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He A, Pu Y, Jia C, Wu M, He H, Xia Y. The Influence of Exercise on Cancer Risk, the Tumor Microenvironment and the Treatment of Cancer. Sports Med 2024; 54:1371-1397. [PMID: 38687441 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
There are several modifiable factors that can be targeted to prevent and manage the occurrence and progression of cancer, and maintaining adequate exercise is a crucial one. Regular physical exercise has been shown to be a beneficial strategy in preventing cancer, potentially amplifying the effectiveness of established cancer therapies, alleviating certain cancer-related symptoms, and possibly mitigating side effects resulting from treatment. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms by which exercise affects tumors, especially its impact on the tumor microenvironment (TME), remain uncertain. This review aims to present an overview of the beneficial effects of exercise in the context of cancer management, followed by a summary of the exercise parameters, especially exercise intensity, that need to be considered when prescribing exercise for cancer patients. Finally, we discuss the influence of exercise on the TME, including its effects on crucial immune cells (e.g., T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, B cells), intratumor angiogenesis, and cancer metabolism. This comprehensive review provides up-to-date scientific evidence on the effects of exercise training on cancer and offers guidance to clinicians for the development of safe and feasible exercise training programs for cancer patients in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi He
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yamin Pu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chengsen Jia
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengling Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hongchen He
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yong Xia
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Williams NG, Parry L. Balancing the scales: Do healthy lifestyle choices offset the colorectal cancer risk of unhealthy choices? EFOOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/efd2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Non G. Williams
- School of Biosciences, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute Cardiff University Cardiff UK
| | - Lee Parry
- School of Biosciences, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute Cardiff University Cardiff UK
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3
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Amirsasan R, Akbarzadeh M, Akbarzadeh S. Exercise and colorectal cancer: prevention and molecular mechanisms. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:247. [PMID: 35945569 PMCID: PMC9361674 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity have been shown to be strongly associated with a decreased incidence rate of various chronic diseases especially numerous human malignancies. A huge number of clinical trials and meta-analysis have demonstrated that exercise is significantly effective in lowering the risk of colorectal cancer. In addition, it is suggested as an effective therapeutic modality against this cancer type. Therefore, in this review, we will review comprehensibly the effects of exercise in preventing, treating, and alleviating the adverse effects of conventional therapeutic options in colorectal cancer. Moreover, the possible mechanisms underlying the positive effects of exercise and physical activity in colorectal cancer, including regulation of inflammation, apoptosis, growth factor axis, immunity, epigenetic, etc. will be also discussed. Exercise is an effective post-treatment management program in colorectal cancer survivals Exercise improves muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, emotional distress, physical activity, fatigue, and sleep quality in colorectal patients undergoing chemotherapy Targeting and modulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, inflammation, apoptosis, immunity, epigenetic, Leptin and Ghrelin, and signaling pathways are major underlying mechanisms for preventive effects of exercise in colorectal cancer
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Amirsasan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Akbarzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Akbarzadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
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4
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Exercise suppresses tumor growth independent of high fat food intake and associated immune dysfunction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5476. [PMID: 35361802 PMCID: PMC8971502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that exercise training protects from cancer independent of BMI. Here, we aimed to elucidate mechanisms involved in voluntary wheel running-dependent control of tumor growth across chow and high-fat diets. Access to running wheels decreased tumor growth in B16F10 tumor-bearing on chow (− 50%) or high-fat diets (− 75%, p < 0.001), however, tumor growth was augmented in high-fat fed mice (+ 53%, p < 0.001). Tumor growth correlated with serum glucose (p < 0.01), leptin (p < 0.01), and ghrelin levels (p < 0.01), but not with serum insulin levels. Voluntary wheel running increased immune recognition of tumors as determined by microarray analysis and gene expression analysis of markers of macrophages, NK and T cells, but the induction of markers of macrophages and NK cells was attenuated with high-fat feeding. Moreover, we found that the regulator of innate immunity, ZBP1, was induced by wheel running, attenuated by high-fat feeding and associated with innate immune recognition in the B16F10 tumors. We observed no effects of ZBP1 on cell cycle arrest, or exercise-regulated necrosis in the tumors of running mice. Taken together, our data support epidemiological findings showing that exercise suppresses tumor growth independent of BMI, however, our data suggest that high-fat feeding attenuates exercise-mediated immune recognition of tumors.
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5
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Dai R, Liu M, Xiang X, Li Y, Xi Z, Xu H. OMICS Applications for Medicinal Plants in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Current Advancements and Future Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:842203. [PMID: 35185591 PMCID: PMC8855055 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.842203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers refer to a group of deadly malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract and organs of the digestive system. Over the past decades, considerable amounts of medicinal plants have exhibited potent anticancer effects on different types of gastrointestinal cancers. OMICS, systems biology approaches covering genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, are broadly applied to comprehensively reflect the molecular profiles in mechanistic studies of medicinal plants. Single- and multi-OMICS approaches facilitate the unravelling of signalling interaction networks and key molecular targets of medicinal plants with anti-gastrointestinal cancer potential. Hence, this review summarizes the applications of various OMICS and advanced bioinformatics approaches in examining therapeutic targets, signalling pathways, and the tumour microenvironment in response to anticancer medicinal plants. Advances and prospects in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengfan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xincheng Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhichao Xi, ; Hongxi Xu,
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhichao Xi, ; Hongxi Xu,
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6
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Novak JSS, Baksh SC, Fuchs E. Dietary interventions as regulators of stem cell behavior in homeostasis and disease. Genes Dev 2021; 35:199-211. [PMID: 33526586 PMCID: PMC7849367 DOI: 10.1101/gad.346973.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells maintain tissues by balancing self-renewal with differentiation. A stem cell's local microenvironment, or niche, informs stem cell behavior and receives inputs at multiple levels. Increasingly, it is becoming clear that the overall metabolic status of an organism or metabolites themselves can function as integral members of the niche to alter stem cell fate. Macroscopic dietary interventions such as caloric restriction, the ketogenic diet, and a high-fat diet systemically alter an organism's metabolic state in different ways. Intriguingly, however, they all converge on a propensity to enhance self-renewal. Here, we highlight our current knowledge on how dietary changes feed into stem cell behavior across a wide variety of tissues and illuminate possible explanations for why diverse interventions can result in similar stem cell phenotypes. In so doing, we hope to inspire new avenues of inquiry into the importance of metabolism in stem cell homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S S Novak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Sanjeethan C Baksh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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7
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Banerjee A, Mukherjee S, Maji BK. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:938-961. [PMID: 34026558 PMCID: PMC8120859 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavor enhancing high lipid diet acts as silent killer. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet alters redox-status. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet induces systemic anomalies.
In this fast-food era, people depend on ready-made foods and engage in minimal physical activities that ultimately change their food habits. Majorities of such foods have harmful effects on human health due to higher percentages of saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, and hydrogenated fats in the form of high lipid diet (HLD). Moreover, food manufacturers add monosodium glutamate (MSG) to enhance the taste and palatability of the HLD. Both MSG and HLD induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby alter the redox-homeostasis to cause systemic damage. However, MSG mixed HLD (MH) consumption leads to dyslipidemia, silently develops non-alcoholic fatty liver disease followed by metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies, even malignancies, via modulating different signaling pathways. This comprehensive review formulates health care strategies to create global awareness about the harmful impact of MH on the human body and recommends the daily consumption of more natural foods rich in antioxidants instead of toxic ingredients to counterbalance the MH-induced systemic anomalies.
