Resveratrol suppresses oxidative stress and inflammatory response in diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis

Hepatoprotective effects of resveratrol on α-amanitin-induced liver toxicity in rats

OBJECTIVE

The hepatoprotective effects of resveratrol against α-Amanitin (α-AMA)-induced liver toxicity were investigated in an experimental rat model, focusing on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and liver function.

METHODS

Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group): Control, resveratrol, α-AMA, and resveratrol+α-AMA. The resveratrol group received 20 mg/kg resveratrol orally for 7 days. The α-AMA group received 3 mg/kg α-AMA intraperitoneally on the 8th day. The resveratrol+α-AMA group received 20 mg/kg resveratrol orally (7 days) followed by 3 mg/kg α-AMA intraperitoneally on the 8th day. Liver tissues and blood samples were collected 48 h after α-amanitin administration for histopathological, immunohistochemical (NFkB, LC3B), and biochemical analyses (GSH, MDA, CAT, GPx, MPO, NOS, AST, ALT).

RESULTS

α-AMA significantly increased AST and ALT levels, oxidative stress marker (MDA), and inflammatory marker (MPO), while reducing antioxidant levels (GSH, CAT, GPx) and NOS concentration (P < 0.001 for all parameters). Histopathological analysis showed severe liver damage with increased NFkB and LC3B expression. resveratrol treatment significantly reduced AST and ALT levels (P < 0.01 for both parameters), decreased MDA and MPO levels, and increased NOS concentration, GSH, CAT, and GPx levels (P < 0.05 for all parameters). Reduced NFkB and LC3B expression in the resveratrol+α-AMA group and showed histopathological improvements.

CONCLUSION

Resveratrol demonstrated substantial hepatoprotective effects against α-AMA induced liver toxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, and improving liver function. These findings suggest that resveratrol could be a potential therapeutic agent for treating liver damage caused by potent hepatotoxins like α-AMA.

Plant-based natural products in cancer therapeutics

Various cells in our body regularly divide to replace old cells and dead cells. For a living cell to be growing, cell division and differentiation is highly essential. Cancer is characterised by uncontrollable cell division and invasion of other tissues due to dysregulation in the cell cycle. An accumulation of genetic changes or mutations develops through different physical (UV and other radiations), chemical (chewing and smoking of tobacco, chemical pollutants/mutagens), biological (viruses) and hereditary factors that can lead to cancer. Now, cancer is considered as a major death-causing factor worldwide. Due to advancements in technology, treatment like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplant, immunotherapy, hormone therapy and many more in the rows. Although, it also has some side effects like fatigue, hair fall, anaemia, nausea and vomiting, constipation. Modern improved drug therapies come with severe side effects. There is need for safer, more effective, low-cost treatment with lesser side-effects. Biologically active natural products derived from plants are the emerging strategy to deal with cancer proliferation. Moreover, they possess anti-carcinogenic, anti-proliferative and anti-mutagenic properties with reduced side effects. They also detoxify and remove reactive substances formed by carcinogenic agents. In this article, we discuss different plant-based products and their mechanism of action against cancer.

Naringin-Dextrin Nanocomposite Abates Diethylnitrosamine/Acetylaminofluorene-Induced Lung Carcinogenesis by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Cell Proliferation

Nanotechnology has proven advantageous in numerous scientific applications, one being to enhance the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. This present study aims to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive action of naringin-dextrin nanocomposites (Nar-Dx-NCs) against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF)-induced lung carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. DEN was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) (150 mg/kg/week) for two weeks, followed by the oral administration of 2AAF (20 mg/kg) four times a week for three weeks. Rats receiving DEN/2AAF were concurrently treated with naringin or Nar-Dx-NCs orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg every other day for 24 weeks. Naringin and Nar-Dx-NCs treatments prevented the formation of tumorigenic cells within the alveoli of rats exposed to DEN/2AAF. These findings were associated with a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation, upregulation of antioxidant enzyme (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) activity, and enhanced glutathione and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression in the lungs. Naringin and Nar-Dx-NCs exerted anti-inflammatory actions manifested by a decrease in lung protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β and mRNA expression of interleukin-6, interferon-γ, nuclear factor-κB, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, with a concurrent increase in interleukin-10 expression. The anti-inflammatory effect of Nar-Dx-NCs was more potent than naringin. Regarding the effect on apoptosis, both naringin and Nar-Dx-NCs significantly reduced Bcl-2 and increased Bax and P53 expressions. Moreover, naringin or Nar-Dx-NCs induced a significant decrease in the expression of the proliferator marker, Ki-67, and the effect of Nar-Dx-NCs was more marked. In conclusion, Nar-Dx-NCs improved naringin's preventive action against DEN/2AAF-induced lung cancer and exerted anticarcinogenic effects by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation and improving apoptotic signal induction and propagation.

Natural products as novel anti-obesity agents: insights into mechanisms of action and potential for therapeutic management

Obesity affects more than 10% of the adult population globally. Despite the introduction of diverse medications aimed at combating fat accumulation and obesity, a significant number of these pharmaceutical interventions are linked to substantial occurrences of severe adverse events, occasionally leading to their withdrawal from the market. Natural products serve as attractive sources for anti-obesity agents as many of them can alter the host metabolic processes and maintain glucose homeostasis via metabolic and thermogenic stimulation, appetite regulation, pancreatic lipase and amylase inhibition, insulin sensitivity enhancing, adipogenesis inhibition and adipocyte apoptosis induction. In this review, we shed light on the biological processes that control energy balance and thermogenesis as well as metabolic pathways in white adipose tissue browning, we also highlight the anti-obesity potential of natural products with their mechanism of action. Based on previous findings, the crucial proteins and molecular pathways involved in adipose tissue browning and lipolysis induction are uncoupling protein-1, PR domain containing 16, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in addition to Sirtuin-1 and AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. Given that some phytochemicals can also lower proinflammatory substances like TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1 secreted from adipose tissue and change the production of adipokines like leptin and adiponectin, which are important regulators of body weight, natural products represent a treasure trove for anti-obesity agents. In conclusion, conducting comprehensive research on natural products holds the potential to accelerate the development of an improved obesity management strategy characterized by heightened efficacy and reduced incidence of side effects.

Amelioratory effects of astragaloside IV on hepatocarcinogenesis via Nrf2-mediated pSmad3C/3L transformation

BACKGROUND

Phosphorylated Smad3 isoforms are reversible and antagonistic, and the tumour-suppressive pSmad3C can shift to an oncogenic pSmad3L signal. In addition, Nrf2 has a two-way regulatory effect on tumours, protecting normal cells from carcinogens and promoting tumour cell survival in chemotherapeutics. Accordingly, we hypothesised that the transformation of pSmad3C/3L is the basis for Nrf2 to produce both pro- and/or anti-tumourigenic effects in hepatocarcinogenesis. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), the major component of Astragalus membranaceus, exerts anti-fibrogenic and carcinogenic actions. Lately, AS-IV administration could delay the occurrence of primary liver cancer by persistently inhibiting the fibrogenesis and regulating pSmad3C/3 L and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways synchronously. However, effect of AS-IV on hepatocarcinogenesis implicated in the bidirectional cross-talking of pSmad3C/3 L and Nrf2/HO-1 signalling, especially which one contributes palpably than the other still remains unclear.

