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Rivera-Toledo E, Fernández-Rojas MA, Santiago-Olivares C, Cruz-Rivera M, Hernández-Bautista V, Ávila-Horta F, Flisser A, Mendlovic F. Transcriptome profiling of macrophages persistently infected with human respiratory syncytial virus and effect of recombinant Taenia solium calreticulin on immune-related genes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1402589. [PMID: 39296294 PMCID: PMC11408361 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1402589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a main cause of bronchiolitis in infants and its persistence has been described in immunocompromised subjects. However, limited evidence has been reported on the gene expression triggered by the hRSV and the effect of recombinant Taenia solium-derived calreticulin (rTsCRT). Methods Using a comprehensive microarray approach, we analyzed the transcriptome profile of a macrophage cell line that has supported hRSV persistence for over 150 passages. We compared the gene expression of persistently infected and non-infected macrophages. We also evaluated the effect of rTsCRT on hRSV-infected macrophage gene transcription, as well as on cytokine production and number of copies of the persistent hRSV genome. Results Our analysis showed that hRSV long-term virus infection significantly alters mRNA expression of antiviral, inflammatory, as well as arginine and lipid metabolism-associated genes, revealing a transcriptional signature that suggests a mixed M1/M2 phenotype. The resulting host-virus equilibrium allows for the regulation of viral replication, while evading the antiviral and proinflammatory responses. Interestingly, rTsCRT stimulus upregulated Tnfα, Il6 and Nos2 mRNA. We found increased levels of both proinflammatory cytokines and nitrite levels in the conditioned media of persistent macrophages treated with rTsCRT. This increase was associated with a significant reduction in viral genome copies. Discussion hRSV persistently infected macrophages retain responsiveness to external stimuli and demonstrate that the profound changes induced by viral persistence are potentially reversible. Our observations contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms related to hRSV persistence in macrophages and have implications for the development of targeted therapies to eliminate persistent infections or reduce the negative effects related with chronic inflammatory diseases associated with hRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Rivera-Toledo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Fernández-Rojas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Santiago-Olivares
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mayra Cruz-Rivera
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vania Hernández-Bautista
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Ávila-Horta
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fela Mendlovic
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan de Degollado, Mexico
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2
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Noffel Z, Dobrovolny HM. Quantifying the effect of defective viral genomes in respiratory syncytial virus infections. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:12666-12681. [PMID: 37501460 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are viral genomes that contain only a partial viral RNA and so cannot replicate within cells on their own. If a cell containing DVGs is subsequently infected with a complete viral genome, the DVG can then use the missing proteins expressed by the full genome in order to replicate itself. Since the cell is producing defective genomes, it has less resources to produce fully functional virions and thus release of complete virions is often suppressed. Here, we use data from challenge studies of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in healthy adults to quantify the effect of DVGs. We use a mathematical model to fit the data, finding that late onset of DVGs and prolonged DVG detection are associated with lower infection rates and higher clearance rates. This result could have implications for the use of DVGs as a therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakarya Noffel
- Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, US
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, US
| | - Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, US
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3
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Céspedes-Tenorio D, Arias-Arias JL. The Virus-Induced Cytopathic Effect. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:197-210. [PMID: 38159228 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The cytopathic effect comprises the set of cellular alterations produced by a viral infection. It is of great relevance since it constitutes a direct marker of infection. Likewise, these alterations are often virus-specific which makes them a phenotypic marker for many viral species. All these characteristics have been used to complement the study of the dynamics of virus-cell interactions through the kinetic study of the progression of damage produced by the infection. Various approaches have been used to monitor the cytopathic effect, ranging from light microscopy, immunofluorescence assays, and direct labeling with fluorescent dyes, to plaque assay for the characterization of the infection over time. Here we address the relevance of the study of cytopathic effect and describe different experimental alternatives for its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Céspedes-Tenorio
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jorge L Arias-Arias
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
- Dulbecco Lab Studio, Residencial Lisboa 2G, Alajuela, Costa Rica.