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8
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Kay JE, Mirabal S, Briley WE, Kimoto T, Poutahidis T, Ragan T, So PT, Wadduwage DN, Erdman SE, Engelward BP. Analysis of mutations in tumor and normal adjacent tissue via fluorescence detection. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:108-123. [PMID: 33314311 PMCID: PMC7880898 DOI: 10.1002/em.22419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major risk factor for many types of cancer, including colorectal. There are two fundamentally different mechanisms by which inflammation can contribute to carcinogenesis. First, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can damage DNA to cause mutations that initiate cancer. Second, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines promote proliferation, migration, and invasion. Although it is known that inflammation-associated RONS can be mutagenic, the extent to which they induce mutations in intestinal stem cells has been little explored. Furthermore, it is now widely accepted that cancer is caused by successive rounds of clonal expansion with associated de novo mutations that further promote tumor development. As such, we aimed to understand the extent to which inflammation promotes clonal expansion in normal and tumor tissue. Using an engineered mouse model that is prone to cancer and within which mutant cells fluoresce, here we have explored the impact of inflammation on de novo mutagenesis and clonal expansion in normal and tumor tissue. While inflammation is strongly associated with susceptibility to cancer and a concomitant increase in the overall proportion of mutant cells in the tissue, we did not observe an increase in mutations in normal adjacent tissue. These results are consistent with opportunities for de novo mutations and clonal expansion during tumor growth, and they suggest protective mechanisms that suppress the risk of inflammation-induced accumulation of mutant cells in normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Kay
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sheyla Mirabal
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Takafumi Kimoto
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Peter T. So
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Dushan N. Wadduwage
- The John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Advanced Imaging, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan E. Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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9
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Berkovic MC, Cigrovski V, Bilic-Curcic I, Mrzljak A. What is the gut feeling telling us about physical activity in colorectal carcinogenesis? World J Clin Cases 2020. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i23.5843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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10
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Berkovic MC, Cigrovski V, Bilic-Curcic I, Mrzljak A. What is the gut feeling telling us about physical activity in colorectal carcinogenesis? World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:5844-5851. [PMID: 33344583 PMCID: PMC7723696 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i23.5844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, more efforts are focused on the prevention and treatment of malignant diseases, given the increase in all cancers incidence A lifestyle change, including healthy eating habits and regular physical activity, has significantly impacted colorectal cancer prevention. The effect of dose-dependent physical activity on mortality and recurrence rates of colorectal carcinoma has been unequivocally demonstrated in observational studies. However, clear recommendations are not available on the frequency, duration, and intensity of exercise in patients with colorectal cancer due to the lack of evidence in randomized clinical trials. Regarding pathophysiological mechanisms, the most plausible explanation appears to be the influence of physical activity on reducing chronic inflammation and insulin resistance with a consequent positive effect on insulin growth factor 1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Cigrovski Berkovic
- Department for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | | | - Ines Bilic-Curcic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, J J Strossmayer University Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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11
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Chen D, Jin D, Huang S, Wu J, Xu M, Liu T, Dong W, Liu X, Wang S, Zhong W, Liu Y, Jiang R, Piao M, Wang B, Cao H. Clostridium butyricum, a butyrate-producing probiotic, inhibits intestinal tumor development through modulating Wnt signaling and gut microbiota. Cancer Lett 2019; 469:456-467. [PMID: 31734354 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely involved in intestinal carcinogenesis. A marked reduction in butyrate-producing bacteria has been observed in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC); nevertheless, the potential benefit of butyrate-producing bacteria against intestinal tumor development has not been fully investigated. We found that Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum, one of the commonly used butyrate-producing bacteria in clinical settings) significantly inhibited high-fat diet (HFD)-induced intestinal tumor development in Apcmin/+ mice. Moreover, intestinal tumor cells treated with C. butyricum exhibited decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. Additionally, C. butyricum suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and modulated the gut microbiota composition, as demonstrated by decreases in some pathogenic bacteria and bile acid (BA)-biotransforming bacteria and increases in some beneficial bacteria, including short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria. Accordingly, C. butyricum decreased the fecal secondary BA contents, increased the cecal SCFA quantities, and activated G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs), such as GPR43 and GPR109A. The anti-proliferative effect of C. butyricum was blunted by GPR43 gene silencing using small interfering RNA (siRNA). The analysis of clinical specimens revealed that the expression of GPR43 and GPR109A gradually decreased from human normal colonic tissue to adenoma to carcinoma. Together, our results show that C. butyricum can inhibit intestinal tumor development by modulating Wnt signaling and gut microbiota and thus suggest the potential efficacy of butyrate-producing bacteria against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, PR China
| | - Duochen Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, PR China
| | - Shumin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, PR China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, PR China
| | - Mengque Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, PR China
| | - Wenxiao Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, PR China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, PR China
| | - Sinan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, PR China
| | - Weilong Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Ruihuan Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Meiyu Piao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, PR China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, PR China.
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang, PR China.
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12
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Wang D, Fu L, Wei J, Xiong Y, DuBois RN. PPARδ Mediates the Effect of Dietary Fat in Promoting Colorectal Cancer Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4480-4490. [PMID: 31239272 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor involved in fatty acid metabolism, obesity, wound healing, inflammation, and cancer. Although PPARδ has been shown to promote intestinal adenoma formation and growth, the molecular mechanisms underlying the contribution of PPARδ to colorectal cancer remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that activation of PPARδ induces expansion of colonic cancer stem cells (CSC) and promotes colorectal cancer liver metastasis by binding to the Nanog promoter and enhancing Nanog expression. Moreover, PPARδ mediated the effect of a high-fat diet in promoting liver metastasis and induction of colonic CSC expansion. Our findings uncover a novel role of dietary fats in colorectal cancer metastasis and reveal novel mechanisms underlying PPARδ-mediated induction of CSCs and those responsible for the contribution of dietary fats to colorectal cancer progression. These findings may provide a rationale for developing PPARδ antagonists to therapeutically target CSCs in colorectal cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that PPARδ contributes to colorectal cancer metastasis by expanding the CSC population, indicating that antagonists that target PPARδ may be beneficial in treating colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lingchen Fu
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Raymond N DuBois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. .,Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
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13
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Oruç Z, Kaplan MA. Effect of exercise on colorectal cancer prevention and treatment. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 11:348-366. [PMID: 31139306 PMCID: PMC6522766 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v11.i5.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, because of improved cancer screening, detection and treatment modalities, a rapid increase in the population of colorectal and other cancer survivors has been observed. The increasing population has justified the requirement of preventive strategies such as lifestyle modifications with regard to obesity, physical activity, diet and smoking. Physical activity may prevent approximately 15% of the colon cancers. Furthermore, several observational studies have demonstrated the efficacy and dose-dependent and anti-cancer effects of exercise on decreasing the mortality and risk of recurrence before and after the colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis. However, the required exercise dose, type and intensity are yet unclear. The results of randomised prospective studies are expected to determine the optimal amount, type and intensity of exercise and formulate the most appropriate exercise plan and guidelines, according to the requirements and comorbidities of the patients. In addition, recent studies have focused on the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying the effect of physical activity on disease outcomes and recurrence rates. This review aimed to investigate the effects of physical activity and the biological basis of these effects in preventing the risk and recurrence of CRC and decreasing the hazards of cancer and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Oruç
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mersin City Hospital, Mersin 33000, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Ali Kaplan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır 21280, Turkey
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14
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Dougherty U, Mustafi R, Haider HI, Khalil A, Souris JS, Joseph L, Hart J, Konda VJ, Zhang W, Pekow J, Li YC, Bissonnette M. Losartan and Vitamin D Inhibit Colonic Tumor Development in a Conditional Apc-Deleted Mouse Model of Sporadic Colon Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:433-448. [PMID: 31088824 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is upregulated in colorectal cancer, and epidemiologic studies suggest RAS inhibitors reduce cancer risk. Because vitamin D (VD) receptor negatively regulates renin, we examined anticancer efficacy of VD and losartan (L), an angiotensin receptor blocker. Control Apc+/LoxP mice and tumor-forming Apc+/LoxP Cdx2P-Cre mice were randomized to unsupplemented Western diet (UN), or diets supplemented with VD, L, or VD+L, the latter to assess additive or synergistic effects. At 6 months, mice were killed. Plasma Ca2+, 25(OH)D3, 1α, 25(OH)2D3, renin, and angiotensin II (Ang II) were quantified. Colonic transcripts were assessed by qPCR and proteins by immunostaining and blotting. Cancer incidence and tumor burden were significantly lower in Cre+ VD and Cre+ L, but not in the Cre+ VD+L group. In Apc+/LoxP mice, VD increased plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 and colonic VDR. In Apc+/LoxP-Cdx2P-Cre mice, plasma renin and Ang II, and colonic tumor AT1, AT2, and Cyp27B1 were increased and VDR downregulated. L increased, whereas VD decreased plasma renin and Ang II in Cre+ mice. VD or L inhibited tumor development, while exerting differential effects on plasma VD metabolites and RAS components. We speculate that AT1 is critical for tumor development, whereas RAS suppression plays a key role in VD chemoprevention. When combined with L, VD no longer increases active VD and colonic VDR in Cre- mice nor suppresses renin and Ang II in Cre+ mice, likely contributing to lack of chemopreventive efficacy of the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reba Mustafi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Haider I Haider
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Jeffrey S Souris
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Loren Joseph
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Hart
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vani J Konda
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joel Pekow
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yan Chun Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marc Bissonnette
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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15
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Goncalves MD, Hopkins BD, Cantley LC. Dietary Fat and Sugar in Promoting Cancer Development and Progression. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The uncontrolled cellular growth that characterizes tumor formation requires a constant delivery of nutrients. Since the 1970s, researchers have wondered if the supply of nutrients from the diet could impact tumor development. Numerous studies have assessed the impact of dietary components, specifically sugar and fat, to increased cancer risk. For the most part, data from these trials have been inconclusive; however, this does not indicate that dietary factors do not contribute to cancer progression. Rather, the dietary contribution may be dependent on tumor, patient, and context, making it difficult to detect in the setting of large trials. In this review, we combine data from prospective cohort trials with mechanistic studies in mice to argue that fat and sugar can play a role in tumorigenesis and disease progression. We find that certain tumors may respond directly to dietary sugar (colorectal and endometrial cancers) and fat (prostate cancer) or indirectly to the obese state (breast cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus D. Goncalves
- Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;, ,
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Hopkins
- Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;, ,
| | - Lewis C. Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;, ,
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16
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Ostermann AL, Wunderlich CM, Schneiders L, Vogt MC, Woeste MA, Belgardt BF, Niessen CM, Martiny B, Schauss AC, Frommolt P, Nikolaev A, Hövelmeyer N, Sears RC, Koch PJ, Günzel D, Brüning JC, Wunderlich FT. Intestinal insulin/IGF1 signalling through FoxO1 regulates epithelial integrity and susceptibility to colon cancer. Nat Metab 2019; 1:371-389. [PMID: 32694718 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity promotes the development of insulin resistance and increases the incidence of colitis-associated cancer (CAC), but whether a blunted insulin action specifically in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) affects CAC is unknown. Here, we show that obesity impairs insulin sensitivity in IECs and that mice with IEC-specific inactivation of the insulin and IGF1 receptors exhibit enhanced CAC development as a consequence of impaired restoration of gut barrier function. Blunted insulin signalling retains the transcription factor FOXO1 in the nucleus to inhibit expression of Dsc3, thereby impairing desmosome formation and epithelial integrity. Both IEC-specific nuclear FoxO1ADA expression and IEC-specific Dsc3 inactivation recapitulate the impaired intestinal integrity and increased CAC burden. Spontaneous colonic tumour formation and compromised intestinal integrity are also observed upon IEC-specific coexpression of FoxO1ADA and a stable Myc variant, thus suggesting a molecular mechanism through which impaired insulin action and nuclear FOXO1 in IECs promotes CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Ostermann
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), Cologne, Germany
| | - C M Wunderlich
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - L Schneiders
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - M C Vogt
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - M A Woeste
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - B F Belgardt
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C M Niessen
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - B Martiny
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - A C Schauss
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - P Frommolt
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - A Nikolaev
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - N Hövelmeyer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - R C Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P J Koch
- Department of Dermatology, Charles C. Gates Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - D Günzel
- Institute for Clinical Physiology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - J C Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - F T Wunderlich
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), Cologne, Germany.
