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Skroce K, Zignoli A, Fontana FY, Maturana FM, Lipman D, Tryfonos A, Riddell MC, Zisser HC. Real World Interstitial Glucose Profiles of a Large Cohort of Physically Active Men and Women. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:744. [PMID: 38339464 PMCID: PMC10857405 DOI: 10.3390/s24030744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The use of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) in individuals living without diabetes is increasing. The purpose of this study was to profile various CGM metrics around nutritional intake, sleep and exercise in a large cohort of physically active men and women living without any known metabolic disease diagnosis to better understand the normative glycemic response to these common stimuli. A total of 12,504 physically active adults (age 40 ± 11 years, BMI 23.8 ± 3.6 kg/m2; 23% self-identified as women) wore a real-time CGM (Abbott Libre Sense Sport Glucose Biosensor, Abbott, USA) and used a smartphone application (Supersapiens Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA) to log meals, sleep and exercise activities. A total of >1 M exercise events and 274,344 meal events were analyzed. A majority of participants (85%) presented an overall (24 h) average glucose profile between 90 and 110 mg/dL, with the highest glucose levels associated with meals and exercise and the lowest glucose levels associated with sleep. Men had higher mean 24 h glucose levels than women (24 h-men: 100 ± 11 mg/dL, women: 96 ± 10 mg/dL). During exercise, the % time above >140 mg/dL was 10.3 ± 16.7%, while the % time <70 mg/dL was 11.9 ± 11.6%, with the remaining % within the so-called glycemic tight target range (70-140 mg/dL). Average glycemia was also lower for females during exercise and sleep events (p < 0.001). Overall, we see small differences in glucose trends during activity and sleep in females as compared to males and higher levels of both TAR and TBR when these active individuals are undertaking or competing in endurance exercise training and/or competitive events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Skroce
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Supersapiens Inc., Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; (A.Z.); (H.C.Z.)
| | - Andrea Zignoli
- Supersapiens Inc., Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; (A.Z.); (H.C.Z.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Federico Y. Fontana
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism (UDEM), Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Felipe M. Maturana
- Sports Medicine Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Lipman
- Supersapiens Inc., Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; (A.Z.); (H.C.Z.)
| | - Andrea Tryfonos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- School of Science, Department of Life Science, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus
| | - Michael C. Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
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Li C, Ma X, Yin J, Mo Y, Zhang L, Lu J, Lu W, Bao Y, Vigersky RA, Zhou J, Jia W. The dawn phenomenon across the glycemic continuum: Implications for defining dysglycemia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 166:108308. [PMID: 32650035 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the frequency of dawn phenomenon (DP) and its relationship with time in range (TIR) and glycemic variability (GV) using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). METHODS 781 subjects of a multicenter CGM study in China were included: those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT n = 360); impaired glucose regulation (IGR n = 173); newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D n = 248). Analysis of the magnitude of DP (ΔG) was conducted with the primary definition of 1.11 mmol/L and a secondary definition of 0.56 mmol/L. RESULTS The frequency of DP was 8.9%, 30.1% and 52.4% in NGT, IGR and T2D group, respectively, using the primary definition. In all three groups, TIR was lower (all P < 0.05), coefficient of variation (CV) was higher in DP subgroup (all P < 0.05). In DP subgroup of T2D, TIR was 7.0% (1.68 h) lower and CV was 3.0% higher, and HbA1c was 0.6% (7 mmol/mol) higher using the primary definition (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS DP was present in a high percent of subjects with NGT and IGR. In newly diagnosed T2D group, the presence of DP was associated with poorer overall glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert A Vigersky
- Diabetes Institute of the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medtronic Diabetes, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.
