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Gianotti L, Nespoli L, Sandini M. Pharmaconutrition: Which substrates? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2024; 50:106798. [PMID: 36526494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the term "pharmaconutrition" or "immunonutrition" is intended the use of specific nutritional substrates having the ability of modulating specific mechanisms involved in several immune and inflammatory pathways. To achieve these goals, these substrates have to be administered with over physiologic dose. Glutamine and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, used as single substrate, did not show clear clinical advantages on solid endpoints such as postoperative complications. Despite several multiple substrate enteral feeds are available on the market, very few of them have been tested in randomized clinical trial to prove efficacy. The most extensive investigated formulation is a combination of arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, ribonucleic acid with or without glutamine. Several meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials have been conducted to compare the effects of enteral immunonutrition with control diets on post-surgical morbidity. The results consistently showed that the use of enteral multiple substrate formulas significantly reduced infectious complications and duration of hospitalization. In a more contemporary view, pharmaconutrition should be tested more accurately in the contest of enhanced recovery programs, during neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and in the prehabilitation setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gianotti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, Department of Surgery, IRCCS San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
| | - Luca Nespoli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, Department of Surgery, IRCCS San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Marta Sandini
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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2
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Chang HC, Huang WY, Chen PH, Huang TW, Gautama MSN. Effectiveness of glutamine for the treatment of radiodermatitis in cancer patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer 2024; 32:201. [PMID: 38427125 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-024-08411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After receiving radiation therapy, 60%-95% of patients with cancer develop radiodermatitis, which causes pain, wound infection, and poor quality of life. Glutamine is a popular nutritional supplement for patients with cancer. Several studies examined the usefulness of glutamine for reducing radiodermatitis. However, there is still no consolidated evidence for clinical use. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL PLUS, and the China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database for the relevant literature published up to March 2023, without language restrictions. Two reviewers screened, filtered, and appraised these articles independently, and their data were pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 218 participants were analyzed. The incidence of radiodermatitis in the glutamine group (89/110) was significantly lower than in the placebo group (99/108; risk ratio [RR], 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81-1.00; p = 0.05; I2 = 7%). The incidence of moderate to severe radiodermatitis was significantly lower in the glutamine group than in the placebo group (RR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.32-0.76; p = 0.001; I2 = 52%). Moreover, subgroup analysis demonstrated heterogeneity (I2 = 52%) for moderate to severe radiodermatitis, the risk of which might be significantly reduced by a glutamine dose of 20-30 g/day (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41-0.87; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSION The meta-analysis indicate that glutamine might lead to a lower incidence of radiodermatitis, and that a glutamine dose of 20-30 g/day might decrease the incidence of moderate to severe dermatitis. Thus, the serious impact of radiodermatitis on treatment follow-up makes the clinical use of glutamine even more important. PROSPERO number: CRD42021254394.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Chieh Chang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Tri-Service General Hospital Beitou Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yen Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Wei Huang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Cochrane Taiwan, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Research Center in Nursing Clinical Practice, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Muranaka H, Billet S, Cruz-Hernández C, Ten Hoeve J, Gonzales G, Elmadbouh O, Zhang L, Smith B, Tighiouart M, You S, Edderkaoui M, Hendifar A, Pandol S, Gong J, Bhowmick N. Supraphysiological glutamine as a means of depleting intracellular amino acids to enhance pancreatic cancer chemosensitivity. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3647514. [PMID: 38076821 PMCID: PMC10705710 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3647514/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Limited efficacy of systemic therapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients contributes to high mortality. Cancer cells develop strategies to secure nutrients in nutrient-deprived conditions and chemotherapy treatment. Despite the dependency of PDAC on glutamine (Gln) for growth and survival, strategies designed to suppress Gln metabolism have limited effects. Here, we demonstrated that supraphysiological concentrations of glutamine (SPG) could produce paradoxical responses leading to tumor growth inhibition alone and in combination with chemotherapy. Integrated metabolic and transcriptomic analysis revealed that the growth inhibitory effect of SPG was the result of a decrease in intracellular amino acid and nucleotide pools. Mechanistically, disruption of the sodium gradient, plasma membrane depolarization, and competitive inhibition of amino acid transport mediated amino acid deprivation. Among standard chemotherapies given to PDAC patients, gemcitabine treatment resulted in a significant enrichment of amino acid and nucleoside pools, exposing a metabolic vulnerability to SPG-induced metabolic alterations. Further analysis highlighted a superior anticancer effect of D-glutamine, a non-metabolizable enantiomer of the L-glutamine, by suppressing both amino acid uptake and glutaminolysis, in gemcitabine-treated preclinical models with no apparent toxicity. Our study suggests supraphysiological glutamine could be a means of inhibiting amino acid uptake and nucleotide biosynthesis, potentiating gemcitabine sensitivity in PDAC.