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4
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López CB. Defective Viral Particles. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Type I Interferon acts as a major barrier to the establishment of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) persistent infections. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02017-20. [PMID: 33328313 PMCID: PMC8092823 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02017-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), the best characterized member of the Birnaviridae family, is a highly relevant avian pathogen causing both acute and persistent infections in different avian hosts. Here, we describe the establishment of clonal, long-term, productive persistent IBDV infections in DF-1 chicken embryonic fibroblasts. Although virus yields in persistently-infected cells are exceedingly lower than those detected in acutely infected cells, the replication fitness of viruses isolated from persistently-infected cells is higher than that of the parental virus. Persistently-infected DF-1 and IBDV-cured cell lines derived from them do not respond to type I interferon (IFN). High-throughput genome sequencing revealed that this defect is due to mutations affecting the IFNα/β receptor subunit 2 (IFNAR2) gene resulting in the expression of IFNAR2 polypeptides harbouring large C-terminal deletions that abolish the signalling capacity of IFNα/β receptor complex. Ectopic expression of a recombinant chicken IFNAR2 gene efficiently rescues IFNα responsiveness. IBDV-cured cell lines derived from persistently infected cells exhibit a drastically enhanced susceptibility to establishing new persistent IBDV infections. Additionally, experiments carried out with human HeLa cells lacking the IFNAR2 gene fully recapitulate results obtained with DF-1 cells, exhibiting a highly enhanced capacity to both survive the acute IBDV infection phase and to support the establishment of persistent IBDV infections. Results presented here show that the inactivation of the JAK-STAT signalling pathway significantly reduces the apoptotic response induced by the infection, hence facilitating the establishment and maintenance of IBDV persistent infections.IMPORTANCE Members of the Birnaviridae family, including infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), exhibit a dual behaviour, causing acute infections that are often followed by the establishment of life-long persistent asymptomatic infections. Indeed, persistently infected specimens might act as efficient virus reservoirs, hence potentially contributing to virus dissemination. Despite the key importance of this biological trait, information about mechanisms triggering IBDV persistency is negligible. Our report evidences the capacity of IBDV, a highly relevant avian pathogen, to establishing long-term, productive, persistent infections in both avian and human cell lines. Data presented here provide novel and direct evidence about the crucial role of type I IFNs on the fate of IBDV-infected cells and their contribution to controlling the establishment of IBDV persistent infections. The use of cell lines unable to respond to type I IFNs opens a promising venue to unveiling additional factors contributing to IBDV persistency.
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6
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To assemble or not to assemble: The changing rules of pneumovirus transmission. Virus Res 2019; 265:68-73. [PMID: 30844414 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pneumoviruses represent a major public health burden across the world. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV), two of the most recognizable pediatric infectious agents, belong to this family. These viruses are enveloped with a non-segmented negative-sense RNA genome, and their replication occurs in specialized cytosolic organelles named inclusion bodies (IB). The critical role of IBs in replication of pneumoviruses has begun to be elucidated, and our current understanding suggests they are highly dynamic structures. From IBs, newly synthesized nucleocapsids are transported to assembly sites, potentially via the actin cytoskeleton, to be incorporated into nascent virions. Released virions, which generally contain one genome, can then diffuse in the extracellular environment to target new cells and reinitiate the process of infection. This is a challenging business for virions, which must face several risks including the extracellular immune responses. In addition, several recent studies suggest that successful infection may be achieved more rapidly by multiple, rather than single, genomic copies being deposited into a target cell. Interestingly, recent data indicate that pneumoviruses have several mechanisms that permit their transmission en bloc, i.e. transmission of multiple genomes at the same time. These mechanisms include the well-studied syncytia formation as well as the newly described formation of long actin-based intercellular extensions. These not only permit en bloc viral transmission, but also bypass assembly of complete virions. In this review we describe several aspects of en bloc viral transmission and how these mechanisms are reshaping our understanding of pneumovirus replication, assembly and spread.