PURPOSE

This study aims to settle the above questions by using in vivo (pSmad3C^+/- and Nrf2^-/- mice) and in vitro (plasmid- or lentivirus- transfected HepG2 cells) models of HCC.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The correlation of Nrf2 to pSmad3C/pSmad3L in HepG2 cells was analysed by Co-immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assay. Pathological changes of Nrf2, pSmad3C, and pSmad3L in human HCC patients, pSmad3C^+/- mice, and Nrf2^-/- mice were gauged by immunohistochemical, haematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson, and immunofluorescence assays. Finally, western blot and qPCR were used to verify the bidirectional cross-talking of pSmad3C/3L and Nrf2/HO-1 signalling protein and mRNA in vivo and in vitro models of HCC.

RESULTS

Histopathological manifestations and biochemical indicators revealed that pSmad3C^+/- could abate the ameliorative effects of AS-IV on fibrogenic/carcinogenic mice with Nrf2/HO-1 deactivation and pSmad3C/p21 transform to pSmad3L/PAI-1//c-Myc. As expected, cell experiments confirmed that upregulating pSmad3C boosts the inhibitory activity of AS-IV on phenotypes (cell proliferation, migration and invasion), followed by a shift of pSmad3L to pSmad3C and activation of Nrf2/HO-1. Synchronously, experiments in Nrf2^-/- mice and lentivirus-carried Nrf2shRNA cell echoed the results of pSmad3C knockdown. Complementarily, Nrf2 overexpression resulted in the opposite result. Furthermore, Nrf2/HO-1 contributes to AS-IV's anti-HCC effect palpably compared with pSmad3C/3L.

CONCLUSION

These studies highlight that harnessing the bidirectional crosstalk pSmad3C/3 L and Nrf2/HO-1, especially Nrf2/HO-1 signalling, acts more effectively in AS-IV's anti-hepatocarcinogenesis, which may provide an important theoretical foundation for the use of AS-IV against HCC.

Gold Nanoparticles Functionalized with Au-Se-Bonded Peptides Used as Gatekeepers for the Off-Target Release of Resveratrol in the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Resveratrol has been garnering considerable attention as a promising chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic drug against metastatic tumors such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the potential in vivo application of resveratrol has been highly limited due to its poor solubility, rapid conjugation, low bioavailability, and bioactivity. In this study, a silica mesoporous nanoparticle (MSN)-based drug delivery system (DDS), named Au-Se@MSN, is developed to deliver the loaded resveratrol, endowing it with properties of targeted delivery, excellent bioavailability, and antioxidation of resveratrol. In Au-Se@MSN(RES), gold nanoparticles functionalized with selenol-modified uPA-specific peptides act as gatekeepers to avoid the interference of glutathione in the bloodstream and realize negligible premature release of resveratrol during delivery. Au-Se@MSN(RES) shows prolonged resveratrol release at the tumor site and endows resveratrol with a remarkable in vitro therapeutic effect. The pharmacological dose of resveratrol treatment on MDA-MB-231 cells was found to result in the generation of a high level of NAD(P)H other than H₂O₂, indicating reductive stress instead of oxidative stress involved in the resveratrol therapeutic process. In vivo experiments showed that Au-Se@MSN greatly improves the chemotherapeutic effect of resveratrol on mice bearing TNBC tumors, and damage to normal tissues and cells is negligible. Overall, Au-Se@MSN is a potential tool for further studies on the anticancer mechanism and clinical applications of resveratrol.

Ameliorative effect of avocado oil against lufenuron induced testicular damage and infertility in male rats

Lufenuron is a benzoylurea pesticide that causes significant histological and histochemical damage in mammals. Avocado is a common food in the human diet that contains antioxidant and antitumor properties. In male rats, avocado oil's protection against lufenuron-induced reproductive deterioration, oxidative stress, and DNA damages was investigated. Twenty-eight mature male rats were selected and distributed into four groups: Group 1, control group were administered distilled water orally; Group 2 received 4 ml/kg avocado; Group 3 was given lufenuron (1.6 mg/kg), and Group 4 was given avocado oil/lufenuron. The findings show that lufenuron treatment reduces reproductive hormone levels, sperm count, motility, viability and causes negative histopathological changes in testicular tissue, such as decreased epithelial height and increased luminal diameter degenerated spermatogenesis. Furthermore, lufenuron reduced the content of antioxidant enzymes while increasing the level of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and corresponding DNA damage. Results showed that lufenuron is associated with testicular function impairment, which leads to infertility. Treatment with avocado oil improved reproductive hormone secretions, enzymatic activity, histological and DNA damage parameters in testis tissues, reducing the negative effects of lufenuron, proving that it may have a therapeutic role against lufenuron-mediated testicular toxicity.

Debelalactone Prevents Hepatic Cancer via Diminishing the Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress on Male Wistar Rats

The current study was conducted to exemplify the effect of debelalactone on tissue protection, chronic hepatic inflammation, hepatic protection and oxidative stress induced by diethyl nitrosamine in Wistar rats. Therefore, DEN (200 mg/kg) was used for the induction the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the level of serum alpha fetoprotein was used for the estimation and confirmation of HCC. The study illustrated that debelalactone (DL) significantly downregulated the hepatic, non-hepatic parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alpha fetoprotein, NO levels, total protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin in dose dependent manner, as well as noticeably improving the body weight, of treated animals. The macroscopically observation of DEN-induced rat liver showed the formation of informalities in liver tissue, which was reduced with treatment of DL at dose dependent manner. However, antioxidant markers and inflammatory mediators such as lipid peroxidation, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and transferase, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-kB restored up to the normal level by DL. The histopathology studies showed that the treated group of animals returned to a normal status. Collectively, it can be concluded that debelalactone mediated chemoprevention in the DEN-induced rats via an increase in the activities of endogenous enzymes and/or inhibition the precancerous cells.

Biochemical Investigation of Therapeutic Potentials of Plant-Based Bioactive Compounds as Stimulators of Glucagon like peptide-1 Secretion

This study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic potentials of plant-based bioactive compounds; lutein and resveratrol alone and/or in combination with DPP-4 enzyme inhibitor; sitagliptin on the secretion and bioavailability of Glucagon like peptide-1(GLP). For this, experimental rats were divided into seven groups. Group 1 was marked as control, while other six groups received streptozotocin (60 mg/kg I.P.). Later, group 2 was kept disease-control. While group 3 received 10 mg/kg/day sitagliptin (DDP-4i). Group 4 received 40 mg/kg/day lutein (LUT) and group 5 received 30 mg/kg/day resveratrol (RES). While group 6 and 7 were received combination of DPP-4i+LUT and DPP-4i+RES, respectively. Combined administration of DPP-4i+LUT or DPP-4i+RES showed expected therapeutic effects by lowering the fasting blood glucose and maintaining the serum insulin concentrations with improved glucose sensitivity and reduced insulin resistance. Further, co-administration of LUT and RES with DPP-4i revealed beneficial effects on measures of insulin resistance, circulating lipids, glycemic index, oxidative stress, and inflammatory status along with restoration of histological morphology of pancreatic cells and enterocytes that seemed to improve the level of GLP-1. Hence, substantial verdicts of this study showing therapeutic potentials of LUT and RES would surely help to recognize the potential effects in combination with DPP-4i as stimulators of GLP-1 secretion.