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Jiménez-Alonso JJ, López-Lázaro M. Dietary Manipulation of Amino Acids for Cancer Therapy. Nutrients 2023; 15:2879. [PMID: 37447206 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells cannot proliferate and survive unless they obtain sufficient levels of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids (AAs). Unlike normal cells, cancer cells have genetic and metabolic alterations that may limit their capacity to obtain adequate levels of the 20 AAs in challenging metabolic environments. However, since normal diets provide all AAs at relatively constant levels and ratios, these potentially lethal genetic and metabolic defects are eventually harmless to cancer cells. If we temporarily replace the normal diet of cancer patients with artificial diets in which the levels of specific AAs are manipulated, cancer cells may be unable to proliferate and survive. This article reviews in vivo studies that have evaluated the antitumor activity of diets restricted in or supplemented with the 20 proteinogenic AAs, individually and in combination. It also reviews our recent studies that show that manipulating the levels of several AAs simultaneously can lead to marked survival improvements in mice with metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel López-Lázaro
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Polachini GM, de Castro TB, Smarra LFS, Henrique T, de Paula CHD, Severino P, López RVM, Carvalho AL, de Mattos Zeri AC, Silva IDCG, Tajara EH. Plasma metabolomics of oral squamous cell carcinomas based on NMR and MS approaches provides biomarker identification and survival prediction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8588. [PMID: 37237049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics has proven to be an important omics approach to understand the molecular pathways underlying the tumour phenotype and to identify new clinically useful markers. The literature on cancer has illustrated the potential of this approach as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. The present study aimed to analyse the plasma metabolic profile of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and controls and to compare patients with metastatic and primary tumours at different stages and subsites using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. To our knowledge, this is the only report that compared patients at different stages and subsites and replicates collected in diverse institutions at different times using these methodologies. Our results showed a plasma metabolic OSCC profile suggestive of abnormal ketogenesis, lipogenesis and energy metabolism, which is already present in early phases but is more evident in advanced stages of the disease. Reduced levels of several metabolites were also associated with an unfavorable prognosis. The observed metabolomic alterations may contribute to inflammation, immune response inhibition and tumour growth, and may be explained by four nonexclusive views-differential synthesis, uptake, release, and degradation of metabolites. The interpretation that assimilates these views is the cross talk between neoplastic and normal cells in the tumour microenvironment or in more distant anatomical sites, connected by biofluids, signalling molecules and vesicles. Additional population samples to evaluate the details of these molecular processes may lead to the discovery of new biomarkers and novel strategies for OSCC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Mussi Polachini
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of São José Do Rio Preto - FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto, SP, CEP 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Tialfi Bergamin de Castro
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of São José Do Rio Preto - FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto, SP, CEP 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Luis Fabiano Soares Smarra
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of São José Do Rio Preto - FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto, SP, CEP 15090-000, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Henrique
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of São José Do Rio Preto - FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto, SP, CEP 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Diniz de Paula
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of São José Do Rio Preto - FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto, SP, CEP 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Patricia Severino
- Albert Einstein Research and Education Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - André Lopes Carvalho
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eloiza H Tajara
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of São José Do Rio Preto - FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto, SP, CEP 15090-000, Brazil.
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Chen YF, Lu HC, Hou PC, Lin YC, Aala WJ, Onoufriadis A, McGrath JA, Chen YL, Hsu CK. Plasma metabolomic profiling reflects the malnourished and chronic inflammatory state in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 107:82-88. [PMID: 35909063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a hereditary blistering disorder characterized by skin fragility, chronic inflammation, malnutrition, and fibrosis. Metabolomics is an emerging investigative field that helps elucidate disease pathophysiology and identify biomarkers. However, previous metabolomic studies in RDEB are limited. OBJECTIVE To investigate the plasma metabolomic profiles in RDEB patients. METHODS We recruited 10 RDEB patients and 10 age-/gender-matched healthy controls. Peripheral blood samples were collected and plasma metabolomic profiling was performed by LC-MS/MS analysis. MS data processing and compound identification were executed by MS-DIAL. Enrichment analysis was performed by MetaboAnalyst 5.0. RESULTS Metabolomic analyses demonstrated that most amino acid levels were downregulated in RDEB patients, and the extent of insufficiency correlated with clinical severity. Several metabolites were dysregulated in RDEB, including glutamine and glutamate metabolism, tryptophan-to-kynurenine ratio, phenylalanine-to-tyrosine ratio, and succinate accumulation. LIMITATIONS The study was limited by small case numbers and the unrepresentativeness of a single time-point blood sample. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated the altered metabolomic profiles in RDEB, reflecting the disease severity, the chronic inflammatory and malnourished status, while the fibrotic signatures were not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fen Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chin Lu
- Department of Nutritional Services, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chen Hou
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wilson Jr Aala
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Alexandros Onoufriadis
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ying-Lan Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Kai Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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7
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Romani L, Del Chierico F, Macari G, Pane S, Ristori MV, Guarrasi V, Gardini S, Pascucci GR, Cotugno N, Perno CF, Rossi P, Villani A, Bernardi S, Campana A, Palma P, Putignani L. The Relationship Between Pediatric Gut Microbiota and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:908492. [PMID: 35873161 PMCID: PMC9304937 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.908492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study on gut microbiota (GM) in children affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Stool samples from 88 patients with suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and 95 healthy subjects were collected (admission: 3–7 days, discharge) to study GM profile by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and relationship to disease severity. The study group was divided in COVID-19 (68), Non–COVID-19 (16), and MIS-C (multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children) (4). Correlations among GM ecology, predicted functions, multiple machine learning (ML) models, and inflammatory response were provided for COVID-19 and Non–COVID-19 cohorts. The GM of COVID-19 cohort resulted as dysbiotic, with the lowest α-diversity compared with Non–COVID-19 and CTRLs and by a specific β-diversity. Its profile appeared enriched in Faecalibacterium, Fusobacterium, and Neisseria and reduced in Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Ruminococcus, Collinsella, Coprococcus, Eggerthella, and Akkermansia, compared with CTRLs (p < 0.05). All GM paired-comparisons disclosed comparable results through all time points. The comparison between COVID-19 and Non–COVID-19 cohorts highlighted a reduction of Abiotrophia in the COVID-19 cohort (p < 0.05). The GM of MIS-C cohort was characterized by an increase of Veillonella, Clostridium, Dialister, Ruminococcus, and Streptococcus and a decrease of Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Granulicatella, and Prevotella, compared with CTRLs. Stratifying for disease severity, the GM associated to “moderate” COVID-19 was characterized by lower α-diversity compared with “mild” and “asymptomatic” and by a GM profile deprived in Neisseria, Lachnospira, Streptococcus, and Prevotella and enriched in Dialister, Acidaminococcus, Oscillospora, Ruminococcus, Clostridium, Alistipes, and Bacteroides. The ML models identified Staphylococcus, Anaerostipes, Faecalibacterium, Dorea, Dialister, Streptococcus, Roseburia, Haemophilus, Granulicatella, Gemmiger, Lachnospira, Corynebacterium, Prevotella, Bilophila, Phascolarctobacterium, Oscillospira, and Veillonella as microbial markers of COVID-19. The KEGG ortholog (KO)–based prediction of GM functional profile highlighted 28 and 39 KO-associated pathways to COVID-19 and CTRLs, respectively. Finally, Bacteroides and Sutterella correlated with proinflammatory cytokines regardless disease severity. Unlike adult GM profiles, Faecalibacterium was a specific marker of pediatric COVID-19 GM. The durable modification of patients’ GM profile suggested a prompt GM quenching response to SARS-CoV-2 infection since the first symptoms. Faecalibacterium and reduced fatty acid and amino acid degradation were proposed as specific COVID-19 disease traits, possibly associated to restrained severity of SARS-CoV-2–infected children. Altogether, this evidence provides a characterization of the pediatric COVID-19–related GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Romani
- Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Del Chierico
- Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Pane
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Ristori
- Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Rubens Pascucci
- Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Bambino Gesu` Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Bambino Gesu` Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘‘Tor Vergata’’, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘‘Tor Vergata’’, Rome, Italy
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesu` Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Villani
- Pediatric Emergency Department and General Pediatrics, Children Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Bernardi
- Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Campana
- Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Bambino Gesu` Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘‘Tor Vergata’’, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Lorenza Putignani,
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Linden MA, Teixeira TLDM, Freitas RGBDON, Bellomo-Brandão MÂ, Nogueira RJN. ARGININE AND GLUTAMINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON TRANSTHYRETIN LEVELS IN SEVERELY BURNED PATIENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Nutrition 2022; 101:111657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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van Sadelhoff JHJ, Siziba LP, Buchenauer L, Mank M, Wiertsema SP, Hogenkamp A, Stahl B, Garssen J, Rothenbacher D, Genuneit J. Free and Total Amino Acids in Human Milk in Relation to Maternal and Infant Characteristics and Infant Health Outcomes: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062009. [PMID: 34200908 PMCID: PMC8230437 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Free amino acids (FAAs) are important regulators of key pathways necessary for growth, development, and immunity. Data on FAAs in human milk (HM) and their roles in infant development are limited. We investigated the levels of FAAs and total amino acids (TAA, i.e., the sum of conjugated amino acids and FAAs) in HM in relation to infant and maternal characteristics and immunological conditions. FAA and TAA levels in HM sampled at 6 weeks (n = 671) and 6 months (n = 441) of lactation were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Child growth was ascertained at 4–5 weeks and at 6–7 months of age. Child allergy and lower respiratory tract infections were assessed in the first years of life. Associations of amino acid (AA) levels in HM with child growth and health outcomes were determined by Spearman correlation and modified Poisson regression, respectively. Free glutamine, glutamate, and serine in 6-week HM positively correlated with infant weight gain in the first 4–5 weeks of age. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and body mass index (BMI) were negatively correlated with free glutamine and asparagine in 6-week and 6-month HM and positively correlated with the sum of TAAs in 6-month HM, but significance was lost following confounder adjustment. Free glutamine was lower in 6-month HM of mothers with an allergy (either active or non-active). No consistent associations were found between FAAs in HM and child health outcomes. However, potential negative associations were observed between specific FAAs and the risk of food allergy. These results suggest that specific FAAs play a role in infant growth. Moreover, these findings warrant further investigations into the relation of FAAs in HM with infant health outcomes and maternal allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H. J. van Sadelhoff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.H.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-625-699-571
| | - Linda P. Siziba
- Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.P.S.); (L.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Lisa Buchenauer
- Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.P.S.); (L.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Marko Mank
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (S.P.W.); (B.S.)
| | - Selma P. Wiertsema
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (S.P.W.); (B.S.)
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.H.); (J.G.)
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (S.P.W.); (B.S.)
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.H.); (J.G.)
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (S.P.W.); (B.S.)
| | | | - Jon Genuneit
- Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.P.S.); (L.B.); (J.G.)
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, 89079 Ulm, Germany;
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10
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Murgia F, Gagliano A, Tanca MG, Or-Geva N, Hendren A, Carucci S, Pintor M, Cera F, Cossu F, Sotgiu S, Atzori L, Zuddas A. Metabolomic Characterization of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS). Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645267. [PMID: 34121984 PMCID: PMC8194687 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction PANS is a controversial clinical entity, consisting of a complex constellation of psychiatric symptoms, adventitious changes, and expression of various serological alterations, likely sustained by an autoimmune/inflammatory disease. Detection of novel biomarkers of PANS is highly desirable for both diagnostic and therapeutic management of affected patients. Analysis of metabolites has proven useful in detecting biomarkers for other neuroimmune-psychiatric diseases. Here, we utilize the metabolomics approach to determine whether it is possible to define a specific metabolic pattern in patients affected by PANS compared to healthy subjects. Design This observational case-control study tested consecutive patients referred for PANS between June 2019 to May 2020. A PANS diagnosis was confirmed according to the PANS working criteria (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2010). Healthy age and sex-matched subjects were recruited as controls. Methods Thirty-four outpatients referred for PANS (mean age 9.5 years; SD 2.9, 71% male) and 25 neurotypical subjects matched for age and gender, were subjected to metabolite analysis. Serum samples were obtained from each participant and were analyzed using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Subsequently, multivariate and univariate statistical analyses and Receiver Operator Curves (ROC) were performed. Results Separation of the samples, in line with the presence of PANS diagnosis, was observed by applying a supervised model (R2X = 0.44, R2Y = 0.54, Q2 = 0.44, p-value < 0.0001). The significantly altered variables were 2-Hydroxybutyrate, glycine, glutamine, histidine, tryptophan. Pathway analysis indicated that phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan metabolism, as well as glutamine and glutamate metabolism, exhibited the largest deviations from neurotypical controls. Conclusion We found a unique plasma metabolic profile in PANS patients, significantly differing from that of healthy children, that suggests the involvement of specific patterns of neurotransmission (tryptophan, glycine, histamine/histidine) as well as a more general state of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress (glutamine, 2-Hydroxybutyrate, and tryptophan-kynurenine pathway) in the disorder. This metabolomics study offers new insights into biological mechanisms underpinning the disorder and supports research of other potential biomarkers implicated in PANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Murgia
- Clinical Metabolomics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Gagliano
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A. Cao" Peditric Hosptal, "G. Brotzu" Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marcello G Tanca
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Noga Or-Geva
- Interdepartmental Program in Immunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Aran Hendren
- Clinical Metabolomics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Carucci
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A. Cao" Peditric Hosptal, "G. Brotzu" Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Manuela Pintor
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A. Cao" Peditric Hosptal, "G. Brotzu" Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Cera
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fausto Cossu
- Paediatric Clinic, "A. Cao" Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Sotgiu
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Clinical Metabolomics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zuddas
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A. Cao" Peditric Hosptal, "G. Brotzu" Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
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11
