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Chen CY, Lin YS, Lee WJ, Liao YC, Kuo YS, Yang AC, Fuh JL. Endophenotypic effects of the SORL1 variant rs2298813 on regional brain volume in patients with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:885090. [PMID: 35992588 PMCID: PMC9389408 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.885090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Two common variants of sortilin-related receptor 1 gene (SORL1), rs2298813 and rs1784933, have been associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the Han Chinese population in Taiwan. However, neuroimaging correlates of these two SORL1 variants remain unknown. We aimed to determine whether the two SORL1 polymorphisms were associated with any volumetric differences in brain regions in late-onset AD patients. Methods: We recruited 200 patients with late-onset AD from Taipei Veterans General Hospital. All patients received a structural magnetic resonance (MR) imaging brain scan and completed a battery of neurocognitive tests at enrollment. We followed up to assess changes in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores in 155 patients (77.5%) at an interval of 2 years. Volumetric measures and cortical thickness of various brain regions were performed using FreeSurfer. Regression analysis controlled for apolipoprotein E status. Multiple comparisons were corrected for using the false discovery rate. Results: The homozygous major allele of rs2298813 was associated with larger volumes in the right putamen (p = 0.0442) and right pallidum (p = 0.0346). There was no link between the rs1784933 genotypes with any regional volume or thickness of the brain. In the rs2298813 homozygous major allele carriers, the right putaminal volume was associated with verbal fluency (p = 0.008), and both the right putaminal and pallidal volumes were predictive of clinical progression at follow-up (p = 0.020). In the minor allele carriers, neither of the nuclei was related to cognitive test performance or clinical progression. Conclusion: The major and minor alleles of rs2298813 had differential effects on the right lentiform nucleus volume and distinctively modulated the association between the regional volume and cognitive function in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Yuli Branch, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Shuan Lin
- Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Dementia Center and Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Liao
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Peripheral Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Kuo
- Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Albert C. Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Jong-Ling Fuh
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Hsieh TJ, Lee WJ, Liao YC, Hsu CC, Fang YH, Chen TY, Lin YS, Chang IS, Wang SJ, Hsiung CA, Fuh JL. Association between Alzheimer's disease genes and trajectories of cognitive function decline in Han Chinese in Taiwan. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:17237-17252. [PMID: 34214049 PMCID: PMC8312434 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic background has been considered one of the important contributors to the rate of cognitive decline among patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We conducted a 4-year longitudinal follow-up study, recruited 255 AD and 44 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, and used a data-driven trajectory analysis to examine the influence of selected AD risk genes on the age for and the rate of cognitive decline in Han Chinese population. Genotyping of selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the APOE, ABCA7, SORL1, BIN1, GAB2, and CD33 genes was conducted, and a Bayesian hierarchical model was fitted to analyze the trajectories of cognitive decline among different genotypes. After adjusting for sex and education years, the APOE ε4 allele was associated with an earlier mean change of −2.39 years in the age at midpoint of cognitive decline, the G allele in ABCA7 rs3764650 was associated with an earlier mean change of −1.75 years, and the T allele in SORL1 rs3737529 was associated with a later mean change of 2.6 years. Additionally, the rate of cognitive decline was associated with the APOE ε4 allele and SORL1 rs3737529. In summary, APOE and SORL1 might be the most important genetic factors related to cognitive decline in Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jen Hsieh
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Dementia Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Liao
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hwei Fang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Shuan Lin
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shou Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shuu-Jiun Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao A Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Schools of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Seto M, Weiner RL, Dumitrescu L, Hohman TJ. Protective genes and pathways in Alzheimer's disease: moving towards precision interventions. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:29. [PMID: 33926499 PMCID: PMC8086309 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and an eventual inability to perform daily tasks. The etiology of Alzheimer's is complex, with numerous environmental and genetic factors contributing to the disease. Late-onset AD is highly heritable (60 to 80%), and over 40 risk loci for AD have been identified via large genome-wide association studies, most of which are common variants with small effect sizes. Although these discoveries have provided novel insight on biological contributors to AD, disease-modifying treatments remain elusive. Recently, the concepts of resistance to pathology and resilience against the downstream consequences of pathology have been of particular interest in the Alzheimer's field as studies continue to identify individuals who evade the pathology of the disease even into late life and individuals who have all of the neuropathological features of AD but evade downstream neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. It has been hypothesized that a shift in focus from Alzheimer's risk to resilience presents an opportunity to uncover novel biological mechanisms of AD and to identify promising therapeutic targets for the disease. This review will highlight a selection of genes and variants that have been reported to confer protection from AD within the literature and will also discuss evidence for the biological underpinnings behind their protective effect with a focus on genes involved in lipid metabolism, cellular trafficking, endosomal and lysosomal function, synaptic function, and inflammation. Finally, we offer some recommendations in areas where the field can rapidly advance towards precision interventions that leverage the ideas of protection and resilience for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Seto
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Rebecca L. Weiner
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Timothy J. Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
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Blujus JK, Korthauer LE, Awe E, Frahmand M, Driscoll I. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Alzheimer's Disease Risk Genes Are Associated with Intrinsic Connectivity in Middle Age. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:309-320. [PMID: 32986668 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is critical to identify individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) earlier in the disease time course, such as middle age and preferably well prior to the onset of clinical symptoms, when intervention efforts may be more successful. Genome-wide association and candidate gene studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in APOE, CLU, CR1, PICALM, and SORL1 that confer increased risk of AD. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we investigated the associations between SNPs in these genes and resting-state functional connectivity within the default mode network (DMN), frontoparietal network (FPN), and executive control network (ECN) in healthy, non-demented middle-aged adults (age 40 -60; N = 123; 74 females). METHODS Resting state networks of interest were identified through independent components analysis using a template-matching procedure and individual spatial maps and time courses were extracted using dual regression. RESULTS Within the posterior DMN, functional connectivity was associated with CR1 rs1408077 and CLU rs9331888 polymorphisms (p's < 0.05). FPN connectivity was associated with CR1 rs1408077, CLU rs1136000, SORL1 rs641120, and SORL1 rs689021 (p's < 0.05). Functional connectivity within the ECN was associated with the CLU rs11136000 (p < 0.05). There were no APOE- or PICALM-related differences in any of the networks investigated (p's > 0.05). CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration of the relationship between intrinsic network connectivity and AD risk alleles in CLU, CR1, and SORL1 in healthy, middle-aged adults. These SNPs should be considered in future investigations aimed at identifying potential preclinical biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Elizabeth Korthauer
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elizabeth Awe
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Marijam Frahmand
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ira Driscoll
