1
|
Kato H, Bardeesy N. Illuminating the path to pancreatic cancer. Cell Res 2024; 34:681-682. [PMID: 38802576 PMCID: PMC11442448 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-024-00982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kato
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perelli L, Genovese G, Draetta GF. The KRAS mutational spectrum and its clinical implications in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:1494-1496. [PMID: 39214093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Cell, McIntyre et al. show that specific mutations in the KRAS proto-oncogene shape clinical progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Importantly, they find that the KRASG12R mutation is enriched in early-stage PDAC, and it is characterized by distinctly activated molecular programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Perelli
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Giannicola Genovese
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giulio F Draetta
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McIntyre CA, Grimont A, Park J, Meng Y, Sisso WJ, Seier K, Jang GH, Walch H, Aveson VG, Falvo DJ, Fall WB, Chan CW, Wenger A, Ecker BL, Pulvirenti A, Gelfer R, Zafra MP, Schultz N, Park W, O'Reilly EM, Houlihan SL, Alonso A, Hissong E, Church GM, Mason CE, Siolas D, Notta F, Gonen M, Dow LE, Jarnagin WR, Chandwani R. Distinct clinical outcomes and biological features of specific KRAS mutants in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:1614-1629.e5. [PMID: 39214094 PMCID: PMC11419252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2024.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
KRAS mutations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are suggested to vary in oncogenicity but the implications for human patients have not been explored in depth. We examined 1,360 consecutive PDAC patients undergoing surgical resection and find that KRASG12R mutations are enriched in early-stage (stage I) disease, owing not to smaller tumor size but increased node-negativity. KRASG12R tumors are associated with decreased distant recurrence and improved survival as compared to KRASG12D. To understand the biological underpinnings, we performed spatial profiling of 20 patients and bulk RNA-sequencing of 100 tumors, finding enhanced oncogenic signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in KRASG12D and increased nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in KRASG12R tumors. Orthogonal studies of mouse KrasG12R PDAC organoids show decreased migration and improved survival in orthotopic models. KRAS alterations in PDAC are thus associated with distinct presentation, clinical outcomes, and biological behavior, highlighting the prognostic value of mutational analysis and the importance of articulating mutation-specific PDAC biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A McIntyre
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrien Grimont
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiwoon Park
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yinuo Meng
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Whitney J Sisso
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Seier
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gun Ho Jang
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Henry Walch
- Marie-Josee and Henry R Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria G Aveson
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Falvo
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - William B Fall
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher W Chan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Wenger
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brett L Ecker
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Alessandra Pulvirenti
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Gelfer
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Paz Zafra
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Marie-Josee and Henry R Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wungki Park
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; David M. Rubinstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eileen M O'Reilly
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; David M. Rubinstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shauna L Houlihan
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erika Hissong
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Despina Siolas
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Faiyaz Notta
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mithat Gonen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - William R Jarnagin
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; David M. Rubinstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rohit Chandwani
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; David M. Rubinstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ghazi PC, O'Toole KT, Srinivas Boggaram S, Scherzer MT, Silvis MR, Zhang Y, Bogdan M, Smith BD, Lozano G, Flynn DL, Snyder EL, Kinsey CG, McMahon M. Inhibition of ULK1/2 and KRAS G12C controls tumor growth in preclinical models of lung cancer. eLife 2024; 13:RP96992. [PMID: 39213022 PMCID: PMC11364435 DOI: 10.7554/elife.96992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutational activation of KRAS occurs commonly in lung carcinogenesis and, with the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of covalent inhibitors of KRASG12C such as sotorasib or adagrasib, KRAS oncoproteins are important pharmacological targets in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, not all KRASG12C-driven NSCLCs respond to these inhibitors, and the emergence of drug resistance in those patients who do respond can be rapid and pleiotropic. Hence, based on a backbone of covalent inhibition of KRASG12C, efforts are underway to develop effective combination therapies. Here, we report that the inhibition of KRASG12C signaling increases autophagy in KRASG12C-expressing lung cancer cells. Moreover, the combination of DCC-3116, a selective ULK1/2 inhibitor, plus sotorasib displays cooperative/synergistic suppression of human KRASG12C-driven lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro and superior tumor control in vivo. Additionally, in genetically engineered mouse models of KRASG12C-driven NSCLC, inhibition of either KRASG12C or ULK1/2 decreases tumor burden and increases mouse survival. Consequently, these data suggest that ULK1/2-mediated autophagy is a pharmacologically actionable cytoprotective stress response to inhibition of KRASG12C in lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phaedra C Ghazi
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Kayla T O'Toole
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Sanjana Srinivas Boggaram
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Michael T Scherzer
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Mark R Silvis
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | | | | | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | | | - Eric L Snyder
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Pathology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Conan G Kinsey
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Martin McMahon
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Dermatology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mondal K, Posa MK, Shenoy RP, Roychoudhury S. KRAS Mutation Subtypes and Their Association with Other Driver Mutations in Oncogenic Pathways. Cells 2024; 13:1221. [PMID: 39056802 PMCID: PMC11274496 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The KRAS mutation stands out as one of the most influential oncogenic mutations, which directly regulates the hallmark features of cancer and interacts with other cancer-causing driver mutations. However, there remains a lack of precise information on their cooccurrence with mutated variants of KRAS and any correlations between KRAS and other driver mutations. To enquire about this issue, we delved into cBioPortal, TCGA, UALCAN, and Uniport studies. We aimed to unravel the complexity of KRAS and its relationships with other driver mutations. We noticed that G12D and G12V are the prevalent mutated variants of KRAS and coexist with the TP53 mutation in PAAD and CRAD, while G12C and G12V coexist with LUAD. We also noticed similar observations in the case of PIK3CA and APC mutations in CRAD. At the transcript level, a positive correlation exists between KRAS and PIK3CA and between APC and KRAS in CRAD. The existence of the co-mutation of KRAS and other driver mutations could influence the signaling pathway in the neoplastic transformation. Moreover, it has immense prognostic and predictive implications, which could help in better therapeutic management to treat cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Mondal
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre & Research Institute, MG Road, Kolkata 700063, West Bengal, India
- Department of Cancer Immunology, SwasthyaNiketan Integrated Healthcare & Research Foundation, Koramangala, Bengaluru 560034, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar Posa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Revathi P. Shenoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India;
| | - Susanta Roychoudhury
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre & Research Institute, MG Road, Kolkata 700063, West Bengal, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Till JE, McDaniel L, Chang C, Long Q, Pfeiffer SM, Lyman JP, Padrón LJ, Maurer DM, Yu JX, Spencer CN, Gherardini PF, Da Silva DM, LaVallee TM, Abbott C, Chen RO, Boyle SM, Bhagwat N, Cannas S, Sagreiya H, Li W, Yee SS, Abdalla A, Wang Z, Yin M, Ballinger D, Wissel P, Eads J, Karasic T, Schneider C, O'Dwyer P, Teitelbaum U, Reiss KA, Rahma OE, Fisher GA, Ko AH, Wainberg ZA, Wolff RA, O'Reilly EM, O'Hara MH, Cabanski CR, Vonderheide RH, Carpenter EL. Circulating KRAS G12D but not G12V is associated with survival in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5763. [PMID: 38982051 PMCID: PMC11233636 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
While high circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) levels are associated with poor survival for multiple cancers, variant-specific differences in the association of ctDNA levels and survival have not been examined. Here we investigate KRAS ctDNA (ctKRAS) variant-specific associations with overall and progression-free survival (OS/PFS) in first-line metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC) for patients receiving chemoimmunotherapy ("PRINCE", NCT03214250), and an independent cohort receiving standard of care (SOC) chemotherapy. For PRINCE, higher baseline plasma levels are associated with worse OS for ctKRAS G12D (log-rank p = 0.0010) but not G12V (p = 0.7101), even with adjustment for clinical covariates. Early, on-therapy clearance of G12D (p = 0.0002), but not G12V (p = 0.4058), strongly associates with OS for PRINCE. Similar results are obtained for the SOC cohort, and for PFS in both cohorts. These results suggest ctKRAS G12D but not G12V as a promising prognostic biomarker for mPDAC and that G12D clearance could also serve as an early biomarker of response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Till
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Changgee Chang
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Qi Long
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jaclyn P Lyman
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lacey J Padrón
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Deena M Maurer
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jia Xin Yu
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Diane M Da Silva
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Neha Bhagwat
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuele Cannas
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hersh Sagreiya
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wenrui Li
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie S Yee
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aseel Abdalla
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhuoyang Wang
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melinda Yin
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dominique Ballinger
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul Wissel
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Eads
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Karasic
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles Schneider
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter O'Dwyer
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ursina Teitelbaum
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kim A Reiss
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew H Ko
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zev A Wainberg
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Wolff
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Mark H O'Hara
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Erica L Carpenter
