1
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Zhang S, Felthaus O, Prantl L, Ma N, Machatschek R. Continuous protein-density gradients: A new approach to correlate physical cues with cell response. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae202. [PMID: 38840799 PMCID: PMC11152205 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
To assess cellular behavior within heterogeneous tissues, such as bone, skin, and nerves, scaffolds with biophysical gradients are required to adequately replicate the in vivo interaction between cells and their native microenvironment. In this study, we introduce a strategy for depositing ultrathin films comprised of laminin-111 with precisely controlled biophysical gradients onto planar substrates using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. The gradient is created by controlled desynchronization of the barrier compression and substrate withdrawal speed during the LB deposition process. Characterization of the films was performed using techniques such as atomic force microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy, enabling the comprehensive analysis of biophysical parameters along the gradient direction. Furthermore, human adipose-derived stem cells were seeded onto the gradient films to investigate the influence of protein density on cell attachment, showing that the distribution of the cells can be modulated by the arrangement of the laminin at the air-water interface. The presented approach not only allowed us to gain insights into the intricate interplay between biophysical cues and cell behavior within complex tissue environments, but it is also suited as a screening approach to determine optimal protein concentrations to achieve a target cellular output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Active Polymers, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Oliver Felthaus
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Prantl
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Sustainable Materials, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Rainhard Machatschek
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Active Polymers, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
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2
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Awassa J, Soulé S, Cornu D, Ruby C, El-Kirat-Chatel S. Understanding the nanoscale adhesion forces between the fungal pathogen Candida albicans and antimicrobial zinc-based layered double hydroxides using single-cell and single-particle force spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:5383-5394. [PMID: 38375749 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Antifungal resistance has become a very serious concern, and Candida albicans is considered one of the most opportunistic fungal pathogens responsible for several human infections. In this context, the use of new antifungal agents such as zinc-based layered double hydroxides to fight such fungal pathogens is considered one possible means to help limit the problem of antifungal resistance. In this study, we show that ZnAl LDH nanoparticles exhibit remarkable antifungal properties against C. albicans and cause serious cell wall damage, as revealed by growth tests and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. To further link the antifungal activity of ZnAl LDHs to their adhesive behaviors toward C. albicans cells, AFM-based single-cell spectroscopy and single-particle force spectroscopy were used to probe the nanoscale adhesive interactions. The force spectroscopy analysis revealed that antimicrobial ZnAl LDHs exhibit specific surface interactions with C. albicans cells, demonstrating remarkable force magnitudes and adhesion frequencies in comparison with non-antifungal negative controls, e.g., Al-coated substrates and MgAl LDHs, which showed limited interactions with C. albicans cells. Force signatures suggest that such adhesive interactions may be attributed to the presence of agglutinin-like sequence (Als) adhesive proteins at the cell wall surface of C. albicans cells. Our findings propose the presence of a strong correlation between the antifungal effect provided by ZnAl LDHs and their nanoscale adhesive interactions with C. albicans cells at both the single-cell and single-particle levels. Therefore, ZnAl LDHs could interact with C. albicans fungal pathogens by specific adhesive interactions through which they adhere to fungal cells, leading to their damage and subsequent growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazia Awassa
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Samantha Soulé
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Damien Cornu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Christian Ruby
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Sofiane El-Kirat-Chatel
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France.
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France
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3
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Sharifi Panah S, Großmann R, Lepro V, Beta C. Cargo Size Limits and Forces of Cell-Driven Microtransport. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304666. [PMID: 37933711 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The integration of motile cells into biohybrid microrobots offers unique properties such as sensitive responses to external stimuli, resilience, and intrinsic energy supply. Here, biohybrid cell-cargo systems that are driven by amoeboid Dictyostelium discoideum cells are studied and how the cargo speed and the resulting viscous drag force scales with increasing radius of the spherical cargo particle are explored. Using a simplified geometrical model of the cell-cargo interaction, the findings toward larger cargo sizes, which are not accessible with the experimental setup, are extrapolated and a maximal cargo size is predicted beyond which active cell-driven movements will stall. The active forces exerted by the cells to move a cargo show mechanoresponsive adaptation and increase dramatically when challenged by an external pulling force, a mechanism that may become relevant when navigating cargo through complex heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Sharifi Panah
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert Großmann
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Valentino Lepro
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Carsten Beta
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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4
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Gulati K, Adachi T. Profiling to Probing: Atomic force microscopy to characterize nano-engineered implants. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:15-38. [PMID: 37562516 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of implants in the nanoscale or implant nano-engineering has been recognized as a strategy for augmenting implant bioactivity and achieving long-term implant success. Characterizing and optimizing implant characteristics is crucial to achieving desirable effects post-implantation. Modified implant enables tailored, guided and accelerated tissue integration; however, our understanding is limited to multicellular (bulk) interactions. Finding the nanoscale forces experienced by a single cell on nano-engineered implants will aid in predicting implants' bioactivity and engineering the next generation of bioactive implants. Atomic force microscope (AFM) is a unique tool that enables surface characterization and understanding of the interactions between implant surface and biological tissues. The characterization of surface topography using AFM to gauge nano-engineered implants' characteristics (topographical, mechanical, chemical, electrical and magnetic) and bioactivity (adhesion of cells) is presented. A special focus of the review is to discuss the use of single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) employing AFM to investigate the minute forces involved with the adhesion of a single cell (resident tissue cell or bacterium) to the surface of nano-engineered implants. Finally, the research gaps and future perspectives relating to AFM-characterized current and emerging nano-engineered implants are discussed towards achieving desirable bioactivity performances. This review highlights the use of advanced AFM-based characterization of nano-engineered implant surfaces via profiling (investigating implant topography) or probing (using a single cell as a probe to study precise adhesive forces with the implant surface). STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nano-engineering is emerging as a surface modification platform for implants to augment their bioactivity and achieve favourable treatment outcomes. In this extensive review, we closely examine the use of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to characterize the properties of nano-engineered implant surfaces (topography, mechanical, chemical, electrical and magnetic). Next, we discuss Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy (SCFS) via AFM towards precise force quantification encompassing a single cell's interaction with the implant surface. This interdisciplinary review will appeal to researchers from the broader scientific community interested in implants and cell adhesion to implants and provide an improved understanding of the surface characterization of nano-engineered implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Gulati
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Herston QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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5
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Malope N, Momoniat E, Herbst RS. The Stochastic Nature Exhibited by Proteins inside the Cell Membrane during Cell-to-Cell Communication. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1102. [PMID: 37626988 PMCID: PMC10452553 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The movement of proteins through the cell membrane is essential for cell-to-cell communication, which is a process that allows the body's immune system to identify any foreign cells, such as cells from another organism and pathogens; this movement is also essential for protein-to-protein interactions and protein-to-membrane interactions which play a significant role in drug discovery. This paper presents the stochastic nature exhibited by proteins during cell-to-cell communication. We study the movement of proteins through the cell membrane under the influence of an external force F and drag force with drag coefficient γ. We derive the stochastic diffusion equation, which governs the motion of the proteins; we start by describing the random motion exhibited by the proteins in terms of probability using a one-dimensional lattice model; this occurs when proteins move inside the cell membrane and bind with other proteins inside the cell membrane. We then introduce an external force and a drag coefficient into a Brownian motion description of the movement of proteins when they move outside the cell membrane and bind with proteins from other cells; this phenomenon occurs during cell communication when one cell releases messenger proteins to relay information to other cells. This, in turn, allows us to obtain the stochastic diffusion equation by applying Ito^'s Lemma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rhameez Sheldon Herbst
- Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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6
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Pan J, Kmieciak T, Liu YT, Wildenradt M, Chen YS, Zhao Y. Quantifying molecular- to cellular-level forces in living cells. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2021; 54:483001. [PMID: 34866655 PMCID: PMC8635116 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/ac2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cues have been suggested to play an important role in cell functions and cell fate determination, however, such physical quantities are challenging to directly measure in living cells with single molecule sensitivity and resolution. In this review, we focus on two main technologies that are promising in probing forces at the single molecule level. We review their theoretical fundamentals, recent technical advancements, and future directions, tailored specifically for interrogating mechanosensitive molecules in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Tommy Kmieciak
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Yen-Ting Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Matthew Wildenradt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Yun-Sheng Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright Street, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
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7
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Cui M, Zhao X, Sun M, Zhao X. A Cell's Viscoelasticity Measurement Method Based on the Spheroidization Process of Non-Spherical Shaped Cell. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5561. [PMID: 34451003 PMCID: PMC8401595 DOI: 10.3390/s21165561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of biological cells, especially the elastic modulus and viscosity of cells, have been identified to reflect cell viability and cell states. The existing measuring techniques need additional equipment or operation condition. This paper presents a cell's viscoelasticity measurement method based on the spheroidization process of non-spherical shaped cell. The viscoelasticity of porcine fetal fibroblast was measured. Firstly, we introduced the process of recording the spheroidization process of porcine fetal fibroblast. Secondly, we built the viscoelastic model for simulating a cell's spheroidization process. Then, we simulated the spheroidization process of porcine fetal fibroblast and got the simulated spheroidization process. By identifying the parameters in the viscoelastic model, we got the elasticity (500 Pa) and viscosity (10 Pa·s) of porcine fetal fibroblast. The results showed that the magnitude of the elasticity and viscosity were in agreement with those measured by traditional method. To verify the accuracy of the proposed method, we imitated the spheroidization process with silicone oil, a kind of viscous and uniform liquid with determined viscosity. We did the silicone oil's spheroidization experiment and simulated this process. The simulation results also fitted the experimental results well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowei Liu
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Maosheng Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin 300112, China;
| | - Xiangfei Zhao
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Mingzhu Sun
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.S.)
