel mechanism-based strategies that promise to further exploit the vulnerabilities and target resistance mechanisms within the thymidylate biosynthesis pathway are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Peter V Danenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Patrick G Johnston
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Robert D Ladner
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Inhibition of DNA glycosylases via small molecule purine analogs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81667. [PMID: 24349107 PMCID: PMC3857224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the formation of oxidatively-induced DNA damage, several DNA glycosylases are required to initiate repair of the base lesions that are formed. Recently, NEIL1 and other DNA glycosylases, including OGG1 and NTH1 were identified as potential targets in combination chemotherapeutic strategies. The potential therapeutic benefit for the inhibition of DNA glycosylases was validated by demonstrating synthetic lethality with drugs that are commonly used to limit DNA replication through dNTP pool depletion via inhibition of thymidylate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase. Additionally, NEIL1-associated synthetic lethality has been achieved in combination with Fanconi anemia, group G. As a prelude to the development of strategies to exploit the potential benefits of DNA glycosylase inhibition, it was necessary to develop a reliable high-throughput screening protocol for this class of enzymes. Using NEIL1 as the proof-of-principle glycosylase, a fluorescence-based assay was developed that utilizes incision of site-specifically modified oligodeoxynucleotides to detect enzymatic activity. This assay was miniaturized to a 1536-well format and used to screen small molecule libraries for inhibitors of the combined glycosylase/AP lyase activities. Among the top hits of these screens were several purine analogs, whose postulated presence in the active site of NEIL1 was consistent with the paradigm of NEIL1 recognition and excision of damaged purines. Although a subset of these small molecules could inhibit other DNA glycosylases that excise oxidatively-induced DNA adducts, they could not inhibit a pyrimidine dimer-specific glycosylase.
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The human septin7 and the yeast CDC10 septin prevent Bax and copper mediated cell death in yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3186-3194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Barabás O, Németh V, Bodor A, Perczel A, Rosta E, Kele Z, Zagyva I, Szabadka Z, Grolmusz VI, Wilmanns M, Vértessy BG. Catalytic mechanism of α-phosphate attack in dUTPase is revealed by X-ray crystallographic snapshots of distinct intermediates, 31P-NMR spectroscopy and reaction path modelling. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:10542-55. [PMID: 23982515 PMCID: PMC3905902 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis and hydrolysis of nucleoside phosphate compounds play a key role in various biological pathways, like signal transduction, DNA synthesis and metabolism. Although these processes have been studied extensively, numerous key issues regarding the chemical pathway and atomic movements remain open for many enzymatic reactions. Here, using the Mason-Pfizer monkey retrovirus dUTPase, we study the dUTPase-catalyzed hydrolysis of dUTP, an incorrect DNA building block, to elaborate the mechanistic details at high resolution. Combining mass spectrometry analysis of the dUTPase-catalyzed reaction carried out in and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulation, we show that the nucleophilic attack occurs at the α-phosphate site. Phosphorus-31 NMR spectroscopy ((31)P-NMR) analysis confirms the site of attack and shows the capability of dUTPase to cleave the dUTP analogue α,β-imido-dUTP, containing the imido linkage usually regarded to be non-hydrolyzable. We present numerous X-ray crystal structures of distinct dUTPase and nucleoside phosphate complexes, which report on the progress of the chemical reaction along the reaction coordinate. The presently used combination of diverse structural methods reveals details of the nucleophilic attack and identifies a novel enzyme-product complex structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Barabás
- Laboratory of Genome Metabolism, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1113, Hungary, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany, Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Protein Modelling Group MTA-ELTE, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary, Department of Computer Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg D-22603, Germany and Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Németh
- Laboratory of Genome Metabolism, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1113, Hungary, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany, Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Protein Modelling Group MTA-ELTE, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary, Department of Computer Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg D-22603, Germany and Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Bodor
- Laboratory of Genome Metabolism, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1113, Hungary, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany, Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Protein Modelling Group MTA-ELTE, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary, Department of Computer Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg D-22603, Germany and Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Perczel
- Laboratory of Genome Metabolism, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1113, Hungary, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany, Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Protein Modelling Group MTA-ELTE, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary, Department of Computer Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg D-22603, Germany and Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Rosta
- Laboratory of Genome Metabolism, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1113, Hungary, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany, Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Protein Modelling Group MTA-ELTE, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary, Department of Computer Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg D-22603, Germany and Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kele
- Laboratory of Genome Metabolism, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1113, Hungary, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany, Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Protein Modelling Group MTA-ELTE, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary, Department of Computer Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg D-22603, Germany and Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Zagyva
- Laboratory of Genome Metabolism, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1113, Hungary, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany, Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Protein Modelling Group MTA-ELTE, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary, Department of Computer Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg D-22603, Germany and Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szabadka