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Zou T, Chen W, Zhou X, Duan Y, Ying X, Liu G, Zhu M, Pari A, Alimu K, Miao H, Kabinur K, Zhang L, Wang Q, Duan S. Association of multiple candidate genes with mild cognitive impairment in an elderly Chinese Uygur population in Xinjiang. Psychogeriatrics 2019; 19:574-583. [PMID: 30983028 PMCID: PMC6899574 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a high-risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we investigated the association of genetic polymorphisms of five genes (8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), bridging integrator 1 (BIN1), sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2) and nerve growth factor (NGF)) with MCI risk in a Xinjiang Uygur population. We also tested the relationship between the promoter methylation of genes OGG1 and dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (DLST) with MCI. METHODS This study involved 43 MCI patients and 125 controls. Genotyping was done by Sanger sequencing. DNA methylation assays used quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We found that polymorphisms of five genes and the methylation of DLST and OGG1 genes were not associated with MCI (P > 0.05). Further subgroup analysis found that DLST hypomethylation was significantly associated with MCI in the carriers of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 (P = 0.042). In the carriers of non-APOE ε4, DLST methylation levels were significantly lower in the male control group than in the female control group (p = 0.04). Meanwhile, among the non-APOE ε4 carriers younger than 75, OGG1 hypermethylation levels were significantly associated with MCI (P = 0.049). DLST methylation in female controls was significantly lower than that in male controls (P = 0.003). According to gender stratification, there was a significant positive correlation of fasting plasma glucose (FBG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with OGG1 methylation in the female controls (FBG: P = 0.024; HDL: P = 0.033). There was a significant inverse correlation between low-density lipoprotein and DLST methylation in male MCI (P = 0.033). There was a significant positive correlation between HDL and DLST methylation levels in the female controls (P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS This study was the first to discover that DLST promoter methylation interacted with APOE ε4 and thus affected the pathogenesis of MCI. In addition, OGG1 promoter methylation interacted with several other factors to increase the risk of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yali Duan
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiuru Ying
- Ningbo Key Lab of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Guili Liu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Meisheng Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Abuliz Pari
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Kader Alimu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Haijun Miao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Keyim Kabinur
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qinwen Wang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Ningbo Key Lab of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Campion D, Charbonnier C, Nicolas G. SORL1 genetic variants and Alzheimer disease risk: a literature review and meta-analysis of sequencing data. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:173-186. [PMID: 30911827 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Massive parallel sequencing recently allowed the identification of three genes carrying a higher burden of rare, protein-truncating and missense predicted damaging variants in Alzheimer disease (AD) cases as compared to controls: TREM2, SORL1, and ABCA7. SORL1 encodes SorLA, a key protein involved in the processing of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) and the secretion of the Aβ peptide, the aggregation of which triggers AD pathophysiology. Common SORL1 single nucleotide polymorphisms had originally been associated with AD with modest odds ratios (ORs). The association of AD with rare SORL1 coding variants has been demonstrated at the gene level by aggregating protein-truncating (PTV) and rare predicted damaging missense variants. In addition to the loss of SorLA function induced by PTVs, a few missense variants were studied in vitro, showing diverse degrees of decreased SorLA function and leading to increased Aβ secretion. However, the exact functional consequences of most of the missense variants remain to be determined as well as corresponding levels of AD risk. Hereby we review the evidence of the association of SORL1 common and rare variants with AD risk and conduct a meta-analysis of published data on SORL1 rare variants in five large sequencing studies. We observe a significant enrichment in PTVs with ORs of 12.29 (95% confidence interval = [4.22-35.78]) among all AD cases and 27.50 [7.38-102.42] among early-onset cases. Rare [minor allele frequency (MAF) < 1%] and ultra-rare (MAF < 10-4) missense variants that are predicted damaging by 3/3 bioinformatics tools also show significant associations with corresponding ORs of 1.87 [1.54-2.28] and 3.14 [2.30-4.28], respectively. Per-domain analyses show significant association with the APP-binding CR cluster class A repeats and the Aβ-binding VPS10P domains, as well as the fibronectin type III domain, the function of which remains to be specified. These results further support a critical role for SORL1 rare coding variants in AD, although functional and segregation analyses are required to allow an accurate use in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Campion
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France.
- Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-Lès-Rouen, France.
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France.
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Maple-Grødem J, Chung J, Lunde KA, Tzoulis C, Tysnes OB, Pedersen KF, Alves G. Alzheimer disease associated variants in SORL1 accelerate dementia development in Parkinson disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 674:123-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kwiatkowski D, Czarny P, Toma M, Jurkowska N, Sliwinska A, Drzewoski J, Bachurska A, Szemraj J, Maes M, Berk M, Su KP, Galecki P, Sliwinski T. Associations between DNA Damage, DNA Base Excision Repair Gene Variability and Alzheimer's Disease Risk. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2017; 41:152-71. [PMID: 27011006 DOI: 10.1159/000443953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased oxidative damage to DNA is one of the pathways involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insufficient base excision repair (BER) is in part responsible for increased oxidative DNA damage. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of polymorphic variants of BER-involved genes and the peripheral markers of DNA damage and repair in patients with AD. MATERIAL AND METHODS Comet assays and TaqMan probes were used to assess DNA damage, BER efxFB01;ciency and polymorphic variants of 12 BER genes in blood samples from 105 AD patients and 130 controls. The DNA repair efficacy (DRE) was calculated according to a specific equation. RESULTS The levels of endogenous and oxidative DNA damages were higher in AD patients than controls. The polymorphic variants of XRCC1 c.580C>T XRCC1 c.1196A>G and OGG1 c.977C>G are associated with increased DNA damage in AD. CONCLUSION Our results show that oxidative stress and disturbances in DRE are particularly responsible for the elevated DNA lesions in AD. The results suggest that oxidative stress and disruption in DNA repair may contribute to increased DNA damage in AD patients and risk of this disease. In addition, disturbances in DRE may be associated with polymorphisms of OGG1 and XRCC1.
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Modulation of APOE and SORL1 genes on hippocampal functional connectivity in healthy young adults. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2877-2889. [PMID: 28229235 PMCID: PMC5541082 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and sortilin-related receptor (SORL1) genes act on the same metabolic pathway and have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) characterized by hippocampal impairment. Although the effects of APOE on hippocampal resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) have been reported, the main effects of SORL1 and SORL1 × APOE interactions on hippocampal rsFC in healthy subjects remain largely unknown. Here, we systematically investigated the main effects of SORL1 rs2070045, and APOE, and their interaction effects on hippocampal rsFC in healthy young adults. The main effect of APOE showed that risk ε4 carriers had decreased positive hippocampal rsFC with the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, and increased positive hippocampal rsFC with the sensorimotor cortex compared with non-ε4 carriers. The main effect of SORL1 showed that risk G-allele carriers had decreased positive rsFC between the hippocampus and middle temporal gyrus compared with TT carriers. No significant additive interaction was observed. Instead, significant SORL1 × APOE non-additive interaction was found in negative rsFC between the hippocampus and inferior frontal gyrus. Compared with subjects with TT genotype, SORL1 G-allele carriers had a stronger negative rsFC in APOE ε4 carriers, but a weaker negative rsFC in APOE non-ε4 carriers. These findings suggest that SORL1 and APOE genes modulate different hippocampal rsFCs and have a complex interaction. The SORL1- and APOE-dependent hippocampal connectivity changes may at least partly account for their association with AD.
