1
|
Takai M, Mori S, Honoki K, Tsujiuchi T. Roles of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor-mediated signaling in cancer cell biology. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2024; 56:475-482. [PMID: 38886303 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-024-10028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a simple lipid which is endogenously synthesized from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) by autotaxin (ATX). LPA mediates a variety of cellular responses through the binding of G protein-coupled LPA receptors (LPA1 to LPA6). It is considered that LPA receptor-mediated signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of human malignancy. Genetic alterations and epigenetic changes of LPA receptors have been detected in some cancer cells as well as LPA per se. Moreover, LPA receptors contribute to the promotion of tumor progression, including cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, tumorigenicity, and angiogenesis. In recent studies, the activation of LPA receptor-mediated signaling regulates chemoresistance and radiosensitivity in cancer cells. This review provides an updated overview on the roles of LPA receptor-mediated signaling in the regulation of cancer cell functions and its potential utility as a molecular target for novel therapies in clinical cancer approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Takai
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4- 1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiori Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology & Reconstructive Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tsujiuchi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4- 1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, 577-8502, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vít O, Petrák J. Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidic Acid Signalling: the Pleiotropic Regulatory Network in Cancer. Folia Biol (Praha) 2023; 69:149-162. [PMID: 38583176 DOI: 10.14712/fb2023069050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Autotaxin, also known as ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2, is a secreted glycoprotein that plays multiple roles in human physiology and cancer pathology. This protein, by converting lysophosphatidylcholine into lysophosphatidic acid, initiates a complex signalling cascade with significant biological implications. The article outlines the autotaxin gene and protein structure, expression regulation and physiological functions, but focuses mainly on the role of autotaxin in cancer development and progression. Autotaxin and lysophosphatidic acid signalling influence several aspects of cancer, including cell proliferation, migration, metastasis, therapy resistance, and interactions with the immune system. The potential of autotaxin as a diagnostic biomarker and promising drug target is also examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Vít
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Petrák
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Yamagishi R, Honjo M, Kurano M, Yatomi Y, Igarashi K, Aihara M. Role of Autotaxin in High Glucose-Induced Human ARPE-19 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169181. [PMID: 36012446 PMCID: PMC9409272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an enzymatic with lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity. We investigated the role of ATX in high glucose (HG)-induced human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells to explore the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). We performed a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cell permeability assay, and transepithelial electrical resistance measurement in HG-induced ARPE-19 cells and compared their results with those of normal glucose and osmotic pressure controls. ATX expression and its lysoPLD activity, barrier function, and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 were downregulated, while fibrotic responses, cytoskeletal reorganization, and transforming growth factor-β expression were upregulated, in the HG group. Our results suggest that HG induces intracellular ATX downregulation, barrier dysfunction, and fibrosis, which are involved in early DR and can be targeted for DR treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamagishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Megumi Honjo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, Reagent Development Department, AIA Research Group, TOSOH Corporation, Ayase 252-1123, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pei J, Cai L, Wang F, Xu C, Pei S, Guo H, Sun X, Chun J, Cong X, Zhu W, Zheng Z, Chen X. LPA 2 Contributes to Vascular Endothelium Homeostasis and Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2022; 131:388-403. [PMID: 35920162 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most dangerous adverse cardiovascular events. Our previous study found that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is increased in human peripheral blood after MI, and LPA has a protective effect on the survival and proliferation of various cell types. However, the role of LPA and its receptors in MI is less understood. OBJECTIVES To study the unknown role of LPA and its receptors in heart during MI. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we found that mice also had elevated LPA level in peripheral blood, as well as increased cardiac expression of its receptor LPA2 in the early stages after MI. With adult and neonate MI models in global Lpar2 knockout (Lpar2-KO) mice, we found Lpar2 deficiency increased vascular leak leading to disruption of its homeostasis, so as to impaired heart function and increased early mortality. Histological examination revealed larger scar size, increased fibrosis, and reduced vascular density in the heart of Lpar2-KO mice. Furthermore, Lpar2-KO also attenuated blood flow recovery after femoral artery ligation with decreased vascular density in gastrocnemius. Our study revealed that Lpar2 was mainly expressed and altered in cardiac endothelial cells during MI, and use of endothelial-specific Lpar2 knockout mice phenocopied the global knockout mice. Additionally, adenovirus-Lpar2 and pharmacologically activated LPA2 significantly improved heart function, reduced scar size, increased vascular formation, and alleviated early mortality by maintaining vascular homeostasis owing to protecting vessels from leakage. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that LPA-LPA2 signaling could promote endothelial cell proliferation through PI3K-Akt/PLC-Raf1-Erk pathway and enhanced endothelial cell tube formation via PKD1-CD36 signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that endothelial LPA-LPA2 signaling promotes angiogenesis and maintains vascular homeostasis, which is vital for restoring blood flow and repairing tissue function in ischemic injuries. Targeting LPA-LPA2 signal might have clinical therapeutic potential to protect the heart from ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiu Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Fuwai Central-China Hospital, Central-China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China (J.P., Z.Z.)
| | - Lin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China (L.C.)
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Center of Laboratory Medicine (F.W., X. Cong, X. Chen), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shengqiang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (H.G., X.S., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogang Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (H.G., X.S., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.C.)
| | - Xiangfeng Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Center of Laboratory Medicine (F.W., X. Cong, X. Chen), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weiquan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (W.Z.)
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (H.G., X.S., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Fuwai Central-China Hospital, Central-China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China (J.P., Z.Z.)
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Center of Laboratory Medicine (F.W., X. Cong, X. Chen), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ando W, Kaneko F, Shimamoto S, Igarashi K, Otori K, Yokomori H. Long-term prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma using serum autotaxin levels after antiviral therapy for hepatitis C. Ann Hepatol 2022; 27:100660. [PMID: 35007770 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Continuous monitoring for hepatocellular carcinoma is necessary following treatment with direct-acting antivirals in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. We investigated whether the long-term follow-up of serum autotaxin levels could predict the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS This prospective observational study enrolled adult patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection who presented to the study center from January 2016 to March 2021. Among the patients who achieved a sustained viral response, the relationship between the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and serum autotaxin levels was assessed before treatment with direct-acting antivirals; at the end of therapy; at 12 and 24 weeks; and at 12, 24, 36, and 48 months after treatment. RESULTS Data were analyzed for 139 patients. Thirteen patients developed hepatocellular carcinoma 48 months after treatment. The cut-off serum autotaxin values that predicted hepatocellular carcinoma after 24 weeks were 1.22 (men) and 1.92 (women) mg/L. The area under the curve for serum autotaxin was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]:0.71-0.95) in men and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.82-0.99) in women. The positive predictive value of serum autotaxin was 0.208 (95% CI: 0.139-0.248), and the negative predictive value was 0.971 (95% CI: 0.939-0.990). The cumulative incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was significantly higher when serum autotaxin levels were above the cut-off value after 24 weeks (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Serum autotaxin is a candidate biomarker for predicting hepatocellular carcinoma during the long-term follow-up of patients with a sustained viral response following treatment with direct-acting antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ando
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Fumihiko Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama City Hospital, 2460 Mimuro, Midori-ku, Saitama 336-8522, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimamoto
- Bioscience Division, Tosoh Corporation, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase-shi, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, Tosoh Corporation, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase-shi, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Katsuya Otori
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yokomori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto-shi, Saitama 364-8641, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
She S, Zhang Q, Shi J, Yang F, Dai K. Roles of Autotaxin/Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid Axis in the Initiation and Progression of Liver Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:922945. [PMID: 35769713 PMCID: PMC9236130 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.922945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein and catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth factor-like signaling phospholipid. ATX has been abundantly detected in the culture medium of various cancer cells, tumor tissues, and serum or plasma of cancer patients. Biological actions of ATX are mediated by LPA. The ATX-LPA axis mediates a plethora of activities, such as cell proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation, and participates in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we have summarized the physiological function of ATX and the ATX-LPA axis in liver cancer, analyzed the role of the ATX-LPA axis in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and discussed the therapeutic strategies targeting the ATX-LPA axis, paving the way for new therapeutic developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fan Yang