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Yin and Yang: Why did evolution implement and preserve the circadian rhythmicity? Med Hypotheses 2019; 131:109306. [PMID: 31443763 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Yin and Yang concept emphasizes the reciprocal and interrelated nature; neither is sufficient, both are needed to sustain the overall balance of the living system. Changing the balance, by implementing deficiency or excess of one of them, upsets the equilibrium (homeostasis) of the whole system. PURPOSE In this opinion article intermittent exposure is presented as the stimulus for development and evolutionary conservation of circadian rhythm, an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of approximately 24 h, to counteract/balance the cells' natural tendency to attenuate their response during long-term exposure to different endogenous substances. RESULTS The concept of Yin and Yang duality is an allegory on which the avoidance of attenuation of the cells' responses hypothesis is presented as an explanation for the circadian rhythmicity, which is integrated in all human cells, with the exception of stem and cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize, that circadian rhythmicity has evolved, during evolution, into a mechanism that prevents disruption of the organism's negative-feedback-loop homeostasis.
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Dan W, Yi-Lin L, Guan-Ya L, Rui-Lin H, Yi-Ming Z, Ci-Min L, Zheng R, Lan L, Xin W, Xi-Hong Z, Yu-Long Y. Integrated hepatic transcriptional and serum metabolic studies on circulating nutrient metabolism in diurnal laying hens. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113885-113894. [PMID: 29371954 PMCID: PMC5768371 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to see the diurnal variation of nutrients metabolism and their regulation under the management of large-scaled production. The hepatic transcriptional and serum metabolic studies on circulating nutrient metabolism were investigated in diurnal laying hens. Liver and blood were collected from 36 hens that were slaughtered at 3:30, 7:30, 11:30, 15:30, 19:30, and 23:30 (n = 6), respectively. The serum amino acid, fatty acid and glucose levels, as well as the hepatic transcriptome were analyzed. The results revealed that the circadian clock genes such as Bmal1, Clock, Per1, and Cry2 displayed circadian rhythms in hen livers. The genes related to circulating nutrient transportation, lipogenesis, lipid catabolism, sterol metabolism, and oxidative/anti-oxidative systems also oscillated. However, the nadir of glucose was observed at 7:30 and peaked at 11:30 in the day. Amino acid levels peaked mainly at night, and most amino acids exhibited circadian rhythms based on CircWave analysis. With the exception of undecanoic acid (C11:0), myristoleic acid (C14:1), cis-11, 14-eicosenoic acid (C20:2), and (cis-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid) C20:3N6 fatty acids, others peaked at 7:30 and 15:30. The results indicated that the hens required more glucose in the early morning. More proteins should be ingested late in the day, since protein catabolism occurred mostly at night. To remove the redundant fats and lipids, fewer should be ingested, especially during the night. All these results would help to design a more accurate nutrition schedule for improving the performance of laying hens in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Dan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, State Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Liu Yi-Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, State Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Li Guan-Ya
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Huang Rui-Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Zhang Yi-Ming
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Long Ci-Min
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Ruan Zheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Li Lan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Wu Xin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, State Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Zhou Xi-Hong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Yin Yu-Long
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, State Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.,Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
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Diederichs T, Roßbach S, Herder C, Alexy U, Buyken AE. Relevance of Morning and Evening Energy and Macronutrient Intake during Childhood for Body Composition in Early Adolescence. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8110716. [PMID: 27834901 PMCID: PMC5133102 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study investigated the relevance of morning and evening energy and macronutrient intake during childhood for body composition in early adolescence; (2) Methods: Analyses were based on data from 372 DONALD (DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study) participants. Explorative life-course plots were performed to examine whether morning or evening energy and macronutrient intake at 3/4 years, 5/6 years, or 7/8 years is critical for fat mass index (FMI [kg/m2]) and fat free mass index (FFMI [kg/m2]) in early adolescence (10/11 years). Subsequently, exposures in periods identified as consistently critical were examined in depth using adjusted regression models; (3) Results: Life-course plots identified morning fat and carbohydrate (CHO) intake at 3/4 years and 7/8 years as well as changes in these intakes between 3/4 years and 7/8 years as potentially critical for FMI at 10/11 years. Adjusted regression models corroborated higher FMI values at 10/11 years among those who had consumed less fat (p = 0.01) and more CHO (p = 0.01) in the morning at 7/8 years as well as among those who had decreased their morning fat intake (p = 0.02) and increased their morning CHO intake (p = 0.05) between 3/4 years and 7/8 years; (4) Conclusion: During childhood, adherence to a low fat, high CHO intake in the morning may have unfavorable consequences for FMI in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Diederichs
- IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, DONALD Study, University of Bonn, Heinstueck 11, 44225 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Sarah Roßbach
- IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, DONALD Study, University of Bonn, Heinstueck 11, 44225 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Ute Alexy
- IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, DONALD Study, University of Bonn, Heinstueck 11, 44225 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Anette E Buyken
- IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, DONALD Study, University of Bonn, Heinstueck 11, 44225 Dortmund, Germany.