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Lobo DN, Gianotti L, Adiamah A, Barazzoni R, Deutz NEP, Dhatariya K, Greenhaff PL, Hiesmayr M, Hjort Jakobsen D, Klek S, Krznaric Z, Ljungqvist O, McMillan DC, Rollins KE, Panisic Sekeljic M, Skipworth RJE, Stanga Z, Stockley A, Stockley R, Weimann A. Perioperative nutrition: Recommendations from the ESPEN expert group. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3211-3227. [PMID: 32362485 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Malnutrition has been recognized as a major risk factor for adverse postoperative outcomes. The ESPEN Symposium on perioperative nutrition was held in Nottingham, UK, on 14-15 October 2018 and the aims of this document were to highlight the scientific basis for the nutritional and metabolic management of surgical patients. METHODS This paper represents the opinion of experts in this multidisciplinary field and those of a patient and caregiver, based on current evidence. It highlights the current state of the art. RESULTS Surgical patients may present with varying degrees of malnutrition, sarcopenia, cachexia, obesity and myosteatosis. Preoperative optimization can help improve outcomes. Perioperative fluid therapy should aim at keeping the patient in as near zero fluid and electrolyte balance as possible. Similarly, glycemic control is especially important in those patients with poorly controlled diabetes, with a stepwise increase in the risk of infectious complications and mortality per increasing HbA1c. Immobilization can induce a decline in basal energy expenditure, reduced insulin sensitivity, anabolic resistance to protein nutrition and muscle strength, all of which impair clinical outcomes. There is a role for pharmaconutrition, pre-, pro- and syn-biotics, with the evidence being stronger in those undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal cancer. CONCLUSIONS Nutritional assessment of the surgical patient together with the appropriate interventions to restore the energy deficit, avoid weight loss, preserve the gut microbiome and improve functional performance are all necessary components of the nutritional, metabolic and functional conditioning of the surgical patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep N Lobo
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Luca Gianotti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Alfred Adiamah
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4253, USA
| | - Ketan Dhatariya
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and General Medicine, Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of East Anglia, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Michael Hiesmayr
- Division of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Surgical Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stanislaw Klek
- General and Oncology Surgery Unit, Stanley Dudrick's Memorial Hospital, Skawina, Poland
| | - Zeljko Krznaric
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb and Zagreb School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Olle Ljungqvist
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Donald C McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katie E Rollins
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Marina Panisic Sekeljic
- Military Medical Academy, Clinic for General Surgery, Department for Perioperative Nutrition, Crnostravska Street 17, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Richard J E Skipworth
- Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Zeno Stanga
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Stockley
- Patient Public Involvement Group, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ralph Stockley
- Patient Public Involvement Group, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Arved Weimann
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Onkologische Chirurgie, Klinikum St. Georg gGmbH, Delitzscher Straße 141, 04129, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Yang YJ, Liu MM, Zhang Y, Wang ZE, Dan-Wu, Fan SJ, Wei Y, Xia L, Peng X. Effectiveness and mechanism study of glutamine on alleviating hypermetabolism in burned rats. Nutrition 2020; 79-80:110934. [PMID: 32847775 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the effects of glutamine on hypermetabolic reactions in burned rats and its underlying mechanism. METHODS Fifty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, namely, the control (C), burned (B), and burned + glutamine (B + G) groups. Rats in the glutamine treatment group were supplemented with 1 g glutamine per kg body weight. Changes in body weight and resting energy expenditure in all groups were observed daily. Blood glucose and glucose tolerance level were measured on days 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 after burn injury. On days 7 and 14 after injury, the rats were sacrificed, and the weight and protein content of the skeletal muscle were measured. Moreover, the level of glutamine, inflammatory mediator, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), glutathione, and the activity of glutamine metabolic enzymes were measured. RESULTS The hypermetabolic reaction after burn injury was significantly inhibited by glutamine administration, and the range of variations in the resting energy expenditure and body weight indicators was narrowed remarkably (P < 0.05 or 0.01), whereas the weight and protein content of the skeletal muscle returned to normal (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Glutamine could increase glutaminase activity in various tissues, promote the utilization of glutamine, and appropriately reduce the degree of organ damage and inflammatory response (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Furthermore, glutamine could promote the synthesis of the reducing substances NADPH and glutathione (P < 0.05 or 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Glutamine administration effectively reduces hypermetabolic reactions by promoting NADPH synthesis, inhibiting oxidative stress, and improving glutamine utilization after burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Yang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing China
| | - Man-Man Liu
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing China
| | - Zi En Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing China; Department of Burns, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou China
| | - Dan-Wu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing China
| | - Shi-Jun Fan
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing China
| | - Yan Wei
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing China
| | - Lin Xia
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing China
| | - Xi Peng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing China; Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing China; Department of Burns, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou China; Shriners Burns Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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13
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Knackstedt R, Oliver J, Gatherwright J. Evidence-Based Perioperative Nutrition Recommendations: Optimizing Results and Minimizing Risks. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 146:423-435. [PMID: 32740600 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000007004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plastic surgery patients span the nutritional spectrum from generally healthy, nutritionally competent patients to inherently catabolic, nutritionally deficient, and chronic wound patients. Therefore, plastic and reconstructive surgery affords the opportunity to investigate the impact of nutrition across a heterogeneous patient population following a wide variety of procedures. Although patients may be nutritionally deficient in certain vitamins warranting perioperative repletion, other supplements have the potential to benefit all patients, regardless of nutritional status. Despite these putative benefits, there is a dearth of information regarding nutritional optimization, with the limited, available literature focusing mostly on herbal supplements and their potential side effects. A significant barrier to supplement use is the lack of education and available supporting information regarding the indications, contraindications, and physiology of these adjuncts. The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based review of available nutritional supplements that can be considered for the plastic surgery patient in the perioperative period to optimize surgical outcomes while minimizing risk. Prospective, well-designed studies using validated, high-quality supplements will be critical in determining the significance that perioperative supplementation can have for surgical outcomes. Until well-done prospective studies are performed, the supplement, dose, and duration should be determined on an individual, patient-per-patient basis at the discretion of the operating surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Knackstedt
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic; the Mayo Medical School; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, MetroHealth
| | - Jeremie Oliver
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic; the Mayo Medical School; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, MetroHealth
| | - James Gatherwright
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic; the Mayo Medical School; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, MetroHealth
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14
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Metabolite changes in blood predict the onset of tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5208. [PMID: 30523338 PMCID: PMC6283869 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
New biomarkers of tuberculosis (TB) risk and disease are critical for the urgently needed control of the ongoing TB pandemic. In a prospective multisite study across Subsaharan Africa, we analyzed metabolic profiles in serum and plasma from HIV-negative, TB-exposed individuals who either progressed to TB 3–24 months post-exposure (progressors) or remained healthy (controls). We generated a trans-African metabolic biosignature for TB, which identifies future progressors both on blinded test samples and in external data sets and shows a performance of 69% sensitivity at 75% specificity in samples within 5 months of diagnosis. These prognostic metabolic signatures are consistent with development of subclinical disease prior to manifestation of active TB. Metabolic changes associated with pre-symptomatic disease are observed as early as 12 months prior to TB diagnosis, thus enabling timely interventions to prevent disease progression and transmission. The tuberculosis pandemic requires new methods for diagnosing and containing infections prior to active disease. Here, the authors performed a multi-site observational study within sub-Saharan Africa and present serum and plasma metabolic signatures that can predict the onset of active TB with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity.