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Chou CT, Liao YC, Lee WJ, Wang SJ, Fuh JL. SORL1 gene, plasma biomarkers, and the risk of Alzheimer's disease for the Han Chinese population in Taiwan. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2016; 8:53. [PMID: 28034305 PMCID: PMC5200969 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) gene, regulating the trafficking and recycling of amyloid precursor protein, has been related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between SORL1 polymorphisms, plasma concentrations of amyloid-beta (Aβ) isoforms, and AD and MCI susceptibility for a Han Chinese population in Taiwan. Methods Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SORL1 and the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) ε4 alleles were genotyped in 798 patients with AD, 157 patients with MCI, and 401 control subjects. Plasma concentrations of Aβ42, Aβ40, and neuropsychiatric tests for six different cognitive domains were examined. Results Among the eight tested SNPs, SORL1 rs1784933 was most significantly associated with AD and MCI in our population. The G allele of rs1784933 exerted a protective effect and was associated with a reduced risk of AD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.75, p = 0.004) and MCI (OR = 0.69, p = 0.013). The significance remained after we adjusted for age, sex, and APOE ε4 alleles. For the overall participants, the plasma concentrations of Aβ42 were nominally significant for subjects carrying the rs1784933 G allele having a lower level than those without the G allele (p = 0.046). There was a similar trend for the G allele carriers to have a lower plasma Aβ40 level than noncarriers, but this was not significant. The nonsynonymous SNP rs2298813 was also related to a lower disease risk when AD and MCI were combined as a group (OR = 0.76, p = 0.035). However, there was no association between SORL1 genotypes and any of the six cognitive tests. Conclusions Findings from our study provide support for the effect of SORL1 gene on the disease risks and pathognomonic surrogates of AD/MCI. The interaction between SORL1 polymorphisms and Aβ formation requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ta Chou
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Section 4, Taichung, 40705, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Liao
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Section 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City, 11217, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Section 4, Taichung, 40705, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Shuu-Jiun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Section 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City, 11217, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan. .,Brain Research Center, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Section 2, Shipai Road, Beitou District, Taipei City, 11217, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan. .,Brain Research Center, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.
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11
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Andersen OM, Rudolph IM, Willnow TE. Risk factor SORL1: from genetic association to functional validation in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:653-665. [PMID: 27638701 PMCID: PMC5073117 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents one of the most dramatic threats to healthy aging and devising effective treatments for this devastating condition remains a major challenge in biomedical research. Much has been learned about the molecular concepts that govern proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein to amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), and how accelerated accumulation of neurotoxic Aβ peptides underlies neuronal cell death in rare familial but also common sporadic forms of this disease. Out of a plethora of proposed modulators of amyloidogenic processing, one protein emerged as a key factor in AD pathology, a neuronal sorting receptor termed SORLA. Independent approaches using human genetics, clinical pathology, or exploratory studies in animal models all converge on this receptor that is now considered a central player in AD-related processes by many. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the evidence implicating SORLA-mediated protein sorting in neurodegenerative processes, and how receptor gene variants in the human population impair functional receptor expression in sporadic but possibly also in autosomal-dominant forms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 3, Aarhus C, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ina-Maria Rudolph
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Xiao Q, Liu ZJ, Tao S, Sun YM, Jiang D, Li HL, Chen H, Liu X, Lapin B, Wang CH, Zheng SL, Xu J, Wu ZY. Risk prediction for sporadic Alzheimer's disease using genetic risk score in the Han Chinese population. Oncotarget 2016; 6:36955-64. [PMID: 26543236 PMCID: PMC4741908 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 30 independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in European. We aimed to confirm these SNPs in Chinese Han and investigate the utility of these genetic markers. We randomly divided 459 sporadic AD (SAD) patients and 751 cognitively normal controls into two sets (discovery and testing). Thirty-three SAD risk-associated SNPs were firstly tested in the discovery set. Significant SNPs were used to calculate genetic risk score (GRS) in the testing set. Predictive performance of GRS was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). In the discovery set, 6 SNPs were confirmed (P = 7.87 × 10−11~0.048), including rs9349407 in CD2AP, rs11218343 in SORL1, rs17125944 in FERMT2, rs6859 in PVRL2, rs157580 and rs2075650 in TOMM40. The first three SNPs were associated with SAD risk independent of APOE genotypes. GRS based on these three SNPs were significantly associated with SAD risk in the independent testing set (P = 0.002). The AUC for discriminating cases from controls was 0.58 for GRS, 0.60 for APOE, and 0.64 for GRS and APOE. Our data demonstrated that GRS based on AD risk-associated SNPs may supplement APOE for better assessing individual risk for AD in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Xiao
- Center for Genomic Translational Medicine and Prevention, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sha Tao
- Center for Genomic Translational Medicine and Prevention, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Min Sun
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Lei Li
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Chen
- Center for Genomic Translational Medicine and Prevention, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Brittany Lapin
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Chi-Hsiung Wang
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Center for Genomic Translational Medicine and Prevention, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Huang CC, Liu ME, Kao HW, Chou KH, Yang AC, Wang YH, Chen TR, Tsai SJ, Lin CP. Effect of Alzheimer's Disease Risk Variant rs3824968 at SORL1 on Regional Gray Matter Volume and Age-Related Interaction in Adult Lifespan. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23362. [PMID: 26996954 PMCID: PMC4800313 DOI: 10.1038/srep23362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin receptor 1 (SORL1) is involved in cellular trafficking of amyloid precursor protein and plays an essential role in amyloid-beta peptide generation in Alzheimer disease (AD). The major A allele in a SORL1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs3824968, is associated with an increased AD risk. However, the role of SORL1 rs3824968 in the normal ageing process has rarely been examined in relation to brain structural morphology. This study investigated the association between SORL1 rs3824968 and grey matter (GM) volume in a nondemented Chinese population of 318 adults within a wide age range (21-92 years). Through voxel-based morphometry, we found that participants carrying SORL1 allele A exhibited significantly smaller GM volumes in the right posterior cingulate, left middle occipital, medial frontal, and superior temporal gyri. Considerable interaction between age and SORL1 suggested a detrimental and accelerated ageing effect of allele A on putamen. These findings provide evidence that SORL1 rs3824968 modulates regional GM volume and is associated with brain trajectory during the adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chung Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-En Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Kao