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8
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Nouri-Goushki M, Angeloni L, Modaresifar K, Minneboo M, Boukany PE, Mirzaali MJ, Ghatkesar MK, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. 3D-Printed Submicron Patterns Reveal the Interrelation between Cell Adhesion, Cell Mechanics, and Osteogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:33767-33781. [PMID: 34250808 PMCID: PMC8323101 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The surface topography of implantable devices is of crucial importance for guiding the cascade of events that starts from the initial contact of the cells with the surface and continues until the complete integration of the device in its immediate environment. There is, however, limited quantitative information available regarding the relationships between the different stages of such cascade(s) and how the design of surface topography influences them. We, therefore, used direct laser writing to 3D-print submicron pillars with precisely controlled dimensions and spatial arrangements to perform a systematic study of such relationships. Using single-cell force spectroscopy, we measured the adhesion force and the work of adhesion of the preosteoblast cells residing on the different types of surfaces. Not only the adhesion parameters (after 2-60 s) but also the formation of focal adhesions was strongly dependent on the geometry and arrangement of the pillars: sufficiently tall and dense pillars enhanced both adhesion parameters and the formation of focal adhesions. Our morphological study of the cells (after 24 h) showed that those enhancements were associated with a specific way of cell settlement onto the surface (i.e., "top state"). The cells interacting with tall and dense pillars were also characterized by numerous thick actin stress fibers in the perinuclear region and possibly high internal stresses. Furthermore, living cells with highly organized cytoskeletal networks exhibited greater values of the elastic modulus. The early responses of the cells predicted their late response including matrix mineralization: tall and dense submicron pillars significantly upregulated the expression of osteopontin after 21 days of culture under both osteogenic and nonosteogenic conditions. Our findings paint a detailed picture of at least one possible cascade of events that starts from initial cell adhesion and continues to subsequent cellular functions and eventual matrix mineralization. These observations could inform the future developments of instructive surfaces for medical devices based on physical surface cues and early markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Nouri-Goushki
- Department
of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and
Materials Engineering, Delft University
of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- ,
| | - Livia Angeloni
- Department
of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and
Materials Engineering, Delft University
of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- . Phone: +31-152786980
| | - Khashayar Modaresifar
- Department
of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and
Materials Engineering, Delft University
of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Minneboo
- Department
of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and
Materials Engineering, Delft University
of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pouyan E. Boukany
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology (TU Delft), van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad J. Mirzaali
- Department
of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and
Materials Engineering, Delft University
of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Murali K. Ghatkesar
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lidy E. Fratila-Apachitei
- Department
of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and
Materials Engineering, Delft University
of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A. Zadpoor
- Department
of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and
Materials Engineering, Delft University
of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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9
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Kolb P, Schundner A, Frick M, Gottschalk KE. In Vitro Measurements of Cellular Forces and their Importance in the Lung-From the Sub- to the Multicellular Scale. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:691. [PMID: 34357063 PMCID: PMC8307149 DOI: 10.3390/life11070691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, the body is subjected to various mechanical forces on the organ, tissue, and cellular level. Mechanical stimuli are essential for organ development and function. One organ whose function depends on the tightly connected interplay between mechanical cell properties, biochemical signaling, and external forces is the lung. However, altered mechanical properties or excessive mechanical forces can also drive the onset and progression of severe pulmonary diseases. Characterizing the mechanical properties and forces that affect cell and tissue function is therefore necessary for understanding physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. In recent years, multiple methods have been developed for cellular force measurements at multiple length scales, from subcellular forces to measuring the collective behavior of heterogeneous cellular networks. In this short review, we give a brief overview of the mechanical forces at play on the cellular level in the lung. We then focus on the technological aspects of measuring cellular forces at many length scales. We describe tools with a subcellular resolution and elaborate measurement techniques for collective multicellular units. Many of the technologies described are by no means restricted to lung research and have already been applied successfully to cells from various other tissues. However, integrating the knowledge gained from these multi-scale measurements in a unifying framework is still a major future challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kolb
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Annika Schundner
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Kay-E. Gottschalk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
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10
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Nanonewton scale adhesion force measurements on biotinylated microbeads with a robotic micropipette. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 602:291-299. [PMID: 34130175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Binding force between biomolecules has a crucial role in most biological processes. Receptor-ligand interactions transmit physical forces and signals simultaneously. Previously, we employed a robotic micropipette both in live cell and microbead adhesion studies to explore the adhesion force of biomolecules such as cell surface receptors including specific integrins on immune cells. Here we apply standard computational fluid dynamics simulations to reveal the detailed physical background of the flow generated by the micropipette when probing microbead adhesion on functionalized surfaces. Measuring the aspiration pressure needed to pick up the biotinylated 10 μm beads on avidin coated surfaces and converting it to a hydrodynamic lifting force on the basis of simulations, we found an unbinding force of 12 ± 2 nN, when targeting the beads manually; robotic targeting resulted in 9 ± 4 nN (mean ± SD). We measured and simulated the effect of the targeting offset, when the microbead was out of the axis (off-axis)of the micropipette. According to the simulations, the higher offset resulted in a higher lifting force acting on the bead. Considering this effect, we could readily correct the impact of the targeting offset to renormalize the experimental data. Horizontal force and torque also appeared in simulations in case of a targeting offset. Surprisingly, simulations show that the lifting force acting on the bead reaches a maximum at a flow rate of ~ 5 μl/s if the targeting offset is not very high (<5 μm). Further increasing the flow rate decreases the lifting force. We attribute this effect to the spherical geometry of the bead. We predict that higher flow rates cannot increase the hydrodynamic lifting force acting on the precisely targeted microbead, setting a fundamental force limit (16 nN in our setup) for manipulating microbeads with a micropipette perpendicular to the supporting surface. In order to extend the force range, we propose the offset targeting of microbeads.