Abscisic Acid and Chitosan Modulate Polyphenol Metabolism and Berry Qualities in the Domestic White-Colored Cultivar Savvatiano

During the last decade, several studies demonstrated the effect of biostimulants on the transcriptional and metabolic profile of grape berries, suggesting their application as a useful viticultural practice to improve grape and wine quality. Herein, we investigated the impact of two biostimulants—abscisic acid (0.04% w/v and 0.08% w/v) and chitosan (0.3% w/v and 0.6% w/v)—on the polyphenol metabolism of the Greek grapevine cultivar, Savvatiano, in order to determine the impact of biostimulants’ application in the concentration of phenolic compounds. The applications were performed at the veraison stage and the impact on yield, berry quality traits, metabolome and gene expression was examined at three phenological stages (veraison, middle veraison and harvest) during the 2019 and 2020 vintages. Results showed that anthocyanins increased during veraison after treatment with chitosan and abscisic acid. Additionally, stilbenoids were recorded in higher amount following the chitosan and abscisic acid treatments at harvest. Both of the abscisic acid and chitosan applications induced the expression of genes involved in stilbenoids and anthocyanin biosynthesis and resulted in increased accumulation, regardless of the vintage. Alterations in other phenylpropanoid gene expression profiles and phenolic compound concentrations were observed as well. Nevertheless, they were mostly restricted to the first vintage. Therefore, the application of abscisic acid and chitosan on the Greek cultivar Savvatiano showed promising results to induce stilbenoid metabolism and potentially increase grape defense and quality traits.

Applications of resveratrol in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer

Natural product compounds have lately attracted interest in the scientific community as a possible treatment for gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, due to their anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. There are many preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies, suggesting that the consumption of polyphenol compounds, which are abundant in vegetables, grains, fruits, and pulses, may help to prevent various illnesses and disorders from developing, including several GI cancers. The development of GI malignancies follows a well-known path, in which normal gastrointestinal cells acquire abnormalities in their genetic composition, causing the cells to continuously proliferate, and metastasize to other sites, especially the brain and liver. Natural compounds with the ability to affect oncogenic pathways might be possible treatments for GI malignancies, and could easily be tested in clinical trials. Resveratrol is a non-flavonoid polyphenol and a natural stilbene, acting as a phytoestrogen with anti-cancer, cardioprotective, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Resveratrol has been shown to overcome resistance mechanisms in cancer cells, and when combined with conventional anticancer drugs, could sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. Several new resveratrol analogs and nanostructured delivery vehicles with improved anti-GI cancer efficacy, absorption, and pharmacokinetic profiles have already been developed. This present review focuses on the in vitro and in vivo effects of resveratrol on GI cancers, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms of action.

Hispolon-Loaded Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles: Development, Stability, In Vitro Delivery Profile, and Assessment of Hepatoprotective Activity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The present work describes the development and characterization of liquid crystalline nanoparticles of hispolon (HP-LCNPs) for treating hepatocellular carcinoma. HP-LCNPs were prepared by a top-down method utilizing GMO as the lipid and Pluronic F-127 as the polymeric stabilizer. The prepared formulations (HP1-HP8) were tested for long-term stability, where HP5 showed good stability with a particle size of 172.5 ± 0.3 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.38 ± 0.31 nm, a zeta potential of -10.12 mV ± 0.05, an entrapment efficiency of 86.81 ± 2.5%, and a drug loading capacity of 12.51 ± 1.12%. Optical photomicrography and transmission electron microscopy images demonstrated a consistent, low degree of aggregation and a spherical shape of LCNPs. The effect of temperature and pH on the optimized formulation (HP5) indicated good stability at 45 °C and at pH between 2 and 5. In vitro gastrointestinal stability indicated no significant change in the particle size, PDI, and entrapment efficiency of the drug. The drug release study exhibited a biphasic pattern in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) for 2 h and simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4) for up to 24 h, while the best fitting of the profile was observed with the Higuchi model, indicating the Fickian diffusion mechanism. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study demonstrated nearly 4.8-fold higher bioavailability from HP5 (AUC: 1774.3 ± 0.41 μg* h/mL) than from the HP suspension (AUC: 369.11 ± 0.11 μg* h/mL). The anticancer activity evaluation revealed a significant improvement in antioxidant parameters and serum hepatic biomarkers (SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, and GGT) in the diethyl nitrosamine-treated group of rats with the optimized LCNP formulation (HP5) vis-à-vis HP suspension.

Effects of Polyphenols on ncRNAs in cancer - An update

In recent years, oncotherapy has received considerable attention concerning plant polyphenols. Increasing evidence suggests that due to the efficiency of polyphenols, they may have antitumor effects in various cancers. However, their regulatory structures remain elusive. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have been identified in the regulation of various forms of tumorigenesis and tumor development. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have recently emerged as regulatory eukaryotic transcripts and therapeutic targets with important and diverse functions in health and diseases. LncRNAs may be associated with the initiation, development, and progression of cancer. This review summarizes the research on the modulatory effects of LncRNAs and their roles in mediating cellular processes. The mechanisms of action of polyphenols underlying their therapeutic effects on cancers are also discussed. Based on our review, polyphenols might facilitate a significant epigenetic modification as part of their tissue-/cell-related biological effects. This finding may be attributed to their interaction with cellular signaling pathways involved in chronic diseases. Certain LncRNAs might be the target of specific polyphenols, and some critical signaling processes involved in the intervention of cancers might mediate the therapeutic roles of polyphenols. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects of resveratrol: A focus on anti-inflammatory and anti- oxidative activities

Being the most essential organ in the body, the liver performs critical functions. Hepatic disorders, such as alcoholic liver disease, hepatic steatosis, liver fibrosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic failure, have an impact on the biochemical and physiological functions of the body. The main representative of the flavonoid subgroup of flavones, Resveratrol (RES), exhibits suitable pharmacological activities for treating various liver diseases, such as fatty hepatitis, liver steatosis, liver cancer and liver fibrosis. According to various studies, grapes and red wine are good sources of RES. RES has various health properties; it is anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective against several hepatic diseases and hepatoxicity. Therefore, we performed a thorough research and created a summary of the distinct targets of RES in various stages of liver diseases. We concluded that RES inhibited liver inflammation essentially by causing a significant decrease in the expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6. It also inhibits the transcription factor nuclear NF-κB that brings about the inflammatory cascade. RES also inhibits the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to induce apoptosis. Additionally, it reduces oxidative stress in hepatic tissue by markedly reducing MDA and NO contents, and significantly increasing the levels of CAT, SOD and reduced GSH, in addition to AST and ALT, against toxic chemicals like CC14, As2O3 and TTA. Due to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties, RES reduces liver injury markers. RES is safe natural antioxidant that provides pharmacological rectification of the hepatoxicity of toxic chemicals.

