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Chen J, Deng X, Lin T, Huang J, Yang Y, Lian N. Ferrostatin-1 Reversed Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Ferroptosis in Aortic Endothelial Cells via Reprogramming Mitochondrial Function. Nat Sci Sleep 2024; 16:401-411. [PMID: 38680190 PMCID: PMC11055532 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s442186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) related arterial endothelium injury is a common cause of cardiovascular system injury. However, the mechanism still needs to be clarified. In this study, we aimed to clarify the role and mechanism of ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) in CIH-related rat arterial endothelial cells (ROAEC) ferroptosis. Methods ROAEC was divided into control group, CIH group, and CIH+ Fer-1 group. Cell viability was detected by cell counting kit 8 kits (CCK8). The apoptotic rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, Fe2+ levels, and lipid ROS levels were detected by flow cytometry. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/NADH ratio were detected via Elisa kits. The mRNA and protein levels of cystine/glutamate antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Mitochondrial structure and function were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Central carbon metabolism was measured to compare metabolites among each group. Results After the CIH exposure, ROAEC cell viability decreased; The levels of cell apoptosis, ROS, Fe2+, MDA, and lip ROS increased; The levels of NAD+/NADP ratio decreased; The mRNA and protein levels of GPX4 and SLC7A11 decreased (all p<0.05). Co-cultured with Fer-1 reversed the levels of apoptosis rate, cell viability, ROS, Fe2+, MAD, lipid ROS, NAD+/NADH ratio and the mRNA and protein expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11 (all p<0.05). The TEM results showed that damaged mitochondrial membrane and the matrix spillover in the CIH group. The results of the JC-1 assay showed decreased MMP in the CIH group. Fer-1 treatment ameliorated the mitochondrial injury. The results of central carbon metabolism found that CIH altered the metabolites in the TCA cycle, which were reversed by Fer-1 treatment. Conclusion CIH-induced ferroptosis in ROAEC, which were reversed by Fer-1 via reprogramming mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Sleep-Disordered Breathing Clinic Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Sleep-Disordered Breathing Clinic Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Sleep-Disordered Breathing Clinic Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiefeng Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Sleep-Disordered Breathing Clinic Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yisong Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Sleep-Disordered Breathing Clinic Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningfang Lian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Sleep-Disordered Breathing Clinic Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
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Solanki K, Bezsonov E, Orekhov A, Parihar SP, Vaja S, White FA, Obukhov AG, Baig MS. Effect of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species on signaling pathways in atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2024; 154:107282. [PMID: 38325566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2024.107282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which fats, lipids, cholesterol, calcium, proliferating smooth muscle cells, and immune cells accumulate in the intima of the large arteries, forming atherosclerotic plaques. A complex interplay of various vascular and immune cells takes place during the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Multiple reports indicate that tight control of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) production is critical for maintaining vascular health. Unrestricted ROS and RNS generation may lead to activation of various inflammatory signaling pathways, facilitating atherosclerosis. Given these deleterious consequences, it is important to understand how ROS and RNS affect the signaling processes involved in atherogenesis. Conversely, RSS appears to exhibit an atheroprotective potential and can alleviate the deleterious effects of ROS and RNS. Herein, we review the literature describing the effects of ROS, RNS, and RSS on vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages and focus on how changes in their production affect the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. This review also discusses the contribution of ROS, RNS, and RSS in mediating various post-translational modifications, such as oxidation, nitrosylation, and sulfation, of the molecules involved in inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Solanki
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Evgeny Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow, Russia; Department of Biology and General Genetics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; The Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Turgenev State University of Orel, Orel, Russia
| | - Alexander Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shivani Vaja
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Fletcher A White
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Alexander G Obukhov
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India.
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Priya HK, Jha KP, Kumar N, Singh S. Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Calcium's Roles in the Development of Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:1812-1821. [PMID: 38803178 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128303026240514111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In the last decade, there has been increasing evidence connecting mitochondrial dysfunction to the onset and advancement of atherosclerosis. Both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the disruption of mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) regulation have garnered significant attention due to their involvement in various stages of atherosclerosis. This abstract discusses the potential therapeutic applications of targeting mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while also providing an overview of their respective roles in atherosclerosis. The abstract underscores the importance of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in cellular physiology, including functions such as energy production, cell death signaling, and maintaining redox balance. Alterations in the mitochondria's Ca2+ handling disrupt all these procedures and speed up the development of atherosclerosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated during mitochondrial respiration, are widely recognized as significant contributors to the development of atherosclerosis. Through modulating the function of calcium ion (Ca2+) transport proteins, ROS can impact the regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling. These oxidative modifications lead to vascular remodeling and plaque formation by impairing endothelial function, encouraging the recruitment of inflammatory cells, and promoting smooth muscle cell proliferation. Preclinical investigations indicate that interventions aimed at regulating the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) hold promise for mitigating atherosclerosis. Targeting mitochondrial processes represents a prospective therapeutic strategy for addressing this condition. Further research is necessary to elucidate the intricate molecular mechanisms associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis and develop effective therapeutic strategies to decelerate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helan Krishnamandiram Priya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Priya Jha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Sanjiv Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
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Patil AD, Kasabe PJ, Dandge PB. Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential of natural bioactive pigment: astaxanthin. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:25. [PMID: 35794254 PMCID: PMC9259778 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione) is an orange-red, lipophilic keto-carotenoid pigment. It is majorly found in marine ecosystems particularly in aquatic animals such as salmon, shrimp, trout, krill, crayfish, and so on. It is also synthesized in microalgae Heamatococcus pluvialis, Chlorococcum, Chlorella zofingiensis, red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma and bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens. Some aquatic and terrestrial creatures regarded as a primary and secondary sources of the astaxanthin producing and accumulating it through their metabolic pathways. Astaxanthin is the powerful antioxidant, nutritional supplement as well as promising therapeutic compound, observed to have activities against different ravaging diseases and disorders. Researchers have reported remarkable bioactivities of astaxanthin against major non-communicable chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, and immune disorders. The current review discusses some structural aspects of astaxanthin. It further elaborates its multiple potencies such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-cancer, anti-obese, anti-diabetic, anti-ageing, anti-TB, anti-viral, anti-COVID 19, neuro-protective, nephro-protective, and fertility-enhancing properties. These potencies make it a more precious entity in the preventions as well as treatments of prevalent systematic diseases and/or disorders. Also, the review is acknowledging and documenting its powerful bioactivities in relation with the pharmaceutical as well as nutraceutical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva D. Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004 Maharashtra India
| | - Pramod J. Kasabe
- School of Nanoscience and Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra India
| | - Padma B. Dandge
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004 Maharashtra India
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Di Chiara T, Del Cuore A, Daidone M, Scaglione S, Norrito RL, Puleo MG, Scaglione R, Pinto A, Tuttolomondo A. Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Hypertension-Brain-Induced Complications: Focus on Molecular Mediators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052445. [PMID: 35269587 PMCID: PMC8910319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that hypertension is the most important vascular risk factor for the development and progression of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The brain is an early target of hypertension-induced organ damage and may manifest as stroke, subclinical cerebrovascular abnormalities and cognitive decline. The pathophysiological mechanisms of these harmful effects remain to be completely clarified. Hypertension is well known to alter the structure and function of cerebral blood vessels not only through its haemodynamics effects but also for its relationships with endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. In the last several years, new possible mechanisms have been suggested to recognize the molecular basis of these pathological events. Accordingly, this review summarizes the factors involved in hypertension-induced brain complications, such as haemodynamic factors, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, inflammation and intervention of innate immune system, with particular regard to the role of Toll-like receptors that have to be considered dominant components of the innate immune system. The complete definition of their prognostic role in the development and progression of hypertensive brain damage will be of great help in the identification of new markers of vascular damage and the implementation of innovative targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Alonso-Piñeiro JA, Gonzalez-Rovira A, Sánchez-Gomar I, Moreno JA, Durán-Ruiz MC. Nrf2 and Heme Oxygenase-1 Involvement in Atherosclerosis Related Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1463. [PMID: 34573095 PMCID: PMC8466960 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis remains the underlying process responsible for cardiovascular diseases and the high mortality rates associated. This chronic inflammatory disease progresses with the formation of occlusive atherosclerotic plaques over the inner walls of vascular vessels, with oxidative stress being an important element of this pathology. Oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) induces endothelial dysfunction, foam cell activation, and inflammatory response, resulting in the formation of fatty streaks in the atherosclerotic wall. With this in mind, different approaches aim to reduce oxidative damage as a strategy to tackle the progression of atherosclerosis. Special attention has been paid in recent years to the transcription factor Nrf2 and its downstream-regulated protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), both known to provide protection against atherosclerotic injury. In the current review, we summarize the involvement of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis, focusing on the role that these antioxidant molecules exert, as well as the potential therapeutic strategies applied to enhance their antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Angel Alonso-Piñeiro
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cádiz University, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.A.A.-P.); (A.G.-R.); (I.S.-G.)