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17
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Emmons R, Xu G, Hernández-Saavedra D, Kriska A, Pan YX, Chen H, De Lisio M. Effects of obesity and exercise on colon cancer induction and hematopoiesis in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E210-E220. [PMID: 30512990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00237.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-induced inflammation is associated with increased risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). The role of diet and exercise in modulating increased CRC risk in obesity and the potential role of altered hematopoiesis as a contributor to these effects remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine how weight loss induced during CRC induction with or without exercise alters CRC initiation and its relationship to altered hematopoiesis. Mice consumed either a control (CON) or a high-fat diet to induce obesity. All mice were then placed on the control diet during CRC induction with azoxymethane (AOM). Following AOM injection, mice originally on the high-fat diet were randomized into sedentary (HF-SED) or exercise trained (HF-EX) conditions. At euthanasia, body weight and fat mass were similar among all three groups ( P < 0.05). Compared with CON and HF-EX, HF-SED developed increased content of preneoplastic lesions ( P < 0.05), and HF-SED had significantly increased markers of colon inflammation compared with CON. Compared with both CON and HF-EX, HF-SED had decreased content of short-term hematopoietic stem cells and increased content of common myeloid progenitor cells (both P < 0.05). Similarly, HF-SED had increased bone marrow adiposity compared with CON and HF-EX ( P < 0.05), and proteomics analysis revealed an increased marker of bone marrow inflammation in HF-SED compared with CON and HF-EX. Our results suggest that the early removal of a high-fat diet reduces CRC incidence when combined with an exercise training intervention. This reduction in risk was related to lower colon inflammation with anti-inflammatory changes in hematopoiesis induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Emmons
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Guanying Xu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | | | - Adam Kriska
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Yuan-Xiang Pan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Michael De Lisio
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
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18
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Obesity-Induced TNFα and IL-6 Signaling: The Missing Link between Obesity and Inflammation-Driven Liver and Colorectal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11:cancers11010024. [PMID: 30591653 PMCID: PMC6356226 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity promotes the development of numerous cancers, such as liver and colorectal cancers, which is at least partly due to obesity-induced, chronic, low-grade inflammation. In particular, the recruitment and activation of immune cell subsets in the white adipose tissue systemically increase proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These proinflammatory cytokines not only impair insulin action in metabolic tissues, but also favor cancer development. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on how obesity affects inflammatory TNFα and IL-6 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancers.
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19
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Duan Y, Zeng L, Zheng C, Song B, Li F, Kong X, Xu K. Inflammatory Links Between High Fat Diets and Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2649. [PMID: 30483273 PMCID: PMC6243058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, chronic overnutrition, such as consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD), has been increasingly viewed as a significant modifiable risk factor for diseases such as diabetes and certain types of cancer. However, the mechanisms by which HFDs exert adverse effects on human health remains poorly understood. Here, this paper will review the recent scientific literature about HFD-induced inflammation and subsequent development of diseases and cancer, with an emphasis on mechanisms involved. Given the expanding global epidemic of excessive HFD intake, understanding the impacts of a HFD on these medical conditions, gaining great insights into possible underlying mechanisms, and developing effective therapeutic strategies are of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Liming Zeng
- Science College of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Changbing Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
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20
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Abstract
Dietary composition and calorie intake are major determinants of health and disease. Calorie restriction promotes metabolic changes that favor tissue regeneration and is arguably the most successful and best-conserved antiaging intervention. Obesity, in contrast, impairs tissue homeostasis and is a major risk factor for the development of diseases including cancer. Stem cells, the central mediators of tissue regeneration, integrate dietary and energy cues via nutrient-sensing pathways to maintain growth or respond to stress. We discuss emerging data on the effects of diet and nutrient-sensing pathways on intestinal stem cells, as well as their potential application in the development of regenerative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Alonso
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ömer H. Yilmaz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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21
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Narsale AA, Puppa MJ, Hardee JP, VanderVeen BN, Enos RT, Murphy EA, Carson JA. Short-term pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate administration attenuates cachexia-induced alterations to muscle and liver in ApcMin/+ mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:59482-59502. [PMID: 27449092 PMCID: PMC5312326 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex wasting condition characterized by chronic inflammation, disrupted energy metabolism, and severe muscle wasting. While evidence in pre-clinical cancer cachexia models have determined that different systemic inflammatory inhibitors can attenuate several characteristics of cachexia, there is a limited understanding of their effects after cachexia has developed, and whether short-term administration is sufficient to reverse cachexia-induced signaling in distinctive target tissues. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is a thiol compound having anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which can inhibit STAT3 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in mice. This study examined the effect of short-term PDTC administration to ApcMin/+ mice on cachexia-induced disruption of skeletal muscle protein turnover and liver metabolic function. At 16 weeks of age ApcMin/+ mice initiating cachexia (7% BW loss) were administered PDTC (10mg/kg bw/d) for 2 weeks. Control ApcMin/+ mice continued to lose body weight during the treatment period, while mice receiving PDTC had no further body weight decrease. PDTC had no effect on either intestinal tumor burden or circulating IL-6. In muscle, PDTC rescued signaling disrupting protein turnover regulation. PDTC suppressed the cachexia induction of STAT3, increased mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis, and suppressed the induction of Atrogin-1 protein expression. Related to cachectic liver metabolic function, PDTC treatment attenuated glycogen and lipid content depletion independent to the activation of STAT3 and mTORC1 signaling. Overall, these results demonstrate short-term PDTC treatment to cachectic mice attenuated cancer-induced disruptions to muscle and liver signaling, and these changes were independent to altered tumor burden and circulating IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi A Narsale
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Melissa J Puppa
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Justin P Hardee
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Brandon N VanderVeen
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Reilly T Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - E Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - James A Carson
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.,Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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22
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Nalbantoglu ILK, Blanc V, Davidson NO. Characterization of Colorectal Cancer Development in Apc (min/+) Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1422:309-27. [PMID: 27246043 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3603-8_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Apc (min/+) mouse provides an excellent experimental model for studying genetic, environmental, and therapeutic aspects of intestinal neoplasia in humans. In this chapter, we will describe techniques for studying colon cancer development in Apc (min/+) mice on C57BL/6J (B6) background, focusing on the roles of environmental modifiers, including Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS), high fat diet, and bile acid supplementation in the context of experimental colorectal cancer. This chapter also includes protocols describing extraction and purification of DSS-contaminated RNA, as well as sampling, harvesting, and tissue processing. The common pathologic lesions encountered in these animals are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- ILKe Nalbantoglu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8118, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Valerie Blanc
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas O Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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23
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Niku M, Pajari AM, Sarantaus L, Päivärinta E, Storvik M, Heiman-Lindh A, Suokas S, Nyström M, Mutanen M. Western diet enhances intestinal tumorigenesis in Min/+ mice, associating with mucosal metabolic and inflammatory stress and loss of Apc heterozygosity. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 39:126-133. [PMID: 27833053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Western-type diet (WD) is a risk factor for colorectal cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We investigated the interaction of WD and heterozygous mutation in the Apc gene on adenoma formation and metabolic and immunological changes in the histologically normal intestinal mucosa of ApcMin/+ (Min/+) mice. The diet used was high in saturated fat and low in calcium, vitamin D, fiber and folate. The number of adenomas was twofold higher in the WD mice compared to controls, but adenoma size, proliferation or apoptosis did not differ. The ratio of the Min to wild-type allele was higher in the WD mice, indicating accelerated loss of Apc heterozygosity (LOH). Densities of intraepithelial CD3ε+ T lymphocytes and of mucosal FoxP3+ regulatory T cells were higher in the WD mice, implying inflammatory changes. Western blot analyses from the mucosa of the WD mice showed suppressed activation of the ERK and AKT pathways and a tendency for reduced activation of the mTOR pathway as measured in phosphoS6/S6 levels. The expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 was up-regulated in both mRNA and protein levels. Gene expression analyses showed changes in oxidation/reduction, fatty acid and monosaccharide metabolic pathways, tissue organization, cell fate and regulation of apoptosis. Together, our results suggest that the high-risk Western diet primes the intestine to tumorigenesis through synergistic effects in energy metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress, which culminate in the acceleration of LOH of the Apc gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Niku