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7
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Rezelj VV, Levi LI, Vignuzzi M. The defective component of viral populations. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 33:74-80. [PMID: 30099321 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Particles containing degenerate forms of the viral genome which interfere with virus replication and are non-replicative per se are known as defective interfering particles (DIPs). DIPs are likely to be produced upon infection by any virus in vitro and in nature. Until recently, roles of these non-viable particles as members of a multi-component viral system have been overlooked. In this review, we cover the most recent studies that shed light on critical roles of DIPs during the course of infection, including: the modulation of virus replication, innate immune responses, disease outcome and virus persistence, as well as the evolution of the viral population. Together, these reports allow us to conceive a more complete picture of the virion population, and highlight the fact that DIPs are not a negligible subset of this population but instead can greatly influence the fate of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica V Rezelj
- Unité Populations virales et pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laura I Levi
- Unité Populations virales et pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Unité Populations virales et pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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8
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Liu H, Servan de Almeida R, Gil P, Albina E. Cleavage site of Newcastle disease virus determines viral fitness in persistent infection cells. Vet Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29519506 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease, caused by infection with virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), poses a risk for the poultry industry. The virulence of NDV is mainly determined by the cleavage site of F protein. Lentogenic NDV can become velogenic after passages in SPF chicken brain and air sac based on some strains isolated from water birds, because the proportion of virulent-related strains gradually increases. In contrast, this proportion remains unchanged if NDV is passaged via 10-day-old SPF chicken embryos. This information suggests that environmental conditions rather than mutation affect NDV fitness in quasispecies. However, it is unknown how the environment selects virulent-related strains from a viral population. In this study, velogenic and lentogenic NDV marked by green or red fluorescence were used to establish persistent infection (PI) in BHK-21 cells. Monitoring viruses by different methods, we found that, without competition, persistently infected cells harbored lentogenic and velogenic NDV strains similarly in terms of viral release, viral spread and the period of persistent viral infection. In contrast, under competitive co-infection, velogenic NDV became dominant in quasispecies from the fifth passage of PI cells, which resulted in the progressive disappearance of the lentogenic NDV strain. This domination was concomitant with a short-term reduction in the superinfection exclusion and supernatant interference in PI cells resulting in a velogenic virus rebound. We concluded that virulent-related F protein cleavage site facilitates the spread and replication of NDV in conditions under which cells do not secret trypsin-like proteases and do not inhibit free virus infection, resulting in a gradual increase in virulent strains in quasispecies with the number of passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijin Liu
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Renata Servan de Almeida
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Patricia Gil
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.
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9
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Xu J, Sun Y, Li Y, Ruthel G, Weiss SR, Raj A, Beiting D, López CB. Replication defective viral genomes exploit a cellular pro-survival mechanism to establish paramyxovirus persistence. Nat Commun 2017; 8:799. [PMID: 28986577 PMCID: PMC5630589 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication defective viral genomes (DVGs) generated during virus replication are the primary triggers of antiviral immunity in many RNA virus infections. However, DVGs can also facilitate viral persistence. Why and how these two opposing functions of DVGs are achieved remain unknown. Here we report that during Sendai and respiratory syncytial virus infections DVGs selectively protect a subpopulation of cells from death, thereby promoting the establishment of persistent infections. We find that during Sendai virus infection this phenotype results from DVGs stimulating a mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS)-mediated TNF response that drives apoptosis of highly infected cells while extending the survival of cells enriched in DVGs. The pro-survival effect of TNF depends on the activity of the TNFR2/TRAF1 pathway that is regulated by MAVS signaling. These results identify TNF as a pivotal factor in determining cell fate during a viral infection and delineate a MAVS/TNFR2-mediated mechanism that drives the persistence of otherwise acute viruses. Replication defective viral genomes (DVGs) can facilitate persistence of paramyxoviruses, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Using FISH, Xu et al. here analyze the cellular response to DVGs on a single cell level and show that a MAVS-mediated TNF response specifically extends survival of cells enriched in DVGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Arjun Raj
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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10
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:277-319. [PMID: 27903593 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00010-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a significant cause of hospitalization of children in North America and one of the leading causes of death of infants less than 1 year of age worldwide, second only to malaria. Despite its global impact on human health, there are relatively few therapeutic options available to prevent or treat RSV infection. Paradoxically, there is a very large volume of information that is constantly being refined on RSV replication, the mechanisms of RSV-induced pathology, and community transmission. Compounding the burden of acute RSV infections is the exacerbation of preexisting chronic airway diseases and the chronic sequelae of RSV infection. A mechanistic link is even starting to emerge between asthma and those who suffer severe RSV infection early in childhood. In this article, we discuss developments in the understanding of RSV replication, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics. We attempt to reconcile the large body of information on RSV and why after many clinical trials there is still no efficacious RSV vaccine and few therapeutics.