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Kumar Jha P, Challet E, Kalsbeek A. Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid metabolism in nocturnal and diurnal mammals. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 1:74-88. [PMID: 25662277 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most aspects of energy metabolism display clear variations during day and night. This daily rhythmicity of metabolic functions, including hormone release, is governed by a circadian system that consists of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN) and many secondary clocks in the brain and peripheral organs. The SCN control peripheral timing via the autonomic and neuroendocrine system, as well as via behavioral outputs. The sleep-wake cycle, the feeding/fasting rhythm and most hormonal rhythms, including that of leptin, ghrelin and glucocorticoids, usually show an opposite phase (relative to the light-dark cycle) in diurnal and nocturnal species. By contrast, the SCN clock is most active at the same astronomical times in these two categories of mammals. Moreover, in both species, pineal melatonin is secreted only at night. In this review we describe the current knowledge on the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by central and peripheral clock mechanisms. Most experimental knowledge comes from studies in nocturnal laboratory rodents. Nevertheless, we will also mention some relevant findings in diurnal mammals, including humans. It will become clear that as a consequence of the tight connections between the circadian clock system and energy metabolism, circadian clock impairments (e.g., mutations or knock-out of clock genes) and circadian clock misalignments (such as during shift work and chronic jet-lag) have an adverse effect on energy metabolism, that may trigger or enhancing obese and diabetic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Jha
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Regulation of Circadian Clocks Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, France; International Associated Laboratory LIA1061 Understanding the Neural Basis of Diurnality, CNRS, France and the Netherlands
| | - Etienne Challet
- Regulation of Circadian Clocks Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, France; International Associated Laboratory LIA1061 Understanding the Neural Basis of Diurnality, CNRS, France and the Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; International Associated Laboratory LIA1061 Understanding the Neural Basis of Diurnality, CNRS, France and the Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Nikkhah A. Chronophysiology of ruminant feeding behavior and metabolism: an evolutionary review. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2012.656437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Coomans CP, van den Berg SAA, Lucassen EA, Houben T, Pronk ACM, van der Spek RD, Kalsbeek A, Biermasz NR, Willems van Dijk K, Romijn JA, Meijer JH. The suprachiasmatic nucleus controls circadian energy metabolism and hepatic insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 2013; 62:1102-8. [PMID: 23274903 PMCID: PMC3609590 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in the circadian system are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, we studied the direct contribution of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the central pacemaker in the circadian system, in the development of insulin resistance. Exclusive bilateral SCN lesions in male C57Bl/6J mice, as verified by immunochemistry, showed a small but significant increase in body weight (+17%), which was accounted for by an increase in fat mass. In contrast, mice with collateral damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus and paraventricular nucleus showed severe obesity and insulin resistance. Mice with exclusive SCN ablation revealed a loss of circadian rhythm in activity, oxygen consumption, and food intake. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp analysis 8 weeks after lesioning showed that the glucose infusion rate was significantly lower in SCN lesioned mice compared with sham-operated mice (-63%). Although insulin potently inhibited endogenous glucose production (-84%), this was greatly reduced in SCN lesioned mice (-7%), indicating severe hepatic insulin resistance. Our data show that SCN malfunctioning plays an important role in the disturbance of energy balance and suggest that an absence of central clock activity, in a genetically intact animal, may lead to the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Coomans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Circadian clocks maintain periodicity in internal cycles of behavior, physiology, and metabolism, enabling organisms to anticipate the 24-h rotation of the Earth. In mammals, circadian integration of metabolic systems optimizes energy harvesting and utilization across the light/dark cycle. Disruption of clock genes has recently been linked to sleep disorders and to the development of cardiometabolic disease. Conversely, aberrant nutrient signaling affects circadian rhythms of behavior. This chapter reviews the emerging relationship between the molecular clock and metabolic systems and examines evidence that circadian disruption exerts deleterious consequences on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biliana Marcheva
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 7-107, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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10