- Laboratory of Genome Metabolism, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1113, Hungary, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany, Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Protein Modelling Group MTA-ELTE, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary, Department of Computer Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg D-22603, Germany and Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vince I. Grolmusz
- Laboratory of Genome Metabolism, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1113, Hungary, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany, Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Protein Modelling Group MTA-ELTE, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary, Department of Computer Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg D-22603, Germany and Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- Laboratory of Genome Metabolism, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1113, Hungary, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany, Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Protein Modelling Group MTA-ELTE, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary, Department of Computer Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg D-22603, Germany and Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta G. Vértessy
- Laboratory of Genome Metabolism, Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1113, Hungary, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany, Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Protein Modelling Group MTA-ELTE, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary, Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary, Department of Computer Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg D-22603, Germany and Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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Leveles I, Németh V, Szabó JE, Harmat V, Nyíri K, Bendes ÁÁ, Papp-Kádár V, Zagyva I, Róna G, Ozohanics O, Vékey K, Tóth J, Vértessy BG. Structure and enzymatic mechanism of a moonlighting dUTPase. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:2298-308. [PMID: 24311572 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913021136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome integrity requires well controlled cellular pools of nucleotides. dUTPases are responsible for regulating cellular dUTP levels and providing dUMP for dTTP biosynthesis. In Staphylococcus, phage dUTPases are also suggested to be involved in a moonlighting function regulating the expression of pathogenicity-island genes. Staphylococcal phage trimeric dUTPase sequences include a specific insertion that is not found in other organisms. Here, a 2.1 Å resolution three-dimensional structure of a ϕ11 phage dUTPase trimer with complete localization of the phage-specific insert, which folds into a small β-pleated mini-domain reaching out from the dUTPase core surface, is presented. The insert mini-domains jointly coordinate a single Mg2+ ion per trimer at the entrance to the threefold inner channel. Structural results provide an explanation for the role of Asp95, which is suggested to have functional significance in the moonlighting activity, as the metal-ion-coordinating moiety potentially involved in correct positioning of the insert. Enzyme-kinetics studies of wild-type and mutant constructs show that the insert has no major role in dUTP binding or cleavage and provide a description of the elementary steps (fast binding of substrate and release of products). In conclusion, the structural and kinetic data allow insights into both the phage-specific characteristics and the generally conserved traits of ϕ11 phage dUTPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya Leveles
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 29 Karolina Street, 1113 Budapest, Hungary
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Abstract
One-carbon metabolism involving the folate and methionine cycles integrates nutritional status from amino acids, glucose and vitamins, and generates diverse outputs, such as the biosynthesis of lipids, nucleotides and proteins, the maintenance of redox status and the substrates for methylation reactions. Long considered a 'housekeeping' process, this pathway has recently been shown to have additional complexity. Genetic and functional evidence suggests that hyperactivation of this pathway is a driver of oncogenesis and establishes a link to cellular epigenetic status. Given the wealth of clinically available agents that target one-carbon metabolism, these new findings could present opportunities for translation into precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Locasale
- Field of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca New York 14850, USA.
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Weeks LD, Fu P, Gerson SL. Uracil-DNA glycosylase expression determines human lung cancer cell sensitivity to pemetrexed. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2248-60. [PMID: 23873851 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Uracil misincorporation into DNA is a consequence of pemetrexed inhibition of thymidylate synthase. The base excision repair (BER) enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) is the major glycosylase responsible for removal of misincorporated uracil. We previously illustrated hypersensitivity to pemetrexed in UNG(-/-) human colon cancer cells. Here, we examined the relationship between UNG expression and pemetrexed sensitivity in human lung cancer. We observed a spectrum of UNG expression in human lung cancer cells. Higher levels of UNG are associated with pemetrexed resistance and are present in cell lines derived from pemetrexed-resistant histologic subtypes (small cell and squamous cell carcinoma). Acute pemetrexed exposure induces UNG protein and mRNA, consistent with upregulation of uracil-DNA repair machinery. Chronic exposure of H1299 adenocarcinoma cells to increasing pemetrexed concentrations established drug-resistant sublines. Significant induction of UNG protein confirmed upregulation of BER as a feature of acquired pemetrexed resistance. Cotreatment with the BER inhibitor methoxyamine overrides pemetrexed resistance in chronically exposed cells, underscoring the use of BER-directed therapeutics to offset acquired drug resistance. Expression of UNG-directed siRNA and shRNA enhanced sensitivity in A549 and H1975 cells, and in drug-resistant sublines, confirming that UNG upregulation is protective. In human lung cancer, UNG deficiency is associated with pemetrexed-induced retention of uracil in DNA that destabilizes DNA replication forks resulting in DNA double-strand breaks and cell death. Thus, in experimental models, UNG is a critical mediator of pemetrexed sensitivity that warrants evaluation to determine clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachelle D Weeks
- Corresponding Author: Stanton L. Gerson, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wearn 151, 111000 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106.