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne-Maria Pajari
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Sarantaus
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, P.O. Box 65, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Essi Päivärinta
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Storvik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Heiman-Lindh
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Santeri Suokas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Nyström
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, P.O. Box 65, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Mutanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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Cho Y, Gutierrez L, Bordonaro M, Russo D, Anzelmi F, Hooven JT, Cerra C, Lazarova DL. Effects of propolis and gamma-cyclodextrin on intestinal neoplasia in normal weight and obese mice. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2448-58. [PMID: 27265242 PMCID: PMC4898980 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). This effect might be attributed to adipokine‐supported signaling. We have established that propolis suppresses survival signaling in CRC cells in vitro; therefore, we ascertained the ability of a propolis supplement to modulate intestinal neoplastic development in C57BL/6J‐ApcMin/+/J mice in the lean and obese state. To induce obesity, mice were fed with a Western diet containing 40% fat. Since the propolis supplement includes gamma‐cyclodextrin, the interventions included diets supplemented with or without gamma‐cyclodextrin. The animals were administered the following diets: (1) control diet, (2) control diet/gamma‐cyclodextrin, (3) control diet/propolis, (4) Western diet, (5) Western diet/gamma‐cyclodextrin, and (6) Western diet/propolis. Western diet, resulting in obesity, accelerated neoplastic progression, as evidenced by the larger size and higher grade dysplasia of the neoplasms. In the context of normal weight, gamma‐cyclodextrin and propolis affected neoplastic progression, as determined by the size of the lesions and their grade of dysplasia. A statistically significant decrease in the number of adenomas was detected in mice fed a control diet with the propolis supplement (61.8 ± 10.6 vs. 35.3 ± 7.6, P = 0.008). Although there was no significant difference in the polyp numbers between the six groups, the mice with the lowest number and size of adenomas were those fed a Western diet with gamma‐cyclodextrin. This unexpected outcome might be explained by the increased levels of apoptosis detected in the intestinal tissues of these obese mice. We posit that butyrate derived from the metabolism of gamma‐cyclodextrin may contribute to the decreased neoplastic burden in the context of obesity; however, future studies are required to address this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Cho
- The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 18509
| | | | | | - Daniel Russo
- The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 18509
| | - Frank Anzelmi
- The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 18509
| | - Jayde T Hooven
- Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033
| | - Carmine Cerra
- The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 18509
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25
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Beyaz S, Mana MD, Roper J, Kedrin D, Saadatpour A, Hong SJ, Bauer-Rowe KE, Xifaras ME, Akkad A, Arias E, Pinello L, Katz Y, Shinagare S, Abu-Remaileh M, Mihaylova MM, Lamming DW, Dogum R, Guo G, Bell GW, Selig M, Nielsen GP, Gupta N, Ferrone CR, Deshpande V, Yuan GC, Orkin SH, Sabatini DM, Yilmaz ÖH. High-fat diet enhances stemness and tumorigenicity of intestinal progenitors. Nature 2016; 531:53-8. [PMID: 26935695 PMCID: PMC4846772 DOI: 10.1038/nature17173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how pro-obesity diets regulate tissue stem and progenitor cell function. Here we show that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity augments the numbers and function of Lgr5(+) intestinal stem cells of the mammalian intestine. Mechanistically, a HFD induces a robust peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-δ) signature in intestinal stem cells and progenitor cells (non-intestinal stem cells), and pharmacological activation of PPAR-δ recapitulates the effects of a HFD on these cells. Like a HFD, ex vivo treatment of intestinal organoid cultures with fatty acid constituents of the HFD enhances the self-renewal potential of these organoid bodies in a PPAR-δ-dependent manner. Notably, HFD- and agonist-activated PPAR-δ signalling endow organoid-initiating capacity to progenitors, and enforced PPAR-δ signalling permits these progenitors to form in vivo tumours after loss of the tumour suppressor Apc. These findings highlight how diet-modulated PPAR-δ activation alters not only the function of intestinal stem and progenitor cells, but also their capacity to initiate tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir Beyaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Miyeko D Mana
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jatin Roper
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Dmitriy Kedrin
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Departments of Pathology, Gastroenterology, and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Assieh Saadatpour
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sue-Jean Hong
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Khristian E Bauer-Rowe
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael E Xifaras
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Adam Akkad
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Erika Arias
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Luca Pinello
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yarden Katz
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Shweta Shinagare
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Monther Abu-Remaileh
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Maria M Mihaylova
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Rizkullah Dogum
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Guoji Guo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - George W Bell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Martin Selig
- Departments of Pathology, Gastroenterology, and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - G Petur Nielsen
- Departments of Pathology, Gastroenterology, and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Missisippi 39216, USA
| | - Cristina R Ferrone
- Departments of Pathology, Gastroenterology, and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Vikram Deshpande
- Departments of Pathology, Gastroenterology, and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Departments of Pathology, Gastroenterology, and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Dinh CHL, Yu Y, Szabo A, Zhang Q, Zhang P, Huang XF. Bardoxolone Methyl Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Colon Inflammation in Mice. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:237-55. [PMID: 26920068 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416631803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity induces chronic, low-grade inflammation, which increases the risk of colon cancer. We investigated the preventive effects of Bardoxolone methyl (BARD) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced inflammation in a mouse colon. Male C57BL/6J mice (n=7) were fed a HFD (HFD group), HFD plus BARD (10 mg/kg) in drinking water (HFD/BARD group), or normal laboratory chow diet (LFD group) for 21 weeks. In HFD mice, BARD reduced colon thickness and decreased colon weight per length. This was associated with an increase in colon crypt depth and the number of goblet cells per crypt. BARD reduced the expression of F4/80 and CD11c but increased CD206 and IL-10, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. BARD prevented an increase of the intracellular pro-inflammatory biomarkers (NF-қB, p NF-қB, IL-6, TNF-α) and cell proliferation markers (Cox2 and Ki67). BARD prevented fat deposition in the colon wall and prevented microbial population changes. Overall, we report the preventive effects of BARD on colon inflammation in HFD-fed mice through its regulation of macrophages, NF-қB, cytokines, Cox2 and Ki67, fat deposition and microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi H L Dinh
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia (CHLD, YY, AS, QZ, XH)
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia (CHLD, YY, AS, QZ, XH)
| | - Alexander Szabo
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia (CHLD, YY, AS, QZ, XH),ANSTO LifeSciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia (AS)
| | - Qingsheng Zhang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia (CHLD, YY, AS, QZ, XH)
| | - Peng Zhang
- XuZhou Medical College, Jiangsu Province 221004, The People's Republic of China (PZ)
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia (CHLD, YY, AS, QZ, XH)
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27
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Feakins RM. Obesity and metabolic syndrome: pathological effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Histopathology 2016; 68:630-40. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger M Feakins
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Royal London Hospital; London UK
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28
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Murphy KT. The pathogenesis and treatment of cardiac atrophy in cancer cachexia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H466-77. [PMID: 26718971 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00720.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass associated with significant functional impairment. In addition to a loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, many patients with cancer cachexia also experience cardiac atrophy, remodeling, and dysfunction, which in the field of cancer cachexia is described as cardiac cachexia. The cardiac alterations may be due to underlying heart disease, the cancer itself, or problems initiated by the cancer treatment and, unfortunately, remains largely underappreciated by clinicians and basic scientists. Despite recent major advances in the treatment of cancer, little progress has been made in the treatment of cardiac cachexia in cancer, and much of this is due to lack of information regarding the mechanisms. This review focuses on the cardiac atrophy associated with cancer cachexia, describing some of the known mechanisms and discussing the current and future therapeutic strategies to treat this condition. Above all else, improved awareness of the condition and an increased focus on identification of mechanisms and therapeutic targets will facilitate the eventual development of an effective treatment for cardiac atrophy in cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate T Murphy