Phytochemicals as an Alternative or Integrative Option, in Conjunction with Conventional Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Simple Summary

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is globally ranked as the sixth most diagnosed cancer, and the second most deadly cancer. To worsen matters, there are only limited therapeutic options currently available; therefore, it is necessary to find a reservoir from which new HCC treatments may be acquired. The field of phytomedicine may be the solution to this problem, as it offers an abundance of plant-derived molecules, which show capabilities of being effective against HCC proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis. In our review, we collect and analyze current evidence regarding these promising phytochemical effects on HCC, and delve into their potential as future chemotherapies. Additionally, information on the signaling behind these numerous phytochemicals is provided, in an attempt to understand their mechanisms. This review makes accessible the current body of knowledge pertaining to phytochemicals as HCC treatments, in order to serve as a reference and inspiration for further research into this subject.

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most abundant form of liver cancer. It accounts for 75–85% of liver cancer cases and, though it ranks globally as the sixth most common cancer, it ranks second in cancer-related mortality. Deaths from HCC are usually due to metastatic spread of the cancer. Unfortunately, there are many challenges and limitations with the latest HCC therapies and medications, making it difficult for patients to receive life-prolonging care. As there is clearly a high demand for alternative therapy options for HCC, it is prudent to turn to plants for the solution, as their phytochemicals have long been used and revered for their many medicinal purposes. This review explores the promising phytochemical compounds identified from pre-clinical and clinical trials being used either independently or in conjunction with already existing cancer therapy treatments. The phytochemicals discussed in this review were classified into several categories: lipids, polyphenols, alkaloids, polysaccharides, whole extracts, and phytochemical combinations. Almost 80% of the compounds failed to progress into clinical studies due to lack of information regarding the toxicity to normal cells and bioavailability. Although large obstacles remain, phytochemicals can be used either as an alternative or integrative therapy in conjunction with existing HCC chemotherapies. In conclusion, phytochemicals have great potential as treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Molecular alterations that precede the establishment of the hallmarks of cancer: An approach on the prevention of hepatocarcinogenesis

Chronic liver injury promotes the molecular alterations that precede the establishment of cancer. Usually, several decades of chronic insults are needed to develop the most common primary liver tumor known as hepatocellular carcinoma. As other cancer types, liver cancer cells are governed by a common set of rules collectively called the hallmarks of cancer. Although those rules have provided a conceptual framework for understanding the complex pathophysiology of established tumors, therapeutic options are still ineffective in advanced stages. Thus, the molecular alterations that precede the establishment of cancer remain an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. Here, we first summarize the chemopreventive interventions targeting the early liver carcinogenesis stages. After an integrative analysis on the plethora of molecular alterations regulated by anticancer agents, we then underline and discuss that two critical processes namely oxidative stress and genetic alterations, play the role of 'dirty work laborer' in the initial cell damage and drive the transformation of preneoplastic into neoplastic cells, respectively; besides, the activation of cellular senescence works as a key mechanism in attempting to prevent the onset and establishment of liver cancer. Whereas the detrimental effects of the binomial made up of oxidative stress and genetic alterations are either eliminated or reduced, senescence activation is promoted by anticancer agents. We argue that collectively, oxidative stress, genetic alterations, and senescence are key events that influence the fate of initiated cells and the establishment of the hallmarks of cancer.

Curcumae Ameliorates Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Alteration of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Gut Microbiota

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increased the risk factor of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD induces the hepatic-related cancer deaths mostly in middle-aged men. NAFLD enhanced the inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress in the hepatic tissue. Curcumae exhibited the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we made an attempt to scrutinize the protective effect of curcumae on obesity-induced HCC via alteration of inflammation, oxidative stress and gut microbiota.

METHODS

The rats used in this experiment were Wistar rats, 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (hepatic carcinogen) was used at 2 weeks. After 6 weeks of the experimental study, the rats were randomly divided into high-fat diet (HFD) with or without curcumae-treated group rats and received the treatment for 22 weeks. Hepatic, non-hepatic, cardiac, antioxidant, pro-inflammatory and inflammatory were estimated at the end of the study. The stools of the experimental rats were collected for estimating the gut microbiota.

RESULTS

Curcumae-treated group rats exposed reduction of the hepatic nodules in hepatic tissue. Curcumae significantly (P<0.001) diminished the level of hepatic parameters and antioxidant parameters in the serum. Curcumae significantly (P<0.001) suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokines level, viz. interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-7 (IL-7) and augmented the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the serum and hepatic tissue. Curcumae significantly (P<0.001) suppressed inflammatory mediators including cyclooxygenase (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in the serum and hepatic tissue. Furthermore, curcumae increased the gut microbial diversity and richness and decreased the relative abundance of genus Mucispirillum and Clostridium, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Curcumae prevents HFD-induced inflammation during the hepatic carcinoma by modulating the oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction and gut microbiota.

Enhancing Bioavailability of Nutraceutically Used Resveratrol and Other Stilbenoids

Stilbenoids are interesting natural compounds with pleiotropic in vitro and in vivo activity. Their well-documented biological properties include anti-inflammatory effects, anticancer effects, effects on longevity, and many others. Therefore, they are nowadays commonly found in foods and dietary supplements, and used as a part of treatment strategy in various types of diseases. Bioactivity of stilbenoids strongly depends on different types of factors such as dosage, food composition, and synergistic effects with other plant secondary metabolites such as polyphenols or vitamins. In this review, we summarize the existing in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data from published studies addressing the optimization of bioavailability of stilbenoids. Stilbenoids face low bioavailability due to their chemical structure. This can be improved by the use of novel drug delivery systems or enhancers, which are discussed in this review. Current in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that both approaches are very promising and increase the absorption of the original substance by several times. However, data from more clinical trials are required.

Resveratrol attenuates arsenic-induced cognitive deficits via modulation of Estrogen-NMDAR-BDNF signalling pathway in female mouse hippocampus

BACKGROUND

Chronic inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure induces deleterious effects on CNS including oxidative stress, cognitive deficits and altered brain neurochemistry. Little is known about the association between iAs and estrogen receptor expression in brain regions.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Owing to the neuroprotective and estrogenic activities of resveratrol (RES), we examined the combined effects of arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and RES on neurobehavioural functions, estrogen signalling and associated neurochemical changes in mouse hippocampus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

As₂O₃ alone (2 and 4 mg/kg bw) or along with RES (40 mg/kg bw) was administered orally for 45 days to adult female mice. From days 33 to 45, open field, elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests were conducted to evaluate locomotion, anxiety and learning and memory. On day 46, animals were euthanized and brain tissue and hippocampi obtained therefrom were processed for atomic absorption spectrophotometry and western blotting respectively.

RESULTS

As₂O₃ alone exposure resulted in enhanced anxiety levels, reduced locomotion and impaired learning and memory. As₂O₃-induced behavioural deficits were accompanied by downregulation of estrogen receptor (ERα) expression with a concomitant reduction of BDNF and NMDAR 2B levels in the hippocampus. However, the behavioural alterations and expression of these markers were restored in RES-supplemented mice. Moreover, a dose-dependent iAs accumulation was observed in serum and brain tissues of mice receiving As₂O₃ alone whereas simultaneous administration of As₂O₃ with RES facilitated iAs efflux.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that reduced ERα expression with associated downregulation of BDNF and NMDAR 2B levels could be a mechanism by which iAs induces cognitive impairment; hence, the modulation of estrogen-NMDAR-BDNF pathway by RES represents a potential avenue to recover behavioural deficits induced by this neurotoxin.