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ghazi PC, O'Toole KT, Srinivas Boggaram S, Scherzer MT, Silvis MR, Zhang Y, Bogdan M, Smith BD, Lozano G, Flynn DL, Snyder EL, Kinsey CG, McMahon M. Inhibition of ULK1/2 and KRAS G12C controls tumor growth in preclinical models of lung cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579200. [PMID: 38370808 PMCID: PMC10871191 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Mutational activation of KRAS occurs commonly in lung carcinogenesis and, with the recent FDA approval of covalent inhibitors of KRAS G12C such as sotorasib or adagrasib, KRAS oncoproteins are important pharmacological targets in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, not all KRAS G12C -driven NSCLCs respond to these inhibitors, and the emergence of drug resistance in those patients that do respond can be rapid and pleiotropic. Hence, based on a backbone of covalent inhibition of KRAS G12C , efforts are underway to develop effective combination therapies. Here we report that inhibition of KRAS G12C signaling increases autophagy in KRAS G12C expressing lung cancer cells. Moreover, the combination of DCC-3116, a selective ULK1/2 inhibitor, plus sotorasib displays cooperative/synergistic suppression of human KRAS G12C -driven lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro and superior tumor control in vivo . Additionally, in genetically engineered mouse models of KRAS G12C -driven NSCLC, inhibition of either KRAS G12C or ULK1/2 decreases tumor burden and increases mouse survival. Consequently, these data suggest that ULK1/2-mediated autophagy is a pharmacologically actionable cytoprotective stress response to inhibition of KRAS G12C in lung cancer.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tóth LJ, Mokánszki A, Méhes G. The rapidly changing field of predictive biomarkers of non-small cell lung cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2024; 30:1611733. [PMID: 38953007 PMCID: PMC11215025 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2024.1611733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide in both men and women, however mortality in the US and EU are recently declining in parallel with the gradual cut of smoking prevalence. Consequently, the relative frequency of adenocarcinoma increased while that of squamous and small cell carcinomas declined. During the last two decades a plethora of targeted drug therapies have appeared for the treatment of metastasizing non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). Personalized oncology aims to precisely match patients to treatments with the highest potential of success. Extensive research is done to introduce biomarkers which can predict the effectiveness of a specific targeted therapeutic approach. The EGFR signaling pathway includes several sufficient targets for the treatment of human cancers including NSCLC. Lung adenocarcinoma may harbor both activating and resistance mutations of the EGFR gene, and further, mutations of KRAS and BRAF oncogenes. Less frequent but targetable genetic alterations include ALK, ROS1, RET gene rearrangements, and various alterations of MET proto-oncogene. In addition, the importance of anti-tumor immunity and of tumor microenvironment has become evident recently. Accumulation of mutations generally trigger tumor specific immune defense, but immune protection may be upregulated as an aggressive feature. The blockade of immune checkpoints results in potential reactivation of tumor cell killing and induces significant tumor regression in various tumor types, such as lung carcinoma. Therapeutic responses to anti PD1-PD-L1 treatment may correlate with the expression of PD-L1 by tumor cells. Due to the wide range of diagnostic and predictive features in lung cancer a plenty of tests are required from a single small biopsy or cytology specimen, which is challenged by major issues of sample quantity and quality. Thus, the efficacy of biomarker testing should be warranted by standardized policy and optimal material usage. In this review we aim to discuss major targeted therapy-related biomarkers in NSCLC and testing possibilities comprehensively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- László József Tóth
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
De Santis MC, Bockorny B, Hirsch E, Cappello P, Martini M. Exploiting pancreatic cancer metabolism: challenges and opportunities. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:592-604. [PMID: 38604929 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive form of pancreatic cancer, known for its challenging diagnosis and limited treatment options. The focus on metabolic reprogramming as a key factor in tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance has gained prominence. In this review we focus on the impact of metabolic changes on the interplay among stromal, immune, and tumor cells, as glutamine and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) emerge as pivotal players in modulating immune cell functions and tumor growth. We also discuss ongoing clinical trials that explore metabolic modulation for PDAC, targeting mitochondrial metabolism, asparagine and glutamine addiction, and autophagy inhibition. Overcoming challenges in understanding nutrient effects on immune-stromal-tumor interactions holds promise for innovative therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara De Santis
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
| | - Bruno Bockorny
- BIDMC Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Cappello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Miriam Martini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Suarez CF, Harb OA, Robledo A, Largoza G, Ahn JJ, Alley EK, Wu T, Veeraragavan S, McClugage ST, Iacobas I, Fish JE, Kan PT, Marrelli SP, Wythe JD. MEK signaling represents a viable therapeutic vulnerability of KRAS-driven somatic brain arteriovenous malformations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.15.594335. [PMID: 38766159 PMCID: PMC11101126 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.15.594335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are direct connections between arteries and veins that remodel into a complex nidus susceptible to rupture and hemorrhage. Most sporadic bAVMs feature somatic activating mutations within KRAS, and endothelial-specific expression of the constitutively active variant KRASG12D models sporadic bAVM in mice. By leveraging 3D-based micro-CT imaging, we demonstrate that KRASG12D-driven bAVMs arise in stereotypical anatomical locations within the murine brain, which coincide with high endogenous Kras expression. We extend these analyses to show that a distinct variant, KRASG12C, also generates bAVMs in predictable locations. Analysis of 15,000 human patients revealed that, similar to murine models, bAVMs preferentially occur in distinct regions of the adult brain. Furthermore, bAVM location correlates with hemorrhagic frequency. Quantification of 3D imaging revealed that G12D and G12C alter vessel density, tortuosity, and diameter within the mouse brain. Notably, aged G12D mice feature increased lethality, as well as impaired cognition and motor function. Critically, we show that pharmacological blockade of the downstream kinase, MEK, after lesion formation ameliorates KRASG12D-driven changes in the murine cerebrovasculature and may also impede bAVM progression in human pediatric patients. Collectively, these data show that distinct KRAS variants drive bAVMs in similar patterns and suggest MEK inhibition represents a non-surgical alternative therapy for sporadic bAVM.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sánchez Rivera FJ, Dow LE. How CRISPR Is Revolutionizing the Generation of New Models for Cancer Research. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041384. [PMID: 37487630 PMCID: PMC11065179 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancers arise through acquisition of mutations in genes that regulate core biological processes like cell proliferation and cell death. Decades of cancer research have led to the identification of genes and mutations causally involved in disease development and evolution, yet defining their precise function across different cancer types and how they influence therapy responses has been challenging. Mouse models have helped define the in vivo function of cancer-associated alterations, and genome-editing approaches using CRISPR have dramatically accelerated the pace at which these models are developed and studied. Here, we highlight how CRISPR technologies have impacted the development and use of mouse models for cancer research and discuss the many ways in which these rapidly evolving platforms will continue to transform our understanding of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Sánchez Rivera
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mehrotra S, Kupani M, Kaur J, Kaur J, Pandey RK. Immunotherapy guided precision medicine in solid tumors. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:249-292. [PMID: 38762271 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is no longer recognized as a single disease but a collection of diseases each with its defining characteristics and behavior. Even within the same cancer type, there can be substantial heterogeneity at the molecular level. Cancer cells often accumulate various genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations over time, leading to a coexistence of distinct subpopulations of cells within the tumor. This tumor heterogeneity arises not only due to clonal outgrowth of cells with genetic mutations, but also due to interactions of tumor cells with the tumor microenvironment (TME). The latter is a dynamic ecosystem that includes cancer cells, immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, stromal cells, blood vessels, and extracellular matrix components, tumor-associated macrophages and secreted molecules. The complex interplay between tumor heterogeneity and the TME makes it difficult to develop one-size-fits-all treatments and is often the cause of therapeutic failure and resistance in solid cancers. Technological advances in the post-genomic era have given us cues regarding spatial and temporal tumor heterogeneity. Armed with this knowledge, oncologists are trying to target the unique genomic, epigenetic, and molecular landscape in the tumor cell that causes its oncogenic transformation in a particular patient. This has ushered in the era of personalized precision medicine (PPM). Immunotherapy, on the other hand, involves leveraging the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells and spare healthy cells from the damage induced by radiation and chemotherapy. Combining PPM and immunotherapy represents a paradigm shift in cancer treatment and has emerged as a promising treatment modality for several solid cancers. In this chapter, we summarise major types of cancer immunotherapy and discuss how they are being used for precision medicine in different solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Mehrotra
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
| | - Manu Kupani
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jaismeen Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jashandeep Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Pandey
- Research and Development-Protein Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singhal A, Li BT, O'Reilly EM. Targeting KRAS in cancer. Nat Med 2024; 30:969-983. [PMID: 38637634 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
RAS family variants-most of which involve KRAS-are the most commonly occurring hotspot mutations in human cancers and are associated with a poor prognosis. For almost four decades, KRAS has been considered undruggable, in part due to its structure, which lacks small-molecule binding sites. But recent developments in bioengineering, organic chemistry and related fields have provided the infrastructure to make direct KRAS targeting possible. The first successes occurred with allele-specific targeting of KRAS p.Gly12Cys (G12C) in non-small cell lung cancer, resulting in regulatory approval of two agents-sotorasib and adagrasib. Inhibitors targeting other variants beyond G12C have shown preliminary antitumor activity in highly refractory malignancies such as pancreatic cancer. Herein, we outline RAS pathobiology with a focus on KRAS, illustrate therapeutic approaches across a variety of malignancies, including emphasis on the 'on' and 'off' switch allele-specific and 'pan' RAS inhibitors, and review immunotherapeutic and other key combination RAS targeting strategies. We summarize mechanistic understanding of de novo and acquired resistance, review combination approaches, emerging technologies and drug development paradigms and outline a blueprint for the future of KRAS therapeutics with anticipated profound clinical impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Singhal
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bob T Li
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Early Drug Development Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eileen M O'Reilly
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Murphy KC, Ruscetti M. Advances in Making Cancer Mouse Models More Accessible and Informative through Non-Germline Genetic Engineering. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041348. [PMID: 37277206 PMCID: PMC10982712 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) allow for modeling of spontaneous tumorigenesis within its native microenvironment in mice and have provided invaluable insights into mechanisms of tumorigenesis and therapeutic strategies to treat human disease. However, as their generation requires germline manipulation and extensive animal breeding that is time-, labor-, and cost-intensive, traditional GEMMs are not accessible to most researchers, and fail to model the full breadth of cancer-associated genetic alterations and therapeutic targets. Recent advances in genome-editing technologies and their implementation in somatic tissues of mice have ushered in a new class of mouse models: non-germline GEMMs (nGEMMs). nGEMM approaches can be leveraged to generate somatic tumors de novo harboring virtually any individual or group of genetic alterations found in human cancer in a mouse through simple procedures that do not require breeding, greatly increasing the accessibility and speed and scale on which GEMMs can be produced. Here we describe the technologies and delivery systems used to create nGEMMs and highlight new biological insights derived from these models that have rapidly informed functional cancer genomics, precision medicine, and immune oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Murphy
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Marcus Ruscetti
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA;
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tong X, Patel AS, Kim E, Li H, Chen Y, Li S, Liu S, Dilly J, Kapner KS, Zhang N, Xue Y, Hover L, Mukhopadhyay S, Sherman F, Myndzar K, Sahu P, Gao Y, Li F, Li F, Fang Z, Jin Y, Gao J, Shi M, Sinha S, Chen L, Chen Y, Kheoh T, Yang W, Yanai I, Moreira AL, Velcheti V, Neel BG, Hu L, Christensen JG, Olson P, Gao D, Zhang MQ, Aguirre AJ, Wong KK, Ji H. Adeno-to-squamous transition drives resistance to KRAS inhibition in LKB1 mutant lung cancer. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:413-428.e7. [PMID: 38402609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