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11
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Newcastle Disease Virus Establishes Persistent Infection in Tumor Cells In Vitro: Contribution of the Cleavage Site of Fusion Protein and Second Sialic Acid Binding Site of Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00770-17. [PMID: 28592535 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00770-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an oncolytic virus being developed for the treatment of cancer. Following infection of a human ovarian cancer cell line (OVCAR3) with a recombinant low-pathogenic NDV, persistent infection was established in a subset of tumor cells. Persistently infected (PI) cells exhibited resistance to superinfection with NDV and established an antiviral state, as demonstrated by upregulation of interferon and interferon-induced genes such as myxoma resistance gene 1 (Mx1) and retinoic acid-inducing gene-I (RIG-I). Viruses released from PI cells induced higher cell-to-cell fusion than the parental virus following infection in two tumor cell lines tested, HT1080 and HeLa, and remained attenuated in chickens. Two mutations, one in the fusion (F) protein cleavage site, F117S (F117S), and another in hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), G169R (HN169R), located in the second sialic acid binding region, were responsible for the hyperfusogenic phenotype. F117S improves F protein cleavage efficiency, facilitating cell-to-cell fusion, while HN169R possesses a multifaceted role in contributing to higher fusion, reduced receptor binding, and lower neuraminidase activity, which together result in increased fusion and reduced viral replication. Thus, establishment of persistent infection in vitro involves viral genetic changes that facilitate efficient viral spread from cell to cell as a potential mechanism to escape host antiviral responses. The results of our study also demonstrate a critical role in the viral life cycle for the second receptor binding region of the HN protein, which is conserved in several paramyxoviruses.IMPORTANCE Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) could establish persistent infection in a tumor cell line, resulting in a steady antiviral state reflected by constitutively expressed interferon. Viruses isolated from persistently infected cells are highly fusogenic, and this phenotype has been mapped to two mutations, one each in the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins. The F117S mutation in the F protein cleavage site improved F protein cleavage efficiency while the HN169R mutation located at the second receptor binding site of the HN protein contributed to a complex phenotype consisting of a modest increase in fusion and cell killing, lower neuraminidase activity, and reduced viral growth. This study highlights the intricate nature of these two mutations in the glycoproteins of NDV in the establishment of persistent infection. The data also shed light on the critical balance between the F and HN proteins required for efficient NDV infection and their role in avian pathogenicity.
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The innate immune response to RSV: Advances in our understanding of critical viral and host factors. Vaccine 2016; 35:481-488. [PMID: 27686836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes mild to severe respiratory illness in humans and is a major cause of hospitalizations of infants and the elderly. Both the innate and the adaptive immune responses contribute to the control of RSV infection, but despite successful viral clearance, protective immunity against RSV re-infection is usually suboptimal and infections recur. Poor understanding of the mechanisms limiting the induction of long-lasting immunity has delayed the development of an effective vaccine. The innate immune response plays a critical role in driving the development of adaptive immunity and is thus a crucial determinant of the infection outcome. Advances in recent years have improved our understanding of cellular and viral factors that influence the onset and quality of the innate immune response to RSV. These advances include the identification of a complex system of cellular sensors that mediate RSV detection and stimulate transcriptome changes that lead to virus control and the discovery that cell stress and apoptosis participate in the control of RSV infection. In addition, it was recently demonstrated that defective viral genomes (DVGs) generated during RSV replication are the primary inducers of the innate immune response. Newly discovered host pathways involved in the innate response to RSV, together with the potential generation of DVG-derived oligonucleotides, present various novel opportunities for the design of vaccine adjuvants able to induce a protective response against RSV and similar viruses.
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13