The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Cardiometabolic Health of Children During Cancer Treatment and Potential Impact of Key Nutrients

Significance: The 5-year survival rate of childhood cancers is now reaching 84%. However, treatments cause numerous acute and long-term side effects. These include cardiometabolic complications, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and increased fat mass. Recent Advances: Many antineoplastic treatments can induce oxidative stress (OxS) and trigger an inflammatory response, which may cause acute and chronic side effects. Critical Issues: Clinical studies have reported a state of heightened OxS and inflammation during cancer treatment in children as the result of treatment cytotoxic action on both cancerous and noncancerous cells. Higher levels of OxS and inflammation are associated with treatment side effects and with the development of cardiometabolic complications. Key nutrients (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary antioxidants, probiotics, and prebiotics) have the potential to modulate inflammatory and oxidative responses and, therefore, could be considered in the search for adverse complication prevention means as long as antineoplastic treatment efficiency is maintained. Future Directions: There is a need to better understand the relationship between cardiometabolic complications, OxS, inflammation and diet during pediatric cancer treatment, which represents the ultimate goal of this review. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 293-318.

Synthesis of Resveratrol Loaded Hybrid Silica-PAMAM Dendrimer Nanoparticles With Emphases on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cytotoxicity

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound exhibiting therapeutic activities. However, the stability can be altered by UV light, pH and changes in temperature. Encapsulation would be an ideal strategy to improve the stability and bioavailability. Thus, trans-resveratrol (Res) was encapsulated within hybrid nanoparticles consisted with silica and G4 polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM) by sol-gel method. The diameters of synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were at a range of 212-574 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 86 %. RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line induced with endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide was treated with free resveratrol and Res-loaded NPs for assessing inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), where IC₅₀ values of free resveratrol and Res-loaded NPs were 122.68 µM and 249.74 µM. As for cytotoxicity, IC₅₀ values of free resveratrol were found as 176.57 µM and 201.54 µM for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas 197.16 µM and 219.07 µM for Res-loaded NPs for the respective cell lines. Overall, sol-gel technique proved to be an ideal technology as can be carried out under mild conditions and Res-loaded NPs have potential to be utilized in the industry.

Analogs of imine resveratrol alleviate oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via activation of Nrf2

Oxidative stress is closely associated with neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Resveratrol and related compounds have shown great potential as antioxidants via either direct scavenging of abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) or activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2-antioxidant response elements pathway. In the present study, we evaluated imine resveratrol analogs (IRAs) for their neuroprotective effects against ROS in PC12 cells, which are a commonly employed model system for studies of neuronal development and function. We identified that IRA-3 (4-[[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylene]amino]-phenol) was more potent than resveratrol at rescuing PC12 cells from H₂ O₂ -induced oxidative damage, exhibiting a recovery percentage of 60.4% at 50 μm. Our findings suggest that the neuroprotective effect of IRA-3 was achieved via multiple routes, including direct scavenging of ROS, rescue of endogenous antioxidants and activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2-antioxidant response elements pathway. Our results suggest that IRA-3 may have potential for development into a possible treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2,3,4-Triaryl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-ones as p38 MAPK Inhibitors

A series of azastilbene derivatives, characterized by the presence of the 1,2,4-oxadiazole-5-one system as a linker of the two aromatic rings of stilbenes, have been prepared as novel potential inhibitors of p38 MAPK. Biological assays indicated that some of the synthesized compounds are endowed with good inhibitory activity towards the kinase. Molecular modeling data support the biological results showing that the designed compounds possess a reasonable binding mode in the ATP binding pocket of p38α kinase with a good binding affinity.

The double-edged roles of ROS in cancer prevention and therapy

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as cell signaling molecules generated in oxidative metabolism and are associated with a number of human diseases. The reprogramming of redox metabolism induces abnormal accumulation of ROS in cancer cells. It has been widely accepted that ROS play opposite roles in tumor growth, metastasis and apoptosis according to their different distributions, concentrations and durations in specific subcellular structures. These double-edged roles in cancer progression include the ROS-dependent malignant transformation and the oxidative stress-induced cell death. In this review, we summarize the notable literatures on ROS generation and scavenging, and discuss the related signal transduction networks and corresponding anticancer therapies. There is no doubt that an improved understanding of the sophisticated mechanism of redox biology is imperative to conquer cancer.

Effect of mesenchymal stem cells on cytochrome-c release and inflammation in colon cancer induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in Wistar albino rats

Colon cancer is one of the most common causes of deaths by cancer worldwide. Stem cells have immunosuppressive properties that promote tumor targeting and circumvent obstacles currently in gene therapy. Bone marrow stem cells are believed to have anticancer potential. The transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a type of bone marrow stem cells, has been considered a potential therapy for patients with solid tumors due to their capability to enhance the immune response; MSC transplantation has received renewed interest in recent years. The present study aimed to evaluate the antiapoptotic effects of the MSCs on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced inflammation in the rat model of colorectal cancer. The rats were randomly allocated into four groups: control, treated with MSCs, induced by DMH, and induced by DMH and treated with MSCs. The MSCs were intra-rectally injected, and DMH was subcutaneously injected at 20 mg/kg body weight once a week for 15 weeks. The administration of MSCs into rats starting from day 0 of the DMH injection was found to enhance the histopathological picture. The MSC treatment resulted in fewer inflammatory cells than in the DMH group. Therefore, our findings suggest that BMCs have antitumor effects by modulating the cellular redox status and down-regulating the pro-inflammatory genes. Thus, BMCs may provide therapeutic value for colon cancer treatment.

Possible Protective Potency of Argun Nut (Medemia argun - An Ancient Egyptian Palm) against Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats

INTRODUCTION

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Medemia argun (MA) fruits have been found to possess proanthocyanidins (PACs), having antioxidant activity. Methods: Intraperitoneal (IP) diethyl nitrosamine (DENA; 200 mg/kg, once) and carbon tetra chloride (CCl₄, 3 ml/kg/week, subcutaneously, for 6 weeks) induced HCC in rats. Animals groups: Group I; received vehicle (control). Group II; received MA seed extract, 100 mg/kg (twice/week) for 12 weeks, IP. Group III; received carcinogenic agents only. Group IV; received MA for two weeks before administration of DENA/CCl₄ till the end of the experiment. The total period of the experiment was three months. Results: DENA and CCl4 induced HCC, elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), liver size, weight, tissue lymphocytic infiltration, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, collagen fiber and polysaccharide deposition, cellular proliferation, excessive pro-apoptotic caspase-3 accumulation, disrupted apoptosis. MA prior to DENA/CCl₄, significantly protected liver against cancer progression, indicated by serum enzymes, antioxidant markers(glutathione, nitric oxide, and depressed malondialdehyde contents) in the MA-pretreated group, compared to the HCC one, without apparent useful action on superoxide dismutase activity, enhanced apoptosis in liver, through increased casapase-3 expression. The HCC group showed decreased antioxidant defense and BAX/Bcl-2 ratio. Conclusions: This study assumes that MA has a chemo-preventive effect against hepatocarcinogenesis.