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedical Sciences of Cádiz (INiBICA), 11001 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Almudena Gonzalez-Rovira
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cádiz University, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.A.A.-P.); (A.G.-R.); (I.S.-G.)
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedical Sciences of Cádiz (INiBICA), 11001 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ismael Sánchez-Gomar
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cádiz University, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.A.A.-P.); (A.G.-R.); (I.S.-G.)
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedical Sciences of Cádiz (INiBICA), 11001 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Moreno
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), UGC Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain;
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ma Carmen Durán-Ruiz
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cádiz University, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.A.A.-P.); (A.G.-R.); (I.S.-G.)
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedical Sciences of Cádiz (INiBICA), 11001 Cádiz, Spain
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7
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Pereira CPM, Souza ACR, Vasconcelos AR, Prado PS, Name JJ. Antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory mechanisms of action of astaxanthin in cardiovascular diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:37-48. [PMID: 33155666 PMCID: PMC7723678 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of mortality worldwide. Oxidative stress and inflammation are pathophysiological processes involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases; thus, anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant agents that modulate redox balance have become research targets so as to evaluate their molecular mechanisms of action and therapeutic properties. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid of the xanthophyll group, has potent antioxidant properties due to its molecular structure and its arrangement in the plasma membrane, factors that favor the neutralization of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. This carotenoid also has prominent anti‑inflammatory activity, possibly interrelated with its antioxidant effect, and is also involved in the modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. Considering the potential beneficial effects of astaxanthin on cardiovascular health evidenced by preclinical and clinical studies, the aim of the present review was to describe the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory properties of this carotenoid in cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis. The beneficial properties and safety profile of astaxanthin indicate that this compound may be used for preventing progression or as an adjuvant in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Rodrigues Vasconcelos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - José João Name
- Kilyos Assessoria, Cursos e Palestras, São Paulo, SP 01311-100
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8
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Veber B, Camargo A, Dalmagro AP, Bonde HLP, Magro DDD, Lima DDDE, Zeni ALB. Red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) extract reverses lipid oxidative stress in rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20180596. [PMID: 32267305 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020180596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra DC.) extract has been demonstrated hypolipidemic and antioxidant capacity. Herein, we investigated the effect of red cabbage aqueous extract (RC) or fenofibrate (FF) in oxidative stress induced by Triton WR-1339 in rats. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated through the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and, thiobarbituric reactive species (TBARS) and protein carbonyl (PC) levels in erythrocytes, liver, kidneys, cerebral cortex and hippocampus of male rats. The alterations promoted by Triton WR-1339 in enzymatic antioxidant defense in the liver, kidneys and hippocampus were reversed by RC or FF treatments. The TBARS and PC levels increased in the liver, cerebral cortex and hippocampus of hyperlipidemic rats were decreased by the treatments with RC or FF. These findings demonstrated that RC is a potential therapy to treat diseases not only involving dyslipidemic condition but also oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Veber
- Laboratório de Avaliação de Substâncias Bioativas, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140, Victor Konder, 89030-903 Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Anderson Camargo
- Laboratório de Avaliação de Substâncias Bioativas, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140, Victor Konder, 89030-903 Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dalmagro
- Laboratório de Avaliação de Substâncias Bioativas, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140, Victor Konder, 89030-903 Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Henrique Luis P Bonde
- Laboratório de Biofísica, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140, Victor Konder, 89030-903 Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora D Dal Magro
- Laboratório de Biofísica, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140, Victor Konder, 89030-903 Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Daniela D DE Lima
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade da Região de Joinville, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Zona Industrial Norte, 89219-710 Joinville, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia B Zeni
- Laboratório de Avaliação de Substâncias Bioativas, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140, Victor Konder, 89030-903 Blumenau, SC, Brazil
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Broniarek I, Dominiak K, Galganski L, Jarmuszkiewicz W. The Influence of Statins on the Aerobic Metabolism of Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041485. [PMID: 32098258 PMCID: PMC7073032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to be the main cause of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this research was to elucidate the effects of cholesterol-lowering statins on the aerobic metabolism of endothelial cells at the cellular and mitochondrial levels. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EA.hy926), six days of exposure to 100 nM atorvastatin (ATOR) induced a general decrease in mitochondrial respiration. No changes in mitochondrial biogenesis, cell viability, or ATP levels were observed, whereas a decrease in Coenzyme Q10 (Q10) content was accompanied by an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, although mitochondrial ROS production remained unchanged. The changes caused by 100 nM pravastatin were smaller than those caused by ATOR. The ATOR-induced changes at the respiratory chain level promoted increased mitochondrial ROS production. In addition to the reduced level of mitochondrial Q10, the activity of Complex III was decreased, and the amount of Complex III in a supercomplex with Complex IV was diminished. These changes may cause the observed decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in Q10 reduction level as a consequence, leading to elevated mitochondrial ROS formation. The above observations highlight the role of endothelial mitochondria in response to potential metabolic adaptations related to the chronic exposure of endothelial cells to statins.
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Oliveira HCF, Vercesi AE. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox dysfunctions in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 71:100840. [PMID: 31882067 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the first part of this review, we summarize basic mitochondrial bioenergetics concepts showing that mitochondria are critical regulators of cell life and death. Until a few decades ago, mitochondria were considered to play essential roles only in respiration, ATP formation, non-shivering thermogenesis and a variety of metabolic pathways. However, the concept presented by Peter Mitchell regarding coupling between electron flow and ATP synthesis through the intermediary of a H+ electrochemical potential leads to the recognition that the proton-motive force also regulates a series of relevant cell signalling processes, such as superoxide generation, redox balance and Ca2+ handling. Alterations in these processes lead to cell death and disease states. In the second part of this review, we discuss the role of mitochondrial dysfunctions in the specific context of hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis. We provide a literature analysis that indicates a decisive role of mitochondrial redox dysfunction in the development of atherosclerosis and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms. Finally, we highlight the potential mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic strategies that are relevant for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C F Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Anibal E Vercesi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
The kidney harbours different types of endothelia, each with specific structural and functional characteristics. The glomerular endothelium, which is highly fenestrated and covered by a rich glycocalyx, participates in the sieving properties of the glomerular filtration barrier and in the maintenance of podocyte structure. The microvascular endothelium in peritubular capillaries, which is also fenestrated, transports reabsorbed components and participates in epithelial cell function. The endothelium of large and small vessels supports the renal vasculature. These renal endothelia are protected by regulators of thrombosis, inflammation and complement, but endothelial injury (for example, induced by toxins, antibodies, immune cells or inflammatory cytokines) or defects in factors that provide endothelial protection (for example, regulators of complement or angiogenesis) can lead to acute or chronic renal injury. Moreover, renal endothelial cells can transition towards a mesenchymal phenotype, favouring renal fibrosis and the development of chronic kidney disease. Thus, the renal endothelium is both a target and a driver of kidney and systemic cardiovascular complications. Emerging therapeutic strategies that target the renal endothelium may lead to improved outcomes for both rare and common renal diseases.