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11
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O'Neill Moore S, Grubb TJ, Kothapalli CR. Insights into the biophysical forces between proteins involved in elastic fiber assembly. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:9239-9250. [PMID: 32966543 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01591a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Elastogenesis is a complex process beginning with transcription, translation, and extracellular release of precursor proteins leading to crosslinking, deposition, and assembly of ubiquitous elastic fibers. While the biochemical pathways by which elastic fibers are assembled are known, the biophysical forces mediating the interactions between the constituent proteins are unknown. Using atomic force microscopy, we quantified the adhesive forces among the elastic fiber components, primarily between tropoelastin, elastin binding protein (EBP), fibrillin-1, fibulin-5, and lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2). The adhesive forces between tropoelastin and other tissue-derived proteins such as insoluble elastin, laminin, and type I collagens were also assessed. The adhesive forces between tropoelastin and laminin were strong (1767 ± 126 pN; p < 10-5vs. all others), followed by forces (≥200 pN) between tropoelastin and human collagen, mature elastin, or tropoelastin. The adhesive forces between tropoelastin and rat collagen, EBP, fibrillin-1, fibulin-5, and LOXL2 coated on fibrillin-1 were in the range of 100-200 pN. The forces between tropoelastin and LOXL2, LOXL2 and fibrillin-1, LOXL2 and fibulin-5, and fibrillin-1 and fibulin-5 were less than 100 pN. Introducing LOXL2 decreased the adhesive forces between the tropoelastin monomers by ∼100 pN. The retraction phase of force-deflection curves was fitted to the worm-like chain model to calculate the rigidity and flexibility of these proteins as they unfolded. The results provided insights into how each constituent's stretching under deformation contributes to structural and mechanical characteristics of these fibers and to elastic fiber assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean O'Neill Moore
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FH 460, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
| | - Tyler Jacob Grubb
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FH 460, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
| | - Chandrasekhar R Kothapalli
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FH 460, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
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12
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Kristi N, Gafur A, Kong L, Ma X, Ye Z, Wang G. Atomic Force Microscopy in Mechanoimmunology Analysis: A New Perspective for Cancer Immunotherapy. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900559. [PMID: 32240578 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has remarkable success outcomes against hematological malignancies with high rates of complete remission. To date, many studies have been conducted to increase its effectiveness in other types of cancer. However, it still yields unsatisfying results in solid tumor therapy. This limitation is partly attributed to the lack of understanding of how immunotherapy works in cancer from other perspectives. The traditional studies focus on the biological and chemical perspectives to determine which molecular substrates are involved in the immune system that can eradicate cancer cells. In the last decades, accumulating evidence has shown that physical properties also play important roles in the immune system to combat cancer, which is studied in mechanoimmunology. Mechanoimmunology analysis requires special tools; and herein, atomic force microscopy (AFM) appears as a versatile tool to determine and quantify the mechanical properties of a sample in nanometer precisions. Owing to its multifunctional capabilities, AFM can be used to explore immune system function from the physical perspective. This review paper explains the mechanoimmunology of how immune systems work through AFM, which includes mechanosignaling, mechanosensing, and mechanotransduction, with the aim to deepen the understanding of the mechanistic role of immunotherapy for further development in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kristi
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Alidha Gafur
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Lingwen Kong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Central Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400014, P. R. China
| | - Xinshuang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhiyi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, 400030, China
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13
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Beaussart A, El-Kirat-Chatel S. Microbial adhesion and ultrastructure from the single-molecule to the single-cell levels by Atomic Force Microscopy. Cell Surf 2019; 5:100031. [PMID: 32743147 PMCID: PMC7389263 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has evolved towards an accurate and lasting tool to study the surface of living cells in physiological conditions. Through imaging, single-molecule force spectroscopy and single-cell force spectroscopy modes, AFM allows to decipher at multiple scales the morphology and the molecular interactions taking place at the cell surface. Applied to microbiology, these approaches have been used to elucidate biophysical properties of biomolecules and to directly link the molecular structures to their function. In this review, we describe the main methods developed for AFM-based microbial surface analysis that we illustrate with examples of molecular mechanisms unravelled with unprecedented resolution.
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Calcium-Mediated Biophysical Binding of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts to Surfaces Is Sensitive to Oocyst Age. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00816-19. [PMID: 31253676 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00816-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum causes potentially life-threatening gastrointestinal disease in humans and may not be effectively removed from drinking water via conventional methods. Prior research has shown that environmental biofilms immobilize oocysts from the water column, but the biophysical mechanisms driving this attraction are still under investigation. This study investigates the affinity of C. parvum oocysts to silanized surfaces. Surfaces were prepared with hydroxyl, amine, and carboxyl moieties. Binding forces between the oocysts and these engineered substrates were analyzed, with and without divalent ions, using atomic force microscopy. Binding forces were measured over several weeks to investigate the influence of age on adhesion. C. parvum oocysts bind most strongly to carboxylic acid functional groups, with rupture forces greater than that required to break noncovalent molecular bonds, regardless of oocyst age. This adhesion is shown to be due to divalent cation bridging mechanisms. In addition, the binding strength increases over a 5-week period as the oocysts age, followed by a decrease in the binding strength, which may be related to structural or biochemical changes in the outer wall-bound glycosylated proteins. This study sheds new light on the biochemical parameters that influence C. parvum oocyst binding to surfaces. Increased understanding of how age and water chemistry influence the binding strength of oocysts may inform future developments in environmental detection and drinking water treatment, such as with the development of oocyst-specific sensors that allow for more frequent tracking of oocysts in the environment.IMPORTANCE The mechanisms by which pathogens bind to surfaces are of interest to a wide variety of scientific communities, as these mechanisms drive infectivity, fate, and transport of the pathogenic organisms. This study begins to reveal the mechanism of direct binding of Cryptosporidium parvum to surfaces containing both carboxylic acid and amine moieties, in an attempt to understand how much of the binding ability is due to long-range electrostatic forces versus other mechanisms (specific or nonspecific) of bonding. In addition to improving the scientific understanding of fate and transport of oocysts, an expanded understanding of the binding mechanisms may aid in the development of new tools and sensors designed to detect and track oocysts in waterways. Furthermore, the methods used to examine binding in this study could be translated to other waterborne pathogens of interest.
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Iturri J, Weber A, Moreno-Cencerrado A, Vivanco MDM, Benítez R, Leporatti S, Toca-Herrera JL. Resveratrol-Induced Temporal Variation in the Mechanical Properties of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3275. [PMID: 31277289 PMCID: PMC6651212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) combined with fluorescence microscopy has been used to quantify cytomechanical modifications induced by resveratrol (at a fixed concentration of 50 µM) in a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) upon temporal variation. Cell indentation methodology has been utilized to determine simultaneous variations of Young's modulus, the maximum adhesion force, and tether formation, thereby determining cell motility and adhesiveness. Effects of treatment were measured at several time-points (0-6 h, 24 h, and 48 h); longer exposures resulted in cell death. Our results demonstrated that AFM can be efficiently used as a diagnostic tool to monitor irreversible morpho/nano-mechanical changes in cancer cells during the early steps of drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoba Iturri
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology (DNBT), BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Weber
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology (DNBT), BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alberto Moreno-Cencerrado
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology (DNBT), BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP). Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria dM Vivanco
- Cancer Heterogeneity Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Rafael Benítez
- Department Matemáticas para la Economía y la Empresa, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Tarongers s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Stefano Leporatti
- CNR Nanotec-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia c/o Campus Ecoteckne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - José Luis Toca-Herrera
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology (DNBT), BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11 (Simon Zeisel Haus), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Ungai-Salánki R, Peter B, Gerecsei T, Orgovan N, Horvath R, Szabó B. A practical review on the measurement tools for cellular adhesion force. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 269:309-333. [PMID: 31128462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions are fundamental in all multicellular organisms. They play a key role in cellular growth, differentiation, pattern formation and migration. Cell-cell adhesion is substantial in the immune response, pathogen-host interactions, and tumor development. The success of tissue engineering and stem cell implantations strongly depends on the fine control of live cell adhesion on the surface of natural or biomimetic scaffolds. Therefore, the quantitative and precise measurement of the adhesion strength of living cells is critical, not only in basic research but in modern technologies, too. Several techniques have been developed or are under development to quantify cell adhesion. All of them have their pros and cons, which has to be carefully considered before the experiments and interpretation of the recorded data. Current review provides a guide to choose the appropriate technique to answer a specific biological question or to complete a biomedical test by measuring cell adhesion.