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hsien Chou
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Albert C Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Dynamical Biomarkers and Translational Medicine, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsiu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Ru Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Louwersheimer E, Wolfsgruber S, Espinosa A, Lacour A, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Alegret M, Hernández I, Rosende-Roca M, Tárraga L, Boada M, Kornhuber J, Peters O, Frölich L, Hüll M, Rüther E, Wiltfang J, Scherer M, Riedel-Heller S, Jessen F, Nöthen MM, Maier W, Koene T, Scheltens P, Holstege H, Wagner M, Ruiz A, van der Flier WM, Becker T, Ramirez A. Alzheimer's disease risk variants modulate endophenotypes in mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:872-81. [PMID: 26921674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated the effect of Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility loci on endophenotypes closely related with AD pathology in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS We selected 1730 MCI patients from four independent data sets. Weighted polygenic risk scores (PGS) were constructed of 18 non-apolipoprotein E (APOE) AD risk variants. In addition, we determined APOE genotype. AD endophenotypes were cognitive decline over time and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (aβ, tau, ptau). RESULTS PGS was modestly associated with cognitive decline over time, as measured by mini-mental state examination (MMSE) (β ± SE:-0.24 ± 0.10; P = .012), and with CSF levels of tau and ptau (tau: 1.38 ± 0.36, P = 1.21 × 10(-4); ptau: 1.40 ± 0.36, P = 1.02 × 10(-4)). DISCUSSION In MCI, we observed a joint effect of AD susceptibility loci on nonamyloid endophenotypes, suggesting a link of these genetic loci with neuronal degeneration in general rather than with Alzheimer-related amyloid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Louwersheimer
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Steffen Wolfsgruber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - André Lacour
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Montserrat Alegret
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Hernández
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maitée Rosende-Roca
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Tárraga
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Hüll
- Centre for Geriatric Medicine and Section of Gerontopsychiatry and Neuropsychology, Medical School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eckart Rüther
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Scherer
- Department of Primary Medical Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffi Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ted Koene
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Alzheimer Center and Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henne Holstege
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Becker
- Institute for Community Medicine, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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15
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Stefanova NA, Muraleva NA, Korbolina EE, Kiseleva E, Maksimova KY, Kolosova NG. Amyloid accumulation is a late event in sporadic Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in nontransgenic rats. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1396-413. [PMID: 25595891 PMCID: PMC4359302 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis posits that deposition of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide in the brain is a key event in the initiation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nonetheless, it now seems increasingly unlikely that amyloid toxicity is the cause of sporadic AD, which leads to cognitive decline. Here, using accelerated-senescence nontransgenic OXYS rats, we confirmed that aggregation of Aβ is a later event in AD-like pathology. We showed that an age-dependent increase in the levels of Aβ1–42 and extracellular Aβ deposits in the brain of OXYS rats occur later than do synaptic losses, neuronal cell death, mitochondrial structural abnormalities, and hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein. We identified the variants of the genes that are strongly associated with the risk of either late-onset or early-onset AD, including App, Apoe4, Bace1, Psen1, Psen2, and Picalm. We found that in OXYS rats nonsynonymous SNPs were located only in the genes Casp3 and Sorl1. Thus, we present proof that OXYS rats may be a model of sporadic AD. It is possible that multiple age-associated pathological processes may precede the toxic amyloid accumulation, which in turn triggers the final stage of the sporadic form of AD and becomes a hallmark event of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nataliya G Kolosova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Moscow, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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16
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Wang Z, Lei H, Zheng M, Li Y, Cui Y, Hao F. Meta-analysis of the Association between Alzheimer Disease and Variants in GAB2, PICALM, and SORL1. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6501-6510. [PMID: 26611835 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The genetic variants play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the relationships of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with AD are still controversial. We performed the meta-analysis to obtain a more precise estimation of whether growth factor receptor-bound protein-associated binding protein 2 (GAB2), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), and sortilin-related receptor (SORL1) variants are associated with AD. Databases including PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched to find relevant studies. Cochran's Q-statistic and I 2 were used to assess the heterogeneity among the included studies. Odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) were conducted to evaluate the association between the SNP and the susceptibility to AD. Publication bias was estimated by funnel plots. All of the statistical analyses were implemented using R Version 3.2.1 software. A total of 35 case-control studies involving 15 SNPs were included. There was no significant association between SNPs of GAB2 rs2373115 (G > T) and PICALM rs541458 (C > T) and AD. The allele T of rs3851179 in PICALM was associated with a 13 % increase in the risk of AD. Seven SNPs on SORL1 were significantly associated with AD. Four SNPs, including rs1010159*T, rs641120*A, rs668387*T, and rs689021*A, were associated with a decreased risk of AD, while the other three SNPs, including rs12285364*T, rs2070045*G, and rs2282649*T, were all associated with an increased risk of AD. The results of the present study suggested that multiple gene variants were associated with AD. The SNP of rs3851179 (PICALM), rs12285364 (SORL1), rs2070045 (SORL1), and rs2282649 (SORL1) was associated with an increased risk of AD, whereas SORL1 rs1010159, rs641120, rs668387, and rs689021 were associated with a decreased risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziran Wang
- Emergency Department, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276003, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyan Lei
- Emergency Department, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276003, Shandong, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Emergency Department, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276003, Shandong, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Emergency Department, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276003, Shandong, China
| | - Yansen Cui
- Emergency Department, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276003, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Hao
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No.67 Dongchangxi Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China.