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Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8267234. [PMID: 31191805 PMCID: PMC6525823 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8267234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) represents worldwide public health issue characterized by a set of cardiovascular risk factors including obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance. The link between the MS and the associated diseases is represented by oxidative stress (OS) and by the intracellular redox imbalance, both caused by the persistence of chronic inflammatory conditions that characterize MS. The increase in oxidizing species formation in MS has been accepted as a major underlying mechanism for mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of protein and lipid oxidation products, and impairment of the antioxidant systems. These oxidative modifications are recognized as relevant OS biomarkers potentially able to (i) clarify the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the etiology of the MS, (ii) contribute to the diagnosis/evaluation of the disease's severity, and (iii) evaluate the utility of possible therapeutic strategies based on natural antioxidants. The antioxidant therapies indeed could be able to (i) counteract systemic as well as mitochondrial-derived OS, (ii) enhance the endogenous antioxidant defenses, (iii) alleviate MS symptoms, and (iv) prevent the complications linked to MS-derived cardiovascular diseases. The focus of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the role of OS in the development of metabolic alterations characterizing MS, with particular regard to the occurrence of OS-correlated biomarkers, as well as to the use of therapeutic strategies based on natural antioxidants.
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Guo C, Wang J, Jing L, Ma R, Liu X, Gao L, Cao L, Duan J, Zhou X, Li Y, Sun Z. Mitochondrial dysfunction, perturbations of mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis involved in endothelial injury induced by silica nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:926-936. [PMID: 29074197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
As silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) pervade the global economy, however, the followed emissions during the manufacturing, use, and disposal stages inevitably bring an environmental release, potentially result in harmful impacts. Endothelial dysfunction precedes cardiovascular disease, and is often accompanied by mitochondrial impairment and dysfunction. We had reported endothelial dysfunction induced by SiNPs, however, the related mechanisms by which SiNPs interact with mitochondria are not well understood. In the present study, we examined SiNPs-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, and further demonstrated their adverse effects on mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis in endothelial cells (HUVECs). Consequently, SiNPs entered mitochondria, caused mitochondrial swelling, cristae disruption and even disappearance. Further analyses revealed SiNPs increased the intracellular level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, eventually resulting in the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, impairments in ATP synthesis, cellular respiration and the activities of three ATP-dependent enzymes (including Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase), as well as an elevated intracellular calcium level. Furthermore, mitochondria in SiNPs-treated HUVECs displayed a fission phenotype. Accordingly, dysregulation of the key gene expressions (FIS1, DRP1, OPA1, Mfn1 and Mfn2) involved in fission/fusion event further certified the SiNPs-induced perturbation of mitochondrial dynamics. Meanwhile, SiNPs-treated HUVECs displayed declined levels of mitochondrial DNA copy number, PGC-1α, NRF1 and also TFAM, indicating an inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis triggered by SiNPs via PGC-1α-NRF1-TFAM signaling. Overall, SiNPs triggered endothelial toxicity through mitochondria as target, including the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as the perturbations of their dynamics and biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Guo
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li Jing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ru Ma
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lifang Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lige Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Hydroxytyrosol Ameliorates Endothelial Function under Inflammatory Conditions by Preventing Mitochondrial Dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9086947. [PMID: 29849923 PMCID: PMC5932486 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9086947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are fundamental organelles producing energy and reactive oxygen species (ROS); their impaired functions play a key role in endothelial dysfunction. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a well-known olive oil antioxidant, exerts health benefits against vascular diseases by improving endothelial function. However, the HT role in mitochondrial oxidative stress in endothelial dysfunction is not clear yet. To investigate the HT effects on mitochondrial ROS production in the inflamed endothelium, we used an in vitro model of endothelial dysfunction represented by cultured endothelial cells, challenged with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), an inflammatory, prooxidant, and proangiogenic agent. We found that the pretreatment of endothelial cells with HT (1–30 μmol/L) suppressed inflammatory angiogenesis, a crucial aspect of endothelial dysfunction. The HT inhibitory effect is related to reduced mitochondrial superoxide production and lipid peroxidation and to increased superoxide dismutase activity. HT, in a concentration-dependent manner, improved endothelial mitochondrial function by reverting the PMA-induced reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP synthesis, and ATP5β expression. In PMA-challenged endothelial cells, HT also promoted mitochondrial biogenesis through increased mitochondrial DNA content and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, nuclear respiratory factor-1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A. These results highlight that HT blunts endothelial dysfunction and pathological angiogenesis by ameliorating mitochondrial function, thus suggesting HT as a potential mitochondria-targeting antioxidant in the inflamed endothelium.
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Lai CL, Xing JP, Liu XH, Qi J, Zhao JQ, Ji YR, Yang WX, Yan PJ, Luo CY, Ruan LF. Relationships of Inflammatory Factors and Risk Factors with Different Target Organ Damage in Essential Hypertension Patients. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:1296-1302. [PMID: 28524828 PMCID: PMC5455038 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.206343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis (AS) is an inflammatory disease. Inflammation was considered to play a role in the whole process of AS. This study aimed to analyze the relationships of inflammatory factors and risk factors with different target organ damages (TOD) in essential hypertension (EH) patients and to explore its clinical significance. METHODS A total of 294 EH patients were selected and divided into four groups according to their conditions of TOD. Forty-eight healthy subjects were selected as control. The clinical biochemical parameters, serum amyloid A, serum tryptase, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) in each group were detected, and the related risk factors were also statistically analyzed. RESULTS Fibrinogen (Fbg) was the most significant independent risk factor in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) group (odds ratio [OR]: 22.242, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.458-76.609, P< 0.001) with the largest absolute value of the standardized partial regression coefficient B' (b': 1.079). Lp-PLA2 was the most significant independent risk factor in stroke group (OR: 13.699, 95% CI: 5.236-35.837, P< 0.001) with b' = 0.708. Uric acid (UA) was the most significant independent risk factor in renal damage group (OR: 15.307, 95% CI: 4.022-58.250, P< 0.001) with b' = 1.026. CONCLUSIONS Fbg, Lp-PLA2, and UA are the strongest independent risk factors toward the occurrence of ACS, ischemic stroke, and renal damage in EH patients, thus exhibiting the greatest impacts on the occurrence of ACS, ischemic stroke, and renal damage in EH patients, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Lai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China
| | - Jin-Ping Xing
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China
| | - You-Rui Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China
| | - Wu-Xiao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China
| | - Pu-Juan Yan
- Postgraduate School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China
| | - Chun-Yan Luo
- Postgraduate School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China
| | - Lu-Fang Ruan
- Postgraduate School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China
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Atorvastatin affects negatively respiratory function of isolated endothelial mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 637:64-72. [PMID: 29217137 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to elucidate the direct effects of two popular blood cholesterol-lowering drugs used to treat cardiovascular diseases, atorvastatin and pravastatin, on respiratory function, membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species formation in mitochondria isolated from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EA.hy926 cell line). Hydrophilic pravastatin did not significantly affect endothelial mitochondria function. In contrast, hydrophobic calcium-containing atorvastatin induced a loss of outer mitochondrial membrane integrity, an increase in hydrogen peroxide formation, and reductions in maximal (phosphorylating or uncoupled) respiratory rate, membrane potential and oxidative phosphorylation efficiency. The atorvastatin-induced changes indicate an impairment of mitochondrial function at the level of ATP synthesis and at the level of the respiratory chain, likely at complex I and complex III. The atorvastatin action on endothelial mitochondria was highly dependent on calcium ions and led to a disturbance in mitochondrial calcium homeostasis. Uptake of calcium ions included in atorvastatin molecule induced mitochondrial uncoupling that enhanced the inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain by atorvastatin. Our results indicate that hydrophobic calcium-containing atorvastatin, widely used as anti-atherosclerotic agent, has a direct negative action on isolated endothelial mitochondria.