- *Correspondence: Fan Yang, ; Kai Dai,
| | - Kai Dai
- *Correspondence: Fan Yang, ; Kai Dai,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee SC, Lin KH, Balogh A, Norman DD, Bavaria M, Kuo B, Yue J, Balázs L, Benyó Z, Tigyi G. Dysregulation of lysophospholipid signaling by p53 in malignant cells and the tumor microenvironment. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109850. [PMID: 33253914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The TP53 gene has been widely studied for its roles in cell cycle control, maintaining genome stability, activating repair mechanisms upon DNA damage, and initiating apoptosis should repair mechanisms fail. Thus, it is not surprising that mutations of p53 are the most common genetic alterations found in human cancer. Emerging evidence indicates that dysregulation of lipid metabolism by p53 can have a profound impact not only on cancer cells but also cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In particular, intermediates of the sphingolipid and lysophospholipid pathways regulate many cellular responses common to p53 such as cell survival, migration, DNA damage repair and apoptosis. The majority of these cellular events become dysregulated in cancer as well as cell senescence. In this review, we will provide an account on the seminal contributions of Prof. Lina Obeid, who deciphered the crosstalk between p53 and the sphingolipid pathway particularly in modulating DNA damage repair and apoptosis in non-transformed as well as transformed cells. We will also provide insights on the integrative role of p53 with the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling pathway in cancer progression and TME regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, POB 2, H-1428 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Mitul Bavaria
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Bryan Kuo
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, USA
| | - Louisa Balázs
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, USA
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, POB 2, H-1428 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Van Vleet Cancer Research Building, 3 N. Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, POB 2, H-1428 Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Autotaxin inhibition reduces cardiac inflammation and mitigates adverse cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 149:95-114. [PMID: 33017574 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) initiates pathological inflammation which aggravates tissue damage and causes heart failure. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), produced by autotaxin (ATX), promotes inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis. The role of ATX/LPA signaling nexus in cardiac inflammation and resulting adverse cardiac remodeling is poorly understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS We assessed autotaxin activity and LPA levels in relation to cardiac and systemic inflammation in AMI patients and C57BL/6 (WT) mice. Human and murine peripheral blood and cardiac tissue samples showed elevated levels of ATX activity, LPA, and inflammatory cells following AMI and there was strong correlation between LPA levels and circulating inflammatory cells. In a gain of function model, lipid phosphate phosphatase-3 (LPP3) specific inducible knock out (Mx1-Plpp3Δ) showed higher systemic and cardiac inflammation after AMI compared to littermate controls (Mx1-Plpp3fl/fl); and a corresponding increase in bone marrow progenitor cell count and proliferation. Moreover, in Mx1- Plpp3Δ mice, cardiac functional recovery was reduced with corresponding increases in adverse cardiac remodeling and scar size (as assessed by echocardiography and Masson's Trichrome staining). To examine the effect of ATX/LPA nexus inhibition, we treated WT mice with the specific pharmacological inhibitor, PF8380, twice a day for 7 days post AMI. Inhibition of the ATX/LPA signaling nexus resulted in significant reduction in post-AMI inflammatory response, leading to favorable cardiac functional recovery, reduced scar size and enhanced angiogenesis. CONCLUSION ATX/LPA signaling nexus plays an important role in modulating inflammation after AMI and targeting this mechanism represents a novel therapeutic target for patients presenting with acute myocardial injury.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chi OZ, Mellender SJ, Kiss GK, Chiricolo A, Liu X, Patel N, Jacinto E, Weiss HR. Lysophosphatidic acid increased infarct size in the early stage of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion with increased BBB permeability. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105029. [PMID: 32912542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether exogenous lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a phospholipid extracellular signaling molecule, would increase infarct size and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption during the early stage of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, and whether it works through Akt-mTOR-S6K1 intracellular signaling. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rats were given either vehicle or LPA 1 mg/kg iv three times during reperfusion after one hour of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. In another group, prior to administration of LPA, 30 mg/kg of PF-4708671, an S6K1 inhibitor, was injected. After one hour of MCA occlusion and two hours of reperfusion the transfer coefficient (Ki) of 14C-α-aminoisobutyric acid and the volume of 3H-dextran distribution were determined to measure the degree of BBB disruption. At the same time, the size of infarct was determined and western blot analysis was performed to determine the levels of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and phosphorylated S6 (pS6). RESULTS LPA increased the Ki in the ischemic-reperfused cortex (+43%) when compared with Control rats and PF-4708671 pretreatment prevented the increase of Ki by LPA. LPA increased the percentage of cortical infarct out of total cortical area (+36%) and PF-4708671 pretreatment prevented the increase of the infarct size. Exogenous LPA did not significantly change the levels of p-Akt as well as pS6 in the ischemic-reperfused cortex. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that the increase in BBB disruption could be one of the reasons of the increased infarct size by LPA. S6K1 may not be the major target of LPA. A decrease of LPA during early cerebral ischemia-reperfusion might be beneficial for neuronal survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oak Z Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1977, USA.
| | - Scott J Mellender
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1977, USA
| | - Geza K Kiss
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1977, USA
| | - Antonio Chiricolo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1977, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 3100, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1977, USA
| | - Nikhil Patel
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Harvey R Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu SQ, He HQ, Kang Y, Xu R, Zhang L, Zhao XK, Zhu X. MicroRNA-200c affects bladder cancer angiogenesis by regulating the Akt2/mTOR/HIF-1 axis. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:2713-2724. [PMID: 35117029 PMCID: PMC8798978 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.10.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent urologic tumours in the world. MicroRNA-200c (miR-200c) has been considered a regulator of tumour angiogenesis. Akt2/mTOR was considered a regulator of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). However, the mechanism by which miR-200c regulates bladder cancer angiogenesis remains unknown. Methods Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of protein and mRNA, respectively. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were detected using MTT, wound-healing and transwell assays, respectively. A dual luciferase reporter assay was used to identify the binding site between miR-200c and Akt2. A tube formation assay was also applied to detect the angiogenesis ability. Results Significantly higher expression levels of HIF-1α and VEGF and lower levels of miR-200c were observed in three types of bladder cancer cell lines. Transfection with the miR-200c mimic markedly inhibited cell viability, angiogenesis, and the expression of VEGF and HIF-1α. Overexpression of miR-200c remarkably suppressed the expression of Akt2, and the binding site between them was identified. Knockdown of Akt2 remarkably decreased the expression of VEGF and HIF-1α by regulating mTOR. miR-200c influenced the expression of VEGF and HIF-1α through the Akt2/mTOR signalling pathway and further regulated angiogenesis in bladder cancer cells. Conclusions We proved that miR-200c could suppress HIF-1α/VEGF expression in bladder cancer cells and inhibit angiogenesis, and these regulations were achieved by targeting Akt2/mTOR. This study may provide new insight into the prevention and treatment of bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Qing Wu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Hai-Qing He
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ye Kang
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Deregulated Lysophosphatidic Acid Metabolism and Signaling in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111626. [PMID: 31652837 PMCID: PMC6893780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to late diagnosis and scarcity of treatment options. The major risk factor for liver cancer is cirrhosis with the underlying causes of cirrhosis being viral infection (hepatitis B or C), metabolic deregulation (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the presence of obesity and diabetes), alcohol or cholestatic disorders. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid with numerous effects, most of them compatible with the hallmarks of cancer (proliferation, migration, invasion, survival, evasion of apoptosis, deregulated metabolism, neoangiogenesis, etc.). Autotaxin (ATX) is the enzyme responsible for the bulk of extracellular LPA production, and together with LPA signaling is involved in chronic inflammatory diseases, fibrosis and cancer. This review discusses the most important findings and the mechanisms related to ATX/LPA/LPAR involvement on metabolic, viral and cholestatic liver disorders and their progression to liver cancer in the context of human patients and mouse models. It focuses on the role of ATX/LPA in NAFLD development and its progression to liver cancer as NAFLD has an increasing incidence which is associated with the increasing incidence of liver cancer. Bearing in mind that adipose tissue accounts for the largest amount of LPA production, many studies have implicated LPA in adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation, liver steatosis, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and lipogenesis. At the same time, LPA and ATX play crucial roles in fibrotic diseases. Given that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually developed on the background of liver fibrosis, therapies that both delay the progression of fibrosis and prevent its development to malignancy would be very promising. Therefore, ATX/LPA signaling appears as an attractive therapeutic target as evidenced by the fact that it is involved in both liver fibrosis progression and liver cancer development.