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Murakami M, Zhao S, Zhao Y, Yu W, Fatema CN, Nishijima KI, Yamasaki M, Takiguchi M, Tamaki N, Kuge Y. Increased intratumoral fluorothymidine uptake levels following multikinase inhibitor sorafenib treatment in a human renal cell carcinoma xenograft model. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:667-672. [PMID: 24137387 PMCID: PMC3789029 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An early identification of the tumor response to sorafenib treatment is indispensable for selecting optimal personalized treatment strategies. However, at present, no reliable predictors are clinically available. 18F-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) is used to assess tumor proliferation, since the FLT uptake level reflects thymidine kinase-1 (TK-1) activity. Thus, the present study determined whether FLT was able to evaluate the early tumor response to sorafenib treatment in a human renal cell carcinoma (RCC; A498) xenograft in comparison with the tumor proliferation marker, Ki-67. Mice bearing A498 tumors were assigned to the control and sorafenib-treated groups and the tumor volume was measured every day. [Methyl-3H(N)]-3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (3H-FLT) was injected 2 h prior to the sacrifice of the mice on days three and seven following the treatment. 3H-FLT autoradiography (ARG) and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed using adjacent tumor sections. In the visual assessment, the intratumoral 3H-FLT uptake level diffusely increased following the treatment, while no significant changes were observed in Ki-67 IHC. The intratumoral 3H-FLT uptake levels significantly increased by 2.7- and 2.6-fold on days three and seven following the treatment, while the tumor volume and Ki-67 index did not significantly change. Thus, an increased FLT uptake level was demonstrated following the treatment, which may indicate the suppression of thymidylate synthase (TS) and the compensatory upregulation of TK-1 activity by sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan ; Department of Tracer Kinetics and Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
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Lin YP, Li HQ, Su HJ, Zhong GD, Zheng YY, Liu W, Qi XF, Yu YH. Clinical significance of TS and BRCA1 protein overexpression in gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:1421-1427. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i15.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the correlation between thymidylate synthase (TS) and breast cancer susceptibility gene-1 (BRCA1) expression and clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer.
METHODS: Two hundred and forty-six surgical specimens of gastric cancer collected from patients with complete clinical data who were treated at Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command between January 2011 and January 2012 were used in this study. The protein expression of TS and BRCA1 in these specimens was examined by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between TS and BRCA1 protein expression and clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer was analyzed.
RESULTS: The rates of TS and BRCA1 overexpression in gastric cancer were 39.02% (96/246) and 55.69% (137/246), respectively. There was no relationship between TS overexpression and sex, age, tumor site, histotype, differentiation, distant metastasis, depth of invasion, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis (all P > 0.05). BRCA1 protein overexpression was associated with depth of invasion (P < 0.01) and TNM stage (P < 0.05), but not with sex, age, tumor site, differentiation, lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis (all P > 0.05). The co-expression rate of TS and BRCA1 in gastric cancer was 26.02% (64/246). The overexpression of TS was negatively correlated with that of BRCA1 (P < 0.01, r = 0.2472).
CONCLUSION: There exists TS and BRCA1 overexpression in gastric cancer. The overexpression of BRCA1was associated with TNM stage and depth of invasion, which implies that BRCA1 overexpression may be related to invasion of gastric cancer. Detection of BRCA1 protein overexpression may be used to assess the malignant biological behavior and prognosis of gastric cancer and help choose chemotherapy drugs.
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Abstract
Gastric cancer and colorectal cancer are the most common gastrointestinal tumors worldwide. The development, metastasis and recurrence of gastric cancer and colorectal cancer are complex and are affected and regulated by many factors. These factors have important significance in guiding treatment and predicting prognosis. Recent studies have shown that thymidylic acid synthase (TS) is closely related with the occurrence, chemotherapy and prognosis of gastric cancer and colorectal cancer; however, there is still some controversy over this view. This review discusses the relationship between TS gene polymorphisms and gastric cancer and colorectal cancer.