KRASG12C inhibitors (adagrasib and sotorasib) have shown clinical promise in targeting KRASG12C-mutated lung cancers; however, most patients eventually develop resistance. In lung patients with adenocarcinoma with KRASG12C and STK11/LKB1 co-mutations, we find an enrichment of the squamous cell carcinoma gene signature in pre-treatment biopsies correlates with a poor response to adagrasib. Studies of Lkb1-deficient KRASG12C and KrasG12D lung cancer mouse models and organoids treated with KRAS inhibitors reveal tumors invoke a lineage plasticity program, adeno-to-squamous transition (AST), that enables resistance to KRAS inhibition. Transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses reveal ΔNp63 drives AST and modulates response to KRAS inhibition. We identify an intermediate high-plastic cell state marked by expression of an AST plasticity signature and Krt6a. Notably, expression of the AST plasticity signature and KRT6A at baseline correlates with poor adagrasib responses. These data indicate the role of AST in KRAS inhibitor resistance and provide predictive biomarkers for KRAS-targeted therapies in lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ayushi S Patel
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eejung Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hongjun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, BNRist, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yueqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shengwu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julien Dilly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Biological and biomedical sciences program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin S Kapner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ningxia Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Yun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Laura Hover
- Monoceros Biosystems, LLC, San Diego, CA 92129, USA
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fiona Sherman
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Khrystyna Myndzar
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Priyanka Sahu
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yijun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fuming Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Fang
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Haining 314400, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yujuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Juntao Gao
- Institute for TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Minglei Shi
- Institute of Medical Innovation, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Satrajit Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Luonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200120, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, Med-X Center for Informatics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Thian Kheoh
- Mirati Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Itai Yanai
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; Institute of Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andre L Moreira
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vamsidhar Velcheti
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | | | - Peter Olson
- Mirati Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Michael Q Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Katti A, Vega-Pérez A, Foronda M, Zimmerman J, Zafra MP, Granowsky E, Goswami S, Gardner EE, Diaz BJ, Simon JM, Wuest A, Luan W, Fernandez MTC, Kadina AP, Walker JA, Holden K, Lowe SW, Sánchez Rivera FJ, Dow LE. Generation of precision preclinical cancer models using regulated in vivo base editing. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:437-447. [PMID: 37563300 PMCID: PMC11295146 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Although single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) make up the majority of cancer-associated genetic changes and have been comprehensively catalogued, little is known about their impact on tumor initiation and progression. To enable the functional interrogation of cancer-associated SNVs, we developed a mouse system for temporal and regulatable in vivo base editing. The inducible base editing (iBE) mouse carries a single expression-optimized cytosine base editor transgene under the control of a tetracycline response element and enables robust, doxycycline-dependent expression across a broad range of tissues in vivo. Combined with plasmid-based or synthetic guide RNAs, iBE drives efficient engineering of individual or multiple SNVs in intestinal, lung and pancreatic organoids. Temporal regulation of base editor activity allows controlled sequential genome editing ex vivo and in vivo, and delivery of sgRNAs directly to target tissues facilitates generation of in situ preclinical cancer models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyna Katti
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrián Vega-Pérez
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Foronda
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jill Zimmerman
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Paz Zafra
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Biosanitary Research Institute (IBS)-Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Granowsky
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sukanya Goswami
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric E Gardner
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bianca J Diaz
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janelle M Simon
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Wuest
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Luan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francisco J Sánchez Rivera
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Joshi K, Telugu BP, Prather RS, Bryan JN, Hoffman TJ, Kaifi JT, Rachagani S. Benefits and opportunities of the transgenic Oncopig cancer model. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:182-184. [PMID: 38290969 PMCID: PMC10939816 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and a paradigm shift is needed to fundamentally revisit drug development efforts. Pigs share close similarities to humans and may serve as an alternative model. Recently, a transgenic 'Oncopig' line has been generated to induce solid tumors with organ specificity, opening the potential of Oncopigs as a platform for developing novel therapeutic regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirtan Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Section for Thoracic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bhanu P Telugu
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Timothy J Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jussuf T Kaifi
- Department of Surgery, Section for Thoracic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ely ZA, Mathey-Andrews N, Naranjo S, Gould SI, Mercer KL, Newby GA, Cabana CM, Rideout WM, Jaramillo GC, Khirallah JM, Holland K, Randolph PB, Freed-Pastor WA, Davis JR, Kulstad Z, Westcott PMK, Lin L, Anzalone AV, Horton BL, Pattada NB, Shanahan SL, Ye Z, Spranger S, Xu Q, Sánchez-Rivera FJ, Liu DR, Jacks T. A prime editor mouse to model a broad spectrum of somatic mutations in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:424-436. [PMID: 37169967 PMCID: PMC11120832 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models only capture a small fraction of the genetic lesions that drive human cancer. Current CRISPR-Cas9 models can expand this fraction but are limited by their reliance on error-prone DNA repair. Here we develop a system for in vivo prime editing by encoding a Cre-inducible prime editor in the mouse germline. This model allows rapid, precise engineering of a wide range of mutations in cell lines and organoids derived from primary tissues, including a clinically relevant Kras mutation associated with drug resistance and Trp53 hotspot mutations commonly observed in pancreatic cancer. With this system, we demonstrate somatic prime editing in vivo using lipid nanoparticles, and we model lung and pancreatic cancer through viral delivery of prime editing guide RNAs or orthotopic transplantation of prime-edited organoids. We believe that this approach will accelerate functional studies of cancer-associated mutations and complex genetic combinations that are challenging to construct with traditional models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zackery A Ely
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Mathey-Andrews
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Santiago Naranjo
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel I Gould
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kim L Mercer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory A Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christina M Cabana
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William M Rideout
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grissel Cervantes Jaramillo
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Katie Holland
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX, USA
| | - Peyton B Randolph
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William A Freed-Pastor
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jessie R Davis
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zachary Kulstad
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter M K Westcott
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Huntington, NY, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew V Anzalone
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brendan L Horton
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nimisha B Pattada
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sean-Luc Shanahan
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhongfeng Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Stefani Spranger
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Sánchez-Rivera
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rosell R, Codony-Servat J, González J, Santarpia M, Jain A, Shivamallu C, Wang Y, Giménez-Capitán A, Molina-Vila MA, Nilsson J, González-Cao M. KRAS G12C-mutant driven non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 195:104228. [PMID: 38072173 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
KRAS G12C mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) partially respond to KRAS G12C covalent inhibitors. However, early adaptive resistance occurs due to rewiring of signaling pathways, activating receptor tyrosine kinases, primarily EGFR, but also MET and ligands. Evidence indicates that treatment with KRAS G12C inhibitors (sotorasib) triggers the MRAS:SHOC2:PP1C trimeric complex. Activation of MRAS occurs from alterations in the Scribble and Hippo-dependent pathways, leading to YAP activation. Other mechanisms that involve STAT3 signaling are intertwined with the activation of MRAS. The high-resolution MRAS:SHOC2:PP1C crystallization structure allows in silico analysis for drug development. Activation of MRAS:SHOC2:PP1C is primarily Scribble-driven and downregulated by HUWE1. The reactivation of the MRAS complex is carried out by valosin containing protein (VCP). Exploring these pathways as therapeutic targets and their impact on different chemotherapeutic agents (carboplatin, paclitaxel) is crucial. Comutations in STK11/LKB1 often co-occur with KRAS G12C, jeopardizing the effect of immune checkpoint (anti-PD1/PDL1) inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rosell
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona (IGTP), Spain; IOR, Hospital Quiron-Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Jessica González
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona (IGTP), Spain
| | - Mariacarmela Santarpia
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Italy
| | - Anisha Jain
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Yu Wang
- Genfleet Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jansen RA, Mainardi S, Dias MH, Bosma A, van Dijk E, Selig R, Albrecht W, Laufer SA, Zender L, Bernards R. Small-molecule inhibition of MAP2K4 is synergistic with RAS inhibitors in KRAS-mutant cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319492121. [PMID: 38377196 PMCID: PMC10907260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319492121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue KRAS is among the most commonly mutated oncogenes in human cancers, thus representing an attractive target for precision oncology. The approval for clinical use of the first selective inhibitors of G12C mutant KRAS therefore holds great promise for cancer treatment. However, despite initial encouraging clinical results, the overall survival benefit that patients experience following treatment with these inhibitors has been disappointing to date, pointing toward the need to develop more powerful combination therapies. Here, we show that responsiveness to KRASG12C and pan-RAS inhibitors in KRAS-mutant lung and colon cancer cells is limited by feedback activation of the parallel MAP2K4-JNK-JUN pathway. Activation of this pathway leads to elevated expression of receptor tyrosine kinases that reactivate KRAS and its downstream effectors in the presence of drug. We find that the combination of sotorasib, a drug targeting KRASG12C, and the MAP2K4 inhibitor HRX-0233 prevents this feedback activation and is highly synergistic in a panel of KRASG12C-mutant lung and colon cancer cells. Moreover, combining HRX-0233 and sotorasib is well-tolerated and resulted in durable tumor shrinkage in mouse xenografts of human lung cancer cells, suggesting a therapeutic strategy for KRAS-driven cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A. Jansen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Mainardi
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Matheus Henrique Dias
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Bosma
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Emma van Dijk
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen72074, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery and Development, Tübingen72074, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies” (EXC 2180), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
| | - Lars Zender