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17
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Gao X, Acharya BR, Engl WCO, De Mets R, Thiery JP, Yap AS, Viasnoff V. Probing compression versus stretch activated recruitment of cortical actin and apical junction proteins using mechanical stimulations of suspended doublets. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:026111. [PMID: 31069308 PMCID: PMC6481720 DOI: 10.1063/1.5025216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an experimental approach to study the mechanosensitivity of cell-cell contact upon mechanical stimulation in suspended cell-doublets. The doublet is placed astride an hourglass aperture, and a hydrodynamic force is selectively exerted on only one of the cells. The geometry of the device concentrates the mechanical shear over the junction area. Together with mechanical shear, the system also allows confocal quantitative live imaging of the recruitment of junction proteins (e.g., E-cadherin, ZO-1, occludin, and actin). We observed the time sequence over which proteins were recruited to the stretched region of the contact. The compressed side of the contact showed no response. We demonstrated how this mechanism polarizes the stress-induced recruitment of junctional components within one single junction. Finally, we demonstrated that stabilizing the actin cortex dynamics abolishes the mechanosensitive response of the junction. Our experimental design provides an original approach to study the role of mechanical force at a cell-cell contact with unprecedented control over stress application and quantitative optical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumei Gao
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Level 5, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411
| | - Bipul R Acharya
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Wilfried Claude Otto Engl
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Level 5, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411
| | - Richard De Mets
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Level 5, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos building, Singapore 138673
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Errico V, Arrabito G, Fornetti E, Fuoco C, Testa S, Saggio G, Rufini S, Cannata S, Desideri A, Falconi C, Gargioli C. High-Density ZnO Nanowires as a Reversible Myogenic-Differentiation Switch. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:14097-14107. [PMID: 29619824 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesoangioblasts are outstanding candidates for stem-cell therapy and are already being explored in clinical trials. However, a crucial challenge in regenerative medicine is the limited availability of undifferentiated myogenic progenitor cells because growth is typically accompanied by differentiation. Here reversible myogenic-differentiation switching during proliferation is achieved by functionalizing the glass substrate with high-density ZnO nanowires (NWs). Specifically, mesoangioblasts grown on ZnO NWs present a spherical viable undifferentiated cell state without lamellopodia formation during the entire observation time (8 days). Consistently, the myosin heavy chain, typically expressed in skeletal muscle tissue and differentiated myogenic progenitors, is completely absent. Remarkably, NWs do not induce any damage while they reversibly block differentiation, so that the differentiation capabilities are completely recovered upon cell removal from the NW-functionalized substrate and replating on standard culture glass. This is the first evidence of a reversible myogenic-differentiation switch that does not affect the viability. These results can be the first step toward for the in vitro growth of a large number of undifferentiated stem/progenitor cells and therefore can represent a breakthrough for cell-based therapy and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Errico
- Department of Electronic Engineering , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via del Politecnico 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department of Electronic Engineering , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via del Politecnico 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Ersilia Fornetti
- Department of Biology , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Claudia Fuoco
- Department of Biology , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Stefano Testa
- Department of Biology , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Giovanni Saggio
- Department of Electronic Engineering , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via del Politecnico 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Stefano Rufini
- Department of Biology , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Stefano Cannata
- Department of Biology , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Alessandro Desideri
- Department of Biology , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Christian Falconi
- Department of Electronic Engineering , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via del Politecnico 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Cesare Gargioli
- Department of Biology , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
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Skorkina MY, Shamray EA, Sladkova EA. Measuring of Adhesion Force in the Cell—Cell System Based on Atomic Force Microscopy Technology. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 164:528-529. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Adhesion forces of the sea-water bacterium Paracoccus seriniphilus on titanium: Influence of microstructures and environmental conditions. Biointerphases 2017; 12:05G606. [PMID: 29108418 DOI: 10.1116/1.5002676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial attachment to surfaces is the first step of biofilm formation. This attachment is governed by adhesion forces which act between the bacterium and the substrate. Such forces can be measured by single cell force spectroscopy, where a single bacterium is attached to a cantilever of a scanning force microscope, and force-distance curves are measured. For the productive sea-water bacterium Paracoccus seriniphilus, pH dependent measurements reveal the highest adhesion forces at pH 4. Adhesion forces measured at salinities between 0% and 4.5% NaCl are in general higher for higher salinity. However, there is an exception for 0.9% where a higher adhesion force was measured than expected. These results are in line with zeta potential measurements of the bacterium, which also show an exceptionally low zeta potential at 0.9% NaCl. In the absence of macromolecular interactions, the adhesion forces are thus governed by (unspecific) electrostatic interactions, which can be adjusted by pH and ionic strength. It is further shown that microstructures on the titanium surface increase the adhesion force. Growth medium reduces the interaction forces dramatically, most probably through macromolecular bridging.
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21
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Rosenthal K, Oehling V, Dusny C, Schmid A. Beyond the bulk: disclosing the life of single microbial cells. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:751-780. [PMID: 29029257 PMCID: PMC5812503 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial single cell analysis has led to discoveries that are beyond what can be resolved with population-based studies. It provides a pristine view of the mechanisms that organize cellular physiology, unbiased by population heterogeneity or uncontrollable environmental impacts. A holistic description of cellular functions at the single cell level requires analytical concepts beyond the miniaturization of existing technologies, defined but uncontrolled by the biological system itself. This review provides an overview of the latest advances in single cell technologies and demonstrates their potential. Opportunities and limitations of single cell microbiology are discussed using selected application-related examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Verena Oehling
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Dusny
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Spengler C, Thewes N, Jung P, Bischoff M, Jacobs K. Determination of the nano-scaled contact area of staphylococcal cells. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:10084-10093. [PMID: 28695218 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02297b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is a crucial step during the development of infections as well as the formation of biofilms. Hence, fundamental research of bacterial adhesion mechanisms is of utmost importance. So far, less is known about the size of the contact area between bacterial cells and a surface. This gap will be filled by this study using a single-cell force spectroscopy-based method to investigate the contact area between a single bacterial cell of Staphylococcus aureus and a solid substrate. The technique relies on the strong influence of the hydrophobic interaction on bacterial adhesion: by incrementally crossing a very sharp hydrophobic/hydrophilic interface while performing force-distance curves with a single bacterial probe, the bacterial contact area can be determined. Assuming circular contact areas, their radii - determined in our experiments - are in the range from tens of nanometers to a few hundred nanometers. The contact area can be slightly enlarged by a larger load force, yet does not resemble a Hertzian contact, rather, the enlargement is a property of the individual bacterial cell. Additionally, Staphylococcus carnosus has been probed, which is less adherent than S. aureus, yet both bacteria exhibit a similar contact area size. This corroborates the notion that the adhesive strength of bacteria is not a matter of contact area, but rather a matter of which and how many molecules of the bacterial species' cell wall form the contact. Moreover, our method of determining the contact area can be applied to other microorganisms and the results might also be useful for studies using nanoparticles covered with soft, macromolecular coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spengler
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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23
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Heisenberg CP. D'Arcy Thompson's 'on Growth and form': From soap bubbles to tissue self-organization. Mech Dev 2017; 145:32-37. [PMID: 28442367 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are thought to behave like fluids with a given surface tension. Differences in tissue surface tension (TST) have been proposed to trigger cell sorting and tissue envelopment. D'Arcy Thompson in his seminal book 'On Growth and Form' has introduced this concept of differential TST as a key physical mechanism dictating tissue formation and organization within the developing organism. Over the past century, many studies have picked up the concept of differential TST and analyzed the role and cell biological basis of TST in development, underlining the importance and influence of this concept in developmental biology.