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17
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Weiner MW, Veitch DP, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Cairns NJ, Cedarbaum J, Green RC, Harvey D, Jack CR, Jagust W, Luthman J, Morris JC, Petersen RC, Saykin AJ, Shaw L, Shen L, Schwarz A, Toga AW, Trojanowski JQ. 2014 Update of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: A review of papers published since its inception. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:e1-120. [PMID: 26073027 PMCID: PMC5469297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is an ongoing, longitudinal, multicenter study designed to develop clinical, imaging, genetic, and biochemical biomarkers for the early detection and tracking of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The initial study, ADNI-1, enrolled 400 subjects with early mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 200 with early AD, and 200 cognitively normal elderly controls. ADNI-1 was extended by a 2-year Grand Opportunities grant in 2009 and by a competitive renewal, ADNI-2, which enrolled an additional 550 participants and will run until 2015. This article reviews all papers published since the inception of the initiative and summarizes the results to the end of 2013. The major accomplishments of ADNI have been as follows: (1) the development of standardized methods for clinical tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in a multicenter setting; (2) elucidation of the patterns and rates of change of imaging and CSF biomarker measurements in control subjects, MCI patients, and AD patients. CSF biomarkers are largely consistent with disease trajectories predicted by β-amyloid cascade (Hardy, J Alzheimer's Dis 2006;9(Suppl 3):151-3) and tau-mediated neurodegeneration hypotheses for AD, whereas brain atrophy and hypometabolism levels show predicted patterns but exhibit differing rates of change depending on region and disease severity; (3) the assessment of alternative methods of diagnostic categorization. Currently, the best classifiers select and combine optimum features from multiple modalities, including MRI, [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, amyloid PET, CSF biomarkers, and clinical tests; (4) the development of blood biomarkers for AD as potentially noninvasive and low-cost alternatives to CSF biomarkers for AD diagnosis and the assessment of α-syn as an additional biomarker; (5) the development of methods for the early detection of AD. CSF biomarkers, β-amyloid 42 and tau, as well as amyloid PET may reflect the earliest steps in AD pathology in mildly symptomatic or even nonsymptomatic subjects and are leading candidates for the detection of AD in its preclinical stages; (6) the improvement of clinical trial efficiency through the identification of subjects most likely to undergo imminent future clinical decline and the use of more sensitive outcome measures to reduce sample sizes. Multimodal methods incorporating APOE status and longitudinal MRI proved most highly predictive of future decline. Refinements of clinical tests used as outcome measures such as clinical dementia rating-sum of boxes further reduced sample sizes; (7) the pioneering of genome-wide association studies that leverage quantitative imaging and biomarker phenotypes, including longitudinal data, to confirm recently identified loci, CR1, CLU, and PICALM and to identify novel AD risk loci; (8) worldwide impact through the establishment of ADNI-like programs in Japan, Australia, Argentina, Taiwan, China, Korea, Europe, and Italy; (9) understanding the biology and pathobiology of normal aging, MCI, and AD through integration of ADNI biomarker and clinical data to stimulate research that will resolve controversies about competing hypotheses on the etiopathogenesis of AD, thereby advancing efforts to find disease-modifying drugs for AD; and (10) the establishment of infrastructure to allow sharing of all raw and processed data without embargo to interested scientific investigators throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Weiner
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Dallas P Veitch
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul S Aisen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurel A Beckett
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jesse Cedarbaum
- Neurology Early Clinical Development, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert C Green
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danielle Harvey
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - William Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Johan Luthman
- Neuroscience Clinical Development, Neuroscience & General Medicine Product Creation Unit, Eisai Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leslie Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adam Schwarz
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Udall Parkinson's Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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La Rosa LR, Perrone L, Nielsen MS, Calissano P, Andersen OM, Matrone C. Y682G Mutation of Amyloid Precursor Protein Promotes Endo-Lysosomal Dysfunction by Disrupting APP-SorLA Interaction. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:109. [PMID: 25904844 PMCID: PMC4388009 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular transport and localization of amyloid precursor protein (APP) are critical determinants of APP processing and β-amyloid peptide production, thus crucially important for the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Notably, the C-terminal Y682ENPTY687 domain of APP binds to specific adaptors controlling APP trafficking and sorting in neurons. Mutation on the Y682 residue to glycine (Y682G) leads to altered APP sorting in hippocampal neurons that favors its accumulation in intracellular compartments and the release of soluble APPα. Such alterations induce premature aging and learning and cognitive deficits in APP Y682G mutant mice (APPYG/YG). Here, we report that Y682G mutation affects formation of the APP complex with sortilin-related receptor (SorLA), resulting in endo-lysosomal dysfunctions and neuronal degeneration. Moreover, disruption of the APP/SorLA complex changes the trafficking pathway of SorLA, with its consequent increase in secretion outside neurons. Mutations in the SorLA gene are a prognostic factor in AD, and changes in SorLA levels in cerebrospinal fluid are predictive of AD in humans. These results might open new possibilities in comprehending the role played by SorLA in its interaction with APP and in the progression of neuronal degeneration. In addition, they further underline the crucial role played by Y682 residue in controlling APP trafficking in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rosario La Rosa
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Council of Research of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Lorena Perrone
- Laboratory CiMoTheMA EA 3808, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers , Poitiers , France
| | | | | | - Olav Michael Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark ; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Carmela Matrone
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
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19
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Influence of genetic variants in SORL1 gene on the manifestation of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1605.e13-20. [PMID: 25659857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied the association of SORL1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms genotypes with measures of pathology in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) using an endophenotype approach. We included (1) 133 patients from the German Dementia Competence Network (71 ± 8 years; 50% females; Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE], 24 ± 3); (2) 83 patients from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (75 ± 8 years; 45% females; MMSE, 24 ± 2); and (3) 452 patients from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort 66 ± 8 years; 47% females; MMSE, 20 ± 5). As endophenotype markers we used cognitive tests, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers amyloid-beta, total tau (tau), tau phosphorylated at threonine 181, and hippocampal atrophy. We measured 19 SORL1 SNP alleles. Genotype-endophenotype associations were determined by linear regression analyses. There was an association between rs2070045-G allele and increased CSF-tau and more hippocampal atrophy. Additionally, haplotype-based analyses revealed an association between haplotype rs11218340-A/rs3824966-G/rs3824968-A and higher CSF-tau and CSF-tau phosphorylated at threonine 181. In conclusion, we found that SORL1 SNP rs2070045-G allele was related to CSF-tau and hippocampal atrophy, 2 endophenotype markers of AD, suggesting that SORL1 may be implicated in the downstream pathology in AD.