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15
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Exogenous glutamine impairs neutrophils migration into infections sites elicited by lipopolysaccharide by a multistep mechanism. Amino Acids 2018; 51:451-462. [PMID: 30449005 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine (GLN) is the most abundant free amino acid in the body, and is considered as a conditionally essential amino acid under stress conditions, acting as an important modulator of the immune response. We here investigated the role of exogenous GLN treatment on leukocyte migration after the onset of endotoxemia and the intracellular mechanisms of GLN actions on neutrophils. Two in vivo models of endotoxemia caused by lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli (LPS) injection were carried out in male outbred Balb/C mice 2-3 months old, as follow: (1) LPS (50 μg/kg) was intravenously injected 1 h prior to intravenous injection of GLN (0.75 mg/kg) and samples were collected 2 h later to investigate the role of GLN on the acute lung inflammation; (2) LPS (1 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected 1 h prior to intravenous injection of GLN (0.75 mg/kg) and samples were collected 18 h later to measure the effects of GLN on local and later phases of inflammation in the peritoneum. Results showed that GLN administration reduced the number of neutrophils in the inflamed lungs, partially recovery of the reduced number of leukocytes in the blood; reduced adhesion molecules on lung endothelium and on circulating neutrophils. Moreover, GLN treatment diminished the number of neutrophils, levels of chemotactic cytokine CXCL2 in the inflamed peritoneum, and neutrophils collected from the peritoneum of GLN-treated mice presented lower levels of Rho, Rac, and JNK. Together, our data show novel mechanisms involved in the actions of GLN on neutrophils migration.
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16
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L-Glutamine uptake is developmentally regulated and is involved in metacyclogenesis in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 224:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Messana J, Uhl RL, Aldyab M, Rosenbaum AJ. Orthopaedic Primer of Nutritional Requirements for Patients with Musculoskeletal Problems. JBJS Rev 2018; 6:e2. [PMID: 29509556 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.17.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Messana
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York
| | - Richard L Uhl
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York.,Capital Region Orthopaedics, Albany, New York
| | - Mahmoud Aldyab
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York.,Capital Region Orthopaedics, Albany, New York
| | - Andrew J Rosenbaum
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York.,Capital Region Orthopaedics, Albany, New York
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18
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Eisfeld AJ, Halfmann PJ, Wendler JP, Kyle JE, Burnum-Johnson KE, Peralta Z, Maemura T, Walters KB, Watanabe T, Fukuyama S, Yamashita M, Jacobs JM, Kim YM, Casey CP, Stratton KG, Webb-Robertson BJM, Gritsenko MA, Monroe ME, Weitz KK, Shukla AK, Tian M, Neumann G, Reed JL, van Bakel H, Metz TO, Smith RD, Waters KM, N'jai A, Sahr F, Kawaoka Y. Multi-platform 'Omics Analysis of Human Ebola Virus Disease Pathogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22:817-829.e8. [PMID: 29154144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of human Ebola virus disease (EVD) is complex. EVD is characterized by high levels of virus replication and dissemination, dysregulated immune responses, extensive virus- and host-mediated tissue damage, and disordered coagulation. To clarify how host responses contribute to EVD pathophysiology, we performed multi-platform 'omics analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma from EVD patients. Our results indicate that EVD molecular signatures overlap with those of sepsis, imply that pancreatic enzymes contribute to tissue damage in fatal EVD, and suggest that Ebola virus infection may induce aberrant neutrophils whose activity could explain hallmarks of fatal EVD. Moreover, integrated biomarker prediction identified putative biomarkers from different data platforms that differentiated survivors and fatalities early after infection. This work reveals insight into EVD pathogenesis, suggests an effective approach for biomarker identification, and provides an important community resource for further analysis of human EVD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie J Eisfeld
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison (UW-Madison), Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison (UW-Madison), Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jason P Wendler
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Jennifer E Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Kristin E Burnum-Johnson
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Zuleyma Peralta
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York City, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tadashi Maemura
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kevin B Walters
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison (UW-Madison), Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tokiko Watanabe
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuyama
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Jon M Jacobs
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Cameron P Casey
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Kelly G Stratton
- Computing and Analytics Division, National Security Directorate, PNNL, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | | | - Marina A Gritsenko
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Matthew E Monroe
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Karl K Weitz
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Anil K Shukla
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Mingyuan Tian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, UW-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison (UW-Madison), Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer L Reed
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, UW-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York City, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, ISMMS, New York City, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Katrina M Waters
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Alhaji N'jai
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison (UW-Madison), Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Fourah Bay College, College of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Foday Sahr
- 34(th) Regimental Military Hospital at Wilberforce, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison (UW-Madison), Madison, WI 53706, USA; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, IMS, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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19
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Abstract
Bacteremia and sepsis are conditions associated with high mortality and are of great impact to health care operations. Among the top causes of mortality in the United States, these conditions cause over 600 fatalities each day. Empiric, broad-spectrum treatment is a common but often a costly approach that may fail to effectively target the correct microbe, may inadvertently harm patients via antimicrobial toxicity or downstream antimicrobial resistance. To meet the diagnostic challenges of bacteremia and sepsis, laboratories must understand the complexity of diagnosing and treating septic patients, in order to focus on creating algorithms that can help direct a more targeted approach to antimicrobial therapy and synergize with existing clinical practices defined in new Surviving Sepsis Guidelines. Significant advances have been made in improving blood culture media; as yet no molecular or antigen-based method has proven superior for the detection of bacteremia in terms of limit of detection. Several methods for rapid molecular identification of pathogens from blood cultures bottles are available and many more are on the diagnostic horizon. Ultimately, early intervention by molecular detection of bacteria and fungi directly from whole blood could provide the most patient benefit and contribute to tailored antibiotic coverage of the patient early on in the course of the disease. Although blood cultures remain as the best means of diagnosing bacteremia and candidemia, complementary testing with antigen tests, microbiologic investigations from other body sites, and histopathology can often aid in the diagnosis of disseminated disease, and application of emerging nucleic acid test methods and other new technology may greatly impact our ability to bacteremic and septic patients, particularly those who are immunocompromised.