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu Y. Targeting Lysophosphatidic Acid in Cancer: The Issues in Moving from Bench to Bedside. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1523. [PMID: 31658655 PMCID: PMC6826372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the clear demonstration of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)'s pathological roles in cancer in the mid-1990s, more than 1000 papers relating LPA to various types of cancer were published. Through these studies, LPA was established as a target for cancer. Although LPA-related inhibitors entered clinical trials for fibrosis, the concept of targeting LPA is yet to be moved to clinical cancer treatment. The major challenges that we are facing in moving LPA application from bench to bedside include the intrinsic and complicated metabolic, functional, and signaling properties of LPA, as well as technical issues, which are discussed in this review. Potential strategies and perspectives to improve the translational progress are suggested. Despite these challenges, we are optimistic that LPA blockage, particularly in combination with other agents, is on the horizon to be incorporated into clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street R2-E380, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fujii T, Nagamatsu T, Schust DJ, Ichikawa M, Kumasawa K, Yabe S, Iriyama T, Hirota Y, Osuga Y, Aoki J, Yatomi Y, Fujii T. Placental expression of lysophosphatidic acid receptors in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 82:e13176. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Danny J. Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | - Mayuko Ichikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Keiichi Kumasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Saitama Medical Center Saitama Japan
| | - Takayuki Iriyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasushi Hirota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Miyagi Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pleotropic Roles of Autotaxin in the Nervous System Present Opportunities for the Development of Novel Therapeutics for Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:372-392. [PMID: 31364025 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a soluble extracellular enzyme that is abundant in mammalian plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It has two known enzymatic activities, acting as both a phosphodiesterase and a phospholipase. The majority of its biological effects have been associated with its ability to liberate lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from its substrate, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). LPA has diverse pleiotropic effects in the central nervous system (CNS) and other tissues via the activation of a family of six cognate G protein-coupled receptors. These LPA receptors (LPARs) are expressed in some combination in all known cell types in the CNS where they mediate such fundamental cellular processes as proliferation, differentiation, migration, chronic inflammation, and cytoskeletal organization. As a result, dysregulation of LPA content may contribute to many CNS and PNS disorders such as chronic inflammatory or neuropathic pain, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, metabolic syndrome-induced brain damage, traumatic brain injury, hepatic encephalopathy-induced cerebral edema, macular edema, major depressive disorder, stress-induced psychiatric disorder, alcohol-induced brain damage, HIV-induced brain injury, pruritus, and peripheral nerve injury. ATX activity is now known to be the primary biological source of this bioactive signaling lipid, and as such, represents a potentially high-value drug target. There is currently one ATX inhibitor entering phase III clinical trials, with several additional preclinical compounds under investigation. This review discusses the physiological and pathological significance of the ATX-LPA-LPA receptor signaling axis and summarizes the evidence for targeting this pathway for the treatment of CNS diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Stem cells are a rare subpopulation defined by the potential to self-renew and differentiate into specific cell types. A population of stem-like cells has been reported to possess the ability of self-renewal, invasion, metastasis, and engraftment of distant tissues. This unique cell subpopulation has been designated as cancer stem cells (CSC). CSC were first identified in leukemia, and the contributions of CSC to cancer progression have been reported in many different types of cancers. The cancer stem cell hypothesis attempts to explain tumor cell heterogeneity based on the existence of stem cell-like cells within solid tumors. The elimination of CSC is challenging for most human cancer types due to their heightened genetic instability and increased drug resistance. To combat these inherent abilities of CSC, multi-pronged strategies aimed at multiple aspects of CSC biology are increasingly being recognized as essential for a cure. One of the most challenging aspects of cancer biology is overcoming the chemotherapeutic resistance in CSC. Here, we provide an overview of autotaxin (ATX), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and their signaling pathways in CSC. Increasing evidence supports the role of ATX and LPA in cancer progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Several studies have demonstrated the ATX-LPA axis signaling in different cancers. This lipid mediator regulatory system is a novel potential therapeutic target in CSC. In this review, we summarize the evidence linking ATX-LPA signaling to CSC and its impact on cancer progression and metastasis. We also provide evidence for the efficacy of cancer therapy involving the pharmacological inhibition of this signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Y, Lyu L, Zhang X, Zhang J. Autotaxin is a novel target of microRNA-101-3p. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:707-716. [PMID: 30984544 PMCID: PMC6443858 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), a vital enzyme that generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), affects many biological processes, including tumorigenesis, via the ATX–LPA axis. In this study, we demonstrate that microRNA‐101‐3p (miR‐101‐3p), a well‐known tumor suppressor, downregulates ATX expression at the posttranscriptional level. We found that miR‐101‐3p inhibits ATX regulation by directly targeting a conserved sequence in the ATX mRNA 3′UTR. Moreover, we observed an inverse correlation between ATX and miR‐101‐3p levels in various types of cancer cells. ATX is highly expressed in several human cancers. Here, we verified that ATX expression is significantly inhibited by miR‐101‐3p in U87 and HCT116 cells. ATX downregulation contributed to the suppression of migration, invasion, and proliferation mediated by miR‐101‐3p; furthermore, the tumor‐suppressing activity of miR‐101‐3p was partially reduced by the addition of LPA in U87 cells. Our data suggest that ATX is a novel target of miR‐101‐3p.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology Ministry of Education Institute of Cell Biology College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University China
| | - Lin Lyu
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology Ministry of Education Institute of Cell Biology College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology Ministry of Education Institute of Cell Biology College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology Ministry of Education Institute of Cell Biology College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yokomori H, Ando W, Kaneko F, Suzuki H, Igarashi K, Oda M. Autotaxin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and -3 are related to vascular development during the progression of chronic viral hepatitis C. APMIS 2018; 126:913-921. [PMID: 30456868 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and autotaxin (ATX) play important roles in embryonic vasculogenesis and cancer progression. This study examines whether these two angiogenic factors cooperate in the mechanism that regulates vascular development during the progression of chronic viral hepatitis C (CVH-C) (Inuyama classification, F1-F4). First, surgical wedge biopsy specimens and needle biopsy specimens were obtained. Immunohistochemical staining for ATX and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor was assessed in serial sections. Immunoelectron microscopy was conducted with a perfusion-fixation method. In normal control liver tissue specimens, ATX was expressed at low levels within the branches of the hepatic artery and hepatic sinusoids. In F1 CVH-C liver tissue specimens, ATX was expressed within the branches of the hepatic artery. Additionally, VEGFR-2 was expressed within the branches of the hepatic artery and capillaries. In F3-F4 CVH-C liver tissue specimens, positive staining for ATX and VEGFR-2 or VEGFR-3 was detected in the branches of the hepatic artery or microlymphatic vessels. ATX-1 reaction products were specifically expressed on the plasma membrane of some microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) in the proliferative capillary artery. VEGFR-2 was expressed on caveolae in ECs and vascular smooth muscle cells. VEGFR-3 immunogold particles were also observed in lymphatic ECs. These results suggest functional interactions among ATX, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 in the modulation of hemovascular and lymphovascular cell activation during vascular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yokomori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Wataru Ando
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Kaneko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Suzuki
- Medical Education Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, Reagent Development Department, AIA Research Group Tosoh Corp., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Oda
- Organized Center of Clinical Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chabowski DS, Kadlec AO, Ait‐Aissa K, Hockenberry JC, Pearson PJ, Beyer AM, Gutterman DD. Lysophosphatidic acid acts on LPA 1 receptor to increase H 2 O 2 during flow-induced dilation in human adipose arterioles. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4266-4280. [PMID: 30153326 PMCID: PMC6193883 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE NO produces arteriolar flow-induced dilation (FID) in healthy subjects but is replaced by mitochondria-derived hydrogen peroxide (mtH2 O2 ) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is elevated in patients with risk factors for CAD, but its functional effect in arterioles is unknown. We tested whether elevated LPA changes the mediator of FID from NO to mtH2 O2 in human visceral and subcutaneous adipose arterioles. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Arterioles were cannulated on glass micropipettes and pressurized to 60 mmHg. We recorded lumen diameter after graded increases in flow in the presence of either NOS inhibition (L-NAME) or H2 O2 scavenging (Peg-Cat) ± LPA (10 μM, 30 min), ±LPA1 /LPA3 receptor antagonist (Ki16425) or LPA2 receptor antagonist (H2L5186303). We analysed LPA receptor RNA and protein levels in human arterioles and human cultured endothelial cells. KEY RESULTS FID was inhibited by L-NAME but not Peg-Cat in untreated vessels. In vessels treated with LPA, FID was of similar magnitude but inhibited by Peg-Cat while L-NAME had no effect. Rotenone attenuated FID in vessels treated with LPA indicating mitochondria as a source of ROS. RNA transcripts from LPA1 and LPA2 but not LPA3 receptors were detected in arterioles. LPA1 but not LPA3 receptor protein was detected by Western blot. Pretreatment of vessels with an LPA1 /LPA3 , but not LPA2 , receptor antagonist prior to LPA preserved NO-mediated dilation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest an LPA1 receptor-dependent pathway by which LPA increases arteriolar release of mtH2 O2 as a mediator of FMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawid S Chabowski