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Arble DM, Ramsey KM, Bass J, Turek FW. Circadian disruption and metabolic disease: findings from animal models. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 24:785-800. [PMID: 21112026 PMCID: PMC3011935 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Social opportunities and work demands have caused humans to become increasingly active during the late evening hours, leading to a shift from the predominantly diurnal lifestyle of our ancestors to a more nocturnal one. This voluntarily decision to stay awake long into the evening hours leads to circadian disruption at the system, tissue, and cellular levels. These derangements are in turn associated with clinical impairments in metabolic processes and physiology. The use of animal models for circadian disruption provides an important opportunity to determine mechanisms by which disorganization in the circadian system can lead to metabolic dysfunction in response to genetic, environmental, and behavioral perturbations. Here we review recent key animal studies involving circadian disruption and discuss the possible translational implications of these studies for human health and particularly for the development of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Marie Arble
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA, Office phone: (847) 467-7698
| | - Kathryn Moynihan Ramsey
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, 2200 Campus Drive, Pancoe-ENH #4405, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Joseph Bass
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, 2200 Campus Drive, Pancoe-ENH #4405, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA., Office phone: 847-467-5973, Office Fax: 847-491-4400
| | - Fred W. Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208 USA, 847-467-6512 office phone #1, 847-491-2865 office phone #2, 847-467-4065 office fax
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Abstract
The incidence of the metabolic syndrome represents a spectrum of disorders that continue to increase across the industrialized world. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to metabolic syndrome and recent evidence has emerged to suggest that alterations in circadian systems and sleep participate in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we highlight studies at the intersection of clinical medicine and experimental genetics that pinpoint how perturbations of the internal clock system, and sleep, constitute risk factors for disorders including obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, thrombosis and even inflammation. An exciting aspect of the field has been the integration of behavioral and physiological approaches, and the emerging insight into both neural and peripheral tissues in disease pathogenesis. Consideration of the cell and molecular links between disorders of circadian rhythms and sleep with metabolic syndrome has begun to open new opportunities for mechanism-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Maury
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 2200 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, 2200 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Kathryn Moynihan Ramsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 2200 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, 2200 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Joseph Bass
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 2200 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, 2200 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Abstract
The circadian system is a key integrator of behavior and metabolism that synchronizes physiological processes with the rotation of the Earth on its axis. In mammals, the clock is present not only within the central pacemaker neurons of the hypothalamus, but also within extra-suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regions of brain and nearly all peripheral tissues. Recent evidence suggests that the complex feedback networks that encompass both the circadian and metabolic systems are intimately intertwined and that disruption of either system leads to reciprocal disturbances in the other. We anticipate that improved understanding of the interconnections between the circadian and metabolic networks will open new windows on the treatment of sleep and metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biliana Marcheva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern Univ., Pancoe-ENH Pavilion Rm. 4405, 2200 Campus Dr., Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Abstract
The observation that cycles of sleep and wakefulness occur with a periodicity fixed in time to match the rotation of the Earth on its axis provided a key to unlock the first genetic code for a neurobehavioral pathway in flies and ultimately in mice. As a remarkable outcome of this discovery, we have gained an unprecedented view of the conserved genetic program that encodes a sense of time across all kingdoms of life. The tools are now in hand to begin to understand how important processes such as energy homeostasis and fuel utilization are coordinated to anticipate daily changes in environment caused by the rising and setting of the sun. A better understanding of the impact of circadian gene networks on nutrient balance at the molecular, cellular, and system levels promises to shed light on the emerging association between disorders of diabetes, obesity, sleep, and circadian timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Moynihan Ramsey
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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14