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20
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Kim MH, Kim H. The Roles of Glutamine in the Intestine and Its Implication in Intestinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051051. [PMID: 28498331 PMCID: PMC5454963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine, the most abundant free amino acid in the human body, is a major substrate utilized by intestinal cells. The roles of glutamine in intestinal physiology and management of multiple intestinal diseases have been reported. In gut physiology, glutamine promotes enterocyte proliferation, regulates tight junction proteins, suppresses pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, and protects cells against apoptosis and cellular stresses during normal and pathologic conditions. As glutamine stores are depleted during severe metabolic stress including trauma, sepsis, and inflammatory bowel diseases, glutamine supplementation has been examined in patients to improve their clinical outcomes. In this review, we discuss the physiological roles of glutamine for intestinal health and its underlying mechanisms. In addition, we discuss the current evidence for the efficacy of glutamine supplementation in intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hyun Kim
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Center for Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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21
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Leite JSM, Cruzat VF, Krause M, Homem de Bittencourt PI. Physiological regulation of the heat shock response by glutamine: implications for chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases in age-related conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-016-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Minireview on Glutamine Synthetase Deficiency, an Ultra-Rare Inborn Error of Amino Acid Biosynthesis. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5040040. [PMID: 27775558 PMCID: PMC5192420 DOI: 10.3390/biology5040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a cytosolic enzyme that produces glutamine, the most abundant free amino acid in the human body. Glutamine is a major substrate for various metabolic pathways, and is thus an important factor for the functioning of many organs; therefore, deficiency of glutamine due to a defect in GS is incompatible with normal life. Mutations in the human GLUL gene (encoding for GS) can cause an ultra-rare recessive inborn error of metabolism—congenital glutamine synthetase deficiency. This disease was reported until now in only three unrelated patients, all of whom suffered from neonatal onset severe epileptic encephalopathy. The hallmark of GS deficiency in these patients was decreased levels of glutamine in body fluids, associated with chronic hyperammonemia. This review aims at recapitulating the clinical history of the three known patients with congenital GS deficiency and summarizes the findings from studies done along with the work-up of these patients. It is the aim of this paper to convince the reader that (i) this disorder is possibly underdiagnosed, since decreased concentrations of metabolites do not receive the attention they deserve; and (ii) early detection of GS deficiency may help to improve the outcome of patients who could be treated early with metabolites that are lacking in this condition.
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Ellinger S. Can specific nutrients stimulate bowel wound healing? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2016; 19:371-376. [PMID: 27348151 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of review is to provide an overview on specific nutrients which play an important role in bowel wound healing, and to judge the efficacy of supplementation to derive recommendations for clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS Glutamine, arginine, butyrate, ω-3 fatty acids, nucleotides, and several micronutrients are involved in bowel wound healing. However, with regard to clinical trials, the efficacy of supplementation of specific nutrients on bowel wound healing in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases has not been clarified yet. In patients undergoing colon surgery, sufficient evidence exists that the perioperative supply of an enteral immunomodulating formula enriched with arginine, nucleotides, and ω-3 fatty acids may improve intestinal wound healing, considering the lower risk of wound infections, wound dehiscence, and intra-abdominal abscess. SUMMARY Even if a range of nutrients are involved in bowel wound healing, only perioperative supply of an enteral immunomodulating formula to cancer patients undergoing colon surgery, can be recommended. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to elucidate the efficacy of individual nutrients on intestinal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ellinger
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Hospitality Sciences, Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach, Germany
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Bharadwaj S, Trivax B, Tandon P, Alkam B, Hanouneh I, Steiger E. Should perioperative immunonutrition for elective surgery be the current standard of care? Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2016; 4:87-95. [PMID: 27081153 PMCID: PMC4863194 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/gow008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative infectious complications are independently associated with increased hospital length of stay (LOS) and cost and contribute to significant inpatient morbidity. Many strategies such as avoidance of long periods of preoperative fasting, re-establishment of oral feeding as early as possible after surgery, metabolic control and early mobilization have been used to either prevent or reduce the incidence of postoperative infections. Despite these efforts, it remains a big challenge to our current healthcare system to mitigate the cost of postoperative morbidity. Furthermore, preoperative nutritional status has also been implicated as an independent risk factor for postoperative morbidity. Perioperative nutritional support using enteral and parenteral routes has been shown to decrease postoperative morbidity, especially in high-risk patients. Recently, the role of immunonutrition (IMN) in postoperative infectious complications has been studied extensively. These substrates have been found to positively modulate postsurgical immunosuppression and inflammatory responses. They have also been shown to be cost-effective by decreasing both tpostoperative infectious complications and hospital LOS. In this review, we discuss the postoperative positive outcomes associated with the use of perioperative IMN, their cost-effectiveness, current guidelines and future clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishira Bharadwaj
- Center for Human Nutrition, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brandon Trivax
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Parul Tandon
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bilal Alkam
- Center for Human Nutrition, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ibrahim Hanouneh
- Center for Human Nutrition, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ezra Steiger