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery and Development, Tübingen72074, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies” (EXC 2180), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
- German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066 CX, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wei D, Wang L, Zuo X, Maitra A, Bresalier RS. A Small Molecule with Big Impact: MRTX1133 Targets the KRASG12D Mutation in Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:655-662. [PMID: 37831007 PMCID: PMC10922474 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
KRAS mutations drive oncogenic alterations in numerous cancers, particularly in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). About 93% of PDACs have KRAS mutations, with G12D (∼42% of cases) and G12V (∼32% of cases) being the most common. The recent approval of sotorasib (AMG510), a small-molecule, covalent, and selective KRASG12C inhibitor, for treating patients with non-small cell lung cancer represents a breakthrough in KRAS targeted therapy. However, there is a need to develop other much-needed KRAS-mutant inhibitors for PDAC therapy. Notably, Mirati Therapeutics recently developed MRTX1133, a small-molecule, noncovalent, and selective KRASG12D inhibitor through extensive structure-based drug design. MRTX1133 has demonstrated potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacy against KRASG12D-mutant cancer cells, especially in PDAC, leading to its recent initiation of a phase I/II clinical trial. Here, we provide a summary of the recent advancements related to the use of MRTX1133 for treating KRASG12D-mutant PDAC, focusing on its efficacy and underlying mechanistic actions. In addition, we discuss potential challenges and future directions for MRTX1133 therapy for PDAC, including overcoming intrinsic and acquired drug resistance, developing effective combination therapies, and improving MRTX1133's oral bioavailability and target spectrum. The promising results obtained from preclinical studies suggest that MRTX1133 could revolutionize the treatment of PDAC, bringing about a paradigm shift in its management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daoyan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xiangsheng Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Robert S. Bresalier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li Z, Zhuang X, Pan CH, Yan Y, Thummalapalli R, Hallin J, Torborg S, Singhal A, Chang JC, Manchado E, Dow LE, Yaeger R, Christensen JG, Lowe SW, Rudin CM, Joost S, Tammela T. Alveolar Differentiation Drives Resistance to KRAS Inhibition in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:308-325. [PMID: 37931288 PMCID: PMC10922405 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), commonly driven by KRAS mutations, is responsible for 7% of all cancer mortality. The first allele-specific KRAS inhibitors were recently approved in LUAD, but the clinical benefit is limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance. LUAD predominantly arises from alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells, which function as facultative alveolar stem cells by self-renewing and replacing alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells. Using genetically engineered mouse models, patient-derived xenografts, and patient samples, we found inhibition of KRAS promotes transition to a quiescent AT1-like cancer cell state in LUAD tumors. Similarly, suppressing Kras induced AT1 differentiation of wild-type AT2 cells upon lung injury. The AT1-like LUAD cells exhibited high growth and differentiation potential upon treatment cessation, whereas ablation of the AT1-like cells robustly improved treatment response to KRAS inhibitors. Our results uncover an unexpected role for KRAS in promoting intratumoral heterogeneity and suggest that targeting alveolar differentiation may augment KRAS-targeted therapies in LUAD. SIGNIFICANCE Treatment resistance limits response to KRAS inhibitors in LUAD patients. We find LUAD residual disease following KRAS targeting is composed of AT1-like cancer cells with the capacity to reignite tumorigenesis. Targeting the AT1-like cells augments responses to KRAS inhibition, elucidating a therapeutic strategy to overcome resistance to KRAS-targeted therapy. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 201.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuxuan Li
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Science, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Xueqian Zhuang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Chun-Hao Pan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Rohit Thummalapalli
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jill Hallin
- Mirati Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Stefan Torborg
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Anupriya Singhal
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jason C. Chang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Eusebio Manchado
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AD, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas E. Dow
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Science, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Rona Yaeger
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | - Scott W. Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Charles M. Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Simon Joost
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gong X, Du J, Peng RW, Chen C, Yang Z. CRISPRing KRAS: A Winding Road with a Bright Future in Basic and Translational Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:460. [PMID: 38275900 PMCID: PMC10814442 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Once considered "undruggable" due to the strong affinity of RAS proteins for GTP and the structural lack of a hydrophobic "pocket" for drug binding, the development of proprietary therapies for KRAS-mutant tumors has long been a challenging area of research. CRISPR technology, the most successful gene-editing tool to date, is increasingly being utilized in cancer research. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the application of the CRISPR system in basic and translational research in KRAS-mutant cancer, summarizing recent advances in the mechanistic understanding of KRAS biology and the underlying principles of drug resistance, anti-tumor immunity, epigenetic regulatory networks, and synthetic lethality co-opted by mutant KRAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China; (X.G.); (J.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jianting Du
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China; (X.G.); (J.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 28, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China; (X.G.); (J.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Zhang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China; (X.G.); (J.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vaishnavi A, Kinsey CG, McMahon M. Preclinical Modeling of Pathway-Targeted Therapy of Human Lung Cancer in the Mouse. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041385. [PMID: 37788883 PMCID: PMC10760064 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal models, particularly genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), continue to have a transformative impact on our understanding of the initiation and progression of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Furthermore, GEMMs have been employed in the design and optimization of potent anticancer therapies. Increasingly, drug responses are assessed in mouse models either prior, or in parallel, to the implementation of precision medical oncology, in which groups of patients with genetically stratified cancers are treated with drugs that target the relevant oncoprotein such that mechanisms of drug sensitivity or resistance may be identified. Subsequently, this has led to the design and preclinical testing of combination therapies designed to forestall the onset of drug resistance. Indeed, mouse models of human lung cancer represent a paradigm for how a wide variety of GEMMs, driven by a variety of oncogenic drivers, have been generated to study initiation, progression, and maintenance of this disease as well as response to drugs. These studies have now expanded beyond targeted therapy to include immunotherapy. We highlight key aspects of the relationship between mouse models and the evolution of therapeutic approaches, including oncogene-targeted therapies, immunotherapies, acquired drug resistance, and ways in which successful antitumor strategies improve on efficiently translating preclinical approaches into successful antitumor strategies in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aria Vaishnavi
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Conan G Kinsey
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Martin McMahon
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Najumudeen AK, Fey SK, Millett LM, Ford CA, Gilroy K, Gunduz N, Ridgway RA, Anderson E, Strathdee D, Clark W, Nixon C, Morton JP, Campbell AD, Sansom OJ. KRAS allelic imbalance drives tumour initiation yet suppresses metastasis in colorectal cancer in vivo. Nat Commun 2024; 15:100. [PMID: 38168062 PMCID: PMC10762264 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS mutations are well-described functionally and are known to drive tumorigenesis. Recent reports describe a significant prevalence of KRAS allelic imbalances or gene dosage changes in human cancers, including loss of the wild-type allele in KRAS mutant cancers. However, the role of wild-type KRAS in tumorigenesis and therapeutic response remains elusive. We report an in vivo murine model of colorectal cancer featuring deletion of wild-type Kras in the context of oncogenic Kras. Deletion of wild-type Kras exacerbates oncogenic KRAS signalling through MAPK and thus drives tumour initiation. Absence of wild-type Kras potentiates the oncogenic effect of KRASG12D, while incidentally inducing sensitivity to inhibition of MEK1/2. Importantly, loss of the wild-type allele in aggressive models of KRASG12D-driven CRC significantly alters tumour progression, and suppresses metastasis through modulation of the immune microenvironment. This study highlights the critical role for wild-type Kras upon tumour initiation, progression and therapeutic response in Kras mutant CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arafath K Najumudeen
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sigrid K Fey
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura M Millett
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Nuray Gunduz
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Eve Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shan C, Liang Y, Wang K, Li P. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Therapy Resistance: from Biology to Clinical Opportunity. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:347-366. [PMID: 38164177 PMCID: PMC10750277 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.88500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of stromal cells characterized by their properties of self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation, which make them prominent in regenerative medicine. MSCs have shown significant potential for the treatment of various diseases, primarily through the paracrine effects mediated by soluble factors, specifically extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSC-EVs play a crucial role in intercellular communication by transferring various bioactive substances, including proteins, RNA, DNA, and lipids, highlighting the contribution of MSC-EVs in regulating cancer development and progression. Remarkably, increasing evidence indicates the association between MSC-EVs and resistance to various types of cancer treatments, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and endocrinotherapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advancements in the biogenesis, isolation, and characterization of MSC-EVs, with an emphasis on their functions in cancer therapy resistance. The clinical applications and future prospects of MSC-EVs for mitigating cancer therapy resistance and enhancing drug delivery are also discussed. Elucidating the role and mechanism of MSC-EVs in the development of treatment resistance in cancer, as well as evaluating the clinical significance of MSC-EVs, is crucial for advancing our understanding of tumor biology. Meanwhile, inform the development of effective treatment strategies for cancer patients in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Shan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zeissig MN, Ashwood LM, Kondrashova O, Sutherland KD. Next batter up! Targeting cancers with KRAS-G12D mutations. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:955-967. [PMID: 37591766 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer. Activating mutations in codon 12, especially G12D, have the highest prevalence across a range of carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. With inhibitors to KRAS-G12D now entering clinical trials, understanding the biology of KRAS-G12D cancers, and identifying biomarkers that predict therapeutic response is crucial. In this Review, we discuss the genomics and biology of KRAS-G12D adenocarcinomas, including histological features, transcriptional landscape, the immune microenvironment, and how these factors influence response to therapy. Moreover, we explore potential therapeutic strategies using novel G12D inhibitors, leveraging knowledge gained from clinical trials using G12C inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara N Zeissig
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Lauren M Ashwood
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Olga Kondrashova
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Kate D Sutherland