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24
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Djukelic M, Wixforth A, Westerhausen C. Influence of neighboring adherent cells on laminar flow induced shear stress in vitro-A systematic study. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:024115. [PMID: 28798851 PMCID: PMC5533534 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells experience forces if subjected to laminar flow. These forces, mostly of shear force character, are strongly dependent not only on the applied flow field itself but also on hydrodynamic effects originating from neighboring cells. This particularly becomes important for the interpretation of data from in vitro experiments in flow chambers without confluent cell layers. By employing numerical Finite Element Method simulations of such assemblies of deformable objects under shear flow, we investigate the occurring stress within elastic adherent cells and the influence of neighboring cells on these quantities. For this, we simulate single and multiple adherent cells of different shapes fixed on a solid substrate under laminar flow parallel to the substrate for different velocities. We determine the local stress within the cells close to the cell-substrate-interface and the overall stress of the cells by surface integration over the cell surface. Comparing each measurand in the case of a multiple cell situation with the corresponding one of single cells under identical conditions, we introduce a dimensionless influence factor. The systematic variation of the distance and angle between cells, where the latter is with respect to the flow direction, flow velocity, Young's modulus, cell shape, and cell number, enables us to describe the actual influence on a cell. Overall, we here demonstrate that the cell density is a crucial parameter for all studies on flow induced experiments on adherent cells in vitro.
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25
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Curli mediate bacterial adhesion to fibronectin via tensile multiple bonds. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33909. [PMID: 27652888 PMCID: PMC5031991 DOI: 10.1038/srep33909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Many enteric bacteria including pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains produce curli fibers that bind to host surfaces, leading to bacterial internalization into host cells. By using a nanomechanical force-sensing approach, we obtained real-time information about the distribution of molecular bonds involved in the adhesion of curliated bacteria to fibronectin. We found that curliated E. coli and fibronectin formed dense quantized and multiple specific bonds with high tensile strength, resulting in tight bacterial binding. Nanomechanical recognition measurements revealed that approximately 10 bonds were disrupted either sequentially or simultaneously under force load. Thus the curli formation of bacterial surfaces leads to multi-bond structural components of fibrous nature, which may explain the strong mechanical binding of curliated bacteria to host cells and unveil the functions of these proteins in bacterial internalization and invasion.
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26
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Quantifying the effect of electric current on cell adhesion studied by single-cell force spectroscopy. Biointerphases 2016; 11:011004. [PMID: 26790407 DOI: 10.1116/1.4940214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the effect of external electric current on the cell adhesive and mechanical properties of the C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line. Changes in cell morphology, viability, cytoskeleton, and focal adhesion structure were studied by standard staining protocols, while single-cell force spectroscopy based on the fluidic force microscopy technology provided a rapid, serial quantification and detailed analysis of cell adhesion and its dynamics. The setup allowed measurements of adhesion forces up to the μN range, and total detachment distances over 40 μm. Force-distance curves have been fitted with a simple elastic model including a cell detachment protocol in order to estimate the Young's modulus of the cells, as well as to reveal changes in the dynamic properties as functions of the applied current dose. While the cell spreading area decreased monotonously with increasing current doses, small current doses resulted only in differences related to cell elasticity. Current doses above 11 As/m(2), however, initiated more drastic changes in cell morphology, viability, cellular structure, as well as in properties related to cell adhesion. The observed differences, eventually leading to cell death toward higher doses, might originate from both the decrease in pH and the generation of reactive oxygen species.
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27
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El-Kirat-Chatel S, Dufrêne YF. Nanoscale adhesion forces between the fungal pathogen Candida albicans and macrophages. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2016; 1:69-74. [PMID: 32260605 DOI: 10.1039/c5nh00049a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of fungal infections is tightly controlled by the interaction of fungal pathogens with host immune cells. While the recognition of specific fungal cell wall components by immune receptors has been widely investigated, the molecular forces involved are not known. In this Communication, we show the ability of single-cell force spectroscopy to quantify the specific adhesion forces between the fungal pathogen Candida albicans and macrophages. The Candida-macrophage adhesion force is strong, up to ∼3000 pN, and corresponds to multiple cumulative bonds between lectin receptors expressed on the macrophage membrane and mannan carbohydrates on the fungal cell surface. Adhesion force signatures show constant force plateaus, up to >100 μm long, reflecting the extraction of elongated tethers from the macrophage membrane, a phenomenon which may increase the duration of intercellular adhesion. Adhesion strengthens with time, suggesting that the macrophage membrane engulfs the pathogen quickly after initial contact, leading to its internalization. The force nanoscopy method developed here holds great promise for understanding and controlling the early stages of microbe-immune interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane El-Kirat-Chatel
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, bte L7.07.06, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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28
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Thewes N, Loskill P, Spengler C, Hümbert S, Bischoff M, Jacobs K. A detailed guideline for the fabrication of single bacterial probes used for atomic force spectroscopy. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2015; 38:140. [PMID: 26701715 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2015-15140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) evolved as a standard device in modern microbiological research. However, its capability as a sophisticated force sensor is not used to its full capacity. The AFM turns into a unique tool for quantitative adhesion research in bacteriology by using "bacterial probes". Thereby, bacterial probes are AFM cantilevers that provide a single bacterium or a cluster of bacteria as the contact-forming object. We present a step-by-step protocol for preparing bacterial probes, performing force spectroscopy experiments and processing force spectroscopy data. Additionally, we provide a general insight into the field of bacterial cell force spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Thewes
- Experimental Physics, Campus E2 9, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- Experimental Physics, Campus E2 9, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian Spengler
- Experimental Physics, Campus E2 9, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hümbert
- Experimental Physics, Campus E2 9, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics, Campus E2 9, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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29
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Jembrek MJ, Šimić G, Hof PR, Šegota S. Atomic force microscopy as an advanced tool in neuroscience. Transl Neurosci 2015; 6:117-130. [PMID: 28123795 PMCID: PMC4936619 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights relevant issues about applications and improvements of atomic force microscopy (AFM) toward a better understanding of neurodegenerative changes at the molecular level with the hope of contributing to the development of effective therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative illnesses. The basic principles of AFM are briefly discussed in terms of evaluation of experimental data, including the newest PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (QNM) and the evaluation of Young’s modulus as the crucial elasticity parameter. AFM topography, revealed in imaging mode, can be used to monitor changes in live neurons over time, representing a valuable tool for high-resolution detection and monitoring of neuronal morphology. The mechanical properties of living cells can be quantified by force spectroscopy as well as by new AFM. A variety of applications are described, and their relevance for specific research areas discussed. In addition, imaging as well as non-imaging modes can provide specific information, not only about the structural and mechanical properties of neuronal membranes, but also on the cytoplasm, cell nucleus, and particularly cytoskeletal components. Moreover, new AFM is able to provide detailed insight into physical structure and biochemical interactions in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department for Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 New York, USA
| | - Suzana Šegota
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, POB 180, Zagreb, Croatia
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30