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Xie G, Wang CZ, Yu C, Qiu Y, Wen XD, Zhang CF, Yuan CS, Jia W. Metabonomic Profiling Reveals Cancer Chemopreventive Effects of American Ginseng on Colon Carcinogenesis in Apc(Min/+) Mice. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:3336-47. [PMID: 26136108 PMCID: PMC6098237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is one of the most commonly used herbal medicines in the West. It has been reported to possess significant antitumor effects that inhibit the process of carcinogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying its anticancer effects remain largely unresolved. In this study, we investigated the cancer chemopreventive effects of American ginseng on the progression of high fat (HF) diet-enhanced colorectal carcinogenesis with a genetically engineered Apc(Min/+) mouse model. The metabolic alterations in sera of experimental mice perturbed by HF diet intervention as well as the American ginseng treatment were measured by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS) analysis. American ginseng treatment significantly extended the life span of the Apc(Min/+) mouse. Significant alterations of metabolites involving amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates were observed in Apc(Min/+) mouse in sera, which were attenuated by American ginseng treatment and concurrent with the histopathological improvement with significantly reduced tumor initiation, progression and gut inflammation. These metabolic changes suggest that the preventive effect of American ginseng is associated with attenuation of impaired amino acid, carbohydrates, and lipid metabolism. It also appears that American ginseng induced significant metabolic alterations independent of the Apc(Min/+) induced metabolic changes. The significantly altered metabolites induced by American ginseng intervention include arachidonic acid, linolelaidic acid, glutamate, docosahexaenoate, tryptophan, and fructose, all of which are associated with inflammation and oxidation. This suggests that American ginseng exerts the chemopreventive effects by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xie
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Chunhao Yu
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Yunping Qiu
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Xiao-Dong Wen
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Chun-Feng Zhang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813
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30
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Piguet AC, Saran U, Simillion C, Keller I, Terracciano L, Reeves HL, Dufour JF. Regular exercise decreases liver tumors development in hepatocyte-specific PTEN-deficient mice independently of steatosis. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1296-303. [PMID: 25623824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Unhealthy lifestyles predispose people to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may further result in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although NASH patients benefit from physical activity, it is unknown whether regular exercise reduces the risk of developing HCC. Therefore, we studied the effect of regular exercise on the development of HCC in male hepatocyte-specific PTEN-deficient mice (AlbCrePten(flox/flox)), which develop steatohepatitis and HCC spontaneously. METHODS Mice were fed a standardized 10% fat diet and were randomly divided into exercise or sedentary groups. The exercise group ran on a motorized treadmill for 60 min/day, 5 days/week during 32 weeks. RESULTS After 32 weeks of regular exercise, 71% of exercised mice developed nodules larger than 15 mm(3)vs. 100% of mice in the sedentary group. The mean number of tumors per liver was reduced by exercise, as well as the total tumoral volume per liver. Exercise did not affect steatosis and had no effect on the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Activity Score (NAS). Exercise decreased tumor cell proliferation. Mechanistically, exercise stimulated the phosphorylation of AMPK and its substrate raptor, which decreased the kinase activity of mTOR. CONCLUSIONS These data show a beneficial effect of regular exercise on the development of HCC in an experimental model of NASH and offer a rationale for encouraging predisposed patients to increase their physical activity for the prevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Christine Piguet
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Uttara Saran
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Simillion
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helen L Reeves
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; The Liver Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Jean-François Dufour
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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31
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Application of the ApcMin/+ mouse model for studying inflammation-associated intestinal tumor. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 71:216-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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32
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Frajacomo FTT, de Paula Garcia W, Fernandes CR, Garcia SB, Kannen V. Pineal gland function is required for colon antipreneoplastic effects of physical exercise in rats. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e451-8. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. T. T. Frajacomo
- Department of Pathology; Ribeirao Preto Medical School; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - W. de Paula Garcia
- Department of Pathology; Ribeirao Preto Medical School; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - C. R. Fernandes
- Department of Pathology; Ribeirao Preto Medical School; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - S. B. Garcia
- Department of Pathology; Ribeirao Preto Medical School; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - V. Kannen
- Department of Pathology; Ribeirao Preto Medical School; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
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Abstract
Organismal diet has a profound impact on tissue homeostasis and health in mammals. Adult stem cells are a keystone of tissue homeostasis that alters tissue composition by balancing self-renewal and differentiation divisions. Because somatic stem cells may respond to shifts in organismal physiology to orchestrate tissue remodeling and some cancers are understood to arise from transformed stem cells, there is a likely possibility that organismal diet, stem cell function, and cancer initiation are interconnected. Here we will explore the emerging effects of diet on nutrient-sensing pathways active in mammalian tissue stem cells and their relevance to normal and cancerous growth.
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McClellan JL, Steiner JL, Day SD, Enos RT, Davis MJ, Singh UP, Murphy EA. Exercise effects on polyp burden and immune markers in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:861-8. [PMID: 24859893 PMCID: PMC4432723 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many observational epidemiologic studies suggest an association between exercise and colon cancer risk. The mechanisms contributing to a preventative effect of exercise on colon cancer are complex and multifaceted. Altered immune system function is one possible mechanism that has been largely unexplored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise on markers associated with macrophages and select T cell populations in a mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis and to relate this to polyp characteristics. Male ApcMin/+ mice were randomly assigned to either sedentary (Sed) or exercise (Ex) treatment (n=6–9/group). The exercise treatment consisted of treadmill running for 1 h/day and 6 days a week at 15 m/min from 4 until 16 weeks of age. Intestinal polyps were counted and categorized by size. Mucosal tissue was analyzed for mRNA expression of overall macrophages (F4/80), for genes associated with M1 (IL-12, IL-23 and Nos2) and M2 (CD206, IL-10, IL-4, CCL17, CCL22 and Arg-1) macrophages and the macrophage chemoattractants MCP-1, fetuin A and CXCL14. Markers for cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and regulatory T cells were also examined by measuring mRNA expression of CD8 and Foxp3, respectively. While there was no significant difference in overall polyp number between the groups (Sed, 23.3±4.3; and Ex, 16.5±4.3), Ex did have a reduction in the number of large polyps (Sed, 6.1±1.1; and Ex, 3.0±0.6) (P<0.05). This was consistent with a decrease in spleen weight (P<0.05). Similarly, Ex reduced mRNA expression of overall macrophages (F4/80) as well as markers associated with both M1 (IL-12) and M2 (CD206, CCL22 and Arg-1) subtypes (P<0.05) but there was no significant decrease in macrophage chemoattractants. CD8 expression was increased while Foxp3 expression was decreased with Ex (P<0.05). Overall the data provide important new information on immune regulation as a possible mechanism for the documented benefits of exercise training on reducing colon cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L McClellan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Jennifer L Steiner
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Stani D Day
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Reilly T Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Mark J Davis