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Andrew O Kadlec
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Karima Ait‐Aissa
- Department of Medicine – Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Joseph C Hockenberry
- Department of Medicine – Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Paul J Pearson
- Department of Surgery – Cardiothoracic SurgeryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Department of Medicine – Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Department of Medicine – Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- VA Medical CenterMilwaukeeWIUSA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tigyi GJ, Yue J, Norman DD, Szabo E, Balogh A, Balazs L, Zhao G, Lee SC. Regulation of tumor cell - Microenvironment interaction by the autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid receptor axis. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 71:183-193. [PMID: 30243984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in biological fluids is primarily produced by cleavage of lysophospholipids by the lysophospholipase D enzyme Autotaxin (ATX). LPA has been identified and abundantly detected in the culture medium of various cancer cell types, tumor effusates, and ascites fluid of cancer patients. Our current understanding of the physiological role of LPA established its role in fundamental biological responses that include cell proliferation, metabolism, neuronal differentiation, angiogenesis, cell migration, hematopoiesis, inflammation, immunity, wound healing, regulation of cell excitability, and the promotion of cell survival by protecting against apoptotic death. These essential biological responses elicited by LPA are seemingly hijacked by cancer cells in many ways; transcriptional upregulation of ATX leading to increased LPA levels, enhanced expression of multiple LPA GPCR subtypes, and the downregulation of its metabolic breakdown. Recent studies have shown that overexpression of ATX and LPA GPCR can lead to malignant transformation, enhanced proliferation of cancer stem cells, increased invasion and metastasis, reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment and the metastatic niche, and development of resistance to chemo-, immuno-, and radiation-therapy of cancer. The fundamental role of LPA in cancer progression and the therapeutic inhibition of the ATX-LPA axis, although highly appealing, remains unexploited as drug development to these targets has not reached into the clinic yet. The purpose of this brief review is to highlight some unique signaling mechanisms engaged by the ATX-LPA axis and emphasize the therapeutic potential that lies in blocking the molecular targets of the LPA system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA; Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, POB 2, H-1428, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Erzsebet Szabo
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA; Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, POB 2, H-1428, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Louisa Balazs
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Guannan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ramesh S, Govindarajulu M, Suppiramaniam V, Moore T, Dhanasekaran M. Autotaxin⁻Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071827. [PMID: 29933579 PMCID: PMC6073975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain contains various forms of lipids that are important for maintaining its structural integrity and regulating various signaling cascades. Autotaxin (ATX) is an ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-2 enzyme that hydrolyzes extracellular lysophospholipids into the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA is a major bioactive lipid which acts through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and plays an important role in mediating cellular signaling processes. The majority of synthesized LPA is derived from membrane phospholipids through the action of the secreted enzyme ATX. Both ATX and LPA are highly expressed in the central nervous system. Dysfunctional expression and activity of ATX with associated changes in LPA signaling have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review focuses on the current understanding of LPA signaling, with emphasis on the importance of the autotaxin–lysophosphatidic acid (ATX–LPA) pathway and its alterations in AD and a brief note on future therapeutic applications based on ATX–LPA signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lichawska-Cieslar A, Pietrzycka R, Ligeza J, Kulecka M, Paziewska A, Kalita A, Dolicka DD, Wilamowski M, Miekus K, Ostrowski J, Mikula M, Jura J. RNA sequencing reveals widespread transcriptome changes in a renal carcinoma cell line. Oncotarget 2018; 9:8597-8613. [PMID: 29492220 PMCID: PMC5823589 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We used RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to investigate changes in the transcriptome profile in the Caki-1 clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells, which overexpress monocyte chemoattractant protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1). RNA-Seq data showed changes in 11.6% and 41.8% of the global transcriptome of Caki-1 cells overexpressing wild-type MCPIP1 or its D141N mutant, respectively. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway functional analyses showed that these transcripts encoded proteins involved in cell cycle progression, protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, hypoxia response and cell signalling. We identified 219 downregulated transcripts in MCPIP1-expressing cells that were either unchanged or upregulated in D141N-expressing cells. We validated downregulation of 15 transcripts belonging to different functional pathways by qRT-PCR. The growth and viability of MCPIP1-expressing cells was reduced because of elevated p21Cip1 levels. MCPIP1-expressing cells also showed reduced levels of DDB1 transcript that encodes component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrades p21Cip1. These results demonstrate that MCPIP1 influences the growth and viability of ccRCC cells by increasing or decreasing the transcript levels for proteins involved in cell cycle progression, protein folding, hypoxia response, and cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Lichawska-Cieslar
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Roza Pietrzycka
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janusz Ligeza
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Kulecka
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Paziewska
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Kalita
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dobrochna D. Dolicka
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wilamowski
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Miekus
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Jura
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lopane C, Agosti P, Gigante I, Sabbà C, Mazzocca A. Implications of the lysophosphatidic acid signaling axis in liver cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:277-282. [PMID: 28591560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in western countries. The major risk factors for HCC are hepatitis C or B viruses, alcohol and metabolic disorders. The increasing risk of HCC in patients with metabolic disorders (i.e. obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis/NASH) regardless of the presence of liver cirrhosis is becoming relevant. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms linking these risk factors to liver oncogenesis are unclear. This review focuses on the pathogenic role of the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) pathway in HCC, highlighting the implications of this bioactive phospholipid in liver cancer biology and metabolism and as potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lopane
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Agosti
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Isabella Gigante
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazzocca
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nikolaou A, Kokotou MG, Limnios D, Psarra A, Kokotos G. Autotaxin inhibitors: a patent review (2012-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:815-829. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1323331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Psarra
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kaffe E, Katsifa A, Xylourgidis N, Ninou I, Zannikou M, Harokopos V, Foka P, Dimitriadis A, Evangelou K, Moulas AN, Georgopoulou U, Gorgoulis VG, Dalekos GN, Aidinis V. Hepatocyte autotaxin expression promotes liver fibrosis and cancer. Hepatology 2017; 65:1369-1383. [PMID: 27981605 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D that catalyzes the production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pleiotropic growth-factor-like lysophospholipid. Increased ATX expression has been detected in various chronic inflammatory disorders and different types of cancer; however, little is known about its role and mode of action in liver fibrosis and cancer. Here, increased ATX expression was detected in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients of different etiologies, associated with shorter overall survival. In mice, different hepatotoxic stimuli linked with the development of different forms of CLDs were shown to stimulate hepatocyte ATX expression, leading to increased LPA levels, activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and amplification of profibrotic signals. Hepatocyte-specific, conditional genetic deletion and/or transgenic overexpression of ATX established a liver profibrotic role for ATX/LPA, whereas pharmacological ATX inhibition studies suggested ATX as a possible therapeutic target in CLDs. In addition, hepatocyte ATX ablation and the consequent deregulation of lipid homeostasis was also shown to attenuate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, thus implicating ATX/LPA in the causative link of cirrhosis and HCC. CONCLUSION ATX is a novel player in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and cancer and a promising therapeutic target. (Hepatology 2017;65:1369-1383).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanna Kaffe
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Katsifa
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Xylourgidis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Ninou
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Markella Zannikou
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaggelis Harokopos
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Pelagia Foka
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios Dimitriadis
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Evangelou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anargyros N Moulas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Urania Georgopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - George N Dalekos