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ravichandran M, Maddalo D. Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for advancing precision medicine in oncology: from target discovery to disease modeling. Front Genet 2023; 14:1273994. [PMID: 37908590 PMCID: PMC10613999 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1273994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) (CRISPR/Cas9) system is a powerful tool that enables precise and efficient gene manipulation. In a relatively short time, CRISPR has risen to become the preferred gene-editing system due to its high efficiency, simplicity, and programmability at low costs. Furthermore, in the recent years, the CRISPR toolkit has been rapidly expanding, and the emerging advancements have shown tremendous potential in uncovering molecular mechanisms and new therapeutic strategies for human diseases. In this review, we provide our perspectives on the recent advancements in CRISPR technology and its impact on precision medicine, ranging from target identification, disease modeling, and diagnostics. We also discuss the impact of novel approaches such as epigenome, base, and prime editing on preclinical cancer drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirunalini Ravichandran
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Danilo Maddalo
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Blair LM, Juan JM, Sebastian L, Tran VB, Nie W, Wall GD, Gerceker M, Lai IK, Apilado EA, Grenot G, Amar D, Foggetti G, Do Carmo M, Ugur Z, Deng D, Chenchik A, Paz Zafra M, Dow LE, Politi K, MacQuitty JJ, Petrov DA, Winslow MM, Rosen MJ, Winters IP. Oncogenic context shapes the fitness landscape of tumor suppression. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6422. [PMID: 37828026 PMCID: PMC10570323 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors acquire alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in an adaptive walk through the fitness landscape of tumorigenesis. However, the interactions between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that shape this landscape remain poorly resolved and cannot be revealed by human cancer genomics alone. Here, we use a multiplexed, autochthonous mouse platform to model and quantify the initiation and growth of more than one hundred genotypes of lung tumors across four oncogenic contexts: KRAS G12D, KRAS G12C, BRAF V600E, and EGFR L858R. We show that the fitness landscape is rugged-the effect of tumor suppressor inactivation often switches between beneficial and deleterious depending on the oncogenic context-and shows no evidence of diminishing-returns epistasis within variants of the same oncogene. These findings argue against a simple linear signaling relationship amongst these three oncogenes and imply a critical role for off-axis signaling in determining the fitness effects of inactivating tumor suppressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vy B Tran
- D2G Oncology, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ian K Lai
- D2G Oncology, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David Amar
- D2G Oncology, Mountain View, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Mariana Do Carmo
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zeynep Ugur
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Paz Zafra
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, E-18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katerina Politi
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg BioHub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li Z, Zhuang X, Pan CH, Yan Y, Thummalapalli R, Hallin J, Torborg S, Singhal A, Chang JC, Manchado E, Dow LE, Yaeger R, Christensen JG, Lowe SW, Rudin CM, Joost S, Tammela T. Alveolar differentiation drives resistance to KRAS inhibition in lung adenocarcinoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.29.560194. [PMID: 37808711 PMCID: PMC10557782 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), commonly driven by KRAS mutations, is responsible for 7% of all cancer mortality. The first allele-specific KRAS inhibitors were recently approved in LUAD, but clinical benefit is limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance. LUAD predominantly arises from alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells, which function as facultative alveolar stem cells by self-renewing and replacing alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells. Using genetically engineered mouse models, patient-derived xenografts, and patient samples we found inhibition of KRAS promotes transition to a quiescent AT1-like cancer cell state in LUAD tumors. Similarly, suppressing Kras induced AT1 differentiation of wild-type AT2 cells upon lung injury. The AT1-like LUAD cells exhibited high growth and differentiation potential upon treatment cessation, whereas ablation of the AT1-like cells robustly improved treatment response to KRAS inhibitors. Our results uncover an unexpected role for KRAS in promoting intra-tumoral heterogeneity and suggest targeting alveolar differentiation may augment KRAS-targeted therapies in LUAD. Significance Treatment resistance limits response to KRAS inhibitors in LUAD patients. We find LUAD residual disease following KRAS targeting is composed of AT1-like cancer cells with the capacity to reignite tumorigenesis. Targeting the AT1-like cells augments responses to KRAS inhibition, elucidating a therapeutic strategy to overcome resistance to KRAS-targeted therapy.
Collapse
|
31
|
Rowell MC, Deschênes-Simard X, Lopes-Paciencia S, Le Calvé B, Kalegari P, Mignacca L, Fernandez-Ruiz A, Guillon J, Lessard F, Bourdeau V, Igelmann S, Duman AM, Stanom Y, Kottakis F, Deshpande V, Krizhanovsky V, Bardeesy N, Ferbeyre G. Targeting ribosome biogenesis reinforces ERK-dependent senescence in pancreatic cancer. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:2172-2193. [PMID: 37942963 PMCID: PMC10732607 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2278945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PDAC) often possess mutations in K-Ras that stimulate the ERK pathway. Aberrantly high ERK activation triggers oncogene-induced senescence, which halts tumor progression. Here we report that low-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia displays very high levels of phospho-ERK consistent with a senescence response. However, advanced lesions that have circumvented the senescence barrier exhibit lower phospho-ERK levels. Restoring ERK hyperactivation in PDAC using activated RAF leads to ERK-dependent growth arrest with senescence biomarkers. ERK-dependent senescence in PDAC was characterized by a nucleolar stress response including a selective depletion of nucleolar phosphoproteins and intranucleolar foci containing RNA polymerase I designated as senescence-associated nucleolar foci (SANF). Accordingly, combining ribosome biogenesis inhibitors with ERK hyperactivation reinforced the senescence response in PDAC cells. Notably, comparable mechanisms were observed upon treatment with the platinum-based chemotherapy regimen FOLFIRINOX, currently a first-line treatment option for PDAC. We thus suggest that drugs targeting ribosome biogenesis can improve the senescence anticancer response in pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MC. Rowell
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - X. Deschênes-Simard
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S. Lopes-Paciencia
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - B. Le Calvé
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - P. Kalegari
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - L. Mignacca
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - A. Fernandez-Ruiz
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J. Guillon
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - F. Lessard
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Research Centre, Canada, Present
| | - V. Bourdeau
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - S Igelmann
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - AM. Duman
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Y. Stanom
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - F. Kottakis
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V. Deshpande
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V. Krizhanovsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - N. Bardeesy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G. Ferbeyre
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wei Y, Liu M, Yen EY, Yao J, Nguyen PT, Wang X, Yang Z, Yousef A, Pan D, Jin Y, Theady MS, Park J, Cai Y, Takeda M, Vasquez M, Zhou Y, Zhao H, Viale A, Wang H, Zhao D, DePinho RA, Yao W, Ying H. KRAS inhibition activates an actionable CD24 'don't eat me' signal in pancreas cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.21.558891. [PMID: 37790498 PMCID: PMC10542501 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.558891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
KRAS G12C inhibitor (G12Ci) has produced encouraging, albeit modest and transient, clinical benefit in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Identifying and targeting resistance mechanisms to G12Ci treatment is therefore crucial. To better understand the tumor biology of the KRAS G12C allele and possible bypass mechanisms, we developed a novel autochthonous KRAS G12C -driven PDAC model. Compared to the classical KRAS G12D PDAC model, the G12C model exhibit slower tumor growth, yet similar histopathological and molecular features. Aligned with clinical experience, G12Ci treatment of KRAS G12C tumors produced modest impact despite stimulating a 'hot' tumor immune microenvironment. Immunoprofiling revealed that CD24, a 'do-not-eat-me' signal, is significantly upregulated on cancer cells upon G12Ci treatment. Blocking CD24 enhanced macrophage phagocytosis of cancer cells and significantly sensitized tumors to G12Ci treatment. Similar findings were observed in KRAS G12D -driven PDAC. Our study reveals common and distinct oncogenic KRAS allele-specific biology and identifies a clinically actionable adaptive mechanism that may improve the efficacy of oncogenic KRAS inhibitor therapy in PDAC. Significance Lack of faithful preclinical models limits the exploration of resistance mechanisms to KRAS G12C inhibitor in PDAC. We generated an autochthonous KRAS G12C -driven PDAC model, which revealed allele-specific biology of the KRAS G12C during PDAC development. We identified CD24 as an actionable adaptive mechanisms in cancer cells induced upon KRAS G12C inhibition and blocking CD24 sensitizes PDAC to KRAS inhibitors in preclinical models.
Collapse
|
33
|
Nolan A, Raso C, Kolch W, von Kriegsheim A, Wynne K, Matallanas D. Proteomic Mapping of the Interactome of KRAS Mutants Identifies New Features of RAS Signalling Networks and the Mechanism of Action of Sotorasib. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4141. [PMID: 37627169 PMCID: PMC10452836 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS proteins are key regulators of cell signalling and control different cell functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Point mutations in the genes of this family are common, particularly in KRAS. These mutations were thought to cause the constitutive activation of KRAS, but recent findings showed that some mutants can cycle between active and inactive states. This observation, together with the development of covalent KRASG12C inhibitors, has led to the arrival of KRAS inhibitors in the clinic. However, most patients develop resistance to these targeted therapies, and we lack effective treatments for other KRAS mutants. To accelerate the development of RAS targeting therapies, we need to fully characterise the molecular mechanisms governing KRAS signalling networks and determine what differentiates the signalling downstream of the KRAS mutants. Here we have used affinity purification mass-spectrometry proteomics to characterise the interactome of KRAS wild-type and three KRAS mutants. Bioinformatic analysis associated with experimental validation allows us to map the signalling network mediated by the different KRAS proteins. Using this approach, we characterised how the interactome of KRAS wild-type and mutants is regulated by the clinically approved KRASG12C inhibitor Sotorasib. In addition, we identified novel crosstalks between KRAS and its effector pathways including the AKT and JAK-STAT signalling modules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Nolan
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Cinzia Raso
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kieran Wynne
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
| | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Manirakiza F, Rutaganda E, Yamada H, Iwashita Y, Rugwizangoga B, Seminega B, Dusabejambo V, Ntakirutimana G, Ruhangaza D, Uwineza A, Shinmura K, Sugimura H. Clinicopathological Characteristics and Mutational Landscape of APC, HOXB13, and KRAS among Rwandan Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4359-4374. [PMID: 37232746 PMCID: PMC10217012 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer research in Rwanda is estimated to be less than 1% of the total African cancer research output with limited research on colorectal cancer (CRC). Rwandan patients with CRC are young, with more females being affected than males, and most patients present with advanced disease. Considering the paucity of oncological genetic studies in this population, we investigated the mutational status of CRC tissues, focusing on the Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS), and Homeobox B13 (HOXB13) genes. Our aim was to determine whether there were any differences between Rwandan patients and other populations. To do so, we performed Sanger sequencing of the DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded adenocarcinoma samples from 54 patients (mean age: 60 years). Most tumors were located in the rectum (83.3%), and 92.6% of the tumors were low-grade. Most patients (70.4%) reported never smoking, and 61.1% of patients had consumed alcohol. We identified 27 variants of APC, including 3 novel mutations (c.4310_4319delAAACACCTCC, c.4463_4470delinsA, and c.4506_4507delT). All three novel mutations are classified as deleterious by MutationTaster2021. We found four synonymous variants (c.330C>A, c.366C>T, c.513T>C, and c.735G>A) of HOXB13. For KRAS, we found six variants (Asp173, Gly13Asp, Gly12Ala, Gly12Asp, Gly12Val, and Gln61His), the last four of which are pathogenic. In conclusion, here we contribute new genetic variation data and provide clinicopathological information pertinent to CRC in Rwanda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Manirakiza
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda; (F.M.)
- Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (H.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Eric Rutaganda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
| | - Hidetaka Yamada
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (H.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuji Iwashita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (H.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Belson Rugwizangoga
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda; (F.M.)
- Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
| | - Benoit Seminega
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
| | - Vincent Dusabejambo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
| | - Gervais Ntakirutimana
- Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
| | | | - Annette Uwineza
- Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali P.O. Box 655, Rwanda
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda
| | - Kazuya Shinmura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (H.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Haruhiko Sugimura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (H.Y.); (Y.I.)
- Sasaki Institute Sasaki Foundation, 2-2 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu Y, Li N, Zhu Y. Pancreatic Organoids: A Frontier Method for Investigating Pancreatic-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4027. [PMID: 36835437 PMCID: PMC9959977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreas represents an important organ that has not been comprehensively studied in many fields. To fill this gap, many models have been generated, and traditional models have shown good performance in addressing pancreatic-related diseases, but are increasingly struggling to keep up with the need for further research due to ethical issues, genetic heterogeneity and difficult clinical translation. The new era calls for new and more reliable research models. Therefore, organoids have been proposed as a novel model for the evaluation of pancreatic-related diseases such as pancreatic malignancy, diabetes, and pancreatic cystic fibrosis. Compared with common traditional models, including 2D cell culture and gene editing mice, organoids derived from living humans or mice cause minimal harm to the donor, raise fewer ethical concerns, and reasonably address the claims of heterogeneity, which allows for the further development of pathogenesis studies and clinical trial analysis. In this review, we analyse studies on the use of pancreatic organoids in research on pancreatic-related diseases, discuss the advantages and disadvantages, and hypothesize future trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
| | - Nianshuang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sisler DJ, Hinz TK, Le AT, Kleczko EK, Nemenoff RA, Heasley LE. Evaluation of KRAS G12C inhibitor responses in novel murine KRAS G12C lung cancer cell line models. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1094123. [PMID: 36845684 PMCID: PMC9945252 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1094123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The KRAS(G12C) mutation is the most common genetic mutation in North American lung adenocarcinoma patients. Recently, direct inhibitors of the KRASG12C protein have been developed and demonstrate clinical response rates of 37-43%. Importantly, these agents fail to generate durable therapeutic responses with median progression-free survival of ~6.5 months. Methods To provide models for further preclinical improvement of these inhibitors, we generated three novel murine KRASG12C-driven lung cancer cell lines. The co-occurring NRASQ61L mutation in KRASG12C-positive LLC cells was deleted and the KRASG12V allele in CMT167 cells was edited to KRASG12C with CRISPR/Cas9 methods. Also, a novel murine KRASG12C line, mKRC.1, was established from a tumor generated in a genetically-engineered mouse model. Results The three lines exhibit similar in vitro sensitivities to KRASG12C inhibitors (MRTX-1257, MRTX-849, AMG-510), but distinct in vivo responses to MRTX-849 ranging from progressive growth with orthotopic LLC-NRAS KO tumors to modest shrinkage with mKRC.1 tumors. All three cell lines exhibited synergistic in vitro growth inhibition with combinations of MRTX-1257 and the SHP2/PTPN11 inhibitor, RMC-4550. Moreover, treatment with a MRTX-849/RMC-4550 combination yielded transient tumor shrinkage in orthotopic LLC-NRAS KO tumors propagated in syngeneic mice and durable shrinkage of mKRC.1 tumors. Notably, single-agent MRTX-849 activity in mKRC.1 tumors and the combination response in LLC-NRAS KO tumors was lost when the experiments were performed in athymic nu/nu mice, supporting a growing literature demonstrating a role for adaptive immunity in the response to this class of drugs. Discussion These new models of murine KRASG12C mutant lung cancer should prove valuable for identifying improved therapeutic combination strategies with KRASG12C inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Sisler
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States,Eastern Colorado VA Healthcare System, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Trista K. Hinz
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States,Eastern Colorado VA Healthcare System, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anh T. Le
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Emily K. Kleczko
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raphael A. Nemenoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lynn E. Heasley
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States,Eastern Colorado VA Healthcare System, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Lynn E. Heasley,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sevrin T, Strasser L, Ternet C, Junk P, Caffarini M, Prins S, D’Arcy C, Catozzi S, Oliviero G, Wynne K, Kiel C, Luthert PJ. Whole-cell energy modeling reveals quantitative changes of predicted energy flows in RAS mutant cancer cell lines. iScience 2023; 26:105931. [PMID: 36711246 PMCID: PMC9874014 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular utilization of available energy flows to drive a multitude of forms of cellular "work" is a major biological constraint. Cells steer metabolism to address changing phenotypic states but little is known as to how bioenergetics couples to the richness of processes in a cell as a whole. Here, we outline a whole-cell energy framework that is informed by proteomic analysis and an energetics-based gene ontology. We separate analysis of metabolic supply and the capacity to generate high-energy phosphates from a representation of demand that is built on the relative abundance of ATPases and GTPases that deliver cellular work. We employed mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines that express wild-type KRAS or oncogenic mutations and with distinct phenotypes. We observe shifts between energy-requiring processes. Calibrating against Seahorse analysis, we have created a whole-cell energy budget with apparent predictive power, for instance in relation to protein synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sevrin
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Lisa Strasser
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Camille Ternet
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Philipp Junk
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Miriam Caffarini
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stella Prins
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Cian D’Arcy
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Simona Catozzi
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Giorgio Oliviero
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kieran Wynne
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christina Kiel
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Corresponding author
| | - Philip J. Luthert
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Stites EC. Computational Random Mutagenesis to Investigate RAS Mutant Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2634:329-335. [PMID: 37074586 PMCID: PMC10530643 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3008-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes how mathematical models can be used to investigate the possible range of behaviors for mutant forms of a protein. A mathematical model of the RAS signaling network that has previously been developed and applied to specific RAS mutants will be adapted for the process of computational random mutagenesis. By using this model to computationally investigate the range of RAS signaling outputs that would be anticipated over a wide range of the relevant parameter space, one can gain intuition about the types of behaviors that would be demonstrated by biological RAS mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Stites
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Diehl AC, Hannan LM, Zhen DB, Coveler AL, King G, Cohen SA, Harris WP, Shankaran V, Wong KM, Green S, Ng N, Pillarisetty VG, Sham JG, Park JO, Reddi D, Konnick EQ, Pritchard CC, Baker K, Redman M, Chiorean EG. KRAS Mutation Variants and Co-occurring PI3K Pathway Alterations Impact Survival for Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas. Oncologist 2022; 27:1025-1033. [PMID: 36124727 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KRAS variant alleles may have differential biological properties which impact prognosis and therapeutic options in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA). MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified patients with advanced PDA who received first-line therapy and underwent blood and/or tumor genomic sequencing at the University of Washington between 2013 and 2020. We examined the incidence of KRAS mutation variants with and without co-occurring PI3K or other genomic alterations and evaluated the association of these mutations with clinicopathological characteristics and survival using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS One hundred twenty-six patients had genomic sequencing data; KRAS mutations were identified in 111 PDA and included the following variants: G12D (43)/G12V (35)/G12R (23)/other (10). PI3K pathway mutations (26% vs. 8%) and homologous recombination DNA repair (HRR) defects (35% vs. 12.5%) were more common among KRAS G12R vs. non-G12R mutated cancers. Patients with KRAS G12R vs. non-G12R cancers had significantly longer overall survival (OS) (HR 0.55) and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR 0.58), adjusted for HRR pathway co-mutations among other covariates. Within the KRAS G12R group, co-occurring PI3K pathway mutations were associated with numerically shorter OS (HR 1.58), while no effect was observed on PFS. CONCLUSIONS Patients with PDA harboring KRAS G12R vs. non-G12R mutations have longer survival, but this advantage was offset by co-occurring PI3K alterations. The KRAS/PI3K genomic profile could inform therapeutic vulnerabilities in patients with PDA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Diehl
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay M Hannan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David B Zhen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew L Coveler
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gentry King
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stacey A Cohen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William P Harris
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Veena Shankaran
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kit M Wong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Natasha Ng
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan G Sham
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James O Park
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deepti Reddi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Q Konnick
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colin C Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mary Redman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E Gabriela Chiorean
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Differential properties of KRAS transversion and transition mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: associations with environmental factors and clinical outcomes. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1148. [PMID: 36348317 PMCID: PMC9641926 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 23–35% and 13–20% of all NSCLCs in white patients and East Asians, respectively, and is therefore regarded as a major therapeutic target. However, its epidemiology and clinical characteristics have not been fully elucidated because of its wide variety of mutational subtypes. Here, we focused on two distinct base substitution types: transversion mutations and transition mutations, as well as their association with environmental factors and clinical outcome. Methods Dataset from the Japan Molecular Epidemiology Study, which is a prospective, multicenter, and molecular study epidemiology cohort study involving 957 NSCLC patients who underwent surgery, was used for this study. Questionnaire-based detailed information on clinical background and lifestyles was also used to assess their association with mutational subtypes. Somatic mutations in 72 cancer-related genes were analyzed by next-generation sequencing, and KRAS mutations were classified into three categories: transversions (G > C or G > T; G12A, G12C, G12R, G12V), transitions (G > A; G12D, G12S, G13D), and wild-type (WT). Clinical correlations between these subtypes have been investigated, and recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Results Of the 957 patients, KRAS mutations were detected in 80 (8.4%). Of these, 61 were transversions and 19 were transitions mutations. Both pack-years of smoking and smoking duration had significant positive correlation with the occurrence of transversion mutations (p = 0.03 and < 0.01, respectively). Notably, transitions showed an inverse correlation with vegetable intake (p = 0.01). Patients with KRAS transitions had the shortest RFS and OS compared to KRAS transversions and WT. Multivariate analysis revealed that KRAS transitions, along with age and stage, were significant predictors of shorter RFS and OS (HR 2.15, p = 0.01; and HR 2.84, p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions Smoking exposure positively correlated with transversions occurrence in a dose-dependent manner. However, vegetable intake negatively correlated with transitions. Overall, KRAS transition mutations are significantly poor prognostic factors among resected NSCLC patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10246-7.