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Huang CH, Kuo CL, Huang CS, Liu CS, Chang CC. Depleted Leukocyte Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Correlates With Unfavorable Left Ventricular Volumetric and Spherical Shape Remodeling in Acute Myocardial Infarction After Primary Angioplasty. Circ J 2017. [PMID: 28626147 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular (LV) shape influences LV systolic function. It is possible to assess LV shape using 3-D echocardiography sphericity index (SI). Maintaining mitochondrial DNA copy number (MCN) is important for preserving mitochondrial function and LV systolic function after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Information is limited, however, regarding the relationship between leukocyte MCN and the subsequent change in LV shape after AMI.Methods and Results:Fifty-five AMI patients undergoing primary angioplasty were recruited. Plasma MCN was measured before primary angioplasty using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. 3-D echocardiography measurement of SI was performed at baseline, and at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up. AMI subjects with MCN lower than the median had a higher 6-month SI and LV volume compared with those with higher MCN. Baseline echocardiographic parameters were similar between the 2 groups. MCN was negatively correlated with 3- and 6-month SI, and 3- and 6-month LV volume. On multiple linear regression analysis, baseline plasma MCN could predict LV SI and LV volume at 6 months after primary angioplasty for AMI, even after adjusting for traditional prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS In AMI patients, higher plasma leukocyte MCN at baseline was associated with favorable LV shape and remodeling at 6-month follow-up. Plasma leukocyte MCN may provide a novel prognostic biomarker for LV remodeling after AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hui Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital.,Institute of Statistics and Information Science, National Changhua University of Education.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University.,Department of Beauty Science and Graduate Institute of Beauty Science Technology, Chienkuo Technology University
| | - Chen-Ling Kuo
- Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital
| | | | - Chin-San Liu
- Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital.,Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Changhua Christian Hospital.,Medical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University
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Farnaghi S, Crawford R, Xiao Y, Prasadam I. Cholesterol metabolism in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis disease. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20:131-140. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Farnaghi
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Ross Crawford
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Indira Prasadam
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
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Spahis S, Borys JM, Levy E. Metabolic Syndrome as a Multifaceted Risk Factor for Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:445-461. [PMID: 27302002 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a greater risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It is estimated that this multifactorial condition affects 20%-30% of the world's population. A detailed understanding of MetS mechanisms is crucial for the development of effective prevention strategies and adequate intervention tools that could curb its increasing prevalence and limit its comorbidities, particularly in younger age groups. With advances in basic redox biology, oxidative stress (OxS) involvement in the complex pathophysiology of MetS has become widely accepted. Nevertheless, its clear association with and causative effects on MetS require further elucidation. Recent Advances: Although a better understanding of the causes, risks, and effects of MetS is essential, studies suggest that oxidant/antioxidant imbalance is a key contributor to this condition. OxS is now understood to be a major underlying mechanism for mitochondrial dysfunction, ectopic lipid accumulation, and gut microbiota impairment. CRITICAL ISSUES Further studies, particularly in the field of translational research, are clearly required to understand and control the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, especially in the mitochondria, since the various therapeutic trials conducted to date have not targeted this major ROS-generating system, aimed to delay MetS onset, or prevent its progression. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Multiple relevant markers need to be identified to clarify the role of ROS in the etiology of MetS. Future clinical trials should provide important proof of concept for the effectiveness of antioxidants as useful therapeutic approaches to simultaneously counteract mitochondrial OxS, alleviate MetS symptoms, and prevent complications. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 445-461.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schohraya Spahis
- 1 Research Center , Ste-Justine MUHC, Montreal, Canada .,2 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Emile Levy
- 1 Research Center , Ste-Justine MUHC, Montreal, Canada .,2 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Canada .,3 EPODE International Network , Paris, France
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20
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Effects of selenizing modification on characteristics and antioxidant activities of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Farnaghi S, Prasadam I, Cai G, Friis T, Du Z, Crawford R, Mao X, Xiao Y. Protective effects of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and statins on cholesterol-induced osteoarthritis. FASEB J 2016; 31:356-367. [PMID: 27737897 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600600r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of metabolic factors on the severity of osteoarthritis (OA) is not fully appreciated. This study aimed to define the effects of hypercholesterolemia on the progression of OA. Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice and rats with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia (DIHC) rats were used to explore the effects of hypercholesterolemia on the progression of OA. Both models exhibited OA-like changes, characterized primarily by a loss of proteoglycans, collagen and aggrecan degradation, osteophyte formation, changes to subchondral bone architecture, and cartilage degradation. Surgical destabilization of the knees resulted in a dramatic increase of degradative OA symptoms in animals fed a high-cholesterol diet compared with controls. Clinically relevant doses of free cholesterol resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased expression of degenerative and hypertrophic markers in chondrocytes and breakdown of the cartilage matrix. We showed that the severity of diet-induced OA changes could be attenuated by treatment with both atorvastatin and a mitochondrial targeting antioxidant. The protective effects of the mitochondrial targeting antioxidant were associated with suppression of oxidative damage to chondrocytes and restoration of extracellular matrix homeostasis of the articular chondrocytes. In summary, our data show that hypercholesterolemia precipitates OA progression by mitochondrial dysfunction in chondrocytes, in part by increasing ROS production and apoptosis. By addressing the mitochondrial dysfunction using antioxidants, we were able attenuate the OA progression in our animal models. This approach may form the basis for novel treatment options for this OA risk group in humans.-Farnaghi, S., Prasadam, I., Cai, G., Friis, T., Du, Z., Crawford, R., Mao, X., Xiao, Y. Protective effects of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and statins on cholesterol-induced osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Farnaghi
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Indira Prasadam
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Guangping Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Thor Friis
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhibin Du
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ross Crawford
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Orthopedics, Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Xinzhan Mao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; .,Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Pathak RK, Kolishetti N, Dhar S. Targeted nanoparticles in mitochondrial medicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 7:315-29. [PMID: 25348382 PMCID: PMC4397104 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria, the so-called 'energy factory of cells' not only produce energy but also contribute immensely in cellular mortality management. Mitochondrial dysfunctions result in various diseases including but not limited to cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. In the recent years, targeting mitochondria emerged as an attractive strategy to control mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases. Despite the desire to direct therapeutics to the mitochondria, the actual task is more difficult due to the highly complex nature of the mitochondria. The potential benefits of integrating nanomaterials with properties such as biodegradability, magnetization, and fluorescence into a single object of nanoscale dimensions can lead to the development of hybrid nanomedical platforms for targeting therapeutics to the mitochondria. Only a handful of nanoparticles based on metal oxides, gold nanoparticles, dendrons, carbon nanotubes, and liposomes were recently engineered to target mitochondria. Most of these materials face tremendous challenges when administered in vivo due to their limited biocompatibility. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles emerged as eminent candidates for effective drug delivery. In this review, we highlight the current advancements in the development of biodegradable nanoparticle platforms as effective targeting tools for mitochondrial medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K. Pathak
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- PartiKula LLC, 7777 Davie Rd., Hollywood, FL 33024
| | - Shanta Dhar
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Pathogenesis of target organ damage in hypertension: role of mitochondrial oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 16:823-39. [PMID: 25561233 PMCID: PMC4307277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension causes target organ damage (TOD) that involves vasculature, heart, brain and kidneys. Complex biochemical, hormonal and hemodynamic mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of TOD. Common to all these processes is an increased bioavailability of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both in vitro and in vivo studies explored the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress as a mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of TOD in hypertension, especially focusing on atherosclerosis, heart disease, renal failure, cerebrovascular disease. Both dysfunction of mitochondrial proteins, such as uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), superoxide dismutase (SOD) 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α), calcium channels, and the interaction between mitochondria and other sources of ROS, such as NADPH oxidase, play an important role in the development of endothelial dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy, renal and cerebral damage in hypertension. Commonly used anti-hypertensive drugs have shown protective effects against mitochondrial-dependent oxidative stress. Notably, few mitochondrial proteins can be considered therapeutic targets on their own. In fact, antioxidant therapies specifically targeted at mitochondria represent promising strategies to reduce mitochondrial dysfunction and related hypertensive TOD. In the present article, we discuss the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress as a contributing factor to hypertensive TOD development. We also provide an overview of mitochondria-based treatment strategies that may reveal useful to prevent TOD and reduce its progression.