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Potthoff E, Ossola D, Zambelli T, Vorholt JA. Bacterial adhesion force quantification by fluidic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:4070-9. [PMID: 25660231 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06495j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of detachment forces between bacteria and substrates facilitates the understanding of the bacterial adhesion process that affects cell physiology and survival. Here, we present a method that allows for serial, single bacterial cell force spectroscopy by combining the force control of atomic force microscopy with microfluidics. Reversible bacterial cell immobilization under physiological conditions on the pyramidal tip of a microchanneled cantilever is achieved by underpressure. Using the fluidic force microscopy technology (FluidFM), we achieve immobilization forces greater than those of state-of-the-art cell-cantilever binding as demonstrated by the detachment of Escherichia coli from polydopamine with recorded forces between 4 and 8 nN for many cells. The contact time and setpoint dependence of the adhesion forces of E. coli and Streptococcus pyogenes, as well as the sequential detachment of bacteria out of a chain, are shown, revealing distinct force patterns in the detachment curves. This study demonstrates the potential of the FluidFM technology for quantitative bacterial adhesion measurements of cell-substrate and cell-cell interactions that are relevant in biofilms and infection biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Potthoff
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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31
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Yu M, Strohmeyer N, Wang J, Müller DJ, Helenius J. Increasing throughput of AFM-based single cell adhesion measurements through multisubstrate surfaces. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:157-66. [PMID: 25671160 PMCID: PMC4311671 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells regulate adhesion by expressing and regulating a diverse array of cell adhesion molecules on their cell surfaces. Since different cell types express distinct sets of cell adhesion molecules, substrate-specific adhesion is cell type- and condition-dependent. Single-cell force spectroscopy is used to quantify the contribution of cell adhesion molecules to adhesion of cells to specific substrates at both the cell and single molecule level. However, the low throughput of single-cell adhesion experiments greatly limits the number of substrates that can be examined. In order to overcome this limitation, segmented polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) masks were developed, allowing the measurement of cell adhesion to multiple substrates. To verify the utility of the masks, the adhesion of four different cell lines, HeLa (Kyoto), prostate cancer (PC), mouse kidney fibroblast and MDCK, to three extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin, collagen I and laminin 332, was examined. The adhesion of each cell line to different matrix proteins was found to be distinct; no two cell lines adhered equally to each of the proteins. The PDMS masks improved the throughput limitation of single-cell force spectroscopy and allowed for experiments that previously were not feasible. Since the masks are economical and versatile, they can aid in the improvement of various assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Nico Strohmeyer
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jinghe Wang
- Center for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonne Helenius
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Analysis of long- and short-range contribution to adhesion work in cardiac fibroblasts: an atomic force microscopy study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 49:217-224. [PMID: 25686942 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) for single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) and Poisson statistic were used to analyze the detachment work recorded during the removal of gold-covered microspheres from cardiac fibroblasts. The effect of Cytochalasin D, a disruptor of the actin cytoskeleton, on cell adhesion was also tested. The adhesion work was assessed using a Poisson analysis also derived from single-cell force spectroscopy retracting curves. The use of Poisson analysis to get adhesion work from AFM curves is quite a novel method, and in this case, proved to be effective to study the short-range and long-range contributions to the adhesion work. This method avoids the difficult identification of minor peaks in the AFM retracting curves by creating what can be considered an average adhesion work. Even though the effect of actin depolymerisation is well documented, its use revealed that control cardiac fibroblasts (CT) exhibit a work of adhesion at least 5 times higher than that of the Cytochalasin treated cells. However, our results indicate that in both cells short-range and long-range contributions to the adhesion work are nearly equal and the same heterogeneity index describes both cells. Therefore, we infer that the different adhesion behaviors might be explained by the presence of fewer membrane adhesion molecules available at the AFM tip-cell interface under circumstances where the actin cytoskeleton has been disrupted.
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33
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Local viscoelastic properties of live cells investigated using dynamic and quasi-static atomic force microscopy methods. Biophys J 2014; 106:1033-43. [PMID: 24606928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of viscoelasticity of cells in physiological environments with high spatio-temporal resolution is a key goal in cell mechanobiology. Traditionally only the elastic properties have been measured from quasi-static force-distance curves using the atomic force microscope (AFM). Recently, dynamic AFM-based methods have been proposed to map the local in vitro viscoelastic properties of living cells with nanoscale resolution. However, the differences in viscoelastic properties estimated from such dynamic and traditional quasi-static techniques are poorly understood. In this work we quantitatively reconstruct the local force and dissipation gradients (viscoelasticity) on live fibroblast cells in buffer solutions using Lorentz force excited cantilevers and present a careful comparison between mechanical properties (local stiffness and damping) extracted using dynamic and quasi-static force spectroscopy methods. The results highlight the dependence of measured viscoelastic properties on both the frequency at which the chosen technique operates as well as the interactions with subcellular components beyond certain indentation depth, both of which are responsible for differences between the viscoelasticity property maps acquired using the dynamic AFM method against the quasi-static measurements.
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34
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Celik E, Faridi MH, Kumar V, Deep S, Moy VT, Gupta V. Agonist leukadherin-1 increases CD11b/CD18-dependent adhesion via membrane tethers. Biophys J 2014; 105:2517-27. [PMID: 24314082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin CD11b/CD18 is a key adhesion receptor that mediates leukocyte migration and immune functions. Leukadherin-1 (LA1) is a small molecule agonist that enhances CD11b/CD18-dependent cell adhesion to its ligand ICAM-1. Here, we used single-molecule force spectroscopy to investigate the biophysical mechanism by which LA1-activated CD11b/CD18 mediates leukocyte adhesion. Between the two distinct populations of CD11b/CD18:ICAM-1 complex that participate in cell adhesion, the cytoskeleton(CSK)-anchored elastic elements and the membrane tethers, we found that LA1 enhanced binding of CD11b/CD18 on K562 cells to ICAM-1 via the formation of long membrane tethers, whereas Mn(2+) additionally increased ICAM-1 binding via CSK-anchored bonds. LA1 activated wild-type and LFA1(-/-) neutrophils also showed longer detachment distances and time from ICAM-1-coated atomic force microscopy tips, but significantly lower detachment force, as compared to the Mn(2+)-activated cells, confirming that LA1 primarily increased membrane-tether bonds to enhance CD11b/CD18:ICAM-1 binding, whereas Mn(2+) induced additional CSK-anchored bond formation. The results suggest that the two types of agonists differentially activate integrins and couple them to the cellular machinery, providing what we feel are new insights into signal mechanotransduction by such agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Celik
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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35
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Schubert R, Strohmeyer N, Bharadwaj M, Ramanathan SP, Krieg M, Friedrichs J, Franz CM, Muller DJ. Assay for characterizing the recovery of vertebrate cells for adhesion measurements by single-cell force spectroscopy. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3639-48. [PMID: 24928443 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) is becoming a widely used method to quantify the adhesion of a living cell to a substrate, another cell or tissue. The high sensitivity of SCFS permits determining the contributions of individual cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) to the adhesion force of an entire cell. However, to prepare adherent cells for SCFS, they must first be detached from tissue-culture flasks or plates. EDTA and trypsin are often applied for this purpose. Because cellular properties can be affected by this treatment, cells need to recover before being further characterized by SCFS. Here we introduce atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based SCFS to measure the mechanical and adhesive properties of HeLa cells and mouse embryonic kidney fibroblasts while they are recovering after detachment from tissue-culture. We find that mechanical and adhesive properties of both cell lines recover quickly (<10 min) after detachment using EDTA, while trypsin-detached fibroblasts require >60 min to fully recover. Our assay introduced to characterize the recovery of mammalian cells after detachment can in future be used to estimate the recovery behavior of other adherent cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Schubert
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nico Strohmeyer
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mitasha Bharadwaj
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Subramanian P Ramanathan
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Krieg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jens Friedrichs