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Udai P Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - E Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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Chihara T, Shimpo K, Beppu H, Tomatsu A, Kaneko T, Tanaka M, Yamada M, Abe F, Sonoda S. Reduction of intestinal polyp formation in min mice fed a high-fat diet with aloe vera gel extract. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:4435-40. [PMID: 23992016 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.7.4435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloe vera gel supercritical CO2 extract (AVGE) has been shown to contain five phytosterols, reduce visceral fat accumulation, and influence the metabolism of glucose and lipids in animal model experiments. Recent epidemiologic studies have shown that obesity is an established risk factor for several cancers including colorectal cancer. Therefore, we examined the effects of AVGE on intestinal polyp formation in Apc-deficient Min mice fed a high-fat diet. Male Min mice were divided into normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HFD), low dose AVGE (HFD+LAVGE) and high dose AVGE (HFD+HAVGE) groups. The ND group received AIN-93G diet and the latter 3 groups were given modified high-fat AIN-93G diet (HFD) for 7 weeks. AVGE was suspended in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and administered orally to mice in HFD+LAVGE and HFD+HAVGE groups every day (except on Sunday) for 7 weeks at a dose of 3.75 and 12.5 mg/kg body weight, respectively. ND and HFD groups received 0.5% CMC alone. Between weeks 4 and 7, body weights in the HFD and HFD+LAVGE groups were reduced more than those in the ND group. However, body weights were not reduced in the HFD+HAVGE group. Mice were sacrificed at the end of the experiment and their intestines were scored for polyps. No significant differences were observed in either the incidence and multiplicity of intestinal polyps (≥0.5 mm in a diameter) among the three groups fed HFD. However, when intestinal polyps were categorized by their size into 0.5-1.4, 1.5-2.4, or ≥2.5 mm, the incidence and multiplicity of large polyps (≥2.5 mm) in the intestine in the HFD+HAVGE group were significantly lower than those in the HFD group. We measured plasma lipid (triglycerides and total cholesterol) and adipocytokine [interleukin-6 and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin] levels as possible indicators of mechanisms of inhibition. The results showed that HMW adiponectin levels in the HFD group were significantly lower than those in the ND group. However, the levels in the HFD+HAVGE group were significantly higher than those in the HFD group. These results indicate that HAVGE reduced large-sized intestinal polyps and ameliorated reduction in plasma HMW adiponectin levels in Min mice fed HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Chihara
- Fujita Memorial Nanakuri Institute, Fujita Health University, Japan
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Vandersluis AD, Venier NA, Colquhoun AJ, Sugar L, Pollak M, Kiss A, Fleshner NE, Klotz LH, Venkateswaran V. Exercise does not counteract the effects of a "westernized" diet on prostate cancer xenografts. Prostate 2013; 73:1223-32. [PMID: 23630020 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships between diet, exercise, and prostate cancer (PCa) remain unclear. We have previously reported that a "Western" diet promotes PCa tumor growth in vivo. Presently, we report the effects of sustained aerobic exercise on PCa progression in animals fed a high-fat diet versus a standard diet. METHODS Athymic mice (n = 43) were inoculated subcutaneously with human PCa (LNCaP) cells, fed ad libitum with either a high-fat or a standard diet, and randomized into forced exercising and non-exercising groups. Body weight, tumor volume, and food consumption were recorded tri-weekly. Terminal serum samples and tumor biopsies were obtained for analysis. RESULTS Body weight differences were not observed between the groups over time. The high-fat diet with exercise (HF-Ex) group showed significantly increased tumor growth rate compared to all other groups (P < 0.0007). Tumor growth rate of the standard diet with exercise (Std-Ex) group was reduced significantly compared to the high-fat diet without exercise (HF-No Ex) group (P = 0.0008). Significant differences (P ≤ 0.012) were observed in energy consumption (kcal) between the groups over time. Exercising mice consumed significantly more kcal than non-exercising mice, and the HF-Ex group consumed significantly more than each of the other three groups (P < 0.0007). The expression levels of p27 and p21 were increased in exercising animals, while AR expression was elevated in the HF-Ex group versus the Std-Ex and HF-No Ex groups. CONCLUSIONS Sustained aerobic exercise did not counteract the tumor-promotional effect of increased consumption of a high-fat diet, suggesting that diet is more influential in PCa progression than exercise. Combining exercise with a healthy diet reduced the rate of PCa progression in this model. This study may have implications for PCa risk reduction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi D Vandersluis
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Wolff G, Toborek M. Targeting the therapeutic effects of exercise on redox-sensitive mechanisms in the vascular endothelium during tumor progression. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:565-71. [PMID: 23757193 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The American Cancer Society estimated 1.5 million new cancer cases in the United States in 2012. Although the exact number is not known, it is estimated that brain metastases occur in 20-40% of cancer patients (39). Owing to the complexity of development and the variation in tumor etiology, therapy options have been limited for a number of cancers, whereas progressive treatments have been successful for some malignancies. Combining treatment strategies has shown potential to increase positive outcomes; however, cancer remains a formidable diagnosis with no true cure. Many researchers have focused on alternative forms of cancer prevention or treatment to slow cancer progression. Studies have shown that with moderate, regular exercise signaling pathways associated with increased antioxidant activity and cellular repair are upregulated in vascular tissue; however, the physiological mechanisms are poorly understood. The purpose of this review is to examine the current literature to better understand the impact of exercise on cancer progression and tumor metastasis and discuss potential redox-related signaling in the vasculature that may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Wolff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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38
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Day SD, Enos RT, McClellan JL, Steiner JL, Velázquez KT, Murphy EA. Linking inflammation to tumorigenesis in a mouse model of high-fat-diet-enhanced colon cancer. Cytokine 2013; 64:454-62. [PMID: 23735174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many observational epidemiologic studies suggest an association between high-fat-diet (HFD) and colon cancer risk. However, the lack of controlled experimental studies that examine this relationship and the mechanisms involved weaken the basis for inferring a causal relationship. Inflammation plays a role in colon cancer progression and HFDs have been reported to increase inflammation; however, the inflammatory effects of HFD in colon cancer have yet to be firmly established. We examined the effects of a novel HFD that closely mimics the standard American diet (12% and 40% of total caloric intake from saturated fat and total fat, respectively) on macrophage markers and inflammatory mediators in a mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis and relate this to polyp characteristics as well as measures of adiposity. Male Apc(Min/+) mice (7-8/group) were fed a Control Diet (Con) or novel high-fat-diet (HFD) from 4 to 12weeks of age. Body weight and body composition were measured weekly and monthly, respectively. Intestinal tissue was analyzed for polyp burden (number and size). Gene expression of macrophage markers and inflammatory mediators were examined in the adipose tissue and polyps. The HFD increased the expression of macrophage markers and inflammatory mediators in the adipose tissue (F4/80, CD11c, TLR-4 and MCP-1) and tumor microenvironment (IL-12, MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α). As expected, the HFD increased body weight, body fat percent, fat mass and blood glucose (P<0.05), and was associated with an increase in the number of large polyps (P<0.05) but not total polyps. In summary, consumption of a HFD, similar in macronutrient composition to the standard American diet, altered the expression of macrophage phenotypic markers and inflammatory mediators in adipose tissue and intestinal polyps and this was associated with increased tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stani D Day
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
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Ma L, Tao Y, Duran A, Llado V, Galvez A, Barger JF, Castilla EA, Chen J, Yajima T, Porollo A, Medvedovic M, Brill LM, Plas DR, Riedl SJ, Leitges M, Diaz-Meco MT, Richardson AD, Moscat J. Control of nutrient stress-induced metabolic reprogramming by PKCζ in tumorigenesis. Cell 2013; 152:599-611. [PMID: 23374352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells have high-energetic and anabolic needs and are known to adapt their metabolism to be able to survive and keep proliferating under conditions of nutrient stress. We show that PKCζ deficiency promotes the plasticity necessary for cancer cells to reprogram their metabolism to utilize glutamine through the serine biosynthetic pathway in the absence of glucose. PKCζ represses the expression of two key enzymes of the pathway, PHGDH and PSAT1, and phosphorylates PHGDH at key residues to inhibit its enzymatic activity. Interestingly, the loss of PKCζ in mice results in enhanced intestinal tumorigenesis and increased levels of these two metabolic enzymes, whereas patients with low levels of PKCζ have a poor prognosis. Furthermore, PKCζ and caspase-3 activities are correlated with PHGDH levels in human intestinal tumors. Taken together, this demonstrates that PKCζ is a critical metabolic tumor suppressor in mouse and human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Aguiar e Silva MA, Vechetti-Junior IJ, Nascimento AFD, Furtado KS, Azevedo L, Ribeiro DA, Barbisan LF. Effects of swim training on liver carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats fed a low-fat or high-fat diet. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:1101-9. [DOI: 10.1139/h2012-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of swim training on the promotion–progression stages of rat liver carcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats were submitted to chemically induced liver carcinogenesis and allocated into 4 major groups, according their dietary regimen (16 weeks) and swim training of 5 days per week (8 weeks): 2 groups were fed low-fat diet (LFD, 6% fat) and trained or not trained and 2 groups were fed high-fat diet (HFD, 21% fat) and trained or not trained. At week 20, the animals were killed and liver samples were processed for histological analyses; immunohistochemical detection of persistent or remodeling preneoplastic lesions (pPNL and rPNL) expressing placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) enzyme; or proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cleaved caspase-3, and bcl-2 protein levels by Western blotting or malonaldehyde (MDA) and total glutathione detection by HPLC. Overall analysis indicated that swim training reduced the body weight and body fat in both LFD and HFD groups, normalized total cholesterol levels in the HFD group while decreased the MDA levels, increased glutathione levels and both number of GST-P-positive pPNL and hepatocellular adenomas in LFD group. Also, a favorable balance in PCNA, cleaved caspase-3, and bcl-2 levels was detected in the liver from the LFD-trained group in relation to LFD-untrained group. The findings of this study indicate that the swim training protocol as a result of exercise postconditioning may attenuate liver carcinogenesis under an adequate dietary regimen with lowered fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio Aguiar e Silva