Natural Nrf2 Activators from Juices, Wines, Coffee, and Cocoa

Juices, wine, coffee, and cocoa are rich sources of natural polyphenolic compounds that have potent antioxidant activities proven by in vitro and in vivo studies. These polyphenolic compounds quench reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) or reactive free radicals and act as natural antioxidants which are also able to protect against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative damage, which elevates cellular antioxidant capacity to induce antioxidant defense mechanisms by modulating transcription factors. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor encoded in humans. It is activated as a result of oxidative stress and induces the expression of its target genes. This is one of the most important cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress. However, the oxidative stress alone is not enough to activate Nrf2. Hence phytochemicals, especially polyphenolics, act as natural Nrf2 activators. Herein, this review discusses the natural products identified in juices, coffee, cocoa and wines that modulate Nrf2 activity in cellular systems.

Cationic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Resveratrol for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment: Systematic Optimization, in vitro Characterization and Preclinical Investigation

Aim

The present study focuses on the development and evaluation of the resveratrol (RV)-loaded cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (RV-c-SLNs) for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Materials and Methods

Optimization of formulation was performed using factorial design, and further in vitro drug release, cytotoxicity, biodistribution, in vivo preclinical, and biochemical evaluation were carried out.

Results

The optimized formulation exhibited uniform size, homogeneous disparity, positive zeta potential, and stability over 12-week storage at 25°C/60% RH. The in vitro drug release and cytotoxicity study showed 60% drug release within the first 6 hours and comparatively higher cytotoxicity on HepG2 cell line by resveratrol-solid lipid nanoparticle (RV-SLN) as compared to the RV solution. In addition, an anticancer action and biodistribution study on a rat model of HCC showed significant reduction of tumor volume and higher accumulation in the tumor tissue from RV-c-SLN (P<0.01) over RV solution and RV-SLN. Furthermore, RV-c-SLN showed significant down-regulation in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and balancing of antioxidant enzymes. Histopathological investigation showed reduced occurrence of hepatic nodules, necrosis formation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, blood vessels inflammation, and cell swelling.

Conclusion

Overall, the obtained results construed that RV-c-SLN with improved antitumor activity as clearly evident from in vitro, in vivo, and biochemical investigations.

Roles of Nrf2 in Liver Diseases: Molecular, Pharmacological, and Epigenetic Aspects

Liver diseases represent a critical health problem with 2 million deaths worldwide per year, mainly due to cirrhosis and its complications. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of liver diseases. In order to maintain an adequate homeostasis, there must be a balance between free radicals and antioxidant mediators. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and its negative regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) comprise a defense mechanism against oxidative stress damage, and growing evidence considers this signaling pathway as a key pharmacological target for the treatment of liver diseases. In this review, we provide detailed and updated evidence regarding Nrf2 and its involvement in the development of the main liver diseases such as alcoholic liver damage, viral hepatitis, steatosis, steatohepatitis, cholestatic damage, and liver cancer. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of Nrf2 cellular signaling are elaborated, along with key and relevant antioxidant drugs, and mechanisms on how Keap1/Nrf2 modulation can positively affect the therapeutic response are described. Finally, exciting recent findings about epigenetic modifications and their link with regulation of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling are outlined.

Modulation of antioxidant enzymes, SIRT1 and NF-κB by resveratrol and nicotinamide in alcohol-aflatoxin B1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and is associated with poor prognosis. The current study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol when administered alone and in combination with nicotinamide against alcohol-aflatoxin B1-induced HCC. Results reveal that during the development and progression of cancer, there was a decline in the level of antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GR), antioxidant glutathione, and glutathione S-transferase, which is an enzyme of detoxification pathways. Treatment of resveratrol restored the level of catalase and glutathione peroxidase toward normal in alcohol-aflatoxin B1-induced HCC; however, nicotinamide worked in concert with resveratrol only in upregulating the activity of glutathione reductase, glutathione level, and glutathione S-transferase. SIRT1 agonist resveratrol was observed to modulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes by negatively regulating the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in alcohol-aflatoxin B1-induced HCC, thereby suggesting a cross-talk between antioxidant enzymes SIRT1 and NF-κB during the development and progression of HCC and its therapeutics by resveratrol and nicotinamide.

Regulation of PKB/Akt-pathway in the chemopreventive effect of lactoferrin against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats

BACKGROUND

Abnormal activation of protein kinase B (PKB) is associated with many cancers. This makes inhibition of PKB signaling pathway a promising strategy for cancer therapy. Lactoferrin (Lf) has been reported for its inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis, however, the mechanism is not completely understood. Its anti-hepatocarcinogenic activity has not taken the deserved recognition despite the additional advantages of Lf as an antiviral against hepatitis C virus, the main cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and as a targeting ligand for delivering chemotherapeutics to hepatoma cells.

METHODS

This study evaluated the anti-hepatocarcinogenic effect of Lf, and the role of PKB in this effect using diethylnitrosamine (DENA)-induced HCC rat model, and a primary cell culture prepared from the induced hepatic lesions (DENA-HCC cell culture).

RESULTS

Up-regulation of activated PKB in the hepatocytes of rats with DENA-induced HCC was observed, as measured biochemically in the liver homogenate, and localized immunohistochemically. This was accompanied by increment of hepatocytes proliferation, and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Involvement of PKB in DENA-induced HCC was confirmed by the observed decrease in cell proliferation in DENA-HCC cell culture that was treated with PKB inhibitor. In Lf-treated rats, a dose-dependent chemopreventive effect was observed, with decreased expression and activation of PKB, amelioration of the other DENA-induced alterations, and stimulation of apoptosis. In vitro, Lf blocked PKB activator-induced cell proliferation.

CONCLUSION

These findings support the chemopreventive activity of Lf against HCC, and suggest regulation of PKB-pathway as a potential mechanism underlying this effect.

The Carcinogenic Agent Diethylnitrosamine Induces Early Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Proliferation in Rat Liver, Stomach and Colon: Protective Effect of Ginger Extract

Background: Diethylnitrosamine (DENA), a well-known dietary carcinogen, related to cancer initiation of various organs. The present study investigated the deleterious mechanisms involved in the early destructive changes of DENA in different organs namely, liver, stomach and colon and the potential protective effect of GE against these mechanisms. Methods: Adult male albino rats were assigned into four groups. A normal control group received the vehicle, another group was injected with a single necrogenic dose of DENA (200 mg/kg, i.p) on day 21. Two groups received oral GE (108 or 216 mg/kg) daily for 28 days. Sera, liver, stomach and colon were obtained 7 days after DENA injection. Serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were detected as well as reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde, nitric oxide metabolites, interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and nuclear factorerythroid 2-related factor2 (Nrf2) in liver, stomach and colon. Histopathological studies and immunohistochemical examination of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) were conducted. Results: DENA induced elevation in liver function enzymes with significant increase in oxidation and inflammation biomarkers and AFP while decreased levels of Nrf2 in liver, stomach and colon were detected. Histologically, DENA showed degenerative changes in hepatocytes and inflammatory foci. Inflammatory foci displayed increased expression of COX2 in immunohistochemical staining. GE-pretreatment improved liver function and restored normal GSH with significant mitigation of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers compared to DENA-treated group. AFP was reduced by GE in both doses, while Nrf2 increased significantly. Histology and immunostaining of hepatic COX-2 were remarkably improved in GE-treated groups in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: GE exerted a potential anti-proliferative activity against DENA in liver, stomach and colon via Nrf2 activation, whilst suppression of oxidation and inflammation.