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Institute for Biofunctional Polymer Materials, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Clemens M Franz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel J Muller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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36
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Zeng G, Müller T, Meyer RL. Single-cell force spectroscopy of bacteria enabled by naturally derived proteins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:4019-4025. [PMID: 24654836 DOI: 10.1021/la404673q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bringing the study of bacterial adhesion down to a single-cell level is critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in initial bacterial attachment. We have developed a simple and versatile method for making single-cell bacterial probes to study the adhesion of single bacterial cells by atomic force microscopy (AFM). A single-cell probe was made by picking up a bacterial cell from a glass surface using a tipless AFM cantilever coated with a commercial cell adhesive Cell-Tak. The method was applied to four different bacterial strains, and single-cell adhesion was measured on three surfaces (fresh glass, hydrophilic glass, and mica). Attachment to the cantilever was stable during the AFM force measurements that were conducted for 2 h, and viability was confirmed by Live/Dead fluorescence staining at the end of each experiment. The adhesion force and final rupture length were dependent on bacterial strains, surfaces properties, and contact time. The single-cell probe offers control of cell immobilization and thus holds advantages over the commonly used multicell probes with which random immobilization is obtained by submerging the cantilever in a bacterial suspension. The reported method provides a general platform for investigating single-cell interactions of bacteria with different surfaces and other cells by AFM force spectroscopy, thus improving our understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Zeng
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University , Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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37
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Beaussart A, El-Kirat-Chatel S, Sullan RMA, Alsteens D, Herman P, Derclaye S, Dufrêne YF. Quantifying the forces guiding microbial cell adhesion using single-cell force spectroscopy. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:1049-55. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Sullan RMA, Beaussart A, Tripathi P, Derclaye S, El-Kirat-Chatel S, Li JK, Schneider YJ, Vanderleyden J, Lebeer S, Dufrêne YF. Single-cell force spectroscopy of pili-mediated adhesion. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:1134-1143. [PMID: 24296882 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05462d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although bacterial pili are known to mediate cell adhesion to a variety of substrates, the molecular interactions behind this process are poorly understood. We report the direct measurement of the forces guiding pili-mediated adhesion, focusing on the medically important probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). Using non-invasive single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS), we quantify the adhesion forces between individual bacteria and biotic (mucin, intestinal cells) or abiotic (hydrophobic monolayers) surfaces. On hydrophobic surfaces, bacterial pili strengthen adhesion through remarkable nanospring properties, which - presumably - enable the bacteria to resist high shear forces under physiological conditions. On mucin, nanosprings are more frequent and adhesion forces larger, reflecting the influence of specific pili-mucin bonds. Interestingly, these mechanical responses are no longer observed on human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Rather, force curves exhibit constant force plateaus with extended ruptures reflecting the extraction of membrane nanotethers. These single-cell analyses provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which piliated bacteria colonize surfaces (nanosprings, nanotethers), and offer exciting avenues in nanomedicine for understanding and controlling the adhesion of microbial cells (probiotics, pathogens).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby May A Sullan
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Life Sciences, Croix du Sud, 1, bte L7.04.01., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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39
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Single-cell force spectroscopy of probiotic bacteria. Biophys J 2013; 104:1886-92. [PMID: 23663831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell force spectroscopy is a powerful atomic force microscopy modality in which a single living cell is attached to the atomic force microscopy cantilever to quantify the forces that drive cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions. Although various single-cell force spectroscopy protocols are well established for animal cells, application of the method to individual bacterial cells remains challenging, mainly owing to the lack of appropriate methods for the controlled attachment of single live cells on cantilevers. We present a nondestructive protocol for single-bacterial cell force spectroscopy, which combines the use of colloidal probe cantilevers and of a bioinspired polydopamine wet adhesive. Living cells from the probiotic species Lactobacillus plantarum are picked up with a polydopamine-coated colloidal probe, enabling us to quantify the adhesion forces between single bacteria and biotic (lectin monolayer) or abiotic (hydrophobic monolayer) surfaces. These minimally invasive single-cell experiments provide novel, to our knowledge, insight into the specific and nonspecific forces driving the adhesion of L. plantarum, and represent a generic platform for studying the molecular mechanisms of cell adhesion in probiotic and pathogenic bacteria.
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40
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Kainz B, Oprzeska-Zingrebe EA, Herrera JL. Biomaterial and cellular properties as examined through atomic force microscopy, fluorescence optical microscopies and spectroscopic techniques. Biotechnol J 2013; 9:51-60. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Christenson W, Yermolenko I, Plochberger B, Camacho-Alanis F, Ros A, Ugarova TP, Ros R. Combined single cell AFM manipulation and TIRFM for probing the molecular stability of multilayer fibrinogen matrices. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 136:211-5. [PMID: 24239757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption of fibrinogen on various surfaces produces a nanoscale multilayer matrix, which strongly reduces the adhesion of platelets and leukocytes with implications for hemostasis and blood compatibility of biomaterials. The nonadhesive properties of fibrinogen matrices are based on their extensibility, ensuing the inability to transduce strong mechanical forces via cellular integrins and resulting in weak intracellular signaling. In addition, reduced cell adhesion may arise from the weaker associations between fibrinogen molecules in the superficial layers of the matrix. Such reduced stability would allow integrins to pull fibrinogen molecules out of the matrix with comparable or smaller forces than required to break integrin-fibrinogen bonds. To examine this possibility, we developed a method based on the combination of total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, single cell manipulation with an atomic force microscope and microcontact printing to study the transfer of fibrinogen molecules out of a matrix onto cells. We calculated the average fluorescence intensities per pixel for wild-type HEK 293 (HEK WT) and HEK 293 cells expressing leukocyte integrin Mac-1 (HEK Mac-1) before and after contact with multilayered matrices of fluorescently labeled fibrinogen. For contact times of 500 s, HEK Mac-1 cells show a median increase of 57% of the fluorescence intensity compared to 6% for HEK WT cells. The results suggest that the integrin Mac-1-fibrinogen interactions are stronger than the intermolecular fibrinogen interactions in the superficial layer of the matrix. The low mechanical stability of the multilayer fibrinogen surface may contribute to the reduced cell adhesive properties of fibrinogen-coated substrates. We anticipate that the described method can be applied to various cell types to examine their integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrices with a variable protein composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Christenson
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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42
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Gaitas A, Malhotra R, Pienta K. A method to measure cellular adhesion utilizing a polymer micro-cantilever. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2013; 103:123702. [PMID: 24170959 PMCID: PMC3790771 DOI: 10.1063/1.4821946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we engineered a micro-machined polyimide cantilever with an embedded sensing element to investigate cellular adhesion, in terms of its relative ability to stick to a cross-linker, 3,3'-dithiobis[sulfosuccinimidylpropionate], coated on the cantilever surface. To achieve this objective, we investigated adhesive properties of three human prostate cancer cell lines, namely, a bone metastasis derived human prostate cancer cell line (PC3), a brain metastasis derived human prostate cancer cell line (DU145), and a subclone of PC3 (PC3-EMT14). We found that PC3-EMT14, which displays a mesenchymal phenotype, has the least adhesion compared to PC3 and DU145, which exhibit an epithelial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Gaitas
- PicoCal, Inc., 333 Parkland Plaza, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, USA ; Electronic Instrumentation Laboratory, TU Delft, Mekelweg 4, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands
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43