- Post-Graduation Program in General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan José Vechetti-Junior
- Post-Graduation Program in General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - André Ferreira do Nascimento
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Silva Furtado
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- Faculty of Nutrition, UNIFAL, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, UNIFESP, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 11060-001, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Barbisan
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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McClellan JL, Davis JM, Steiner JL, Enos RT, Jung SH, Carson JA, Pena MM, Carnevale KA, Berger FG, Murphy EA. Linking tumor-associated macrophages, inflammation, and intestinal tumorigenesis: role of MCP-1. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G1087-95. [PMID: 23019193 PMCID: PMC3517651 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00252.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages are associated with poor prognosis in certain cancers. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) is thought to be the most important chemokine for recruitment of macrophages to the tumor microenvironment. However, its role on tumorigenesis in a genetic mouse model of colon cancer has not been explored. We examined the role of MCP-1 on tumor-associated macrophages, inflammation, and intestinal tumorigenesis. Male Apc(Min/+), Apc(Min/+)/MCP-1(-/-) or wild-type mice were euthanized at 18 wk of age and intestines were analyzed for polyp burden, apoptosis, proliferation, β-catenin, macrophage number and phenotype, markers for cytotoxic T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells, and inflammatory mediators. MCP-1 deficiency decreased overall polyp number by 20% and specifically large polyp number by 45% (P < 0.05). This was consistent with an increase in apoptotic cells (P < 0.05), but there was no change detected in proliferation or β-catenin. MCP-1 deficiency decreased F4/80-positive cells in both the polyp tissue and surrounding intestinal tissue (P < 0.05) as well as expression of markers associated with M1 (IL-12 and IL-23) and M2 macrophages (IL-13, CD206, TGF-β, and CCL17) (P < 0.05). MCP-1 knockout was also associated with increased cytotoxic T lymphocytes and decreased regulatory T cells (P < 0.05). In addition, MCP-1(-/-) offset the increased mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in intestinal tissue and IL-1β and TNF-α in polyp tissue (P < 0.05), and prevented the decrease in SOCS1 expression (P < 0.05). We demonstrate that MCP-1 is an important mediator of tumor growth and immune regulation that may serve as an important biomarker and/or therapeutic target in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. McClellan
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina; ,2Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina;
| | - J. Mark Davis
- 2Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina;
| | - Jennifer L. Steiner
- 2Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina;
| | - Reilly T. Enos
- 2Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina;
| | - Seung H. Jung
- 2Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina;
| | - James A. Carson
- 2Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina; ,4Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Maria M. Pena
- 3Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina; and ,4Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Kevin A. Carnevale
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina;
| | - Franklin G. Berger
- 3Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina; and ,4Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - E. Angela Murphy
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina;
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Baptissart M, Vega A, Maqdasy S, Caira F, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA, Volle DH. Bile acids: from digestion to cancers. Biochimie 2012; 95:504-17. [PMID: 22766017 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol metabolites that have been extensively studied these last decades. BAs have been classified in two groups. Primary BAs are synthesized in liver, when secondary BAs are produced by intestinal bacteria. Recently, next to their ancestral roles in digestion and fat solubilization, BAs have been described as signaling molecules involved in many physiological functions, such as glucose and energy metabolisms. These signaling pathways involve the activation of the nuclear receptor FXRα or of the G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5. These two receptors have selective affinity to different types of BAs and show different expression patterns, leading to different described roles of BAs. It has been suggested for long that BAs could be molecules linked to tumor processes. Indeed, as many other molecules, regarding analyzed tissues, BAs could have either protective or pro-carcinogen activities. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects have not been characterized yet. It involves either chemical properties or their capacities to activate their specific receptors FXRα or TGR5. This review highlights and discusses the potential links between BAs and cancer diseases and the perspectives of using BAs as potential therapeutic targets in several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Baptissart
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Aubiere, France
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Femia AP, Luceri C, Bianchini F, Salvadori M, Salvianti F, Pinzani P, Dolara P, Calorini L, Caderni G. Marie Ménard apples with high polyphenol content and a low-fat diet reduce 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats: effects on inflammation and apoptosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1353-7. [PMID: 22715065 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation may increase cancer risk, therefore, we studied whether polyphenol-rich Marie Ménard (MM) apples with reported anti-inflammatory activity prevent 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats and, likewise whether high-fat (HF) diet promoting carcinogenesis, may affect inflammation. DMH-induced rats were fed for 15 weeks with: an HF diet (23% corn oil w/w); an HF diet containing 7.6% w/w lyophilized MM (apple diet (AD)); a low-fat (LF) diet and an HF diet containing piroxicam (PXC) (0.01% w/w) as control. Mucin depleted foci (MDF), precancerous lesions in the colon, were dramatically reduced in the AD, LF, and PXC groups compared with the HF. Peritoneal macrophage activation, an index of systemic inflammation, was significantly decreased in the AD, LF, and PXC groups. TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 m-RNA expression in the colon, as well as CD68 cells and plasmatic PGE2 were lower in the AD, but not in the LF group. Apoptosis in the MDF of both the AD and LF-fed rats was significantly higher than in HF rats. In conclusion, AD has a strong chemopreventive effect, reducing inflammation, and increasing apoptosis, while the chemopreventive effect of the LF diet seems mediated mainly by increased apoptosis in MDF.
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Puppa MJ, White JP, Velázquez KT, Baltgalvis KA, Sato S, Baynes JW, Carson JA. The effect of exercise on IL-6-induced cachexia in the Apc ( Min/+) mouse. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2012; 3:117-37. [PMID: 22476915 PMCID: PMC3374019 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-011-0047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia involves unintentional body weight loss including diminished muscle and adipose tissue mass and is associated with an underlying disease. Systemic overexpression of IL-6 accelerates cachexia in the Apc(Min/+) mouse, but does not induce wasting in control C57BL/6 mice. With many chronic diseases, chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction can be improved with moderate exercise. A direct effect of regular moderate exercise on the prevention of IL-6-induced cachexia in the Apc(Min/+) mouse has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of exercise on the development of cachexia in the Apc(Min/+) mouse. METHODS Mice were randomly assigned to moderate treadmill exercise (18 m/min, 1 h, 6 days/week, 5% grade) or cage control (CC) groups from 6 to 14 weeks of age. At 12 weeks of age, mice were electroporated with either IL-6-containing or control plasmid into the quadriceps muscle. Mice were killed after 2 weeks of systemic IL-6 overexpression or control treatment. RESULTS IL-6 overexpression induced an 8% loss in body weight in CC mice, which was significantly attenuated by exercise. IL-6 overexpression in CC mice increased fasting insulin and triglyceride levels, which were normalized by exercise, and associated with increased oxidative capacity, an induction of AKT signaling, and a repression of AMPK signaling in muscle. These exercise-induced changes occurred despite elevated inflammatory signaling in skeletal muscle. CONCLUSION We conclude that moderate-intensity exercise can attenuate IL-6-dependent cachexia in Apc(Min/+) mice, independent of changes in IL-6 concentration and muscle inflammatory signaling. The exercise effect was associated with improved insulin sensitivity and improved energy status in the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Puppa
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
| | - James P. White
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Kandy T. Velázquez
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Kristen A. Baltgalvis
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Shuichi Sato
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
| | - John W. Baynes
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
| | - James A. Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
- Department of Exercise Science, Public Health Research Center, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Room 405, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
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Svendsen C, Alexander J, Paulsen JE, Knutsen HK, Hjertholm H, Brantsæter AL, Husøy T. The impact of commercial rodent diets on the induction of tumours and flat aberrant crypt foci in the intestine of multiple intestinal neoplasia mice. Lab Anim 2012; 46:207-14. [PMID: 22522416 DOI: 10.1258/la.2012.011055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A large variation in spontaneous tumour development in the multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mouse model between laboratories has been reported. The composition of the diet might be an important factor. We examined the impact of five commercial rodent diets: the natural ingredient breeding diet Harlan Teklad 2018 (HT), the purified breeding diet AIN93G, the natural ingredient maintenance diet RM1, and the purified maintenance diets AIN93M and AIN76A, on the spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis in the Min mouse model. The Min mice were fed one of two breeding diets during gestation and until four weeks of age, thereafter one of the three maintenance diets. Min mice bred on the breeding diet HT had significantly higher numbers and incidences of tumours in the colon, but fewer tumours in the small intestine than the breeding diet AIN93G. The maintenance diet RM1 gave a significantly higher number of small intestinal and colonic tumours and precancerous lesions called flat aberrant crypt foci (ACF) compared with the maintenance diets AIN93M and AIN76A. These findings show the importance of defining the type of diet used in experimental intestinal carcinogenesis studies, and that the diet should be taken into consideration when comparing results from different studies with Min mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Svendsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