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Bazzani S, Hoppe A, Holzhütter HG. Network-based assessment of the selectivity of metabolic drug targets in Plasmodium falciparum with respect to human liver metabolism. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:118. [PMID: 22937810 PMCID: PMC3543272 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The search for new drug targets for antibiotics against Plasmodium falciparum, a major cause of human deaths, is a pressing scientific issue, as multiple resistance strains spread rapidly. Metabolic network-based analyses may help to identify those parasite’s essential enzymes whose homologous counterparts in the human host cells are either absent, non-essential or relatively less essential. Results Using the well-curated metabolic networks PlasmoNet of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum and HepatoNet1 of the human hepatocyte, the selectivity of 48 experimental antimalarial drug targets was analyzed. Applying in silico gene deletions, 24 of these drug targets were found to be perfectly selective, in that they were essential for the parasite but non-essential for the human cell. The selectivity of a subset of enzymes, that were essential in both models, was evaluated with the reduced fitness concept. It was, then, possible to quantify the reduction in functional fitness of the two networks under the progressive inhibition of the same enzymatic activity. Overall, this in silico analysis provided a selectivity ranking that was in line with numerous in vivo and in vitro observations. Conclusions Genome-scale models can be useful to depict and quantify the effects of enzymatic inhibitions on the impaired production of biomass components. From the perspective of a host-pathogen metabolic interaction, an estimation of the drug targets-induced consequences can be beneficial for the development of a selective anti-parasitic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Bazzani
- Institut für Biochemie, Charite-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Expression of human Bax, a cardinal regulator of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, causes death in yeast. We screened a human cDNA library for suppressors of Bax-mediated yeast death and identified human 14-3-3β/α, a protein whose paralogs have numerous chaperone-like functions. Here, we show that, yeast cells expressing human 14-3-3β/α are able to complement deletion of the endogenous yeast 14-3-3 and confer resistance to a variety of different stresses including cadmium and cycloheximide. The expression of 14-3-3β/α also conferred resistance to death induced by the target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin and by starvation for the amino acid leucine, conditions that induce autophagy. Cell death in response to these autophagic stimuli was also observed in the macroautophagic-deficient atg1Δ and atg7Δ mutants. Furthermore, 14-3-3β/α retained its ability to protect against the autophagic stimuli in these autophagic-deficient mutants arguing against so called 'autophagic death'. In line, analysis of cell death markers including the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, membrane integrity and cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine indicated that 14-3-3β/α serves as a specific inhibitor of apoptosis. Finally, we demonstrate functional conservation of these phenotypes using the yeast homolog of 14-3-3: Bmh1. In sum, cell death in response to multiple stresses can be counteracted by 14-3-3 proteins.
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Clapp C, Portt L, Khoury C, Sheibani S, Eid R, Greenwood M, Vali H, Mandato CA, Greenwood MT. Untangling the Roles of Anti-Apoptosis in Regulating Programmed Cell Death using Humanized Yeast Cells. Front Oncol 2012; 2:59. [PMID: 22708116 PMCID: PMC3374133 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically programmed cell death (PCD) mechanisms, including apoptosis, are important for the survival of metazoans since it allows, among things, the removal of damaged cells that interfere with normal function. Cell death due to PCD is observed in normal processes such as aging and in a number of pathophysiologies including hypoxia (common causes of heart attacks and strokes) and subsequent tissue reperfusion. Conversely, the loss of normal apoptotic responses is associated with the development of tumors. So far, limited success in preventing unwanted PCD has been reported with current therapeutic approaches despite the fact that inhibitors of key apoptotic inducers such as caspases have been developed. Alternative approaches have focused on mimicking anti-apoptotic processes observed in cells displaying increased resistance to apoptotic stimuli. Hormesis and pre-conditioning are commonly observed cellular strategies where sub-lethal levels of pro-apoptotic stimuli lead to increased resistance to higher or lethal levels of stress. Increased expression of anti-apoptotic sequences is a common mechanism mediating these protective effects. The relevance of the latter observation is exemplified by the observation that transgenic mice overexpressing anti-apoptotic genes show significant reductions in tissue damage following ischemia. Thus strategies aimed at increasing the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins, using gene therapy or cell penetrating recombinant proteins are being evaluated as novel therapeutics to decrease cell death following acute periods of cell death inducing stress. In spite of its functional and therapeutic importance, more is known regarding the processes involved in apoptosis than anti-apoptosis. The genetically tractable yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has emerged as an exceptional model to study multiple aspects of PCD including the mitochondrial mediated apoptosis observed in metazoans. To increase our knowledge of the process of anti-apoptosis, we screened a human heart cDNA expression library in yeast cells undergoing PCD due to the conditional expression of a mammalian pro-apoptotic Bax cDNA. Analysis of the multiple Bax suppressors identified revealed several previously known as well as a large number of clones representing potential novel anti-apoptotic sequences. The focus of this review is to report on recent achievements in the use of humanized yeast in genetic screens to identify novel stress-induced PCD suppressors, supporting the use of yeast as a unicellular model organism to elucidate anti-apoptotic and cell survival mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Clapp
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College Kingston, ON, Canada
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