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Chen S, Xie X, Wang Y, Gao Y, Xie X, Yang J, Ye J. Association between leukocyte mitochondrial DNA content and risk of coronary heart disease: A case-control study. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:220-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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25
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Givvimani S, Pushpakumar S, Veeranki S, Tyagi SC. Dysregulation of Mfn2 and Drp-1 proteins in heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:583-91. [PMID: 24905188 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches for cardiac regenerative mechanisms have been explored over the past decade to target various cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Structural and functional aberrations of mitochondria have been observed in CVD. The significance of mitochondrial maturation and function in cardiomyocytes is distinguished by their attribution to embryonic stem cell differentiation into adult cardiomyocytes. An abnormal fission process has been implicated in heart failure, and treatment with mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1), a specific inhibitor of dynamin related protein-1 (Drp-1), has been shown to improve cardiac function. We recently observed that the ratio of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2; a fusion protein) and Drp-1 (a fission protein) was decreased during heart failure, suggesting increased mitophagy. Treatment with Mdivi-1 improved cardiac function by normalizing this ratio. Aberrant mitophagy and enhanced oxidative stress in the mitochondria contribute to abnormal activation of MMP-9, leading to degradation of the important gap junction protein connexin-43 (Cx-43) in the ventricular myocardium. Reduced Cx-43 levels were associated with increased fibrosis and ventricular dysfunction in heart failure. Treatment with Mdivi-1 restored MMP-9 and Cx-43 expression towards normal. In this review, we discuss mitochondrial dynamics, its relation to MMP-9 and Cx-43, and the therapeutic role of fission inhibition in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Givvimani
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Favero G, Rodella LF, Reiter RJ, Rezzani R. Melatonin and its atheroprotective effects: a review. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:926-37. [PMID: 24291636 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular disease in which oxidative stress and inflammation are commonly implicated as major causative factors. Identification of novel strategies that contribute to plaque stabilization or inhibition represents a continuing challenge for the medical community. The evidence from the last decade highlights that melatonin influences the cardiovascular system, but its mechanisms of action have not been definitively clarified. Melatonin has atheroprotective effects by acting on different pathogenic signaling processes; these result from its direct free radical scavenger activity, its indirect antioxidant properties and its anti-inflammatory actions. In this review, we summarize the many pieces of the puzzle which identified molecular targets for prevention and therapy against the atherosclerotic pathogenic processes and we evaluate the data documenting that melatonin treatment has important actions that protect against atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Favero
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rita Rezzani
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Dikalov SI, Nazarewicz RR. Angiotensin II-induced production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species: potential mechanisms and relevance for cardiovascular disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1085-94. [PMID: 22443458 PMCID: PMC3771548 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in angiotensin II (AngII) induced endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular and renal remodeling, inflammation, and fibrosis has been well documented. The molecular mechanisms of AngII pathophysiological activity involve the stimulation of NADPH oxidases, which produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. AngII also increases the production of mitochondrial ROS, while the inhibition of AngII improves mitochondrial function; however, the specific molecular mechanisms of the stimulation of mitochondrial ROS is not clear. RECENT ADVANCES Interestingly, the overexpression of mitochondrial thioredoxin 2 or mitochondrial superoxide dismutase attenuates AngII-induced hypertension, which demonstrates the importance of mitochondrial ROS in AngII-mediated cardiovascular diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Although mitochondrial ROS plays an important role in normal physiological cell signaling, AngII, high glucose, high fat, or hypoxia may cause the overproduction of mitochondrial ROS, leading to the feed-forward redox stimulation of NADPH oxidases. This vicious cycle may contribute to the development of pathological conditions and facilitate organ damage in hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of antioxidant strategies specifically targeting mitochondria could be therapeutically beneficial in these disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Dikalov
- Free Radicals in Medicine Core, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
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28
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Sabatino L, Botto N, Borghini A, Turchi S, Andreassi MG. Development of a new multiplex quantitative real-time PCR assay for the detection of the mtDNA(4977) deletion in coronary artery disease patients: a link with telomere shortening. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2013; 54:299-307. [PMID: 23703697 DOI: 10.1002/em.21783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and telomere shortening have been proposed as important contributors to vascular disease and atherogenesis. The role of mitochondrial and telomere alterations has been examined frequently, but usually separately. Recently, an integrated model in which DNA damage and metabolic pathways intersect in age-associated cardiovascular disease has been proposed. In this study we developed a fast and reliable real-time PCR-based procedure to investigate relative quantification of the 4,977 bp mitochondrial DNA deletion (also indicated as "mtDNA(4977) deletion"), employing TaqMan probes with a multiplex approach. As a validation of the assay, a nested PCR coamplification was performed. Telomere shortening was evaluated by a real-time monochrome multiplex PCR technique employing a SybrGreen-based analysis. The study of mtDNA(4977) deletion and telomere shortening was carried out in atrial biopsies from 11 patients undergoing coronary artery (n = 5) and valve surgery (n = 6). The relative quantifications showed that the amount of mtDNA(4977) deletion was greater in tissue of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (P = 0.01) and that telomere length (expressed as telomere length relative to a single copy reference gene) was significantly shorter in tissue of CAD patients, compared to patients without CAD (P = 0.03). Moreover, most conventional risk factors were significantly more frequent in CAD patients, smoking and dyslipidemia having the strongest association with the degree of mtDNA(4977) deletion and a significant correlation with telomere attrition (P = 0.02 and P = 0.006, respectively). In conclusion, the present study suggests that mtDNA(4977) deletion and telomere shortening may represent additional and synergic major risk factors for the pathogenesis of CAD and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sabatino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council C N R, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Xue SY, Hebert VY, Hayes DM, Robinson CN, Glover M, Dugas TR. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors induce a mitophagy-associated endothelial cytotoxicity that is reversed by coenzyme Q10 cotreatment. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:323-34. [PMID: 23640862 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications have been documented in HIV-1 infected populations, and antiretroviral therapy may play a role. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are antiretrovirals known to induce mitochondrial damage in endothelial cells, culminating in endothelial dysfunction, an initiating event in atherogenesis. Though the mechanism for NRTI-induced endothelial toxicity is not yet clear, our prior work suggested that a mitochondrial oxidative stress may be involved. To further delineate the mechanism of toxicity, endothelial cells were treated with NRTIs of varying subclasses, and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial function were assessed. To test whether rescue of mitochondrial electron transport attenuated NRTI-induced endothelial cytotoxicity, in some cases, cells were cotreated with the electron transport cofactor coenzyme Q10 (Q10). At 4-6h, NRTIs increased levels of ROS but decreased the activities of electron transport chain complexes I-IV, levels of ATP and the NAD/NADH ratio. Moreover, nitric oxide levels were decreased, whereas endothelin-1 release was increased. Q10 abolished NRTI-induced mitochondria injury and effects on endothelial agonist production. Interestingly, in cells treated with NRTIs only, markers for mitochondrial toxicity returned to baseline levels by 18-24h, suggesting a compensatory mechanism for clearing damaged mitochondria. Using confocal microscopy, with confirmation utilizing the autophagy and mitophagy markers LC-3 and Nix, respectively, we observed autophagy of mitochondria at 8-10h after treatment. Q10 prevented NRTI-mediated increase in LC-3. These findings suggest that NRTI-induced mitophagy may be involved in NRTI-induced endothelial dysfunction and that this damage likely results from oxidant injury. Further, Q10 supplementation could potentially prevent NRTI-induced endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Y Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA
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Rafikov R, Rafikova O, Aggarwal S, Gross C, Sun X, Desai J, Fulton D, Black SM. Asymmetric dimethylarginine induces endothelial nitric-oxide synthase mitochondrial redistribution through the nitration-mediated activation of Akt1. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:6212-26. [PMID: 23255608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.423269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) induces the translocation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) to the mitochondrion via a mechanism that requires protein nitration. Thus, the goal of this study was elucidate how eNOS redistributes to mitochondria and to identify the nitrated protein responsible for this event. Our data indicate that exposure of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells to ADMA enhanced eNOS phosphorylation at the Akt1-dependent phosphorylation sites Ser(617) and Ser(1179). Mutation of these serine residues to alanine (S617A and S1179A) inhibited nitration-mediated eNOS translocation to the mitochondria, whereas the phosphormimic mutations (S617D and S1179D) exhibited increased mitochondrial redistribution in the absence of ADMA. The overexpression of a dominant-negative Akt1 also attenuated ADMA-mediated eNOS mitochondrial translocation. Furthermore, ADMA enhanced Akt1 nitration and increased its activity. Mass spectrometry identified a single nitration site in Akt1 located at the tyrosine residue (Tyr(350)) located within the client-binding domain. Replacement of Tyr(350) with phenylalanine abolished peroxynitrite-mediated eNOS translocation to mitochondria. We also found that in the absence of ADMA, eNOS translocation decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption and superoxide production without altering cellular ATP level. This suggests that under physiologic conditions, eNOS translocation enhances mitochondria coupling. In conclusion, we have identified a new mechanism by which eNOS translocation to mitochondria is regulated by the phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser(617) and Ser(1179) by Akt1 and that this is enhanced when Akt1 becomes nitrated at Tyr(350).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Rafikov
- Pulmonary Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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31
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Reactive oxygen species in health and disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:936486. [PMID: 22927725 PMCID: PMC3424049 DOI: 10.1155/2012/936486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, it became obvious that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert a multitude of biological effects covering a wide spectrum that ranges from physiological regulatory functions to damaging alterations participating in the pathogenesis of increasing number of diseases. This review summarizes the key roles played by the ROS in both health and disease. ROS are metabolic products arising from various cells; two cellular organelles are intimately involved in their production and metabolism, namely, the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Updates on research that tremendously aided in confirming the fundamental roles of both organelles in redox regulation will be discussed as well. Although not comprehensive, this review will provide brief perspective on some of the current research conducted in this area for better understanding of the ROS actions in various conditions of health and disease.