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gibbs-Bar L, Tempelhof H, Ben-Hamo R, Ely Y, Brandis A, Hofi R, Almog G, Braun T, Feldmesser E, Efroni S, Yaniv K. Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid Axis Acts Downstream of Apoprotein B Lipoproteins in Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2058-67. [PMID: 27562917 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As they travel through the blood stream, plasma lipoproteins interact continuously with endothelial cells (ECs). Although the focus of research has mostly been guided by the importance of lipoproteins as risk factors for atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and other cardiovascular diseases, little is known about the mechanisms linking lipoproteins and angiogenesis under physiological conditions, and particularly, during embryonic development. In this work, we performed global mRNA expression profiling of endothelial cells from hypo-, and hyperlipidemic zebrafish embryos with the goal of uncovering novel mediators of lipoprotein signaling in the endothelium. APPROACH AND RESULTS Microarray analysis was conducted on fluorescence-activated cell sorting-isolated fli1:EGFP(+) ECs from normal, hypo-, and hyperlipidemic zebrafish embryos. We found that opposed levels of apoprotein B lipoproteins result in differential expression of the secreted enzyme autotaxin in ECs, which in turn affects EC sprouting and angiogenesis. We further demonstrate that the effects of autotaxin in vivo are mediated by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-a well-known autotaxin activity product-and that LPA and LPA receptors participate as well in the response of ECs to lipoprotein levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first in vivo gene expression profiling of ECs facing different levels of plasma apoprotein B lipoproteins and uncover a novel lipoprotein-autotaxin-LPA axis as regulator of EC behavior. These results highlight new roles for lipoproteins as signaling molecules, which are independent of their canonical function as cholesterol transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liron Gibbs-Bar
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (L.G.-B., H.T., Y.E., K.Y.), Department of Biological Services (E.F., A.B.), Department of Veterinary Services (R.H., G.A.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel (R.B.-H., S.E)
| | - Hanoch Tempelhof
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (L.G.-B., H.T., Y.E., K.Y.), Department of Biological Services (E.F., A.B.), Department of Veterinary Services (R.H., G.A.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel (R.B.-H., S.E)
| | - Rotem Ben-Hamo
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (L.G.-B., H.T., Y.E., K.Y.), Department of Biological Services (E.F., A.B.), Department of Veterinary Services (R.H., G.A.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel (R.B.-H., S.E)
| | - Yona Ely
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (L.G.-B., H.T., Y.E., K.Y.), Department of Biological Services (E.F., A.B.), Department of Veterinary Services (R.H., G.A.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel (R.B.-H., S.E)
| | - Alexander Brandis
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (L.G.-B., H.T., Y.E., K.Y.), Department of Biological Services (E.F., A.B.), Department of Veterinary Services (R.H., G.A.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel (R.B.-H., S.E)
| | - Roy Hofi
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (L.G.-B., H.T., Y.E., K.Y.), Department of Biological Services (E.F., A.B.), Department of Veterinary Services (R.H., G.A.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel (R.B.-H., S.E)
| | - Gabriella Almog
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (L.G.-B., H.T., Y.E., K.Y.), Department of Biological Services (E.F., A.B.), Department of Veterinary Services (R.H., G.A.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel (R.B.-H., S.E)
| | - Tslil Braun
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (L.G.-B., H.T., Y.E., K.Y.), Department of Biological Services (E.F., A.B.), Department of Veterinary Services (R.H., G.A.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel (R.B.-H., S.E)
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (L.G.-B., H.T., Y.E., K.Y.), Department of Biological Services (E.F., A.B.), Department of Veterinary Services (R.H., G.A.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel (R.B.-H., S.E)
| | - Sol Efroni
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (L.G.-B., H.T., Y.E., K.Y.), Department of Biological Services (E.F., A.B.), Department of Veterinary Services (R.H., G.A.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel (R.B.-H., S.E)
| | - Karina Yaniv
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (L.G.-B., H.T., Y.E., K.Y.), Department of Biological Services (E.F., A.B.), Department of Veterinary Services (R.H., G.A.), and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel (R.B.-H., S.E).
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Federico L, Jeong KJ, Vellano CP, Mills GB. Autotaxin, a lysophospholipase D with pleomorphic effects in oncogenesis and cancer progression. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:25-35. [PMID: 25977291 PMCID: PMC4689343 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r060020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase type 2, more commonly known as autotaxin (ATX), is an ecto-lysophospholipase D encoded by the human ENNP2 gene. ATX is expressed in multiple tissues and participates in numerous key physiologic and pathologic processes, including neural development, obesity, inflammation, and oncogenesis, through the generation of the bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid. Overwhelming evidence indicates that altered ATX activity leads to oncogenesis and cancer progression through the modulation of multiple hallmarks of cancer pathobiology. Here, we review the structural and catalytic characteristics of the ectoenzyme, how its expression and maturation processes are regulated, and how the systemic integration of its pleomorphic effects on cells and tissues may contribute to cancer initiation, progression, and therapy. Additionally, the up-to-date spectrum of the most frequent ATX genomic alterations from The Cancer Genome Atlas project is reported for a subset of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Federico
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kang Jin Jeong
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher P Vellano
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hwang SH, Lee BH, Choi SH, Kim HJ, Won KJ, Lee HM, Rhim H, Kim HC, Nah SY. Effects of gintonin on the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical-vein endothelial cells: involvement of lysophosphatidic-acid receptors and vascular-endothelial-growth-factor signaling. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:325-333. [PMID: 27746684 PMCID: PMC5052429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng extracts are known to have angiogenic effects. However, to date, only limited information is available on the molecular mechanism underlying the angiogenic effects and the main components of ginseng that exert these effects. Human umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are used as an in vitro model for screening therapeutic agents that promote angiogenesis and wound healing. We recently isolated gintonin, a novel ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand, from ginseng. LPA plays a key role in angiogenesis and wound healing. Methods In the present study, we investigated the in vitro effects of gintonin on proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVECs, which express endogenous LPA1/3 receptors. Results Gintonin stimulated proliferation and migration of HUVECs. The LPA1/3 receptor antagonist, Ki16425, short interfering RNA against LPA1 or LPA3 receptor, and the Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, significantly decreased the gintonin-induced proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVECs, which indicates the involvement of LPA receptors and Rho kinase activation. Further, gintonin increased the release of vascular endothelial growth factors from HUVECs. The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398, nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor BAY11-7085, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 blocked the gintonin-induced migration, which shows the involvement of cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor kappa B, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling. Conclusion The gintonin-mediated proliferation, migration, and vascular-endothelial-growth-factor release in HUVECs via LPA-receptor activation may be one of in vitro mechanisms underlying ginseng-induced angiogenic and wound-healing effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Byung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Jong Won
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Lee
- Department of Cosmetic Science, College of Natural Science, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea
| | - Hyewon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yue HW, Liu J, Liu PP, Li WJ, Chang F, Miao JY, Zhao J. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine protects cardiomyocytes against ischemic apoptosis via lipid raft/PTEN/Akt1/mTOR mediated autophagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1186-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
29
|
Murph MM, Jiang GW, Altman MK, Jia W, Nguyen DT, Fambrough JM, Hardman WJ, Nguyen HT, Tran SK, Alshamrani AA, Madan D, Zhang J, Prestwich GD. Vinyl sulfone analogs of lysophosphatidylcholine irreversibly inhibit autotaxin and prevent angiogenesis in melanoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5999-6013. [PMID: 26190462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an enzyme discovered in the conditioned medium of cultured melanoma cells and identified as a protein that strongly stimulates motility. This unique ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase and phosphodiesterase facilitates the removal of a choline headgroup from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to yield lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is a potent lipid stimulator of tumorigenesis. Thus, ATX has received renewed attention because it has a prominent role in malignant progression with significant translational potential. Specifically, we sought to develop active site-targeted irreversible inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. Herein we describe the synthesis and biological activity of an LPC-mimetic electrophilic affinity label that targets the active site of ATX, which has a critical threonine residue that acts as a nucleophile in the lysophospholipase D reaction to liberate choline. We synthesized a set of quaternary ammonium derivative-containing vinyl sulfone analogs of LPC that function as irreversible inhibitors of ATX and inactivate the enzyme. The analogs were tested in cell viability assays using multiple cancer cell lines. The IC50 values ranged from 6.74 to 0.39 μM, consistent with a Ki of 3.50 μM for inhibition of ATX by the C16H33 vinyl sulfone analog CVS-16 (10b). A phenyl vinyl sulfone control compound, PVS-16, lacking the choline-like quaternary ammonium mimicking head group moiety, had little effect on cell viability and did not inhibit ATX. Most importantly, CVS-16 (10b) significantly inhibited melanoma progression in an in vivo tumor model by preventing angiogenesis. Taken together, this suggests that CVS-16 (10b) is a potent and irreversible ATX inhibitor with significant biological activity both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandi M Murph