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Shinto H, Hirata T, Fukasawa T, Fujii S, Maeda H, Okada M, Nakamura Y, Furuzono T. Effect of interfacial serum proteins on melanoma cell adhesion to biodegradable poly(l-lactic acid) microspheres coated with hydroxyapatite. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 108:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Taubenberger AV, Hutmacher DW, Muller DJ. Single-cell force spectroscopy, an emerging tool to quantify cell adhesion to biomaterials. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:40-55. [PMID: 23688177 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion receptors play a central role in sensing and integrating signals provided by the cellular environment. Thus, understanding adhesive interactions at the cell-biomaterial interface is essential to improve the design of implants that should emulate certain characteristics of the cell's natural environment. Numerous cell adhesion assays have been developed; among these, atomic force microscopy-based single-cell force spectroscopy (AFM-SCFS) provides a versatile tool to quantify cell adhesion at physiological conditions. Here we discuss how AFM-SCFS can be used to quantify the adhesion of living cells to biomaterials and give examples of using AFM-SCFS in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. We anticipate that in the near future, AFM-SCFS will be established in the biomaterial field as an important technique to quantify cell-biomaterial interactions and thereby will contribute to the optimization of implants, scaffolds, and medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Taubenberger
- 1 Biotechnological Center, Dresden University of Technology , Dresden, Germany
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45
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Valle-Delgado JJ, Urbán P, Fernàndez-Busquets X. Demonstration of specific binding of heparin to Plasmodium falciparum-infected vs. non-infected red blood cells by single-molecule force spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:3673-3680. [PMID: 23306548 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32821f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play an important role in the sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (pRBCs) in the microvascular endothelium of different tissues, as well as in the formation of small clusters (rosettes) between infected and non-infected red blood cells (RBCs). Both sequestration and rosetting have been recognized as characteristic events in severe malaria. Here we have used heparin and pRBCs infected by the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum as a model to study GAG-pRBC interactions. Fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-assisted cell sorting assays have shown that exogenously added heparin has binding specificity for pRBCs (preferentially for those infected with late forms of the parasite) vs. RBCs. Heparin-pRBC adhesion has been probed by single-molecule force spectroscopy, obtaining an average binding force ranging between 28 and 46 pN depending on the loading rate. No significant binding of heparin to non-infected RBCs has been observed in control experiments. This work represents the first approach to quantitatively evaluate GAG-pRBC molecular interactions at the individual molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona E08028, Spain
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46
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A practical guide to quantify cell adhesion using single-cell force spectroscopy. Methods 2013; 60:169-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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47
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Frascoli F, Hughes BD, Zaman MH, Landman KA. A computational model for collective cellular motion in three dimensions: general framework and case study for cell pair dynamics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59249. [PMID: 23527148 PMCID: PMC3602115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration in healthy and diseased systems is a combination of single and collective cell motion. While single cell motion has received considerable attention, our understanding of collective cell motion remains elusive. A new computational framework for the migration of groups of cells in three dimensions is presented, which focuses on the forces acting at the microscopic scale and the interactions between cells and their extracellular matrix (ECM) environment. Cell-cell adhesion, resistance due to the ECM and the factors regulating the propulsion of each cell through the matrix are considered. In particular, our approach emphasizes the role of receptors that mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and examines how variation in their properties induces changes in cellular motion. As an important case study, we analyze two interacting cells. Our results show that the dynamics of cell pairs depends on the magnitude and the stochastic nature of the forces. Stronger intercellular stability is generally promoted by surface receptors that move. We also demonstrate that matrix resistance, cellular stiffness and intensity of adhesion contribute to migration behaviors in different ways, with memory effects present that can alter pair motility. If adhesion weakens with time, our findings show that cell pair break-up depends strongly on the way cells interact with the matrix. Finally, the motility for cells in a larger cluster (size 50 cells) is examined to illustrate the full capabilities of the model and to stress the role of cellular pairs in complex cellular structures. Overall, our framework shows how properties of cells and their environment influence the stability and motility of cellular assemblies. This is an important step in the advancement of the understanding of collective motility, and can contribute to knowledge of complex biological processes involving migration, aggregation and detachment of cells in healthy and diseased systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Frascoli
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Sariisik E, Docheva D, Padula D, Popov C, Opfer J, Schieker M, Clausen-Schaumann H, Benoit M. Probing the interaction forces of prostate cancer cells with collagen I and bone marrow derived stem cells on the single cell level. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57706. [PMID: 23472100 PMCID: PMC3589411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of metastasizing prostate carcinoma cells was quantified for two carcinoma model cell lines LNCaP (lymph node-specific) and PC3 (bone marrow-specific). By time-lapse microscopy and force spectroscopy we found PC3 cells to preferentially adhere to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SCP1 cell line). Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) based force spectroscopy, the mechanical pattern of the adhesion to SCP1 cells was characterized for both prostate cancer cell lines and compared to a substrate consisting of pure collagen type I. PC3 cells dissipated more energy (27.6 aJ) during the forced de-adhesion AFM experiments and showed significantly more adhesive and stronger bonds compared to LNCaP cells (20.1 aJ). The characteristic signatures of the detachment force traces revealed that, in contrast to the LNCaP cells, PC3 cells seem to utilize their filopodia in addition to establish adhesive bonds. Taken together, our study clearly demonstrates that PC3 cells have a superior adhesive affinity to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, compared to LNCaP. Semi-quantitative PCR on both prostate carcinoma cell lines revealed the expression of two Col-I binding integrin receptors, α1β1 and α2β1 in PC3 cells, suggesting their possible involvement in the specific interaction to the substrates. Further understanding of the exact mechanisms behind this phenomenon might lead to optimized therapeutic applications targeting the metastatic behavior of certain prostate cancer cells towards bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediz Sariisik
- Chair of Biophysics and New Materials, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Padula
- Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Cvetan Popov
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Opfer
- Chair of Biophysics and New Materials, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Schieker
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Hauke Clausen-Schaumann
- Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
- Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Benoit
- Chair of Biophysics and New Materials, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Potthoff E, Guillaume-Gentil O, Ossola D, Polesel-Maris J, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Zambelli T, Vorholt JA. Rapid and serial quantification of adhesion forces of yeast and Mammalian cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52712. [PMID: 23285166 PMCID: PMC3527581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion to surfaces represents the basis for niche colonization and survival. Here we establish serial quantification of adhesion forces of different cell types using a single probe. The pace of single-cell force-spectroscopy was accelerated to up to 200 yeast and 20 mammalian cells per probe when replacing the conventional cell trapping cantilever chemistry of atomic force microscopy by underpressure immobilization with fluidic force microscopy (FluidFM). In consequence, statistically relevant data could be recorded in a rapid manner, the spectrum of examinable cells was enlarged, and the cell physiology preserved until approached for force spectroscopy. Adhesion forces of Candida albicans increased from below 4 up to 16 nN at 37°C on hydrophobic surfaces, whereas a Δhgc1-mutant showed forces consistently below 4 nN. Monitoring adhesion of mammalian cells revealed mean adhesion forces of 600 nN of HeLa cells on fibronectin and were one order of magnitude higher than those observed for HEK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Potthoff
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dario Ossola
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Polesel-Maris
- SPCSI Service de Physique et Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, CEA-Saclay Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (JAV); (TZ)
| | - Julia A. Vorholt
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (JAV); (TZ)
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Skorkina MY, Fedorova MZ, Muravyov AV, Sladkova EA. The Use of Nanomechanic Sensor for Studies of Morphofunctional Properties of Lymphocytes from Healthy Donors and Patients with Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 154:163-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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