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20
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease with a strong genetic component. Several genes have been associated with AD risk for nearly 20 years. However, it was not until the recent technological advances that allow for the analysis of millions of polymorphisms in thousands of subjects that we have been able to advance our understanding of the genetic complexity of AD susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies and whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing have revealed more than 20 loci associated with AD risk. These studies have provided insights into the molecular pathways that are altered in AD pathogenesis, which have, in turn, provided insight into novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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21
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Shindyapina AV, Petrunia IV, Komarova TV, Sheshukova EV, Kosorukov VS, Kiryanov GI, Dorokhov YL. Dietary methanol regulates human gene activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102837. [PMID: 25033451 PMCID: PMC4102594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanol (MeOH) is considered to be a poison in humans because of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-mediated conversion of MeOH to formaldehyde (FA), which is toxic. Our recent genome-wide analysis of the mouse brain demonstrated that an increase in endogenous MeOH after ADH inhibition led to a significant increase in the plasma MeOH concentration and a modification of mRNA synthesis. These findings suggest endogenous MeOH involvement in homeostasis regulation by controlling mRNA levels. Here, we demonstrate directly that study volunteers displayed increasing concentrations of MeOH and FA in their blood plasma when consuming citrus pectin, ethanol and red wine. A microarray analysis of white blood cells (WBC) from volunteers after pectin intake showed various responses for 30 significantly differentially regulated mRNAs, most of which were somehow involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There was also a decreased synthesis of hemoglobin mRNA, HBA and HBB, the presence of which in WBC RNA was not a result of red blood cells contamination because erythrocyte-specific marker genes were not significantly expressed. A qRT-PCR analysis of volunteer WBCs after pectin and red wine intake confirmed the complicated relationship between the plasma MeOH content and the mRNA accumulation of both genes that were previously identified, namely, GAPDH and SNX27, and genes revealed in this study, including MME, SORL1, DDIT4, HBA and HBB. We hypothesized that human plasma MeOH has an impact on the WBC mRNA levels of genes involved in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Shindyapina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor V. Petrunia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Komarova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Gleb I. Kiryanov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri L. Dorokhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Tang W, Huang Q, Wang Y, Wang ZY, Yao YY. Assessment of CSF Aβ42 as an aid to discriminating Alzheimer's disease from other dementias and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of 50 studies. J Neurol Sci 2014; 345:26-36. [PMID: 25086857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) is usually difficult to differentiate from other dementias or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The aim of our study is to evaluate the clinical importance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) in MCI, AD and other dementias, more specifically: frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), Parkinson's disease (PD) with dementia (PDD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Fifty eligible articles were identified by search of databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Elsevier, Springer Link and the Cochrane Library, from January 1990 to May 2014. The random effects model was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) with corresponding 95% CI by STATA 9.0 software. The subgroup analyses were made on the method (ELISA, xMAP). We found that CSF Aβ42 concentrations were significantly lower in AD compared to MCI (SMD: -0.68, 95% CI: [-0.80, -0.56], z=11.34, P<0.001), FTD (SMD: -1.09, 95% CI: [-1.41, -0.76], z=6.62, P<0.001), PDD (SMD: -0.75, 95% CI: [-1.39, -0.10], z=2.27, P=0.023), VaD (SMD: -0.95, 95% CI: [-1.30, -0.61], z=5.43, P<0.001). In addition, compared to DLB, Aβ42 concentrations are moderately lower in AD (SMD: -0.27, 95% CI: [-0.51, -0.03], z=2.20, P=0.028). Results from this meta-analysis hinted that CSF Aβ42 is a good biomarker for discriminating Alzheimer's disease from other dementias and MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- AnQing City Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 352 Renmin Road, AnQing 246003, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-You Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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23
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Shen L, Thompson PM, Potkin SG, Bertram L, Farrer LA, Foroud TM, Green RC, Hu X, Huentelman MJ, Kim S, Kauwe JSK, Li Q, Liu E, Macciardi F, Moore JH, Munsie L, Nho K, Ramanan VK, Risacher SL, Stone DJ, Swaminathan S, Toga AW, Weiner MW, Saykin AJ. Genetic analysis of quantitative phenotypes in AD and MCI: imaging, cognition and biomarkers. Brain Imaging Behav 2014; 8:183-207. [PMID: 24092460 PMCID: PMC3976843 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-013-9262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Genetics Core of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), formally established in 2009, aims to provide resources and facilitate research related to genetic predictors of multidimensional Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related phenotypes. Here, we provide a systematic review of genetic studies published between 2009 and 2012 where either ADNI APOE genotype or genome-wide association study (GWAS) data were used. We review and synthesize ADNI genetic associations with disease status or quantitative disease endophenotypes including structural and functional neuroimaging, fluid biomarker assays, and cognitive performance. We also discuss the diverse analytical strategies used in these studies, including univariate and multivariate analysis, meta-analysis, pathway analysis, and interaction and network analysis. Finally, we perform pathway and network enrichment analyses of these ADNI genetic associations to highlight key mechanisms that may drive disease onset and trajectory. Major ADNI findings included all the top 10 AD genes and several of these (e.g., APOE, BIN1, CLU, CR1, and PICALM) were corroborated by ADNI imaging, fluid and cognitive phenotypes. ADNI imaging genetics studies discovered novel findings (e.g., FRMD6) that were later replicated on different data sets. Several other genes (e.g., APOC1, FTO, GRIN2B, MAGI2, and TOMM40) were associated with multiple ADNI phenotypes, warranting further investigation on other data sets. The broad availability and wide scope of ADNI genetic and phenotypic data has advanced our understanding of the genetic basis of AD and has nominated novel targets for future studies employing next-generation sequencing and convergent multi-omics approaches, and for clinical drug and biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Steven G. Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Lars Bertram
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Biomedical Genetics L320, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Tatiana M. Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Robert C. Green
- Division of Genetics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Xiaolan Hu
- Clinical Genetics, Exploratory Clinical & Translational Research, Bristol-Myers Squibbs, Pennington, NJ 08534 USA
| | - Matthew J. Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - John S. K. Kauwe
- Departments of Biology, Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, 675 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Qingqin Li
- Department of Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ 08869 USA
| | - Enchi Liu
- Biomarker Discovery, Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research and Development, LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
- Department of Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, University of Milan, Segrate, MI Italy
| | - Jason H. Moore
- Department of Genetics, Computational Genetics Laboratory, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Leanne Munsie
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Vijay K. Ramanan
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - David J. Stone
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP53B-120, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Shanker Swaminathan
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Departments of Radiology, Medicine and Psychiatry, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Biomedical Genetics L320, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Division of Genetics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Clinical Genetics, Exploratory Clinical & Translational Research, Bristol-Myers Squibbs, Pennington, NJ 08534 USA
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
- Departments of Biology, Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, 675 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
- Department of Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ 08869 USA
- Biomarker Discovery, Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research and Development, LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Department of Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, University of Milan, Segrate, MI Italy
- Department of Genetics, Computational Genetics Laboratory, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP53B-120, West Point, PA 19486 USA
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Departments of Radiology, Medicine and Psychiatry, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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24