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
| | - Guowei W Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1257, United States
| | - Molly K Altman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Duy T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Jada M Fambrough
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - William J Hardman
- The University of Georgia and Georgia Regents University Medical Partnership, 1425 Prince Avenue, Athens, GA 30606, United States
| | - Ha T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Sterling K Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Ali A Alshamrani
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Damian Madan
- Echelon Biosciences Incorporated, 675 Arapeen Way, Suite 302, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States
| | - Jianxing Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1257, United States
| | - Glenn D Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1257, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang Y, Yang C, Gu Q, Sims M, Gu W, Pfeffer LM, Yue J. KLF4 Promotes Angiogenesis by Activating VEGF Signaling in Human Retinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130341. [PMID: 26075898 PMCID: PMC4467843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) has been implicated in regulating cell proliferation, migration and differentiation in a variety of human cells and is one of four factors required for the induction of pluripotent stem cell reprogramming. However, its role has not been addressed in ocular neovascular diseases. This study investigated the role of KLF4 in angiogenesis and underlying molecular mechanisms in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs). The functional role of KLF4 in HRMECs was determined following lentiviral vector mediated inducible expression and shRNA knockdown of KLF4. Inducible expression of KLF4 promotes cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. In contrast, silencing KLF4 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, tube formation and induces apoptosis in HRMECs. KLF4 promotes angiogenesis by transcriptionally activating VEGF expression, thus activating the VEGF signaling pathway in HRMECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chuanhe Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Qingqing Gu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michelle Sims
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Weiwang Gu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JY); (WG)
| | - Lawrence M. Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JY); (WG)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The brain is composed of many lipids with varied forms that serve not only as structural components but also as essential signaling molecules. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an important bioactive lipid species that is part of the lysophospholipid (LP) family. LPA is primarily derived from membrane phospholipids and signals through six cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), LPA1-6. These receptors are expressed on most cell types within central and peripheral nervous tissues and have been functionally linked to many neural processes and pathways. This Review covers a current understanding of LPA signaling in the nervous system, with particular focus on the relevance of LPA to both physiological and diseased states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun C Yung
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole C Stoddard
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hope Mirendil
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Barbayianni E, Kaffe E, Aidinis V, Kokotos G. Autotaxin, a secreted lysophospholipase D, as a promising therapeutic target in chronic inflammation and cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:76-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
33
|
Jacobo SMP, Kazlauskas A. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) stabilizes nascent blood vessels. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6349-60. [PMID: 25564613 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.634154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report that VEGF-A and IGF-1 differ in their ability to stabilize newly formed blood vessels and endothelial cell tubes. Although VEGF-A failed to support an enduring vascular response, IGF-1 stabilized neovessels generated from primary endothelial cells derived from various vascular beds and mouse retinal explants. In these experimental systems, destabilization/regression was driven by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Because previous studies have established that Erk antagonizes LPA-mediated regression, we considered whether Erk was an essential component of IGF-dependent stabilization. Indeed, IGF-1 lost its ability to stabilize neovessels when the Erk pathway was inhibited pharmacologically. Furthermore, stabilization was associated with prolonged Erk activity. In the presence of IGF-1, Erk activity persisted longer than in the presence of VEGF or LPA alone. These studies reveal that VEGF and IGF-1 can have distinct inputs in the angiogenic process. In contrast to VEGF, IGF-1 stabilizes neovessels, which is dependent on Erk activity and associated with prolonged activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Melissa P Jacobo
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, The Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Andrius Kazlauskas
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, The Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee SC, Fujiwara Y, Liu J, Yue J, Shimizu Y, Norman DD, Wang Y, Tsukahara R, Szabo E, Patil R, Banerjee S, Miller DD, Balazs L, Ghosh MC, Waters CM, Oravecz T, Tigyi GJ. Autotaxin and LPA1 and LPA5 receptors exert disparate functions in tumor cells versus the host tissue microenvironment in melanoma invasion and metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:174-85. [PMID: 25158955 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Autotaxin (ENPP2/ATX) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors represent two key players in regulating cancer progression. The present study sought to understand the mechanistic role of LPA G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), not only in the tumor cells but also in stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment. B16F10 melanoma cells predominantly express LPA5 and LPA2 receptors but lack LPA1. LPA dose dependently inhibited invasion of cells across a Matrigel layer. RNAi-mediated knockdown of LPA5 relieved the inhibitory effect of LPA on invasion without affecting basal invasion. This suggests that LPA5 exerts an anti-invasive action in melanoma cells in response to LPA. In addition, both siRNA-mediated knockdown and pharmacologic inhibition of LPA2 reduced the basal rate invasion. Unexpectedly, when probing the role of this GPCR in host tissues, it was found that the incidence of melanoma-derived lung metastasis was greatly reduced in LPA5 knockout (KO) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. LPA1-KO but not LPA2-KO mice also showed diminished melanoma-derived lung metastasis, suggesting that host LPA1 and LPA5 receptors play critical roles in the seeding of metastasis. The decrease in tumor cell residence in the lungs of LPA1-KO and LPA5-KO animals was apparent 24 hours after injection. However, KO of LPA1, LPA2, or LPA5 did not affect the subcutaneous growth of melanoma tumors. IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that tumor and stromal LPA receptors, in particular LPA1 and LPA5, play different roles in invasion and the seeding of metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jianxiong Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yoshibumi Shimizu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yaohong Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ryoko Tsukahara
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Erzsebet Szabo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Renukadevi Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Louisa Balazs
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Manik C Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Christopher M Waters
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Tamas Oravecz
- Immunology and Oncology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas
| | - Gabor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Knowlden SA, Capece T, Popovic M, Chapman TJ, Rezaee F, Kim M, Georas SN. Regulation of T cell motility in vitro and in vivo by LPA and LPA2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101655. [PMID: 25003200 PMCID: PMC4086949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and the LPA-generating enzyme autotaxin (ATX) have been implicated in lymphocyte trafficking and the regulation of lymphocyte entry into lymph nodes. High local concentrations of LPA are thought to be present in lymph node high endothelial venules, suggesting a direct influence of LPA on cell migration. However, little is known about the mechanism of action of LPA, and more work is needed to define the expression and function of the six known G protein-coupled receptors (LPA 1-6) in T cells. We studied the effects of 18∶1 and 16∶0 LPA on naïve CD4+ T cell migration and show that LPA induces CD4+ T cell chemorepulsion in a Transwell system, and also improves the quality of non-directed migration on ICAM-1 and CCL21 coated plates. Using intravital two-photon microscopy, lpa2-/- CD4+ T cells display a striking defect in early migratory behavior at HEVs and in lymph nodes. However, later homeostatic recirculation and LPA-directed migration in vitro were unaffected by loss of lpa2. Taken together, these data highlight a previously unsuspected and non-redundant role for LPA2 in intranodal T cell motility, and suggest that specific functions of LPA may be manipulated by targeting T cell LPA receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Knowlden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Tara Capece
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Milan Popovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Chapman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Steve N. Georas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Smyth SS, Mueller P, Yang F, Brandon JA, Morris AJ. Arguing the case for the autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid-lipid phosphate phosphatase 3-signaling nexus in the development and complications of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:479-86. [PMID: 24482375 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The structurally simple glycero- and sphingo-phospholipids, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate, serve as important receptor-active mediators that influence blood and vascular cell function and are positioned to influence the events that contribute to the progression and complications of atherosclerosis. Growing evidence from preclinical animal models has implicated LPA, LPA receptors, and key enzymes involved in LPA metabolism in pathophysiologic events that may underlie atherosclerotic vascular disease. These observations are supported by genetic analysis in humans implicating a lipid phosphate phosphatase as a novel risk factor for coronary artery disease. In this review, we summarize current understanding of LPA production, metabolism, and signaling as may be relevant for atherosclerotic and other vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Smyth