- Center for Human Nutrition, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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The effects of enteral glutamine on radiotherapy induced dermatitis in breast cancer. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:436-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Gündoğdu RH, Temel H, Bozkırlı BO, Ersoy E, Yazgan A, Yıldırım Z. Mixture of Arginine, Glutamine, and β-hydroxy-β-methyl Butyrate Enhances the Healing of Ischemic Wounds in Rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:1045-1050. [PMID: 26826258 DOI: 10.1177/0148607115625221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effects of an amino acid mixture containing arginine, glutamine, and β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate on secondary healing of ischemic wounds in a rat model (N = 18). METHODS After the formation of a bipediculated flap on each rat, 2 full-thickness excisional skin wounds (2 × 2 cm) were created on every flap. The rats were then randomized into the control and treatment groups. Every rat received standardized rat food throughout the study. The rats in the treatment group were administered an extra 200 mg/kg of L-arginine, 200 mg/kg of L-glutamine, and 40 mg/kg of β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate per day. Wound sizes were measured on days 0, 4, 10, and 14. The rats were sacrificed, and the wounds were excised for biochemical and histologic examination on the 14th day. RESULTS As compared with the control group, the treatment group's wound sizes were significantly smaller on days 10 and 14 ( P < .001), as was its inflammatory cell accumulation score ( P = .008). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in collagen accumulation ( P = .340), granulation tissue maturation ( P = .161), angiogenesis ( P = .387), or reepithelialization ( P = .190) and no significant difference between hydroxyproline concentrations in wounds ( P = .287). DISCUSSION This amino acid combination seems to have a positive impact on the secondary healing of experimental ischemic wounds when introduced as a supplement to the standard diet, and the reduction in the inflammatory process appears to play a role in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rıza Haldun Gündoğdu
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Ankara Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hande Temel
- 2 Department of General Surgery, Gemerek State Hospital, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | - Eren Ersoy
- 4 Department of General Surgery, Güven Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylin Yazgan
- 5 Department of Pathology, Ankara Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yıldırım
- 6 Department of Biochemistry, Etimesgut Public Health Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
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Hoffer LJ. Human Protein and Amino Acid Requirements. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 40:460-74. [PMID: 26796095 DOI: 10.1177/0148607115624084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human protein and amino acid nutrition encompasses a wide, complex, frequently misunderstood, and often contentious area of clinical research and practice. This tutorial explains the basic biochemical and physiologic principles that underlie our current understanding of protein and amino acid nutrition. The following topics are discussed: (1) the identity, measurement, and essentiality of nutritional proteins; (2) the definition and determination of minimum requirements; (3) nutrition adaptation; (4) obligatory nitrogen excretion and the minimum protein requirement; (5) minimum versus optimum protein intakes; (6) metabolic responses to surfeit and deficient protein intakes; (7) body composition and protein requirements; (8) labile protein; (9) N balance; (10) the principles of protein and amino acid turnover, including an analysis of the controversial indicator amino acid oxidation technique; (11) general guidelines for evaluating protein turnover articles; (12) amino acid turnover versus clearance; (13) the protein content of hydrated amino acid solutions; (14) protein requirements in special situations, including protein-catabolic critical illness; (15) amino acid supplements and additives, including monosodium glutamate and glutamine; and (16) a perspective on the future of protein and amino acid nutrition research. In addition to providing practical information, this tutorial aims to demonstrate the importance of rigorous physiologic reasoning, stimulate intellectual curiosity, and encourage fresh ideas in this dynamic area of human nutrition. In general, references are provided only for topics that are not well covered in modern textbooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L John Hoffer
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Meta-analysis is not enough: The critical role of pathophysiology in determining optimal care in clinical nutrition. Clin Nutr 2015; 35:748-57. [PMID: 26615913 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evidence based medicine has preferably been based on prospective randomized controlled trials (PRCT's) and subsequent meta-analyses in many fields including nutrition and metabolism. These meta-analyses often yield convincing, contradictory or no proof of effectiveness. Consequently recommendations and guidelines of varying validity and quality have been published, often failing to convince the medical, insurance and government worlds to support nutritional care. Causes for lack of adequate proof of effectiveness are manifold. Many studies and meta-analyses lacked pathophysiological depth in design and interpretation. Study populations were not homogenous and endpoints not always clearly defined. Patients were included not at nutritional risk, unlikely to benefit from nutritional intervention. Others received nutrients in excess of requirements or tolerance due to organ failure. To include all available studies in a meta-analysis, study quality and homogeneity were only assessed on the basis of formal study design and outcome rather than on patient characteristics. Consequently, some studies showed benefit but included patients suffering harm, other studies were negative but contained patients that benefited. Recommendations did not always emphasize these shortcomings, confusing the medical and nutritional community and creating the impression that nutritional support is not beneficial. Strong reliance on meta-analyses and guidelines shifts the focus of education from studying clinical and nutritional physiology to memorizing guidelines. To prevent or improve malnutrition more physiological knowledge should be acquired to personalize nutritional practices and to more correctly value and evaluate the evidence. This also applies to the design and interpretation of PRCT's and meta-analyses.
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Effect of glutamine dipeptide supplementation on primary outcomes for elective major surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2015; 7:481-99. [PMID: 25584966 PMCID: PMC4303850 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate if glutamine (GLN) supplementation may affect primary outcomes in patients undergoing major elective abdominal operations, we performed a systematic literature review of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published from 1983 to 2013 and comparing intravenous glutamine dipeptide supplementation to no supplementation in elective surgical abdominal procedures. A meta-analysis for each outcome (overall and infectious morbidity and length of stay) of interest was carried out. The effect size was estimated by the risk ratio (RR) or by the weighted mean difference (WMD). Nineteen RCTs were identified with a total of 1243 patients (640 receiving GLN and 603 controls). In general, the studies were underpowered and of medium or low quality. GLN supplementation did not affect overall morbidity (RR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.36; p = 0.473) and infectious morbidity (RR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.38 to 1.07; p = 0.087). Patients treated with glutamine had a significant reduction in length of hospital stay (WMD = −2.67; 95% CI = −3.83 to −1.50; p < 0.0001). In conclusion, GLN supplementation appears to reduce hospital stay without affecting the rate of complications. The positive effect of GLN on time of hospitalization is difficult to interpret due to the lack of significant effects on surgery-related morbidity.