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Yin RH, Yu JT, Tan L. The Role of SORL1 in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:909-18. [PMID: 24833601 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in SORL1 gene, also known as LR11, has been identified to associate with Alzheimer's disease (AD) through replicated genetic studies. As a type I transmembrane protein, SORL1 is composed of several distinct domains and belongs to both the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family and the vacuolar protein sorting 10 (VPS10) domain receptor family. The level of SORL1 was found to be decreased in the AD brain which positively correlated with β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation. Emerging data suggests that SORL1 contributes to AD through various pathways, including emerging as a central regulator of the trafficking and processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), involvement in Aβ destruction, and interaction with ApoE and tau protein. Primarily, SORL1 interacts with distinct sets of cytosolic adaptors for anterograde and retrograde movement of APP between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and early endosomes, thereby restricting the delivery of the precursor to endocytic compartments that favor amyloidogenic breakdown. In this article, we review recent epidemiological and genetical findings of SORL1 that related with AD and speculate the possible roles of SORL1 in the progression of this disease. Finally, given the potential contributions of SORL1 to AD pathogenesis, targeting SORL1 might present novel opportunities for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Hua Yin
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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25
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Tang W, Huang Q, Yao YY, Wang Y, Wu YL, Wang ZY. Does CSF p-tau181 help to discriminate Alzheimer's disease from other dementias and mild cognitive impairment? A meta-analysis of the literature. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:1541-53. [PMID: 24817210 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the clinical importance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phosphorylated tau 181 (p-tau181) in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias, more specifically: frontotemporal degeneration (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) with dementia (PDD). Fifty eligible articles were identified by search of databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Elsevier, Springer Link and the Cochrane Library, up to December 2013. The random effects model was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) with corresponding 95% CI by STATA 9.0 software. The subgroup analyses were made on the methods or PD with dementia. We found that CSF p-tau181 concentrations were significantly higher in AD compared to MCI [SMD: 0.61, 95% CI: (0.46, 0.76), z = 8.07, P < 0.001], FTD [SMD: 1.23, 95% CI: (0.89, 1.56), z = 7.19, P < 0.001], DLB [SMD: 1.08, 95% CI: (0.80, 1.37), z = 7.41, P < 0.001], PDD [SMD: 1.05, 95% CI: (0.02, 2.07), z = 2.00, P = 0.045] and VaD [SMD: 1.28, 95% CI: (0.68, 1.88), z = 4.19, P < 0.001]. Results from this meta-analysis implied that CSF p-tau181 is a good biomarker for discriminating Alzheimer's disease from other dementias and mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
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26
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Weiner MW, Veitch DP, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Cairns NJ, Green RC, Harvey D, Jack CR, Jagust W, Liu E, Morris JC, Petersen RC, Saykin AJ, Schmidt ME, Shaw L, Shen L, Siuciak JA, Soares H, Toga AW, Trojanowski JQ. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: a review of papers published since its inception. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 9:e111-94. [PMID: 23932184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is an ongoing, longitudinal, multicenter study designed to develop clinical, imaging, genetic, and biochemical biomarkers for the early detection and tracking of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study aimed to enroll 400 subjects with early mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 200 subjects with early AD, and 200 normal control subjects; $67 million funding was provided by both the public and private sectors, including the National Institute on Aging, 13 pharmaceutical companies, and 2 foundations that provided support through the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. This article reviews all papers published since the inception of the initiative and summarizes the results as of February 2011. The major accomplishments of ADNI have been as follows: (1) the development of standardized methods for clinical tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in a multicenter setting; (2) elucidation of the patterns and rates of change of imaging and CSF biomarker measurements in control subjects, MCI patients, and AD patients. CSF biomarkers are consistent with disease trajectories predicted by β-amyloid cascade (Hardy, J Alzheimers Dis 2006;9(Suppl 3):151-3) and tau-mediated neurodegeneration hypotheses for AD, whereas brain atrophy and hypometabolism levels show predicted patterns but exhibit differing rates of change depending on region and disease severity; (3) the assessment of alternative methods of diagnostic categorization. Currently, the best classifiers combine optimum features from multiple modalities, including MRI, [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, CSF biomarkers, and clinical tests; (4) the development of methods for the early detection of AD. CSF biomarkers, β-amyloid 42 and tau, as well as amyloid PET may reflect the earliest steps in AD pathology in mildly symptomatic or even nonsymptomatic subjects, and are leading candidates for the detection of AD in its preclinical stages; (5) the improvement of clinical trial efficiency through the identification of subjects most likely to undergo imminent future clinical decline and the use of more sensitive outcome measures to reduce sample sizes. Baseline cognitive and/or MRI measures generally predicted future decline better than other modalities, whereas MRI measures of change were shown to be the most efficient outcome measures; (6) the confirmation of the AD risk loci CLU, CR1, and PICALM and the identification of novel candidate risk loci; (7) worldwide impact through the establishment of ADNI-like programs in Europe, Asia, and Australia; (8) understanding the biology and pathobiology of normal aging, MCI, and AD through integration of ADNI biomarker data with clinical data from ADNI to stimulate research that will resolve controversies about competing hypotheses on the etiopathogenesis of AD, thereby advancing efforts to find disease-modifying drugs for AD; and (9) the establishment of infrastructure to allow sharing of all raw and processed data without embargo to interested scientific investigators throughout the world. The ADNI study was extended by a 2-year Grand Opportunities grant in 2009 and a renewal of ADNI (ADNI-2) in October 2010 through to 2016, with enrollment of an additional 550 participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Weiner
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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27
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Genetics of Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:254954. [PMID: 23984328 PMCID: PMC3741956 DOI: 10.1155/2013/254954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and is the only top 10 cause of death in the United States that lacks disease-altering treatments. It is a complex disorder with environmental and genetic components. There are two major types of Alzheimer's disease, early onset and the more common late onset. The genetics of early-onset Alzheimer's disease are largely understood with variants in three different genes leading to disease. In contrast, while several common alleles associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease, including APOE, have been identified using association studies, the genetics of late-onset Alzheimer's disease are not fully understood. Here we review the known genetics of early- and late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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28
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Thambisetty M, An Y, Tanaka T. Alzheimer's disease risk genes and the age-at-onset phenotype. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2696.e1-5. [PMID: 23870418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent identification of several novel risk genes for Alzheimer's disease (AD), little is known about their influence on the age at onset (AAO) of AD. The AAO is a phenotype with a heritable component distinct from disease risk and may be a useful trait to study in the context of developing interventions for delaying the onset of AD. We studied the influence of 10 recently identified AD risk genes and APOE in relation to AAO in a large cohort of AD patients (N = 2569). We find that the novel AD risk gene, PICALM, exerts a small effect on the AAO of AD with earlier disease onset in risk allele carriers. In addition, we confirmed the previously reported association between the APOE ε4 allele and earlier disease onset. None of the other AD risk genes influenced AAO of AD. Our results suggest that besides APOE, other genes associated with AD risk do not exert large effects on the AAO phenotype of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Thambisetty