Resveratrol Action on Lipid Metabolism in Cancer

Cancer diseases have the leading position in human mortality nowadays. The age of oncologic patients is still decreasing, and the entire scientific society is eager for new ways to fight against cancer. One of the most discussed issues is prevention by means of natural substances. Resveratrol is a naturally occurring plant polyphenol with proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Tumor cells display specific changes in the metabolism of various lipids. Resveratrol alters lipid metabolism in cancer, thereby affecting storage of energy, cell signaling, proliferation, progression, and invasiveness of cancer cells. At the whole organism level, it contributes to the optimal metabolism extent with respect to the demands of the organism. Thus, resveratrol could be used as a preventive and anticancer agent. In this review, we focus on some of the plethora of lipid pathways and signal molecules which are affected by resveratrol during carcinogenesis.

Effects of phytochemicals against diabetes

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose and insufficiency in production and action of insulin is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. Numerous studies have shown that diabetes mellitus is associated with increased formation of free radicals and decrease in antioxidant potential. In the patients with diabetes mellitus, the levels of antioxidant parameters are found to decrease, hence in many studies phytochemicals which can exert antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities, are suggested to improve the insulin sensitivity. Several phytoactive compounds such as flavonoids, lignans, prophenylphenols, are also found to combat the complications of diabetes. This chapter mainly focuses on the relationship between diabetes mellitus and preventive roles of various phytochemicals on diabetes via their antioxidant properties.

Red and White Wine Lees Show Inhibitory Effects on Liver Carcinogenesis

SCOPE

Wine has shown anticarcinogenic benefits in hepatocarcinoma and polyphenols seem to be responsible for these effects. Wine lees are the sediments produced during fermentation and they endow wine with organoleptic and physicochemical properties. However, the anticarcinogenic role of these compounds is still unknown. Thus, the purpose of this work is to determine the phytochemical profiles of wine lees and then to analyze their anticarcinogenic effect and DNA methylation on a model of hepatocarcinogenesis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The phytochemical composition of lees is determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and high-performance liquid chromatography. An in vivo study using a diethyl nitrosamine-hepatocarcinogenesis-induced model is performed to investigate the hepatoprotective properties of different doses of wine lees. For the DNA methylation analysis, a bisulfite-based method is used. Both types of lees mostly contain pyrogallol, gallic, and syringic acid with a high content of catechins in red lees. The carcinogen hypermethylates the Alu-M2 repetitive sequence and white lees decreases the hypermethylation at all tested concentrations. Low concentration of red and white lees and high concentration of white lees significantly improve the hepatocellular architecture and decrease the mitotic index in the murine model.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that wine lees are promising agents for chemoprevention of hepatocarcinoma.

Germain EJ, Maki SL, Sial NK, Lepore SD, Dawson-Scully K. Resveratrol-Inspired Bridged Bicyclic Compounds: A New Compound Class for the Protection of Synaptic Function from Acute Oxidative Stress

While resveratrol protects organisms from the deleterious effects of oxidative stress, its multifarious mechanism of action limits its potential as a selective medicinal agent. To address this shortcoming, we have designed a molecular scaffold that we have termed a resveramorph. The structure of this compound class possesses much of the functional group characteristics of resveratrol but in a nonplanar molecular arrangement, and, in the present work, we probe the neuroprotective activities of two resveramorph analogues. These novel compounds were found to protect neurotransmission from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Our findings demonstrate that, at a subnanomolar level, one analogue, resveramorph 1, protects synaptic transmission from acute oxidative stress at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. These results position resveramorphs as potential lead compounds in the development of new drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.

Extrapolation of phenolic compounds as multi-target agents against cancer and inflammation

Natural products acquire massive structural and chemical diversity, which cannot be coordinated by any synthetic libraries for small molecules and they are continuing to inspire novel discoveries in health sciences. We have performed the computational calculations for geometry optimization and prediction of electronic and structural properties of some plant phenolic compounds through Gaussian 09 program. Energies of molecular orbitals were computed, to mimic out the stabilities arising from charge delocalization and intramolecular interactions. This process indicated the eventual charge transfer within the molecules. The molecular docking and ADMET properties of these compounds with a novel anticancer (HER2) and anti-inflammatory (COX-2) targets revealed that two molecules were capable of inhibiting both the targets, and could be used as multi target inhibitors. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed to elucidate the binding mechanism and the comparison of inhibitor's binding mode with diverse biological activities as anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents. A high-quality association was reported among quantum chemical, ADMET, docking, dynamics and MMGBSA results. Communicated By Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Resveratrol: A Double-Edged Sword in Health Benefits

Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) belongs to polyphenols' stilbenoids group, possessing two phenol rings linked to each other by an ethylene bridge. This natural polyphenol has been detected in more than 70 plant species, especially in grapes' skin and seeds, and was found in discrete amounts in red wines and various human foods. It is a phytoalexin that acts against pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. As a natural food ingredient, numerous studies have demonstrated that resveratrol possesses a very high antioxidant potential. Resveratrol also exhibit antitumor activity, and is considered a potential candidate for prevention and treatment of several types of cancer. Indeed, resveratrol anticancer properties have been confirmed by many in vitro and in vivo studies, which shows that resveratrol is able to inhibit all carcinogenesis stages (e.g., initiation, promotion and progression). Even more, other bioactive effects, namely as anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, vasorelaxant, phytoestrogenic and neuroprotective have also been reported. Nonetheless, resveratrol application is still being a major challenge for pharmaceutical industry, due to its poor solubility and bioavailability, as well as adverse effects. In this sense, this review summarized current data on resveratrol pharmacological effects.

Effects of resveratrol, curcumin, berberine and other nutraceuticals on aging, cancer development, cancer stem cells and microRNAs

Natural products or nutraceuticals have been shown to elicit anti-aging, anti-cancer and other health-enhancing effects. A key target of the effects of natural products may be the regulation of microRNA (miR) expression which results in cell death or prevents aging, diabetes, cardiovascular and other diseases. This review will focus on a few natural products, especially on resveratrol (RES), curcumin (CUR) and berberine (BBR). RES is obtained from the skins of grapes and other fruits and berries. RES may extend human lifespan by activating the sirtuins and SIRT1 molecules. CUR is isolated from the root of turmeric (Curcuma longa). CUR is currently used in the treatment of many disorders, especially in those involving an inflammatory process. CUR and modified derivatives have been shown to have potent anti-cancer effects, especially on cancer stem cells (CSC). BBR is also isolated from various plants (e.g., Coptis chinensis) and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat diseases such as adult- onset diabetes. Understanding the benefits of these and other nutraceuticals may result in approaches to improve human health.