- From the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cardiovascular Medicine Service, Lexington, KY (S.S.S., A.J.M.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (S.S.S., P.M., F.Y., J.A.B., A.J.M.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Braeuer RR, Watson IR, Wu CJ, Mobley AK, Kamiya T, Shoshan E, Bar-Eli M. Why is melanoma so metastatic? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:19-36. [PMID: 24106873 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers and can disseminate from a relatively small primary tumor and metastasize to multiple sites, including the lung, liver, brain, bone, and lymph nodes. Elucidating the molecular and genetic changes that take place during the metastatic process has led to a better understanding of why melanoma is so metastatic. Herein, we describe the unique features that distinguish melanoma from other solid tumors and contribute to the malignant phenotype of melanoma cells. For example, although melanoma cells are highly antigenic, they are extremely efficient at evading host immune response. Melanoma cells share numerous cell surface molecules with vascular cells, are highly angiogenic, are mesenchymal in nature, and possess a higher degree of 'stemness' than do other solid tumors. Finally, analysis of melanoma mutations has revealed that the gene expression profile of malignant melanoma is different from that of other cancers. Elucidating these molecular and genetic processes in highly metastatic melanoma can lead to the development of improved treatment and individualized therapy options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell R Braeuer
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Su SC, Hu X, Kenney PA, Merrill MM, Babaian KN, Zhang XY, Maity T, Yang SF, Lin X, Wood CG. Autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid signaling axis mediates tumorigenesis and development of acquired resistance to sunitinib in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6461-72. [PMID: 24122794 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sunitinib is currently considered as the standard treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We aimed to better understand the mechanisms of sunitinib action in kidney cancer treatment and in the development of acquired resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gene expression profiles of RCC tumor endothelium in sunitinib-treated and -untreated patients were analyzed and verified by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. The functional role of the target gene identified was investigated in RCC cell lines and primary cultures in vitro and in preclinical animal models in vivo. RESULTS Altered expression of autotaxin, an extracellular lysophospholipase D, was detected in sunitinib-treated tumor vasculature of human RCC and in the tumor endothelial cells of RCC xenograft models when adapting to sunitinib. ATX and its catalytic product, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), regulated the signaling pathways and cell motility of RCC in vitro. However, no marked in vitro effect of ATX-LPA signaling on endothelial cells was observed. Functional blockage of LPA receptor 1 (LPA1) using an LPA1 antagonist, Ki16425, or gene silencing of LPA1 in RCC cells attenuated LPA-mediated intracellular signaling and invasion responses in vitro. Ki16425 treatment also dampened RCC tumorigenesis in vivo. In addition, coadministration of Ki16425 with sunitinib prolonged the sensitivity of RCC to sunitinib in xenograft models, suggesting that ATX-LPA signaling in part mediates the acquired resistance against sunitinib in RCC. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that endothelial ATX acts through LPA signaling to promote renal tumorigenesis and is functionally involved in the acquired resistance of RCC to sunitinib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chi Su
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Urology and Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Institue of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bhave SR, Dadey DYA, Karvas RM, Ferraro DJ, Kotipatruni RP, Jaboin JJ, Hallahan AN, Dewees TA, Linkous AG, Hallahan DE, Thotala D. Autotaxin Inhibition with PF-8380 Enhances the Radiosensitivity of Human and Murine Glioblastoma Cell Lines. Front Oncol 2013; 3:236. [PMID: 24062988 PMCID: PMC3775313 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor that is radio-resistant and recurs despite aggressive surgery, chemo, and radiotherapy. Autotaxin (ATX) is over expressed in various cancers including GBM and is implicated in tumor progression, invasion, and angiogenesis. Using the ATX specific inhibitor, PF-8380, we studied ATX as a potential target to enhance radiosensitivity in GBM. Methods and Materials: Mouse GL261 and Human U87-MG cells were used as GBM cell models. Clonogenic survival assays and tumor transwell invasion assays were performed using PF-8380 to evaluate role of ATX in survival and invasion. Radiation dependent activation of Akt was analyzed by immunoblotting. Tumor induced angiogenesis was studied using the dorsal skin fold model in GL261. Heterotopic mouse GL261 tumors were used to evaluate the efficacy of PF-8380 as a radiosensitizer. Results: Pre-treatment of GL261 and U87-MG cells with 1 μM PF-8380 followed by 4 Gy irradiation resulted in decreased clonogenic survival, decreased migration (33% in GL261; P = 0.002 and 17.9% in U87-MG; P = 0.012), decreased invasion (35.6% in GL261; P = 0.0037 and 31.8% in U87-MG; P = 0.002), and attenuated radiation-induced Akt phosphorylation. In the tumor window model, inhibition of ATX abrogated radiation induced tumor neovascularization (65%; P = 0.011). In a heterotopic mouse GL261 tumors untreated mice took 11.2 days to reach a tumor volume of 7000 mm3, however combination of PF-8380 (10 mg/kg) with irradiation (five fractions of 2 Gy) took more than 32 days to reach a tumor volume of 7000 mm3. Conclusion: Inhibition of ATX by PF-8380 led to decreased invasion and enhanced radiosensitization of GBM cells. Radiation-induced activation of Akt was abrogated by inhibition of ATX. Furthermore, inhibition of ATX led to diminished tumor vascularity and delayed tumor growth. These results suggest that inhibition of ATX may ameliorate GBM response to radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep R Bhave
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis , St. Louis, MO , USA ; School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abu El-Asrar AM, Mohammad G, Nawaz MI, Siddiquei MM, Kangave D, Opdenakker G. Expression of lysophosphatidic acid, autotaxin and acylglycerol kinase as biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy. Acta Diabetol 2013; 50:363-71. [PMID: 22864860 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-012-0422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The proinflammatory lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent activator of several transcriptional factors and signaling pathways and a potent modulator of genes involved in inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrosis. This study was conducted to measure the levels of LPA and LPA-producing enzymes, autotaxin (ATX) and acylglycerol kinase (AGK) in the vitreous fluid from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and to correlate their levels with clinical disease activity and the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In addition, we examined the expression of ATX, AGK and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) in the retinas of diabetic rats. Vitreous samples from 42 PDR and 35 nondiabetic patients were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vitreous samples and retinas of rats were examined by Western blot analysis. VEGF, LPA and AGK levels in vitreous samples from PDR patients were significantly higher than those in control patients without diabetes (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). ATX levels in PDR with active neovascularization and inactive PDR were significantly lower than those in nondiabetic patients (p = 0.045). Mean VEGF and AGK levels in PDR with active neovascularization were significantly higher than those in inactive PDR and nondiabetic patients (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). A significant correlation was observed between levels of VEGF and levels of AGK in PDR patients (r = 0.954; p < 0.001). Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase in the expression of AGK and VEGFR-2 in vitreous samples and the retinas of diabetic rats compared to nondiabetic controls, whereas ATX was significantly downregulated. Our findings suggest that ATX-AGK-LPA signaling axis might be an important player in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent bioactive phospholipid. As many other biological active lipids, LPA is an autacoid: it is formed locally on demand, and it acts locally near its site of synthesis. LPA has a plethora of biological activities on blood cells (platelets, monocytes) and cells of the vessel wall (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages) that are all key players in atherosclerotic and atherothrombotic processes. The specific cellular actions of LPA are determined by its multifaceted molecular structures, the expression of multiple G-protein coupled LPA receptors at the cell surface and their diverse coupling to intracellular signalling pathways. Numerous studies have now shown that LPA has thrombogenic and atherogenic actions. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive, yet concise, thoughtful and critical review of this exciting research area and to pinpoint potential pharmacological targets for inhibiting thrombogenic and atherogenic activities of LPA. We hope that the review will serve to accelerate knowledge of basic and clinical science, and to foster drug development in the field of LPA and atherosclerotic/atherothrombotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schober
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Avraham-Davidi I, Grunspan M, Yaniv K. Lipid signaling in the endothelium. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1298-305. [PMID: 23328305 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Avraham-Davidi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Braeuer RR, Zigler M, Kamiya T, Dobroff AS, Huang L, Choi W, McConkey DJ, Shoshan E, Mobley AK, Song R, Raz A, Bar-Eli M. Galectin-3 contributes to melanoma growth and metastasis via regulation of NFAT1 and autotaxin. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5757-66. [PMID: 22986745 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer in which patients with metastatic disease have a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Recently, the overexpression of a β-galactoside binding protein, galectin-3 (LGALS3), has been correlated with metastatic melanoma in patients. We have previously shown that silencing galectin-3 in metastatic melanoma cells reduces tumor growth and metastasis. Gene expression profiling identified the protumorigenic gene autotaxin (ENPP2) to be downregulated after silencing galectin-3. Here we report that galectin-3 regulates autotaxin expression at the transcriptional level by modulating the expression of the transcription factor NFAT1 (NFATC2). Silencing galectin-3 reduced NFAT1 protein expression, which resulted in decreased autotaxin expression and activity. Reexpression of autotaxin in galectin-3 silenced melanoma cells rescues angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis in vivo. Silencing NFAT1 expression in metastatic melanoma cells inhibited tumor growth and metastatic capabilities in vivo. Our data elucidate a previously unidentified mechanism by which galectin-3 regulates autotaxin and assign a novel role for NFAT1 during melanoma progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell R Braeuer