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DeVerse JS, Bailey KA, Jackson KN, Passerini AG. Shear stress modulates RAGE-mediated inflammation in a model of diabetes-induced metabolic stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2498-508. [PMID: 22467309 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00869.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis occurs preferentially at sites of disturbed blood flow despite the influence of risk factors contributing to systemic inflammation. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a prominent mediator of inflammation in diabetes that is upregulated in atherosclerotic plaques. Our goal was to elucidate a role for arterial hemodynamics in the regulation of RAGE expression and activity. Endothelial RAGE expression was elevated at sites of flow disturbance in the aortas of healthy swine. To demonstrate a direct role for physiological shear stress (SS) in modulating RAGE expression, human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were exposed to high SS (HSS; 15 dyn/cm(2)), which downregulated RAGE by fourfold, or oscillatory SS (OSS; 0 ± 5 dyn/cm(2)), which upregulated RAGE by threefold, compared with static culture at 4 h. In a model of diabetes-induced metabolic stress, HAEC were chronically conditioned under high glucose (25 mM) and then simultaneously stimulated with TNF-α (0.5 ng/ml) and the RAGE ligand high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). A 50% increase in VCAM-1 expression over TNF-α was associated with increased cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and NF-κB activity. This increase was RAGE-specific and NADPH oxidase dependent. In activated HAEC, OSS amplified HMGB1-induced VCAM-1 (3-fold) and RAGE (1.6-fold) expression and proportionally enhanced monocyte adhesion to HAEC in a RAGE-dependent manner, while HSS mitigated these increases to the level of TNF-α alone. We demonstrate that SS plays a fundamental role in regulating RAGE expression and inflammatory responses in the endothelium. These findings may provide mechanistic insight into how diabetes accelerates the nonrandom distribution of atherosclerosis in arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sherrod DeVerse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Dikalov SI, Li W, Doughan AK, Blanco RR, Zafari AM. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and calcium uptake regulate activation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:R1134-42. [PMID: 22442197 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00842.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Production of superoxide (O(2)(·-)) by NADPH oxidases contributes to the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Factors responsible for activation of NADPH oxidases are not well understood; interestingly, cardiovascular disease is associated with both altered NADPH oxidase activity and age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction. We hypothesized that mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to activation of NADPH oxidase. The effect of mitochondrial inhibitors on phagocytic NADPH oxidase in human lymphoblasts and whole blood was measured at the basal state and upon PKC-dependent stimulation with PMA using extracellular 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl-trimethylammonium or mitochondria-targeted 1-hydroxy-4-[2-triphenylphosphonio)-acetamido]-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine spin probes and electron spin resonance (ESR). Intracellular cytosolic calcium [Ca(2+)](i) was measured spectrofluorometrically using fura-2 AM. Incubation of lymphoblasts with the mitochondrial inhibitors rotenone, antimycin A, CCCP, or ruthenium red (an inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter) did not significantly change basal activity of NADPH oxidase. In contrast, preincubation with the mitochondrial inhibitors prior to PMA stimulation of lymphoblasts resulted in two- to three-fold increase of NADPH oxidase activity compared with stimulation with PMA alone. Most notably, the intracellular Ca(2+)-chelating agent BAPTA-AM abolished the effect of mitochondrial inhibitors on NADPH oxidase activity. Cytosolic Ca(2+) measurements with fura-2 AM showed that the mitochondrial inhibitors increased [Ca(2+)](i), while BAPTA-AM abolished the increase in [Ca(2+)](i). Furthermore, depletion of cellular Ca(2+) with thapsigargin attenuated CCCP- and antimycin A-mediated activation of NADPH oxidase in the presence of PMA by 42% and 31%, correspondingly. Our data suggest that mitochondria regulate PKC-dependent activation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase. In summary, increased mitochondrial O(2)(·-) and impaired buffering of cytosolic Ca(2+) by dysfunctional mitochondria result in enhanced NADPH oxidase activity, which may contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA.
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Chien M, Huang W, Wang P, Liou C, Lin T, Hsieh C, Weng S. Role of mitochondrial DNA variants and copy number in diabetic atherogenesis. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:3339-48. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.september.17.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Widlansky ME, Gutterman DD. Regulation of endothelial function by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1517-30. [PMID: 21194353 PMCID: PMC3151425 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are well known for their central roles in ATP production, calcium homeostasis, and heme and steroid biosynthesis. However, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, once thought to be toxic byproducts of mitochondrial physiologic activities, have recently been recognized as important cell-signaling molecules in the vascular endothelium, where their production, conversion, and destruction are highly regulated. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species appear to regulate important vascular homeostatic functions under basal conditions in a variety of vascular beds, where, in particular, they contribute to endothelium-dependent vasodilation. On exposure to cardiovascular risk factors, endothelial mitochondria produce excessive ROS in concert with other cellular ROS sources. Mitochondrial ROS, in this setting, act as important signaling molecules activating prothrombotic and proinflammatory pathways in the vascular endothelium, a process that initially manifests itself as endothelial dysfunction and, if persistent, may lead to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. This review concentrates on emerging appreciation of the importance of mitochondrial ROS as cell-signaling molecules in the vascular endothelium under both physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. Future potential avenues of research in this field also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Widlansky
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division and Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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36
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Metabolism, function and mass spectrometric analysis of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate and cardiolipin. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:556-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Arterial Stiffness, Metabolic Parameters, and Fatigue in Obese Subjects: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Food 2011; 14:386-90. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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38
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Kang GS, Gillespie PA, Gunnison A, Moreira AL, Tchou-Wong KM, Chen LC. Long-term inhalation exposure to nickel nanoparticles exacerbated atherosclerosis in a susceptible mouse model. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:176-81. [PMID: 20864429 PMCID: PMC3040603 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because associations have been reported between inhaled ambient ultrafine particles and increased risk of cardiopulmonary disease, it has been suggested that inhaled engineered nanoparticles (NPs) may also induce adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. OBJECTIVE We examined the long-term cardiovascular effects of inhaled nickel hydroxide NPs (nano-NH) using a sensitive mouse model. METHODS Hyperlipidemic, apoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice were exposed to nano-NH at either 0 or 79 μg Ni/m3, via a whole-body inhalation system, for 5 hr/day, 5 days/week, for either 1 week or 5 months. We measured various indicators of oxidative stress and inflammation in the lung and cardiovascular tissue, and we determined plaque formation on the ascending aorta. RESULTS Inhaled nano-NH induced significant oxidative stress and inflammation in the pulmonary and extrapulmonary organs, indicated by up-regulated mRNA levels of certain antioxidant enzyme and inflammatory cytokine genes; increased mitochondrial DNA damage in the aorta; significant signs of inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; changes in lung histopathology; and induction of acute-phase response. In addition, after 5-month exposures, nano-NH exacerbated the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report long-term cardiovascular toxicity of an inhaled nanomaterial. Our results clearly demonstrate that long-term exposure to inhaled nano-NH can induce oxidative stress and inflammation, not only in the lung but also in the cardiovascular system, and that this stress and inflammation can ultimately contribute to progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Soo Kang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Patricia Anne Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Albert Gunnison
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Andre Luis Moreira
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kam-Meng Tchou-Wong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
- Address correspondence to L.-C. Chen, 57 Old Forge Rd., Tuxedo, NY 10987 USA. Telephone: (845) 731-3560. Fax: (845) 351-5472. E-mail:
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Palacín M, Alvarez V, Martín M, Díaz M, Corao AI, Alonso B, Díaz-Molina B, Lozano I, Avanzas P, Morís C, Reguero JR, Rodríguez I, López-Larrea C, Cannata-Andía J, Batalla A, Ruiz-Ortega M, Martínez-Camblor P, Coto E. Mitochondrial DNA and TFAM gene variation in early-onset myocardial infarction: Evidence for an association to haplogroup H. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:176-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lefèvre C, Auclair M, Boccara F, Bastard JP, Capeau J, Vigouroux C, Caron-Debarle M. Premature Senescence of Vascular Cells Is Induced by HIV Protease Inhibitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2611-20. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.213603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
To determine whether and how protease inhibitors (PIs) could affect vascular aging.