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Sun Y, Jain D, Koziol-White CJ, Genoyer E, Gilbert M, Tapia K, Panettieri RA, Hodinka RL, López CB. Immunostimulatory Defective Viral Genomes from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Promote a Strong Innate Antiviral Response during Infection in Mice and Humans. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005122. [PMID: 26336095 PMCID: PMC4559413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory illness in children and susceptible adults. RSV blocks the development of the innate antiviral immune response and can grow to high titers in the respiratory tract. Here we demonstrate that immunostimulatory defective viral genomes (iDVGs) that are naturally generated during RSV replication are strong inducers of the innate antiviral response to RSV in mice and humans. In mice, RSV iDVGs stimulated the expression of antiviral genes, restricted viral replication, and prevented weight loss and lung inflammation. In human cells, the antiviral response to RSV iDVGs was dominated by the expression of IFN-λ1 over IFN-β and was driven by rapid intranuclear accumulation of the transcription factor IRF1. RSV iDVGs were detected in respiratory secretions of hospitalized patients, and their amount positively correlated with the level of expression of antiviral genes in the samples. Infection of explanted human lung tissue from different donors revealed that most humans can respond to RSV iDVGs and that the rate of accumulation of iDVGs during infection directly correlates with the quality of the antiviral response. Taken together, our data establish iDVGs as primary triggers of robust antiviral responses to RSV and provide the first evidence for an important biological role for naturally occurring iDVGs during a paramyxovirus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deepika Jain
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cynthia J. Koziol-White
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emmanuelle Genoyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Micah Gilbert
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Karla Tapia
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Hodinka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Clinical Virology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carolina B. López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Zheng J, Yang P, Tang Y, Zhao D. A respiratory syncytial virus persistent-infected cell line system reveals the involvement of SOCS1 in the innate antiviral response. Virol Sin 2015; 30:190-9. [PMID: 26122642 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HEp-2 cells persistently infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are a heterogeneous mixture of viral antigen-positive and -negative variants; however, the mechanism through which viral replication becomes latent remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanism by which RSV escapes from innate immune surveillance. Persistent-infected RSV HEp-2 cells were isolated and cell clones were passaged. The RSV-persistent cells produced viruses at a lower titer, resisted wild-type RSV re-infection, and secreted high levels of interferon-ß (IFN-ß), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (Mip-1α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and Rantes. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I), and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) levels were upregulated in these cells. The silencing of TLR3 mRNA decreased the expression of SOCS1 protein and the secretion of cytokines. RSV-persistent cells are in an inflammatory state; upregulation of SOCS1 is related to the TLR3 signaling pathway, which could be associated with the mechanism of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
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15
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Structural analysis of respiratory syncytial virus reveals the position of M2-1 between the matrix protein and the ribonucleoprotein complex. J Virol 2014; 88:7602-17. [PMID: 24760890 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00256-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family of nonsegmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome viruses, is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, young children, and the elderly or immunocompromised. There are many open questions regarding the processes that regulate human RSV (hRSV) assembly and budding. Here, using cryo-electron tomography, we identified virus particles that were spherical, filamentous, and asymmetric in structure, all within the same virus preparation. The three particle morphologies maintained a similar organization of the surface glycoproteins, matrix protein (M), M2-1, and the ribonucleoprotein (RNP). RNP filaments were traced in three dimensions (3D), and their total length was calculated. The measurements revealed the inclusion of multiple full-length genome copies per particle. RNP was associated with the membrane whenever the M layer was present. The amount of M coverage ranged from 24% to 86% in the different morphologies. Using fluorescence light microscopy (fLM), direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM), and a proximity ligation assay (PLA), we provide evidence illustrating that M2-1 is located between RNP and M in isolated viral particles. In addition, regular spacing of the M2-1 densities was resolved when hRSV viruses were imaged using Zernike phase contrast (ZPC) cryo-electron tomography. Our studies provide a more complete characterization of the hRSV virion structure and substantiation that M and M2-1 regulate virus organization. IMPORTANCE hRSV is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children as well as elderly or immunocompromised individuals. We used cryo-electron tomography and Zernike phase contrast cryo-electron tomography to visualize populations of purified hRSV in 3D. We observed the three distinct morphologies, spherical, filamentous, and asymmetric, which maintained comparable organizational profiles. Depending on the virus morphology examined, the amount of M ranged from 24% to 86%. We complemented the cryo-imaging studies with fluorescence microscopy, dSTORM, and a proximity ligation assay to provide additional evidence that M2-1 is incorporated into viral particles and is positioned between M and RNP. The results highlight the impact of M and M2-1 on the regulation of hRSV organization.