Collapse
|
41
|
Chakraborty A, Hanson L, Robinson D, Lewis H, Bickerton S, Davies M, Polanski R, Whiteley R, Koers A, Atkinson J, Baker T, del Barco Barrantes I, Ciotta G, Kettle JG, Magiera L, Martins CP, Peter A, Wigmore E, Underwood Z, Cosulich S, Niedbala M, Ross S. AZD4625 is a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of KRASG12C. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1535-1546. [PMID: 35930755 PMCID: PMC9538594 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AZD4625 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of oncogenic KRASG12C as demonstrated in cellular assays and in vivo in preclinical cell line-derived and patient-derived xenograft models. In vitro and cellular assays have shown selective binding and inhibition of the KRASG12C mutant isoform, which carries a glycine to cysteine mutation at residue 12, with no binding and inhibition of wild-type RAS or isoforms carrying non-KRASG12C mutations. The pharmacology of AZD4625 shows that it has the potential to provide therapeutic benefit to patients with KRASG12C mutant cancer as either a monotherapy treatment or in combination with other targeted drug agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Ross
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Corresponding Author: Sarah Ross, Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom. Phone: +44 (0) 7584 909550; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Corchado-Sonera M, Rambani K, Navarro K, Kladney R, Dowdle J, Leone G, Chamberlin HM. Discovery of nonautonomous modulators of activated Ras. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6656354. [PMID: 35929788 PMCID: PMC9526067 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Communication between mesodermal cells and epithelial cells is fundamental to normal animal development and is frequently disrupted in cancer. However, the genes and processes that mediate this communication are incompletely understood. To identify genes that mediate this communication and alter the proliferation of cells with an oncogenic Ras genotype, we carried out a tissue-specific genome-wide RNAi screen in Caenorhabditis elegans animals bearing a let-60(n1046gf) (RasG13E) allele. The screen identifies 24 genes that, when knocked down in adjacent mesodermal tissue, suppress the increased vulval epithelial cell proliferation defect associated with let-60(n1046gf). Importantly, gene knockdown reverts the mutant animals to a wild-type phenotype. Using chimeric animals, we genetically confirm that 2 of the genes function nonautonomously to revert the let-60(n1046gf) phenotype. The effect is genotype restricted, as knockdown does not alter development in a wild type (let-60(+)) or activated EGF receptor (let-23(sa62gf)) background. Although many of the genes identified encode proteins involved in essential cellular processes, including chromatin formation, ribosome function, and mitochondrial ATP metabolism, knockdown does not alter the normal development or function of targeted mesodermal tissues, indicating that the phenotype derives from specific functions performed by these cells. We show that the genes act in a manner distinct from 2 signal ligand classes (EGF and Wnt) known to influence the development of vulval epithelial cells. Altogether, the results identify genes with a novel function in mesodermal cells required for communicating with and promoting the proliferation of adjacent epithelial cells with an activated Ras genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Komal Rambani
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kristen Navarro
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Raleigh Kladney
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - James Dowdle
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Helen M Chamberlin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Le Roux Ö, Pershing NLK, Kaltenbrun E, Newman NJ, Everitt JI, Baldelli E, Pierobon M, Petricoin EF, Counter CM. Genetically manipulating endogenous Kras levels and oncogenic mutations in vivo influences tissue patterning of murine tumorigenesis. eLife 2022; 11:e75715. [PMID: 36069770 PMCID: PMC9451540 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite multiple possible oncogenic mutations in the proto-oncogene KRAS, unique subsets of these mutations are detected in different cancer types. As KRAS mutations occur early, if not being the initiating event, these mutational biases are ostensibly a product of how normal cells respond to the encoded oncoprotein. Oncogenic mutations can impact not only the level of active oncoprotein, but also engagement with proteins. To attempt to separate these two effects, we generated four novel Cre-inducible (LSL) Kras alleles in mice with the biochemically distinct G12D or Q61R mutations and encoded by native (nat) rare or common (com) codons to produce low or high protein levels. While there were similarities, each allele also induced a distinct transcriptional response shortly after activation in vivo. At one end of the spectrum, activating the KrasLSL-natG12D allele induced transcriptional hallmarks suggestive of an expansion of multipotent cells, while at the other end, activating the KrasLSL-comQ61R allele led to hallmarks of hyperproliferation and oncogenic stress. Evidence suggests that these changes may be a product of signaling differences due to increased protein expression as well as the specific mutation. To determine the impact of these distinct responses on RAS mutational patterning in vivo, all four alleles were globally activated, revealing that hematolymphopoietic lesions were permissive to the level of active oncoprotein, squamous tumors were permissive to the G12D mutant, while carcinomas were permissive to both these features. We suggest that different KRAS mutations impart unique signaling properties that are preferentially capable of inducing tumor initiation in a distinct cell-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özgün Le Roux
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Nicole LK Pershing
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Erin Kaltenbrun
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Nicole J Newman
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Elisa Baldelli
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason UniversityManassasUnited States
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason UniversityManassasUnited States
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason UniversityManassasUnited States
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang Y, Peng L, Zhao M, Xiong Y, Xue J, Li B, Huang Z, Liu X, Yang X, Song Y, Bing Z, Guo C, Tian Z, Gao C, Cao L, Cao Z, Li J, Jiang X, Si X, Zhang L, Li X, Zheng Z, Song M, Chen R, Lim WT, Pavan A, Romero A, Liang N, Yang H, Li S. Comprehensive analysis of T cell receptor repertoire in patients with KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2022; 11:1936-1950. [PMID: 36248331 PMCID: PMC9554687 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-22-629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The administration of immunotherapy has demonstrated significant efficacy in prolonging the overall survival of patients with KRAS mutation in recent years. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy in KRAS mutant NSCLC is variable. Analysis of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind such differential outcomes. Methods A total of 47 patients with KRAS mutant NSCLC were enrolled in this study. Deep sequencing of the TCR β chain complementarity-determining regions in tumor tissue and paired peripheral blood specimens was conducted. Comprehensive analysis of TCR repertoire metrics was performed with different KRAS mutation subtypes and concomitant mutations. Moreover, the associations between TCR repertoire metrics and tumor mutation burden (TMB), as well as programmed death-ligand 1 were explored, respectively. Results TCR repertoire metrics, including Shannon index, Clonality, and Morisita index (MOI), showed no significant differences among different KRAS mutation subtypes. The similar results were observed between patients with tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutation and those with wild-type TP53. In contrast, although no significant differences were found in Shannon index and Clonality, patients with KRAS/serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) comutation showed a significantly higher MOI compared to their STK11 wild-type counterparts (P=0.012). In addition, TCR repertoire metrics were neither associated with TMB nor programmed death-ligand 1 expression in KRAS mutant NSCLC. Conclusions This retrospective study comprehensively described the TCR repertoire in KRAS mutant NSCLC. A higher MOI represented more overlap of the TCR repertoire between tumor tissue and paired peripheral blood, indicating distinctive immunological features in NSCLC with KRAS/STK11 comutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Peng
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the General Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jianchao Xue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhicheng Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Eight-Year MD Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Eight-Year MD Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongxing Bing
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhuan Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Si
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Minimally Invasive Tumor Therapies Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibo Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of International Medical Services, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Wan-Teck Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alberto Pavan
- Medical Oncology Department, AULSS 3 Serenissima, Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Atocha Romero
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Naixin Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huaxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Shanqing Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Suzuki T, Masugi Y, Inoue Y, Hamada T, Tanaka M, Takamatsu M, Arita J, Kato T, Kawaguchi Y, Kunita A, Nakai Y, Nakano Y, Ono Y, Sasahira N, Takeda T, Tateishi K, Uemura S, Koike K, Ushiku T, Takeuchi K, Sakamoto M, Hasegawa K, Kitago M, Takahashi Y, Fujishiro M. KRAS variant allele frequency, but not mutation positivity, associates with survival of patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:3097-3109. [PMID: 35567350 PMCID: PMC9459293 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutation is a major driver of pancreatic carcinogenesis and will likely be a therapeutic target. Due to lack of sensitive assays for clinical samples of pancreatic cancer with low cellularity, KRAS mutations and their prognostic association have not been fully examined in large populations. In a multi-institutional cohort of 1162 pancreatic cancer patients with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples, we undertook droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) for KRAS codons 12/13/61. We examined detection rates of KRAS mutations by clinicopathological parameters and survival associations of KRAS mutation status. Multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were computed using the Cox regression model with adjustment for potential confounders. KRAS mutations were detected in 1139 (98%) patients. The detection rate did not differ by age of tissue blocks, tumor cellularity, or receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. KRAS mutations were not associated with DFS or OS (multivariable HR comparing KRAS-mutant to KRAS-wild-type tumors, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.62-1.75] and 1.05 [95% CI, 0.60-1.84], respectively). Among KRAS-mutant tumors, KRAS variant allele frequency (VAF) was inversely associated with DFS and OS with HRs per 20% VAF increase of 1.27 (95% CI, 1.13-1.42; ptrend <0.001) and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.16-1.48; ptrend <0.001), respectively. In summary, ddPCR detected KRAS mutations in clinical specimens of pancreatic cancer with high sensitivity irrespective of parameters potentially affecting mutation detections. KRAS VAF, but not mutation positivity, was associated with survival of pancreatic cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of PathologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yosuke Inoue
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic MedicineThe Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Mariko Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Manabu Takamatsu
- Division of PathologyThe Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
- Department of PathologyThe Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Junichi Arita
- Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Tomotaka Kato
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshikuni Kawaguchi
- Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Akiko Kunita
- Next‐Generation Precision Medicine Development Laboratory, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yousuke Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Endoscopy and Endoscopic SurgeryThe University of Tokyo HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Yutaka Nakano
- Department of SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Ono
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Naoki Sasahira
- Department of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic MedicineThe Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic MedicineThe Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Keisuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Sho Uemura