Methods and Results—
HIV therapy with PIs is associated with an increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease. The effect of ritonavir and a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir (for 30 days) on senescence, oxidative stress, and inflammation was evaluated in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). These HCAECs were either cotreated or not cotreated with pravastatin or farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI)-277 or with 2 antioxidants (manganese [III] tetrakis [4-benzoic acid] porphyrin [MnTBAP] and N-acetyl cysteine). Senescence markers were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-infected patients under PI treatment. PIs induced senescence markers, prelamin A accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation in HCAECs. Senescence markers and prelamin A were also observed in PBMCs from HIV-infected patients under ritonavir-boosted PIs. Pravastatin, FTI-277, and antioxidants improved PI adverse effects in HCAECs. Senescence markers were lower in PBMCs from PI-treated patients cotreated with statins.
Conclusion—
PIs triggered premature senescence in endothelial cells by a mechanism involving prelamin A accumulation. Accordingly, circulating cells from HIV-infected patients receiving PI therapy expressed senescence markers and prelamin A. Statin was associated with improved senescence in endothelial cells and patient PBMCs. Thus, PIs might promote vascular senescence in HIV-infected patients; and statins might exert beneficial effects in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Lefèvre
- From Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Scientifique (INSERM) (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S 938, Faculté deMédecine Saint Antoine, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) University Paris 06 (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, UMR S 938, Paris, France; Assistance publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), the Department of Cardiology (F.B.), Hopital Saint
| | - Martine Auclair
- From Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Scientifique (INSERM) (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S 938, Faculté deMédecine Saint Antoine, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) University Paris 06 (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, UMR S 938, Paris, France; Assistance publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), the Department of Cardiology (F.B.), Hopital Saint
| | - Franck Boccara
- From Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Scientifique (INSERM) (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S 938, Faculté deMédecine Saint Antoine, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) University Paris 06 (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, UMR S 938, Paris, France; Assistance publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), the Department of Cardiology (F.B.), Hopital Saint
| | - Jean-Philippe Bastard
- From Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Scientifique (INSERM) (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S 938, Faculté deMédecine Saint Antoine, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) University Paris 06 (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, UMR S 938, Paris, France; Assistance publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), the Department of Cardiology (F.B.), Hopital Saint
| | - Jacqueline Capeau
- From Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Scientifique (INSERM) (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S 938, Faculté deMédecine Saint Antoine, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) University Paris 06 (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, UMR S 938, Paris, France; Assistance publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), the Department of Cardiology (F.B.), Hopital Saint
| | - Corinne Vigouroux
- From Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Scientifique (INSERM) (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S 938, Faculté deMédecine Saint Antoine, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) University Paris 06 (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, UMR S 938, Paris, France; Assistance publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), the Department of Cardiology (F.B.), Hopital Saint
| | - Martine Caron-Debarle
- From Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Scientifique (INSERM) (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S 938, Faculté deMédecine Saint Antoine, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) University Paris 06 (C.L., M.A., F.B., J.C., C.V., and M.C.-D.), Saint Antoine Research Center, UMR S 938, Paris, France; Assistance publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), the Department of Cardiology (F.B.), Hopital Saint
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Dikalova AE, Bikineyeva AT, Budzyn K, Nazarewicz RR, McCann L, Lewis W, Harrison DG, Dikalov SI. Therapeutic targeting of mitochondrial superoxide in hypertension. Circ Res 2010; 107:106-16. [PMID: 20448215 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.214601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Superoxide (O2(-) ) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases including hypertension; however, commonly used antioxidants have proven ineffective in clinical trials. It is possible that these agents are not adequately delivered to the subcellular sites of superoxide production. OBJECTIVE Because the mitochondria are important sources of reactive oxygen species, we postulated that mitochondrial targeting of superoxide scavenging would have therapeutic benefit. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we found that the hormone angiotensin (Ang II) increased endothelial mitochondrial superoxide production. Treatment with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoTEMPO decreased mitochondrial O2(-), inhibited the total cellular O2(-), reduced cellular NADPH oxidase activity, and restored the level of bioavailable NO. These effects were mimicked by overexpressing the mitochondrial MnSOD (SOD2), whereas SOD2 depletion with small interfering RNA increased both basal and Ang II-stimulated cellular O2(-). Treatment of mice in vivo with mitoTEMPO attenuated hypertension when given at the onset of Ang II infusion and decreased blood pressure by 30 mm Hg following establishment of both Ang II-induced and DOCA salt hypertension, whereas a similar dose of nontargeted TEMPOL was not effective. In vivo, mitoTEMPO decreased vascular O2(-), increased vascular NO production and improved endothelial-dependent relaxation. Interestingly, transgenic mice overexpressing mitochondrial SOD2 demonstrated attenuated Ang II-induced hypertension and vascular oxidative stress similar to mice treated with mitoTEMPO. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that mitochondrial O2(-) is important for the development of hypertension and that antioxidant strategies specifically targeting this organelle could have therapeutic benefit in this and possibly other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Dikalova
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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42
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Srinivasan S, Koenigstein A, Joseph J, Sun L, Kalyanaraman B, Zaidi M, Avadhani NG. Role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in osteoclast differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1192:245-52. [PMID: 20392243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed that hypoxia-induced mitochondrial respiratory stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages and other cells caused activation of retrograde signaling (also known as mitochondrial respiratory stress signaling) and the appearance of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells. In the present study, we used N-acetyl cysteine and ascorbate (general antioxidants) and MitoQ, a mitochondria-specific antioxidant, to investigate the role of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in osteoclast differentiation. Our results show that hypoxia-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, as tested by disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, was suppressed by MitoQ as well as by the other antioxidants. These agents also suppressed the activation of mitochondrial retrograde signaling. Interestingly, in terms of molar concentrations, MitoQ was more than 1000-fold more effective than general antioxidants in suppressing the receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand-induced differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells into multinucleated and TRAP-positive osteoclasts. We propose that mitochondrial function and intramitochondrial ROS play important roles in osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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43
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Statin Contributes to Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2010; 10:130-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-010-9071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Go YM, Park H, Koval M, Orr M, Reed M, Liang Y, Smith D, Pohl J, Jones DP. A key role for mitochondria in endothelial signaling by plasma cysteine/cystine redox potential. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:275-83. [PMID: 19879942 PMCID: PMC3057402 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The redox potential of the plasma cysteine/cystine couple (E(h)CySS) is oxidized in association with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including age, smoking, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and alcohol abuse. Previous in vitro findings support a cause-effect relationship for extracellular E(h)CySS in cell signaling pathways associated with CVD, including those controlling monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. In this study, we provide evidence that mitochondria are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the signaling response to a more oxidized extracellular E(h)CySS. This increase in ROS was blocked by overexpression of mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 (Trx2) in endothelial cells from Trx2-transgenic mice, suggesting that mitochondrial thiol antioxidant status plays a key role in this redox signaling mechanism. Mass spectrometry-based redox proteomics showed that several classes of plasma membrane and cytoskeletal proteins involved in inflammation responded to this redox switch, including vascular cell adhesion molecule, integrins, actin, and several Ras family GTPases. Together, the data show that the proinflammatory effects of oxidized plasma E(h)CySS are due to a mitochondrial signaling pathway that is mediated through redox control of downstream effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Corresponding authors. Fax: +1 404 712 2974. (Y.-M. Go), (D.P. Jones)