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Kiss G, Chen X, Brindley MA, Campbell P, Afonso CL, Ke Z, Holl JM, Guerrero-Ferreira RC, Byrd-Leotis LA, Steel J, Steinhauer DA, Plemper RK, Kelly DF, Spearman PW, Wright ER. Capturing enveloped viruses on affinity grids for downstream cryo-electron microscopy applications. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:164-74. [PMID: 24279992 PMCID: PMC4073796 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613013937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM), cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) are essential techniques used for characterizing basic virus morphology and determining the three-dimensional structure of viruses. Enveloped viruses, which contain an outer lipoprotein coat, constitute the largest group of pathogenic viruses to humans. The purification of enveloped viruses from cell culture presents certain challenges. Specifically, the inclusion of host-membrane-derived vesicles, the complete destruction of the viruses, and the disruption of the internal architecture of individual virus particles. Here, we present a strategy for capturing enveloped viruses on affinity grids (AG) for use in both conventional EM and cryo-EM/ET applications. We examined the utility of AG for the selective capture of human immunodeficiency virus virus-like particles, influenza A, and measles virus. We applied nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid lipid layers in combination with molecular adaptors to selectively adhere the viruses to the AG surface. This further development of the AG method may prove essential for the gentle and selective purification of enveloped viruses directly onto EM grids for ultrastructural analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Kiss
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Department of Pediatrics. Emory University School of Medicine. Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta. Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Department of Pediatrics. Emory University School of Medicine. Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta. Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Melinda A. Brindley
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection. Georgia State University. Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Patricia Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Emory University School of Medicine. GA 30322
| | - Claudio L. Afonso
- USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Zunlong Ke
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332
| | - Jens M. Holl
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Department of Pediatrics. Emory University School of Medicine. Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta. Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ricardo C. Guerrero-Ferreira
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Department of Pediatrics. Emory University School of Medicine. Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta. Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lauren A. Byrd-Leotis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Emory University School of Medicine. GA 30322
| | - John Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Emory University School of Medicine. GA 30322
| | - David A. Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Emory University School of Medicine. GA 30322
| | - Richard K. Plemper
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Department of Pediatrics. Emory University School of Medicine. Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta. Atlanta, GA 30322
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection. Georgia State University. Atlanta, GA 30303
| | | | - Paul W. Spearman
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Department of Pediatrics. Emory University School of Medicine. Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta. Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Elizabeth R. Wright
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Department of Pediatrics. Emory University School of Medicine. Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta. Atlanta, GA 30322
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. ; Tel. (+1) 404-727-4665; Fax (+1) 404-727-9223
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Tapia K, Kim WK, Sun Y, Mercado-López X, Dunay E, Wise M, Adu M, López CB. Defective viral genomes arising in vivo provide critical danger signals for the triggering of lung antiviral immunity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003703. [PMID: 24204261 PMCID: PMC3814336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response to viruses is initiated when specialized cellular sensors recognize viral danger signals. Here we show that truncated forms of viral genomes that accumulate in infected cells potently trigger the sustained activation of the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB and the production type I IFNs through a mechanism independent of IFN signaling. We demonstrate that these defective viral genomes (DVGs) are generated naturally during respiratory infections in vivo even in mice lacking the type I IFN receptor, and their appearance coincides with the production of cytokines during infections with Sendai virus (SeV) or influenza virus. Remarkably, the hallmark antiviral cytokine IFNβ is only expressed in lung epithelial cells containing DVGs, while cells within the lung that contain standard viral genomes alone do not express this cytokine. Together, our data indicate that DVGs generated during viral replication are a primary source of danger signals for the initiation of the host immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Tapia
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Won-keun Kim
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xiomara Mercado-López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily Dunay
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Megan Wise
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Adu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carolina B. López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rivera-Toledo E, Gómez B. Respiratory syncytial virus persistence in macrophages alters the profile of cellular gene expression. Viruses 2013; 4:3270-80. [PMID: 23342359 PMCID: PMC3528265 DOI: 10.3390/v4123270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses can persistently infect differentiated cells through regulation of expression of both their own genes and those of the host cell, thereby evading detection by the host’s immune system and achieving residence in a non-lytic state. Models in vitro with cell lines are useful tools in understanding the mechanisms associated with the establishment of viral persistence. In particular, a model to study respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) persistence in a murine macrophage-like cell line has been established. Compared to non-infected macrophages, macrophages persistently infected with RSV show altered expression both of genes coding for cytokines and trans-membrane proteins associated with antigen uptake and of genes related to cell survival. The biological changes associated with altered gene expression in macrophages as a consequence of persistent RSV infection are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Rivera-Toledo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F., C.P. 04510, Mexico.