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Mauras N, Beck RW, Ruedy KJ, Kollman C, Tamborlane WV, Chase HP, Buckingham BA, Tsalikian E, Weinzimer S, Booth AD, Xing D. Lack of accuracy of continuous glucose sensors in healthy, nondiabetic children: results of the Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) accuracy study. J Pediatr 2004; 144:770-5. [PMID: 15192625 PMCID: PMC2248702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The workup of hypoglycemia requires frequent glucose sampling. We designed these studies to determine if the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) and the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer (GW2B) are sufficiently accurate to use in nondiabetic children. Study design Fifteen healthy children (aged 9-17 years, 11 boys) wore a GW2B and a CGMS during a 24-hour period, and reference serum glucose was measured hourly during the day and half-hourly overnight. RESULTS Compared with the reference glucose, the median absolute difference in concentrations measured by the GW2B (487 pairs) was 13 mg/dL, and the difference measured by the CGMS was 17 mg/dL (668 pairs), with 30% and 42% of values using the GW2B and CGMS, respectively, deviating >20 mg/dL from the reference value. The GW2B reported values <60 mg/dL in 73% of subjects, the CGMS in 60% of subjects. In none of these episodes was serum glucose truly low. Spurious high glucose concentrations also were observed with the sensors. The mean reference glucose was lowest at 5 am (89 mg/dL) and highest at 11:30 pm (106 mg/dL) during the 24-hour period. CONCLUSIONS Neither the CGMS nor the GW2B is accurate enough to establish population standards of the glycemic profile of healthy children and cannot be recommended in the workup of hypoglycemia in nondiabetic youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Mauras
- DirecNet Coordinating Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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15
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Houdijk EC, Herdes E, Delemarre-Van de Waal HA. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human growth hormone by subcutaneous jet- or needle-injection in patients with growth hormone deficiency. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86:1301-7. [PMID: 9475305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb14902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen growth hormone (GH) deficient children and adolescents (11 6/12-20 9/12 y) participated in a randomized open, two-period (4 weeks) cross-over study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) administered daily, either by subcutaneous jet-injection or conventional needle-injection. Plasma growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), glucose, insulin, HbAlc and serum-free fatty acids (FFA) levels were analysed repeatedly. GH absorption characteristics, expressed as AUC(0-infinity), Cmax and Tmax ratio (%) jet-injected over needle-injected were similar in both groups. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 plasma levels were identical in both groups. Serum FFA concentrations were comparable after GH administration with either injection device. Surprisingly nocturnal blood glucose decreased to asymptomatic hypoglycaemic levels in all patients. The results of this study showed equal responses concerning absorption and bioavailability of growth hormone administered daily for 4 weeks by either a jet- or a needle-injection device in GH-deficient children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Houdijk
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van Cauter
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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17
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Abstract
Puberty and IDDM interact at many different levels, each affecting the other. Pediatricians, diabetologists, and patients with IDDM must be aware of these interactions and be prepared to adjust their management of IDDM accordingly. Glycemic control in the young prepubertal patient has not been associated with the development of subsequent diabetic microvascular disease. However, extremely tight glycemic control (percent HbA1 in the nondiabetic range) may expose patients to more severe and more frequent hypoglycemic episodes. This may be particularly detrimental for the very young (less than age 3 years) patient whose brain growth and myelinization has not yet been completed. Glycemic control must be maintained in the prepubertal diabetic patient to ensure normal physical and psychological growth, to avoid hospitalizations, and to allow participation in school and other age-appropriate activities. During puberty, health-care professionals and patients should anticipate more difficulty in maintaining glycemic control. Insulin doses commonly need to be increased, sometimes dramatically. Timing of insulin injections will frequently need to be adjusted to blunt the dawn phenomenon. Patients should be allowed to give themselves additional doses of regular insulin (5% to 10% of their total daily dose) when their blood-sugar levels are intermittently elevated to blunt the increased variability in blood-sugar levels seen during puberty. The use of supplemental regular insulin to correct intermittent hyperglycemia is preferable to withholding food in the adolescent patient, since overzealous food restriction can in itself lead to problems with linear growth and pubertal development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195-5045
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