- Department of SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Division of PathologyThe Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
- Department of PathologyThe Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Michiie Sakamoto
- Department of PathologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Minoru Kitago
- Department of SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
The current state of the art and future trends in RAS-targeted cancer therapies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:637-655. [PMID: 36028717 PMCID: PMC9412785 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite being the most frequently altered oncogenic protein in solid tumours, KRAS has historically been considered ‘undruggable’ owing to a lack of pharmacologically targetable pockets within the mutant isoforms. However, improvements in drug design have culminated in the development of inhibitors that are selective for mutant KRAS in its active or inactive state. Some of these inhibitors have proven efficacy in patients with KRASG12C-mutant cancers and have become practice changing. The excitement associated with these advances has been tempered by drug resistance, which limits the depth and/or duration of responses to these agents. Improvements in our understanding of RAS signalling in cancer cells and in the tumour microenvironment suggest the potential for several novel combination therapies, which are now being explored in clinical trials. Herein, we provide an overview of the RAS pathway and review the development and current status of therapeutic strategies for targeting oncogenic RAS, as well as their potential to improve outcomes in patients with RAS-mutant malignancies. We then discuss challenges presented by resistance mechanisms and strategies by which they could potentially be overcome. The RAS oncogenes are among the most common drivers of tumour development and progression but have historically been considered undruggable. The development of direct KRAS inhibitors has changed this paradigm, although currently clinical use of these novel therapeutics is limited to a select subset of patients, and intrinsic or acquired resistance presents an inevitable challenge to cure. Herein, the authors provide an overview of the RAS pathway in cancer and review the ongoing efforts to develop effective therapeutic strategies for RAS-mutant cancers. They also discuss the current understanding of mechanisms of resistance to direct KRAS inhibitors and strategies by which they might be overcome. Owing to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, KRAS and other RAS isoforms have until recently been impervious to targeting with small-molecule inhibitors. Inhibitors of the KRASG12C variant constitute a potential breakthrough in the treatment of many cancer types, particularly non-small-cell lung cancer, for which such an agent has been approved by the FDA. Several forms of resistance to KRAS inhibitors have been defined, including primary, adaptive and acquired resistance; these resistance mechanisms are being targeted in studies that combine KRAS inhibitors with inhibitors of horizontal or vertical signalling pathways. Mutant KRAS has important effects on the tumour microenvironment, including the immunological milieu; these effects must be considered to fully understand resistance to KRAS inhibitors and when designing novel treatment strategies.
Collapse
|
47
|
DNA Polymerase Theta Plays a Critical Role in Pancreatic Cancer Development and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174077. [PMID: 36077614 PMCID: PMC9454495 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), due to its genomic heterogeneity and lack of effective treatment, despite decades of intensive research, will become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths by 2030. Step-wise acquisition of mutations, due to genomic instability, is considered to drive the development of PDAC; the KRAS mutation occurs in 95 to 100% of human PDAC, and is already detectable in early premalignant lesions designated as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). This mutation is possibly the key event leading to genomic instability and PDAC development. Our study aimed to investigate the role of the error-prone DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair pathway, alt-EJ, in the presence of the KRAS G12D mutation in pancreatic cancer development. Our findings show that oncogenic KRAS contributes to increasing the expression of Polθ, Lig3, and Mre11, key components of alt-EJ in both mouse and human PDAC models. We further confirm increased catalytic activity of alt-EJ in a mouse and human model of PDAC bearing the KRAS G12D mutation. Subsequently, we focused on estimating the impact of alt-EJ inactivation by polymerase theta (Polθ) deletion on pancreatic cancer development, and survival in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and cancer patients. Here, we show that even though Polθ deficiency does not fully prevent the development of pancreatic cancer, it significantly delays the onset of PanIN formation, prolongs the overall survival of experimental mice, and correlates with the overall survival of pancreatic cancer patients in the TCGA database. Our study clearly demonstrates the role of alt-EJ in the development of PDAC, and alt-EJ may be an attractive therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer patients.
Collapse
|
48
|
Huynh MV, Hobbs GA, Schaefer A, Pierobon M, Carey LM, Diehl JN, DeLiberty JM, Thurman RD, Cooke AR, Goodwin CM, Cook JH, Lin L, Waters AM, Rashid NU, Petricoin EF, Campbell SL, Haigis KM, Simeone DM, Lyssiotis CA, Cox AD, Der CJ. Functional and biological heterogeneity of KRAS Q61 mutations. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabn2694. [PMID: 35944066 PMCID: PMC9534304 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abn2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Missense mutations at the three hotspots in the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) RAS-Gly12, Gly13, and Gln61 (commonly known as G12, G13, and Q61, respectively)-occur differentially among the three RAS isoforms. Q61 mutations in KRAS are infrequent and differ markedly in occurrence. Q61H is the predominant mutant (at 57%), followed by Q61R/L/K (collectively 40%), and Q61P and Q61E are the rarest (2 and 1%, respectively). Probability analysis suggested that mutational susceptibility to different DNA base changes cannot account for this distribution. Therefore, we investigated whether these frequencies might be explained by differences in the biochemical, structural, and biological properties of KRASQ61 mutants. Expression of KRASQ61 mutants in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and RIE-1 epithelial cells caused various alterations in morphology, growth transformation, effector signaling, and metabolism. The relatively rare KRASQ61E mutant stimulated actin stress fiber formation, a phenotype distinct from that of KRASQ61H/R/L/P, which disrupted actin cytoskeletal organization. The crystal structure of KRASQ61E was unexpectedly similar to that of wild-type KRAS, a potential basis for its weak oncogenicity. KRASQ61H/L/R-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines exhibited KRAS-dependent growth and, as observed with KRASG12-mutant PDAC, were susceptible to concurrent inhibition of ERK-MAPK signaling and of autophagy. Our results uncover phenotypic heterogeneity among KRASQ61 mutants and support the potential utility of therapeutic strategies that target KRASQ61 mutant-specific signaling and cellular output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh V. Huynh
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - G. Aaron Hobbs
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Antje Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine,
George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Leiah M. Carey
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J. Nathaniel Diehl
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan M. DeLiberty
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ryan D. Thurman
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adelaide R. Cooke
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Craig M. Goodwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joshua H. Cook
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,
Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,
University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrew M. Waters
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Naim U. Rashid
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, NC 27955, USA
| | - Emanuel F. Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine,
George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Sharon L. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kevin M. Haigis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,
Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diane M. Simeone
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University, New York,
NY10016, USA
| | - Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,
University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of
Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48198, USA
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Adrienne D. Cox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 2799, USA
| | - Channing J. Der
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mutant RAS and the tumor microenvironment as dual therapeutic targets for advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 109:102433. [PMID: 35905558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RAS genes are the most frequently mutated oncogenes in cancer. These mutations occur in roughly half of the patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). RAS mutant tumors are resistant to therapy with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies. Therefore, patients with RAS mutant CRC currently have few effective therapy options. RAS mutations lead to constitutively active RAS GTPases, involved in multiple downstream signaling pathways. These alterations are associated with a tumor microenvironment (TME) that drives immune evasion and disease progression by mechanisms that remain incompletely understood. In this review, we focus on the available evidence in the literature explaining the potential effects of RAS mutations on the CRC microenvironment. Ongoing efforts to influence the TME by targeting mutant RAS and thereby sensitizing these tumors to immunotherapy will be discussed as well.
Collapse
|
50
|
Sánchez-Rivera FJ, Diaz BJ, Kastenhuber ER, Schmidt H, Katti A, Kennedy M, Tem V, Ho YJ, Leibold J, Paffenholz SV, Barriga FM, Chu K, Goswami S, Wuest AN, Simon JM, Tsanov KM, Chakravarty D, Zhang H, Leslie CS, Lowe SW, Dow LE. Base editing sensor libraries for high-throughput engineering and functional analysis of cancer-associated single nucleotide variants. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:862-873. [PMID: 35165384 PMCID: PMC9232935 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Base editing can be applied to characterize single nucleotide variants of unknown function, yet defining effective combinations of single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) and base editors remains challenging. Here, we describe modular base-editing-activity 'sensors' that link sgRNAs and cognate target sites in cis and use them to systematically measure the editing efficiency and precision of thousands of sgRNAs paired with functionally distinct base editors. By quantifying sensor editing across >200,000 editor-sgRNA combinations, we provide a comprehensive resource of sgRNAs for introducing and interrogating cancer-associated single nucleotide variants in multiple model systems. We demonstrate that sensor-validated tools streamline production of in vivo cancer models and that integrating sensor modules in pooled sgRNA libraries can aid interpretation of high-throughput base editing screens. Using this approach, we identify several previously uncharacterized mutant TP53 alleles as drivers of cancer cell proliferation and in vivo tumor development. We anticipate that the framework described here will facilitate the functional interrogation of cancer variants in cell and animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Sánchez-Rivera
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bianca J Diaz
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward R Kastenhuber
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henri Schmidt
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alyna Katti
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret Kennedy
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Tem
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josef Leibold
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- iFIT Cluster of Excellence EXC 2180 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stella V Paffenholz
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francisco M Barriga
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevan Chu
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sukanya Goswami
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra N Wuest
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janelle M Simon
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaloyan M Tsanov
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Debyani Chakravarty
- Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina S Leslie
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|