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Arrevillaga G, Gaona J, Sánchez C, Rosales V, Gómez B. Respiratory syncytial virus persistence in macrophages downregulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and reduces adhesion of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Intervirology 2012; 55:442-50. [PMID: 22572178 DOI: 10.1159/000335548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been associated with episodes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); furthermore, co-infection of RSV with non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is increasingly recognized as a cause of exacerbations of COPD. OBJECTIVE To study whether RSV persistence in a macrophage (Mφ)-like cell line alters NTHi uptake (adhesion and ingestion). METHODS A murine Mφ-like cell line persistently infected with RSV (MφP) was used. The effects of RSV persistence on NTHi uptake by MφP and mock-infected Mφ (MφN) were determined by flow-cytometric assays with NTHi labelled with either ethidium bromide or FITC. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a ligand for NTHi, was determined by measuring mRNA through real-time PCR and protein by Western blot assays. RESULTS RSV persistence reduced both the capacity of Mφ to take up bacteria and the expression of ICAM-1 mRNA and protein. Furthermore, when ICAM-1 was blocked with anti-ICAM-1 antibody, the adhesion capacity of NTHi was significantly reduced for MφN, whereas for MφP the effect was less evident, implying that ICAM-1 participates in NTHi adhesion to Mφ. CONCLUSION RSV persistence in murine Mφ diminishes their capacity to adhere and ingest NTHi through downregulation of ICAM-1 expression at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Arrevillaga
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F., México
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Human metapneumovirus establishes persistent infection in the lungs of mice and is reactivated by glucocorticoid treatment. J Virol 2009; 83:6837-48. [PMID: 19357175 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00379-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has been identified as a worldwide agent of serious upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. HMPV is second only to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as a leading cause of bronchiolitis, and, like RSV, consists of two major genotypes that cocirculate and vary among communities year to year. Children who have experienced acute HMPV infection may develop sequelae of wheezing and asthma; however, the features contributing to this pathology remain unknown. A possible mechanism for postbronchiolitis disease is that HMPV might persist in the lung providing a stimulus that could contribute to wheezing and asthma. Using immunohistochemistry to identify HMPV-infected cells in the lungs of mice, we show that HMPV mediates biphasic replication in respiratory epithelial cells then infection migrates to neuronal processes that innervate the lungs where the virus persists with no detectable infection in epithelial cells. After glucocorticoid treatment, the virus is reactivated from neural fibers and reinfects epithelial cells. The findings show that HMPV persists in neural fibers and suggest a mechanism for disease chronicity that has important implications for HMPV disease intervention strategies.
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Martínez I, Lombardía L, Herranz C, García-Barreno B, Domínguez O, Melero JA. Cultures of HEp-2 cells persistently infected by human respiratory syncytial virus differ in chemokine expression and resistance to apoptosis as compared to lytic infections of the same cell type. Virology 2009; 388:31-41. [PMID: 19345972 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
HEp-2 cells that survived a lytic infection with Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV) were grown to obtain a persistently infected culture that produced relatively high amounts of virus (10(6)-10(7) pfu/ml) for more than twenty passages. The cells in this culture were heterogeneous with regard to the expression of viral antigens, ranging from high to undetectable levels. However, all cell clones derived from the persistent culture did not produce infectious virus or viral antigens and grew more slowly than the original uninfected HEp-2 cells. When these "cured" cell clones were infected with wild-type HRSV, delayed virus production and reduction in the number and size of syncytia were observed compared to lytically infected HEp-2 cells. Most significantly, differences in gene expression between persistently and lytically infected cultures were also observed, including genes that encode for cytokines, chemokines and other gene products that either promote cell survival or inhibit apoptosis. These results highlight the significantly different responses of the same cell type to HRSV infection depending on the outcome of such infection, i.e., lytic versus persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Interacción Virus-Célula, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Sarmiento R, Arias C, Méndez E, Gómez B. Characterization of a persistent respiratory syncytial virus showing a low-fusogenic activity associated to an impaired F protein. Virus Res 2009; 139:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sarmiento RE, Tirado RG, Valverde LE, Gómez-Garcia B. Kinetics of antibody-induced modulation of respiratory syncytial virus antigens in a human epithelial cell line. Virol J 2007; 4:68. [PMID: 17608950 PMCID: PMC1950497 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The binding of viral-specific antibodies to cell-surface antigens usually results in down modulation of the antigen through redistribution of antigens into patches that subsequently may be internalized by endocytosis or may form caps that can be expelled to the extracellular space. Here, by use of confocal-laser-scanning microscopy we investigated the kinetics of the modulation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen by RSV-specific IgG. RSV-infected human epithelial cells (HEp-2) were incubated with anti-RSV polyclonal IgG and, at various incubation times, the RSV-cell-surface-antigen-antibody complexes (RSV Ag-Abs) and intracellular viral proteins were detected by indirect immunoflourescence. Results Interaction of anti-RSV polyclonal IgG with RSV HEp-2 infected cells induced relocalization and aggregation of viral glycoproteins in the plasma membrane formed patches that subsequently produced caps or were internalized through clathrin-mediated endocytosis participation. Moreover, the concentration of cell surface RSV Ag-Abs and intracellular viral proteins showed a time dependent cyclic variation and that anti-RSV IgG protected HEp-2 cells from viral-induced death. Conclusion The results from this study indicate that interaction between RSV cell surface proteins and specific viral antibodies alter the expression of viral antigens expressed on the cells surface and intracellular viral proteins; furthermore, interfere with viral induced destruction of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E Sarmiento