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McClellan JL, Davis JM, Steiner JL, Day SD, Steck SE, Carmichael MD, Murphy EA. Intestinal inflammatory cytokine response in relation to tumorigenesis in the Apc(Min/+) mouse. Cytokine 2011; 57:113-9. [PMID: 22056354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of colon cancer is a complex phenomenon that involves both genetic and environmental factors. However, only about 20% have a familial basis with the largest fraction being attributed to environmental causes that can lead to chronic inflammation. While the link between inflammation and colon cancer is well established, the temporal sequence of the inflammatory response in relation to tumorigenesis has not been characterized. We examined the timing and magnitude of the intestinal inflammatory cytokine response in relation to tumorigenesis in the Apc(Min/+) mouse. Apc(Min/+) mice and wildtype mice were sacrificed at one of 4 time-points: 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age. Intestinal tissue was analyzed for polyp burden (sections 1, 4 and 5) and mRNA expression and protein concentration of MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α (sections 2 and 3). The results show that polyp burden was increased at 12, 16 and 20 weeks compared to 8 weeks (P<0.05). Gene expression (mRNA) of MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was increased in sections 2 and 3 starting at week 12 (P<0.05), with further increases in MCP-1, IL-1β and IL-6 at 16 weeks (P<0.05). Protein concentration for these cytokines followed a similar pattern in section 3. Similarly, circulating MCP-1 was increased at 12 weeks (P<0.05) and then again at 20 weeks (P<0.05). In general, overall polyp number and abundance of large polyps were significantly correlated with the inflammatory cytokine response providing further support for a relationship between polyp progression and these markers. These data confirm the association between intestinal cytokines and tumorigenesis in the Apc(Min/+) mouse and provide new information on the timing and magnitude of this response in relation to polyp development. These findings may lead to the development of inflammatory mediators as important biomarkers for colon cancer progression. Further, these data may be relevant in the design of future investigations of therapeutic interventions to effectively target inflammatory processes in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L McClellan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
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Abstract
Results of most epidemiological and laboratory studies suggest an inverse relationship between regular exercise and the risk of certain malignancies, such as intestinal, colon, pancreatic, breast, lung, skin, mammary, endometrial, and prostate cancer. However, physical activity can have different influence on carcinogenesis, depending on energy supply and the age of the subject as well as strength, frequency, and length of exercise. The biochemical and molecular basis of the interaction between aerobic physical activity and tumorigenic processes remains poorly understood. Physical activity may generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to a different extent. Mild oxidative stress caused by moderate physical activity can activate cellular stress response signaling and potentiate cellular antioxidant defense capacity. However, accumulation of relatively large amounts of ROS as a consequence of exhaustive exercise can either directly damage DNA, causing mutation, or promote tumorigenesis by activating proinflammatory signaling. This review highlights the effects of physical activity on various malignancies in the context of redox status modulated during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.
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White JP, Baynes JW, Welle SL, Kostek MC, Matesic LE, Sato S, Carson JA. The regulation of skeletal muscle protein turnover during the progression of cancer cachexia in the Apc(Min/+) mouse. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24650. [PMID: 21949739 PMCID: PMC3176277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle wasting that occurs with cancer cachexia is caused by an imbalance in the rates of muscle protein synthesis and degradation. The Apc(Min/+) mouse is a model of colorectal cancer that develops cachexia that is dependent on circulating IL-6. However, the IL-6 regulation of muscle protein turnover during the initiation and progression of cachexia in the Apc(Min/+) mouse is not known. Cachexia progression was studied in Apc(Min/+) mice that were either weight stable (WS) or had initial (≤5%), intermediate (6-19%), or extreme (≥20%) body weight loss. The initiation of cachexia reduced %MPS 19% and a further ∼50% with additional weight loss. Muscle IGF-1 mRNA expression and mTOR targets were suppressed with the progression of body weight loss, while muscle AMPK phosphorylation (Thr 172), AMPK activity, and raptor phosphorylation (Ser 792) were not increased with the initiation of weight loss, but were induced as cachexia progressed. ATP dependent protein degradation increased during the initiation and progression of cachexia. However, ATP independent protein degradation was not increased until cachexia had progressed beyond the initial phase. IL-6 receptor antibody administration prevented body weight loss and suppressed muscle protein degradation, without any effect on muscle %MPS or IGF-1 associated signaling. In summary, the %MPS reduction during the initiation of cachexia is associated with IGF-1/mTOR signaling repression, while muscle AMPK activation and activation of ATP independent protein degradation occur later in the progression of cachexia. IL-6 receptor antibody treatment blocked cachexia progression through the suppression of muscle protein degradation, while not rescuing the suppression of muscle protein synthesis. Attenuation of IL-6 signaling was effective in blocking the progression of cachexia, but not sufficient to reverse the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. White
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - John W. Baynes
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen L. Welle
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Kostek
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lydia E. Matesic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shuichi Sato
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - James A. Carson
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
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Neilson AP, Djuric Z, Ren J, Hong YH, Sen A, Lager C, Jiang Y, Reuven S, Smith WL, Brenner DE. Effect of cyclooxygenase genotype and dietary fish oil on colonic eicosanoids in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:966-76. [PMID: 21937210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dietary ω3 fatty acids can modulate substrate availability for cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases, thus modulating downstream eicosanoid formation. This could be an alternative approach to using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other COX inhibitors for limiting Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis in colon cancer prevention. The aims of this study were to evaluate to what extent COX- and lipoxygenase-derived products could be modulated by dietary fish oil in normal colonic mucosa and to evaluate the role of COX-1 and COX-2 in the formation of these products. Mice (wild-type, COX-1 null or COX-2 null) were fed a diet supplying a broad mixture of fatty acids present in European/American diets, supplemented with either olive oil (oleate control diet) or menhaden (fish) oil ad libitum for 9-11 weeks. Colonic eicosanoid levels were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), and proliferation was assessed by Ki67 immunohistochemistry. For the dietary alteration of colonic arachidonic acid: eicosapentaenoic ratios resulted in large shifts in formation of COX and lipoxygenase metabolites. COX-1 knockout virtually abolished PGE(2) formation, but interestingly, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (12-HETE) acid and 15-HETE formation was increased. The large changes in eicosanoid profiles were accompanied by relatively small changes in colonic crypt proliferation, but such changes in eicosanoid formation might have greater biological impact upon carcinogen challenge. These results indicate that in normal colon, inhibition of COX-2 would have little effect on reducing PGE(2) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Neilson
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Pettan-Brewer C, Morton J, Mangalindan R, Ladiges W. Curcumin suppresses intestinal polyps in APC Min mice fed a high fat diet. PATHOBIOLOGY OF AGING & AGE RELATED DISEASES 2011; 1:PBA-1-7013. [PMID: 22953026 PMCID: PMC3417547 DOI: 10.3402/pba.v1i0.7013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Various risk factors have been associated with CRC including increasing age and diet. Epidemiological and experimental studies have implicated a diet high in fat as an important risk factor for colon cancer. High fat diets can promote obesity resulting in insulin resistance and inflammation and the development of oxidative stress, increased cell proliferation, and suppression of apoptosis. Because of the high consumption of dietary fats, especially saturated fats, by Western countries, it is of interest to see if non-nutrient food factors might be effective in preventing or delaying CRC in the presence of high saturated fat intake. Curcumin (Curcuma longa), the main yellow pigment in turmeric, was selected to test because of its reported anti-tumor activity. APC Min mice, which develop intestinal polyps and have many molecular features of CRC, were fed a diet containing 35% pork fat, 33% sucrose, and a protein and vitamin mineral mixture (HFD) with or without 0.5% curcumin. These cohorts were compared to APC Min mice receiving standard rodent chow (RC) with 8% fat. APC Min mice fed the HFD for 3 months had a 23% increase in total number of polyps compared to APC Min mice on RC. Curcumin was able to significantly reverse the accelerated polyp development associated with the HFD suggesting it may be effective clinically in helping prevent colon cancer even when ingesting high amounts of fatty foods. The anti-tumor effect of curcumin was shown to be associated with enhanced apoptosis and increased efficiency of DNA repair. Since curcumin prevented the gain in body weight seen in APC Min mice ingesting the HFD, modulation of energy metabolism may also be a factor.
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