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Böger CA, Chen MH, Tin A, Olden M, Köttgen A, de Boer IH, Fuchsberger C, O'Seaghdha CM, Pattaro C, Teumer A, Liu CT, Glazer NL, Li M, O'Connell JR, Tanaka T, Peralta CA, Kutalik Z, Luan J, Zhao JH, Hwang SJ, Akylbekova E, Kramer H, van der Harst P, Smith AV, Lohman K, de Andrade M, Hayward C, Kollerits B, Tönjes A, Aspelund T, Ingelsson E, Eiriksdottir G, Launer LJ, Harris TB, Shuldiner AR, Mitchell BD, Arking DE, Franceschini N, Boerwinkle E, Egan J, Hernandez D, Reilly M, Townsend RR, Lumley T, Siscovick DS, Psaty BM, Kestenbaum B, Haritunians T, Bergmann S, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Mooser V, Waterworth D, Johnson AD, Florez JC, Meigs JB, Lu X, Turner ST, Atkinson EJ, Leak TS, Aasarød K, Skorpen F, Syvänen AC, Illig T, Baumert J, Koenig W, Krämer BK, Devuyst O, Mychaleckyj JC, Minelli C, Bakker SJ, Kedenko L, Paulweber B, Coassin S, Endlich K, Kroemer HK, Biffar R, Stracke S, Völzke H, Stumvoll M, Mägi R, Campbell H, Vitart V, Hastie ND, Gudnason V, Kardia SL, Liu Y, Polasek O, Curhan G, Kronenberg F, Prokopenko I, Rudan I, Ärnlöv J, Hallan S, Navis G, Parsa A, Ferrucci L, Coresh J, Shlipak MG, Bull SB, Paterson AD, Wichmann HE, Wareham NJ, Loos RJ, Rotter JI, Pramstaller PP, Cupples LA, Beckmann JS, Yang Q, Heid IM, Rettig R, Dreisbach AW, Bochud M, Fox CS, Kao W. CUBN is a gene locus for albuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:555-70. [PMID: 21355061 PMCID: PMC3060449 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010060598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of genetic risk factors for albuminuria may alter strategies for early prevention of CKD progression, particularly among patients with diabetes. Little is known about the influence of common genetic variants on albuminuria in both general and diabetic populations. We performed a meta-analysis of data from 63,153 individuals of European ancestry with genotype information from genome-wide association studies (CKDGen Consortium) and from a large candidate gene study (CARe Consortium) to identify susceptibility loci for the quantitative trait urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and the clinical diagnosis microalbuminuria. We identified an association between a missense variant (I2984V) in the CUBN gene, which encodes cubilin, and both UACR (P = 1.1 × 10(-11)) and microalbuminuria (P = 0.001). We observed similar associations among 6981 African Americans in the CARe Consortium. The associations between this variant and both UACR and microalbuminuria were significant in individuals of European ancestry regardless of diabetes status. Finally, this variant associated with a 41% increased risk for the development of persistent microalbuminuria during 20 years of follow-up among 1304 participants with type 1 diabetes in the prospective DCCT/EDIC Study. In summary, we identified a missense CUBN variant that associates with levels of albuminuria in both the general population and in individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten A. Böger
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ming-Huei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adrienne Tin
- Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthias Olden
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Renal Division, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ian H. de Boer
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Italy and Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Conall M. O'Seaghdha
- Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Italy and Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health and NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Nicole L. Glazer
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Medstar Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carmen A. Peralta
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco Medical School and San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V. Smith
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Hjartavernd, Holtasmara, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Kurt Lohman
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University, Division of Public Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mariza de Andrade
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Barbara Kollerits
- Innsbruck Medical University, Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thor Aspelund
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Hjartavernd, Holtasmara, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gudny Eiriksdottir
- Icelandic Heart Association, Hjartavernd, Holtasmara, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, NIA, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, NIA, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Dan E. Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nora Franceschini
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Josephine Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Muredach Reilly
- University of Pennsylvania Division of Cardiology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond R. Townsend
- University of Pennsylvania Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David S. Siscovick
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services and Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bryan Kestenbaum
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Talin Haritunians
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dawn Waterworth
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachussetts, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James B. Meigs
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaoning Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health and NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Stephen T. Turner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth J. Atkinson
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tennille S. Leak
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Knut Aasarød
- St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frank Skorpen
- Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jens Baumert
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin II - Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernhard K. Krämer
- University Medical Centre Mannheim, 5th Department of Medicine, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- NEFR Unit Université Catholique de Louvain Medical School, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Cosetta Minelli
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Italy and Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stephan J.L. Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lyudmyla Kedenko
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Coassin
- Innsbruck Medical University, Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heyo K. Kroemer
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Clinic for Prosthodontic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Material Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sylvia Stracke
- Nephrology Clinic for Internal Medicine A, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Reedik Mägi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Nicholas D. Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Hjartavernd, Holtasmara, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Sharon L.R. Kardia
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University, Division of Public Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Gary Curhan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Innsbruck Medical University, Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Rudan
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Johan Ärnlöv
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stein Hallan
- St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - the CKDGen Consortium
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
- Renal Division, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Italy and Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health and NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Boston Massachusetts
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Medstar Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco Medical School and San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
- Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Hjartavernd, Holtasmara, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University, Division of Public Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Innsbruck Medical University, Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, NIA, Bethesda, Maryland
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
- University of Pennsylvania Division of Cardiology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- University of Pennsylvania Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services and Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachussetts, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin II - Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- University Medical Centre Mannheim, 5th Department of Medicine, Mannheim, Germany
- NEFR Unit Université Catholique de Louvain Medical School, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Clinic for Prosthodontic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Material Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Nephrology Clinic for Internal Medicine A, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Gen-Info Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Institute of Physiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- University of Mississippi Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi
- University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, IUMSP, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Afshin Parsa
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josef Coresh
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael G. Shlipak
- General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Shelley B. Bull
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - on behalf of DCCT/EDIC
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
- Renal Division, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Italy and Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health and NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Boston Massachusetts
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Medstar Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco Medical School and San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
- Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Hjartavernd, Holtasmara, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University, Division of Public Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Innsbruck Medical University, Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, NIA, Bethesda, Maryland
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
- University of Pennsylvania Division of Cardiology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- University of Pennsylvania Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services and Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachussetts, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin II - Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- University Medical Centre Mannheim, 5th Department of Medicine, Mannheim, Germany
- NEFR Unit Université Catholique de Louvain Medical School, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Clinic for Prosthodontic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Material Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Nephrology Clinic for Internal Medicine A, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Gen-Info Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Institute of Physiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- University of Mississippi Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi
- University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, IUMSP, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Italy and Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health and NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Rettig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Albert W. Dreisbach
- University of Mississippi Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Murielle Bochud
- University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, IUMSP, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - W.H.L. Kao
- Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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