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, D.F., México
| | - Rocio G Tirado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, D.F., México
| | - Laura E Valverde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, D.F., México
| | - Beatriz Gómez-Garcia
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, D.F., México
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Yount JS, Kraus TA, Horvath CM, Moran TM, López CB. A novel role for viral-defective interfering particles in enhancing dendritic cell maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4503-13. [PMID: 16982887 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) maturation is a crucial event in the development of adaptive immune responses that confer long-lasting protection against reinfection with the same virus. Sendai virus strain Cantell has a particularly strong ability to mature DCs independently of type I IFNs and TLR signaling, currently the best-described pathways for the induction of DC maturation. In this study, we demonstrate that defective-interfering (DI) particles present in Sendai virus-Cantell stocks are required for its robust DC maturation ability. DI particles contain incomplete genomes that are unable to replicate unless the viral polymerase is supplied by coinfection with complete virus. Accordingly, the improvement in the virus-induced maturation of DCs provided by DI particles requires standard virus coinfection and likely results from increased production of dsRNA replication intermediaries. This unique ability of DI particles to stimulate DC maturation cannot be mimicked by simply increasing the dose of standard virus. Furthermore, viruses with weak DC maturation abilities can be converted into potent DC stimulators with the addition of DI particles, supporting a potential application for DI particles as a novel natural adjuvant for viral immunizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Tirado R, Ortega A, Sarmiento RE, Gómez B. Interleukin-8 mRNA synthesis and protein secretion are continuously up-regulated by respiratory syncytial virus persistently infected cells. Cell Immunol 2005; 233:61-71. [PMID: 15936741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether respiratory syncytial virus persistence regulates interleukin 8 (IL-8) mRNA synthesis and protein secretion in a human lung epithelial cell line (A549). Therefore, we established RSV persistence in these cells (A549per) and determined the levels of interleukin-8 mRNA by RT-PCR and of protein through ELISA. Interleukin-8 mRNA synthesis and protein secretion were continuously up-regulated in A549per cells during passages and in A549 cells that had been incubated with supernatants (cA549per) obtained from A549per passages. These results suggested that the enhancement of interleukin-8 was stimulated either by the presence of the RSV genome in the cell or by soluble mediator(s) induced by RSV, which, in turn, increased interleukin-8 mRNA synthesis and protein secretion. Soluble RSV F and G proteins were identified as mediators. Moreover, interleukin-8 enhancement was observed after 1-min incubation with the soluble mediators, thus suggesting that interleukin-8 up-regulation was triggered by receptor-ligand interaction.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Antigens, Surface/physiology
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Culture Media, Conditioned/chemistry
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Culture Media, Conditioned/radiation effects
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/virology
- Fractional Precipitation
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Hot Temperature
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/metabolism
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/radiation effects
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Trypsin/metabolism
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Envelope Proteins/pharmacology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Viral Proteins/analysis
- Viral Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Tirado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico
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Openshaw PJM, Tregoning JS. Immune responses and disease enhancement during respiratory syncytial virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18:541-55. [PMID: 16020689 PMCID: PMC1195968 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.18.3.541-555.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the commonest and most troublesome viruses of infancy. It causes most cases of bronchiolitis, which is associated with wheezing in later childhood. In primary infection, the peak of disease typically coincides with the development of specific T- and B-cell responses, which seem, in large part, to be responsible for disease. Animal models clearly show that a range of immune responses can enhance disease severity, particularly after vaccination with formalin-inactivated RSV. Prior immune sensitization leads to exuberant chemokine production, an excessive cellular influx, and an overabundance of cytokines during RSV challenge. Under different circumstances, specific mediators and T-cell subsets and antibody-antigen immune complex deposition are incriminated as major factors in disease. Animal models of immune enhancement permit a deep understanding of the role of specific immune responses in RSV disease, assist in vaccine design, and indicate which immunomodulatory therapy might be beneficial to children with bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J M Openshaw
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung and Wright Fleming Institutes, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Paddington, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is recognized as the most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children worldwide causing repeat infections throughout life with serious complications occurring in the elderly and immune compromised patient. The level of disease pathogenesis associated with RSV infection is balanced between virus elimination and the nature of the immune response to infection. The innate and adaptive immune responses to RSV infection are not fully elucidated; however, significant progress has been made in understanding the virus-host relationship and mechanisms associated with disease pathogenesis. This review summarizes important aspects of these findings, and provides current perspective on processes that may contribute to RSV disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Tripp
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Viral and Enteric Virus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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