| | - Heonyong Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew Reed
- Microchemical and Proteomics Facility, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Biotechnology Core Facility, DSR, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Yongliang Liang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Debra Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Microchemical and Proteomics Facility, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Biotechnology Core Facility, DSR, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Corresponding authors. Fax: +1 404 712 2974. (Y.-M. Go), (D.P. Jones)
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45
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Roy Chowdhury SK, Sangle GV, Xie X, Stelmack GL, Halayko AJ, Shen GX. Effects of extensively oxidized low-density lipoprotein on mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species in porcine aortic endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E89-98. [PMID: 19843872 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00433.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the Western world. Dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Oxidation increases the atherogenecity of LDL. Oxidized LDL may be apoptotic or nonapoptotic for vascular endothelial cells (EC), depending on the intensity of oxidation. A previous study demonstrated that nonapoptotic oxidized LDL increased activity of mitochondrial complex I in human umbilical vein EC. The present study examined the impact of extensively oxidized LDL (eoLDL) on oxygen consumption and the activities of key enzymes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain of cultured porcine aortic EC. Oxygraphy detected that eoLDL significantly reduced oxygen consumption in various mitochondrial complexes. Treatment with eoLDL significantly decreased NADH-ubiquinone dehydrogenase (complex I), succinate cytochrome c reductase (complex II/III), ubiquinone cytochrome c reductase (complex III), and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) activities and the NAD+-to-NADH ratio in EC compared with mildly oxidized LDL, LDL, or vehicle. Butylated hydroxytoluene, a potent antioxidant, normalized eoLDL-induced reductions in complex I and III enzyme activity in EC. Mitochondria-associated intracellular ROS and release of ROS from EC were significantly increased after eoLDL treatment. These findings suggest that eoLDL impairs enzyme activity in mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and increases ROS generation from mitochondria of arterial EC. Collectively, these effects could contribute to vascular injury and atherogenesis under conditions of hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir K Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Puddu P, Puddu GM, Cravero E, De Pascalis S, Muscari A. The emerging role of cardiovascular risk factor-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in atherogenesis. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:112. [PMID: 20003216 PMCID: PMC2800844 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An important role in atherogenesis is played by oxidative stress, which may be induced by common risk factors. Mitochondria are both sources and targets of reactive oxygen species, and there is growing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction may be a relevant intermediate mechanism by which cardiovascular risk factors lead to the formation of vascular lesions. Mitochondrial DNA is probably the most sensitive cellular target of reactive oxygen species. Damage to mitochondrial DNA correlates with the extent of atherosclerosis. Several cardiovascular risk factors are demonstrated causes of mitochondrial damage. Oxidized low density lipoprotein and hyperglycemia may induce the production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria of macrophages and endothelial cells. Conversely, reactive oxygen species may favor the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, mainly through the induction of insulin resistance. Similarly - in addition to being a cause of endothelial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction - hypertension may develop in the presence of mitochondrial DNA mutations. Finally, other risk factors, such as aging, hyperhomocysteinemia and cigarette smoking, are also associated with mitochondrial damage and an increased production of free radicals. So far clinical studies have been unable to demonstrate that antioxidants have any effect on human atherogenesis. Mitochondrial targeted antioxidants might provide more significant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Puddu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Aging and Nephrological Diseases, University of Bologna and S, Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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Lee JE, Park H, Ju YS, Kwak M, Kim JI, Oh HY, Seo JS. Higher mitochondrial DNA copy number is associated with lower prevalence of microalbuminuria. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:253-8. [PMID: 19299914 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.4.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the initiation and development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. We examined the association between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and microalbuminuria in a cross-sectional community-based study. We measured peripheral blood mtDNA copy number in 694 adults without chronic kidney disease by a real-time PCR method. The overall prevalence of microalbuminuria (defined as an albumin creatinine ratio of 30 to 299 mg/g) was 4.5%. The prevalence of microalbuminuria decreased progressively from the lower to the upper quartiles of mtDNA copy number (6.9%, 5.7%, 2.9%, and 2.3% in quartiles 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, P=0.017 for trend). Multiple logistic regression models showed that the quartile of mtDNA copy number was independently associated with the prevalence of microalbuminuria (P=0.01 for trend). Compared with the lowest quartile, the highest quartile had an odds ratio of 0.22 for microalbuminuria (95% confidence interval, 0.05 to 0.87; P=0.03). Higher mtDNA copy number was associated with the lower prevalence of microalbuminuria in a community-based population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
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48
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Park SA, Ko SH, Lee SH, Cho JH, Moon SD, Jang SA, Song KH, Son HS, Yoon KH, Cha BY, Son HY, Ahn YB. Average Daily Risk Range-Index of Glycemic Variability-Related Factor in Type 2 Diabetic Inpatients. KOREAN DIABETES JOURNAL 2009. [DOI: 10.4093/kdj.2009.33.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ae Park
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Ko
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Cho
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Moon
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-A Jang
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Song
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Son
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Yun Cha
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Young Son
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu-Bae Ahn
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Since the first mitochondrial dysfunction was described in the 1960s, the medicine has advanced in its understanding the role mitochondria play in health and disease. Damage to mitochondria is now understood to play a role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of seemingly unrelated disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disease, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, migraine headaches, strokes, neuropathic pain, Parkinson's disease, ataxia, transient ischemic attack, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetes, hepatitis C, and primary biliary cirrhosis. Medications have now emerged as a major cause of mitochondrial damage, which may explain many adverse effects. All classes of psychotropic drugs have been documented to damage mitochondria, as have stain medications, analgesics such as acetaminophen, and many others. While targeted nutrient therapies using antioxidants or their precursors (e. g., N-acetylcysteine) hold promise for improving mitochondrial function, there are large gaps in our knowledge. The most rational approach is to understand the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial damage for specific medications and attempt to counteract their deleterious effects with nutritional therapies. This article reviews our basic understanding of how mitochondria function and how medications damage mitochondria to create their occasionally fatal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Neustadt
- Montana Integrative Medicine, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
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50
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Puddu P, Puddu GM, Cravero E, Rosati M, Muscari A. The molecular sources of reactive oxygen species in hypertension. Blood Press 2008; 17:70-7. [PMID: 18568695 DOI: 10.1080/08037050802029954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In both animal models and humans, increased blood pressure has been associated with oxidative stress in the vasculature, i.e. an excessive endothelial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may be both a cause and an effect of hypertension. In addition to NADPH oxidase, the best characterized source of ROS, several other enzymes may contribute to ROS generation, including nitric oxide synthase, lipoxygenases, cyclo-oxygenases, xanthine oxidase and cytochrome P450 enzymes. It has been suggested that also mitochondria could be considered a major source of ROS: in situations of metabolic perturbation, increased mitochondrial ROS generation might trigger endothelial dysfunction, possibly contributing to the development of hypertension. However, the use of antioxidants in the clinical setting induced only limited effects on human hypertension or cardiovascular endpoints. More clinical studies are needed to fully elucidate this so called "oxidative paradox" of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Puddu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Aging and Nephrological Diseases, University of Bologna and S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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