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Elias-Sonnenschein LS, Helisalmi S, Natunen T, Hall A, Paajanen T, Herukka SK, Laitinen M, Remes AM, Koivisto AM, Mattila KM, Lehtimäki T, Verhey FRJ, Visser PJ, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Genetic loci associated with Alzheimer's disease and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in a Finnish case-control cohort. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59676. [PMID: 23573206 PMCID: PMC3616106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To understand the relation between risk genes for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and their influence on biomarkers for AD, we examined the association of AD in the Finnish cohort with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from top AlzGene loci, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and candidate gene studies; and tested the correlation between these SNPs and AD markers Aβ1–42, total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods We tested 25 SNPs for genetic association with clinical AD in our cohort comprised of 890 AD patients and 701-age matched healthy controls using logistic regression. For the correlational study with biomarkers, we tested 36 SNPs in a subset of 222 AD patients with available CSF using mixed models. Statistical analyses were adjusted for age, gender and APOE status. False discovery rate for multiple testing was applied. All participants were from academic hospital and research institutions in Finland. Results APOE-ε4, CLU rs11136000, and MS4A4A rs2304933 correlated with significantly decreased Aβ1–42 (corrected p<0.05). At an uncorrected p<0.05, PPP3R1 rs1868402 and MAPT rs2435211 were related with increased t-tau; while SORL1 rs73595277 and MAPT rs16940758, with increased p-tau. Only TOMM40 rs2075650 showed association with clinical AD after adjusting for APOE-ε4 (p = 0.007), but not after multiple test correction (p>0.05). Conclusions We provide evidence that APOE-ε4, CLU and MS4A4A, which have been identified in GWAS to be associated with AD, also significantly reduced CSF Aβ1–42 in AD. None of the other AlzGene and GWAS loci showed significant effects on CSF tau. The effects of other SNPs on CSF biomarkers and clinical AD diagnosis did not reach statistical significance. Our findings suggest that APOE-ε4, CLU and MS4A4A influence both AD risk and CSF Aβ1–42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyzel S. Elias-Sonnenschein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anette Hall
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Paajanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Laitinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M. Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M. Koivisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari M. Mattila
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Frans R. J. Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Leclerc B, Abulrob A. Perspectives in molecular imaging using staging biomarkers and immunotherapies in Alzheimer's disease. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:589308. [PMID: 23476143 PMCID: PMC3576798 DOI: 10.1155/2013/589308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an emerging chronic illness characterized by a progressive pleiotropic pathophysiological mode of actions triggered during the senescence process and affecting the elderly worldwide. The complex molecular mechanisms of AD not only are supported by cholinergic, beta-amyloid, and tau theories but also have a genetic basis that accounts for the difference in symptomatology processes activation among human population which will evolve into divergent neuropathological features underlying cognitive and behaviour alterations. Distinct immune system tolerance could also influence divergent responses among AD patients treated by immunotherapy. The complexity in nature increases when taken together the genetic/immune tolerance with the patient's brain reserve and with neuropathological evolution from early till advance AD clinical stages. The most promising diagnostic strategies in today's world would consist in performing high diagnostic accuracy of combined modality imaging technologies using beta-amyloid 42 peptide-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) positron emission tomography (PET), Pittsburgh compound B-PET, fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, total and phosphorylated tau-CSF, and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging hippocampus biomarkers for criteria evaluation and validation. Early diagnosis is the challenge task that needs to look first at plausible mechanisms of actions behind therapies, and combining them would allow for the development of efficient AD treatment in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Leclerc
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Abedelnasser Abulrob
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Building M-54, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
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Elias-Sonnenschein LS, Bertram L, Visser PJ. Relationship between genetic risk factors and markers for Alzheimer's disease pathology. Biomark Med 2013; 6:477-95. [PMID: 22917148 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuritic plaques (main constituent: β-amyloid [Aβ]) and neurofibrillary tangles (hyperphosphorylated tau protein) in the brain. Abnormalities in Aβ and tau can be measured upon neuropathological examination, in cerebrospinal fluid or by PET. Etiologically, a growing body of evidence suggests that susceptibility to AD is genetically controlled. However, the precise nature of the underlying risk genes and their relation to AD biomarkers remains largely elusive. To this end, we performed a qualitative review of 17 studies (covering 47 polymorphisms in 26 genes) and investigated the potential relation between the most compelling AD risk genes and markers for Aβ and tau in cerebrospinal fluid, PET imaging and neuropathological examination. Of all covered genes, only APOE and PICALM showed consistent effects on Aβ but not on tau, while no obvious effects were observed for CLU, CR1, ACE, SORL and MAPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyzel S Elias-Sonnenschein
- School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Sortilin and SorLA regulate neuronal sorting of trophic and dementia-linked proteins. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 45:379-87. [PMID: 22297619 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sortilin and SorLA are members of the Vps10p domain receptor family, the Sortilins, which comprise five type I transmembrane receptors differentially expressed in neuronal tissues of the central and peripheral nervous system. Since the identification of sortilin in 1997, members of this receptor family are recognized as sorting receptors primarily in the trans-Golgi network, interacting with a wide range of ligands comprising other transmembrane receptors as well as soluble proteins from neurotrophic factors to enzymes targeted for lysosomes. Specifically, the involvement of sortilin in neutrophin signaling in healthy and injured neurons is increasingly recognized, as well as the impact of SorLA on the cellular processing of amyloid precursor protein, an important component in Alzheimer's disease. The current understanding of these issues as well as the recent recognition of a molecular link between sortilin and frontotemporal dementia is addressed in this present review.
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Reitz C. The role of intracellular trafficking and the VPS10d receptors in Alzheimer's disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012; 7:423-431. [PMID: 23264752 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease, the key pathological culprit is the amyloid-β protein, which is generated through β- and γ-secretase cleavage of the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP). Both the secretases and amyloid-β precursor protein are transmembrane proteins that are sorted via the trans-Golgi network and the endosome through multiple membranous compartments of the cell. The coat complex clathrin controls the sorting from the cell surface and the trans-Golgi network to the endosome. Instead, the retromer controls the reverse transport from the endosome to the trans-Golgi network. The retromer contains two subprotein complexes: the cargo-selective subcomplex consisting of VPS35, VPS29 and VPS26 and the membrane deformation subcomplex consisting of Vps5p, Vps17p, SNX 1/2 and possibly SNX 5/6 or SNX 32 in mammals. Cargo molecules of the retromer include the VPS10 receptor proteins SORL1, SORT1, SORCS1, SORCS2 and SORCS3. There is increasing evidence through cell biology and animal and genetic studies that components of the retromer and the VPS10d receptor family play a role in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. This article reviews and summarizes this current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease & the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA ; The Department of Neurology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Reitz C. Evidence for an effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms in SORL1 on cerebrospinal fluid markers of Alzheimer’s disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of: Alexopoulos P, Guo LH, Kratzer M, Westerteicher C, Kurz A, Perneczky R. Impact of SORL1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on Alzheimer’s disease cerebrospinal fluid markers. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 32, 164–170 (2011). This study explores the effect of previously reported SORL1 variants on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Aβ1–42, phosphorylated tau181 and total tau in 100 nondemented people, 166 people with mild cognitive impairment and 87 people with probable Alzheimer’s disease. In individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, the A allele of single nucleotide polymorphism 23 and the T allele of single nucleotide polymorphism 24 were associated with lower CSF Aβ1–42, the latter association becoming marginally insignificant after correction for multiple testing. Both associations showed an interaction with the APOE genotype. There were no significant associations of SORL1 single nucleotide polymorphisms with CSF Aβ1–42 levels in the mild cognitive impairment group or with phosphorylated tau181 or total tau in any of the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease & the Aging Brain, NY, USA and Gertrude H Sergievsky Center, 630 West 168th Street, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA and The Department of Neurology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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