- Department of Cancer Biology and Urology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Farina AR, Cappabianca L, Ruggeri P, Di Ianni N, Ragone M, Merolle S, Sano K, Stracke ML, Horowitz JM, Gulino A, Mackay AR. Constitutive autotaxin transcription by Nmyc-amplified and non-amplified neuroblastoma cells is regulated by a novel AP-1 and SP-mediated mechanism and abrogated by curcumin. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3681-91. [PMID: 22975311 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The motility, angiogenesis and metastasis-stimulating factor Autotaxin (Atx), over expressed by human neuroblastomas (NB), is constitutively expressed by human Nmyc-amplified SK-N-BE and non-Nmyc-amplified SH-SY5Y NB cells. Here, we characterise a novel Atx transcriptional mechanism, utilised by both cell lines, that is restricted to the first 285bp of the Atx promoter and involves AP-1 and SP transcription factors, acting through a CRE/AP-1-like element at position -142 to -149 and a GAbox at position -227 to -235 relative to the Atx translational start site. This novel transcriptional mechanism can be inhibited by internally initiated SP-3 and the natural phenol curcumin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta R Farina
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Corriden R, Insel PA. New insights regarding the regulation of chemotaxis by nucleotides, adenosine, and their receptors. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:587-98. [PMID: 22528684 PMCID: PMC3360098 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The directional movement of cells can be regulated by ATP, certain other nucleotides (e.g., ADP, UTP), and adenosine. Such regulation occurs for cells that are "professional phagocytes" (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages, certain lymphocytes, and microglia) and that undergo directional migration and subsequent phagocytosis. Numerous other cell types (e.g., fibroblasts, endothelial cells, neurons, and keratinocytes) also change motility and migration in response to ATP, other nucleotides, and adenosine. In this article, we review how nucleotides and adenosine modulate chemotaxis and motility and highlight the importance of nucleotide- and adenosine-regulated cell migration in several cell types: neutrophils, microglia, endothelial cells, and cancer cells. We also discuss difficulties in conducting experiments and drawing conclusions regarding the ability of nucleotides and adenosine to modulate the migration of professional and non-professional phagocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Corriden
- Institute of Cell Signalling, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul A. Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail code 0636, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bekele RT, Brindley DN. Role of autotaxin and lysophosphatidate in cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
47
|
Abu El-Asrar AM, Missotten L, Geboes K. Expression of autotaxin and acylglycerol kinase in proliferative vitreoretinal epiretinal membranes. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:e84-9. [PMID: 22103573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)/LPA(1) receptor pathway is involved in inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrosis. This study was conducted to analyse the expression of LPA-producing enzymes, autotaxin (ATX) and acylglycerol kinase (AGK) and LPA(1) receptor, in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) epiretinal membranes. METHODS Nine active and 13 inactive membranes from patients with PDR and 21 membranes from patients with PVR were studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In PDR membranes, vascular endothelial cells expressed ATX and AGK in 16 and 19 membranes, respectively. Stromal cells expressed ATX and AGK in 19 and 22 membranes, respectively. Immunoreactivity for LPA(1) receptor was noted in vascular endothelial cells and stromal cells in the five membranes stained for LPA(1) receptor. Numbers of blood vessels and stromal cells expressing CD34, ATX and AGK were significantly higher in active membranes than in inactive membranes. Significant correlations were detected between number of blood vessels expressing the panendothelial cell marker CD34 and number of blood vessels and stromal cells expressing ATX and AGK. In PVR membranes, spindle-shaped myofibroblasts expressing α-smooth muscle actin co-expressed ATX, AGK and LPA(1) receptor. CONCLUSIONS The LPA/LPA(1) receptor pathway may be involved in inflammatory, angiogenic and fibrotic responses in proliferative vitreoretinal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
E G, Cao Y, Bhattacharya S, Dutta S, Wang E, Mukhopadhyay D. Endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) maintains endothelial cell homeostasis by regulating VEGF receptor-2 transcription. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3029-41. [PMID: 22167188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.293985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is one of the most important factors controlling angiogenesis. Although the functions of exogenous VEGF-A have been widely studied, the roles of endogenous VEGF-A remain unclear. Here we focused on the mechanistic functions of endogenous VEGF-A in endothelial cells. We found that it is complexed with VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) and maintains a basal expression level for VEGFR-2 and its downstream signaling activation. Endogenous VEGF-A also controls expression of key endothelial specific genes including VEGFR-2, Tie-2, and vascular endothelial cadherin. Of importance, endogenous VEGF-A differs from exogenous VEGF-A by regulating VEGFR-2 transcription through mediation of FoxC2 binding to the FOX:ETS motif, and the complex formed by endogenous VEGF-A with VEGFR-2 is localized within the EEA1 (early endosome antigen 1) endosomal compartment. Taken together, our results emphasize the importance of endogenous VEGF-A in endothelial cells by regulating key vascular proteins and maintaining the endothelial homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi E
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Eliasson P, Andersson T, Aspenberg P. Influence of a single loading episode on gene expression in healing rat Achilles tendons. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 112:279-88. [PMID: 21998267 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00858.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading stimulates tendon healing via mechanisms that are largely unknown. Genes will be differently regulated in loaded healing tendons, compared with unloaded, just because of the fact that healing processes have been changed. To avoid such secondary effects and study the effect of loading per se, we therefore studied the gene expression response shortly after a single loading episode in otherwise unloaded healing tendons. The Achilles tendon was transected in 30 tail-suspended rats. The animals were let down from the suspension to load their tendons on a treadmill for 30 min once, 5 days after tendon transection. Gene expression was studied by Affymetrix microarray before and 3, 12, 24, and 48 h after loading. The strongest response in gene expression was seen 3 h after loading, when 150 genes were up- or downregulated (fold change ≥2, P ≤ 0.05). Twelve hours after loading, only three genes were upregulated, whereas 38 were downregulated. Fewer than seven genes were regulated after 24 and 48 h. Genes involved in the inflammatory response were strongly regulated at 3 and 12 h after loading; this included upregulation of iNOS, PGE synthase, and IL-1β. Also genes involved in wound healing/coagulation, angiogenesis, and production of reactive oxygen species were strongly regulated by loading. Microarray results were confirmed for 16 selected genes in a repeat experiment (N = 30 rats) using real-time PCR. It was also confirmed that a single loading episode on day 5 increased the strength of the healing tendon on day 12. In conclusion, the fact that there were hardly any regulated genes 24 h after loading suggests that optimal stimulation of healing requires a mechanical loading stimulus every day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Eliasson
- Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yukiura H, Hama K, Nakanaga K, Tanaka M, Asaoka Y, Okudaira S, Arima N, Inoue A, Hashimoto T, Arai H, Kawahara A, Nishina H, Aoki J. Autotaxin regulates vascular development via multiple lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors in zebrafish. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43972-43983. [PMID: 21971049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.301093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a multifunctional ecto-type phosphodiesterase that converts lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by its lysophospholipase D activity. LPA is a lipid mediator with diverse biological functions, most of which are mediated by G protein-coupled receptors specific to LPA (LPA1-6). Recent studies on ATX knock-out mice revealed that ATX has an essential role in embryonic blood vessel formation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be solved. A data base search revealed that ATX and LPA receptors are conserved in wide range of vertebrates from fishes to mammals. Here we analyzed zebrafish ATX (zATX) and LPA receptors both biochemically and functionally. zATX, like mammalian ATX, showed lysophospholipase D activity to produce LPA. In addition, all zebrafish LPA receptors except for LPA5a and LPA5b were found to respond to LPA. Knockdown of zATX in zebrafish embryos by injecting morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MOs) specific to zATX caused abnormal blood vessel formation, which has not been observed in other morphant embryos or mutants with vascular defects reported previously. In ATX morphant embryos, the segmental arteries sprouted normally from the dorsal aorta but stalled in midcourse, resulting in aberrant vascular connection around the horizontal myoseptum. Similar vascular defects were not observed in embryos in which each single LPA receptor was attenuated by using MOs. Interestingly, similar vascular defects were observed when both LPA1 and LPA4 functions were attenuated by using MOs and/or a selective LPA receptor antagonist, Ki16425. These results demonstrate that the ATX-LPA-LPAR axis is a critical regulator of embryonic vascular development that is conserved in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yukiura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Kotaro Hama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Keita Nakanaga
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masayuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoichi Asaoka
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shinichi Okudaira
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Naoaki Arima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Takafumi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kawahara
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Molecular Dynamics, Riken Quantitative Biology Center, Furuedai 6-2-3, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan; Center for Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|