Sequential analysis and staging of a diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in male Wistar albino rat model

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most life-threatening cancers. The present study was designed to chronologically analyze the HCC chemically induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in male Wistar rats during a 27-week period. DEN was given to rats in drinking water (100 mg/L) to induce HCC. In the present study, the DEN-administered groups recorded dramatic results in the tumor markers, oxidative stress, lipid profile, liver function, and hematological parameters at all intervals when compared with their corresponding values in the control groups. In addition, the morphometric analysis of livers of the DEN-administered groups (from 9 to 27 weeks) showed gradual enlargement and several grayish white nodules and foci on the peripheral surface of the liver as the features of HCC. In conclusion, the present sequential model chronologically analyzes all steps of hepatocarcinogenesis and presents a new staging system for classification of HCC that may be valuable for investigating the effects of anticarcinogenic compounds at varying stages of hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo.

Resveratrol attenuates reproductive alterations in type 1 diabetes-induced rats

The progression of diabetes mellitus leads to several complications including overproduction of reactive oxygen species and reproductive alterations. As resveratrol (RES) is a powerful anti-oxidant and an anti-apoptotic compound, we hypothesized that side effects of type-1 diabetes (DM1) on male reproduction could be reduced by the RES treatment. Eighty-four prepubertal male rats were distributed into seven groups: sham-control (SC), RES-treated (R), resveratrol-vehicle-treated (RV), diabetic (D), diabetic-insulin-treated (DI), diabetic-RES-treated (DR), diabetic-insulin and RES-treated (DIR). DM1 was induced by a single intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injection (65 mg/kg) on the 30th day postpartum (dpp). Animals of DR, DIR and R groups received 150 mg/day of RES by gavage for 43 consecutive days (from the 33 to 75 dpp). DI and DIR rats received subcutaneous injections of insulin (1 U/100 g b.w./day) from 5th day after the DM1 induction. The blood glucose level was monitored. At 75 dpp, the euthanasia was performed for morphometric and biometric testicular analyses, spermatic evaluation and hormonal doses. In the D group, the blood glucose level was higher than in the DR, DI and DIR groups. Besides morphometric testicular measurements, testosterone and estradiol doses were lower in D group than in DR and DIR groups; LH dose was also lower than in DR. The preputial separation age was delayed in diabetes-induced groups. The DR and DIR groups showed an improvement in sperm mitochondrial activity, epididymal sperm counts and the frequency of morphologically normal sperms. RES treatment improved glycaemic level, sperm quantitative and qualitative parameters and the hormonal profile in DM1-induced rats and seems to be a good reproductive protector.

The Role of Resveratrol in Cancer Therapy

Natural product compounds have recently attracted significant attention from the scientific community for their potent effects against inflammation-driven diseases, including cancer. A significant amount of research, including preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies, has indicated that dietary consumption of polyphenols, found at high levels in cereals, pulses, vegetables, and fruits, may prevent the evolution of an array of diseases, including cancer. Cancer development is a carefully orchestrated progression where normal cells acquires mutations in their genetic makeup, which cause the cells to continuously grow, colonize, and metastasize to other organs such as the liver, lungs, colon, and brain. Compounds that modulate these oncogenic processes can be considered as potential anti-cancer agents that may ultimately make it to clinical application. Resveratrol, a natural stilbene and a non-flavonoid polyphenol, is a phytoestrogen that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. It has been reported that resveratrol can reverse multidrug resistance in cancer cells, and, when used in combination with clinically used drugs, it can sensitize cancer cells to standard chemotherapeutic agents. Several novel analogs of resveratrol have been developed with improved anti-cancer activity, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetic profile. The current focus of this review is resveratrol’s in vivo and in vitro effects in a variety of cancers, and intracellular molecular targets modulated by this polyphenol. This is also accompanied by a comprehensive update of the various clinical trials that have demonstrated it to be a promising therapeutic and chemopreventive agent.

Reduction of liver tumerogenic effect of N-nitrosodiethylamine by treatment with ɣ-oryzanol in Balb/C mice

In recent years, naturally occurring phytochemicals with antioxidant capacity have generated surmount interest in their therapeutic usage against a wide range of pathological and toxicological conditions. The present study was designed to evaluate potential of ɣ-oryzanol (OZ), a bio-active natural antioxidant against hepatocellular carcinoma effect of the carcinogen N-nitrosodiethylamine in Balb/c mice. OZ inhibited the proliferation of Hep-3B cell line in concentration dependent manner. Administration of OZ to N-nitrosodiethylamine induced Balb/c mice for 16 and 32 weeks showed reduction in levels of liver injury markers, restored the levels of liver tumor markers, suppressed the hepatic nodular incidence and multiplicity, and favorably modulated the liver antioxidant status in a time dependent manner. Histologically, no obvious signs of neoplasia in the liver tissues were observed in OZ supplemented rats with N-nitrosodiethylamine induced liver tumerogenesis. OZ was found to be effective for reduction of N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma.

Oxidative stress and dietary phytochemicals: Role in cancer chemoprevention and treatment

Several epidemiological observations have shown an inverse relation between consumption of plant-based foods, rich in phytochemicals, and incidence of cancer. Phytochemicals, secondary plant metabolites, via their antioxidant property play a key role in cancer chemoprevention by suppressing oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. In addition, they modulate several oxidative stress-mediated signaling pathways through their anti-oxidant effects, and ultimately protect cells from undergoing molecular changes that trigger carcinogenesis. In several instances, however, the pro-oxidant property of these phytochemicals has been observed with respect to cancer treatment. Further, in vitro and in vivo studies show that several phytochemicals potentiate the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents by exacerbating oxidative stress in cancer cells. Therefore, we reviewed multiple studies investigating the role of dietary phytochemicals such as, curcumin (turmeric), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; green tea), resveratrol (grapes), phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), sulforaphane (cruciferous vegetables), hesperidin, quercetin and 2'-hydroxyflavanone (2HF; citrus fruits) in regulating oxidative stress and associated signaling pathways in the context of cancer chemoprevention and treatment.

Camptothecin suppresses NRF2-ARE activity and sensitises hepatocellular carcinoma cells to anticancer drugs

Background:

Resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle in the treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite playing an important role in chemoprevention, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) also contributes to chemo- and radio-resistance. The current study focusses on camptothecin as a novel NRF2 inhibitor to sensitise HCC to chemotherapy.

Methods:

The expression and transcriptional activity of NRF2 in human HCC biopsies and camptothecin-treated culture cells were determined using immunostaining, western blot, reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT–qPCR) and luciferase reporter assay. The effect of camptothecin on chemosensitivity of cancer cells was assessed in vitro and in xenografts.

Results:

The expression and transcriptional activity of NRF2 were substantially elevated in HCC biopsies compared with corresponding adjacent tissues, and positively correlated with serum α-fetoprotein, a clinical indicator of pathological progression. In searching chemicals targeting NRF2 for chemotherapy, we discovered that camptothecin is a potent NRF2 inhibitor. Camptothecin markedly suppressed NRF2 expression and transcriptional activity in different types of cancer cells including HepG2, SMMC-7721 and A549. As a result, camptothecin sensitised these cells to chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro and in xenografts.

Conclusions:

Camptothecin is a novel NRF2 inhibitor that may be repurposed in combination with other chemotherapeutics to enhance their efficacy in treating high NRF2-expressing cancers.