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Ulanet DB, Couto K, Jha A, Choe S, Wang A, Woo HK, Steadman M, DeLaBarre B, Gross S, Driggers E, Dorsch M, Hurov JB. Mesenchymal phenotype predisposes lung cancer cells to impaired proliferation and redox stress in response to glutaminase inhibition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115144. [PMID: 25502225 PMCID: PMC4264947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has highlighted glutaminase (GLS) as a key player in cancer cell metabolism, providing glutamine-derived carbon and nitrogen to pathways that support proliferation. There is significant interest in targeting GLS for cancer therapy, although the gene is not known to be mutated or amplified in tumors. As a result, identification of tractable markers that predict GLS dependence is needed for translation of GLS inhibitors to the clinic. Herein we validate a small molecule inhibitor of GLS and show that non-small cell lung cancer cells marked by low E-cadherin and high vimentin expression, hallmarks of a mesenchymal phenotype, are particularly sensitive to inhibition of the enzyme. Furthermore, lung cancer cells induced to undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) acquire sensitivity to the GLS inhibitor. Metabolic studies suggest that the mesenchymal cells have a reduced capacity for oxidative phosphorylation and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, rendering them unable to cope with the perturbations induced by GLS inhibition. These findings elucidate selective metabolic dependencies of mesenchymal lung cancer cells and suggest novel pathways as potential targets in this aggressive cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle B. Ulanet
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kiley Couto
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abhishek Jha
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sung Choe
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda Wang
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hin-Koon Woo
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mya Steadman
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Byron DeLaBarre
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stefan Gross
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edward Driggers
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marion Dorsch
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan B. Hurov
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
With regular practice, resistance exercise can lead to gains in skeletal muscle mass by means of hypertrophy. The process of skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy comes about as a result of the confluence of positive muscle protein balance and satellite cell addition to muscle fibers. Positive muscle protein balance is achieved when the rate of new muscle protein synthesis (MPS) exceeds that of muscle protein breakdown (MPB). While resistance exercise and postprandial hyperaminoacidemia both stimulate MPS, it is through the synergistic effects of these two stimuli that a net gain in muscle proteins occurs and muscle fiber hypertrophy takes place. Current evidence favors the post-exercise period as a time when rapid hyperaminoacidemia promotes a marked rise in the rate of MPS. Dietary proteins with a full complement of essential amino acids and high leucine contents that are rapidly digested are more likely to be efficacious in this regard. Various other compounds have been added to complete proteins, including carbohydrate, arginine and glutamine, in an attempt to augment the effectiveness of the protein in stimulating MPS (or suppressing MPB), but none has proved particularly effective. Evidence points to a higher protein intake in combination with resistance exercise as being efficacious in allowing preservation, and on occasion increases, in skeletal muscle mass with dietary energy restriction aimed at the promotion of weight loss. The goal of this review is to examine practices of protein ingestion in combination with resistance exercise that have some evidence for efficacy and to highlight future areas for investigation.
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Ellinger S. Micronutrients, Arginine, and Glutamine: Does Supplementation Provide an Efficient Tool for Prevention and Treatment of Different Kinds of Wounds? Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:691-707. [PMID: 25371852 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Wound-healing complications are a clinical problem with a considerable socioeconomic burden. Since several nutrients play a physiological role in wound healing, supplementation of these nutrients may improve wound healing. Recent Advances: Oral nutritional supplements and enteral formulas providing arginine, glutamine, and micronutrients such as ascorbic acid and zinc should improve the healing of pressure ulcers (PU) and the healing of surgical, traumatic, and burned wounds. Is their efficacy proved from clinical intervention trials? Critical Issues: Formulas that are rich in energy, protein, arginine, vitamin C, and zinc can improve PU healing, whereas their efficacy for PU prevention is less clear. High-dose supplementation of vitamin C, zinc, and pantothenic acid may improve the healing of surgical wounds in healthy subjects. Arginine lowers the risk of fistulas in patients undergoing elective surgery due to gastrointestinal cancer. However, formulations also enriched with n-3-fatty acids and ribonucleic acids lower the risk of several wound complications, thus being more effective than isolated arginine. Glutamine and antioxidant micronutrients (vitamin C and E, zinc, selenium, and copper) can improve the healing of surgical, traumatic, and burned wounds. Future Directions: Considerable evidence suggests that formulations, indicated especially for critically ill patients, support the healing of PU and the healing of surgical and burned wounds. However, their optimal composition with regard to the dose of individual components has to be determined in future studies. Further well-designed trials should investigate the impact of certain nutrients for the prevention of PU and for the healing of surgical wounds in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ellinger
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Hospitality Sciences, Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach, Germany
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Molnar JA, Underdown MJ, Clark WA. Nutrition and Chronic Wounds. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:663-681. [PMID: 25371850 PMCID: PMC4217039 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Nutrition is one of the most basic of medical issues and is often ignored as a problem in the management of our chronic wound patients. Unfortunately, malnutrition is widespread in our geriatric patients even in nursing homes in developed countries. Attention to basic nutrition and providing appropriate supplements may assist in the healing of our chronic wounds. Recent Advances: Recent research has revealed the epidemiology of malnutrition in developed countries, the similarities to malnutrition in developing countries, and some of the physiologic and sociologic causes for this problem. More information is now available on the biochemical effects of nutrient deficiency and supplementation with macronutrients and micronutrients. In some cases, administration of isolated nutrients beyond recommended amounts for healthy individuals may have a pharmacologic effect to help wounds heal. Critical Issues: Much of the knowledge of the nutritional support of chronic wounds is based on information that has been obtained from trauma management. Due to the demographic differences of the patients and differences in the physiology of acute and chronic wounds, it is not logical to assume that all aspects of nutritional support are identical in these patient groups. Before providing specific nutritional supplements, appropriate assessments of patient general nutritional status and the reasons for malnutrition must be obtained or specific nutrient supplementation will not be utilized. Future Directions: Future research must concentrate on the biochemical and physiologic differences of the acute and chronic wounds and the interaction with specific supplements, such as antioxidants, vitamin A, and vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Andrew Molnar
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mary Jane Underdown
- James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - William Andrew Clark
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Clinical and Rehabilitative Health Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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Marino L, Pathan N, Meyer R, Wright V, Habibi P. Glutamine depletion and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in children with meningococcal disease. Clin Nutr 2014; 33:915-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bobrovnikova-Marjon E, Hurov JB. Targeting metabolic changes in cancer: novel therapeutic approaches. Annu Rev Med 2014; 65:157-70. [PMID: 24422570 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-092012-112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies designed to target cancer metabolism are an area of intense research. Antimetabolites, first used to treat patients in the early twentieth century, served as an early proof of concept for such therapies. We highlight strategies that attempt to improve on the anti-metabolite approach as well as new metabolic drug targets. Some of these targets have the advantage of a strong genetic anchor to drive patient selection (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2, Enolase 2). Additional approaches described here derive from hypothesis-driven and systems biology efforts designed to exploit tumor cell metabolic dependencies (fatty acid oxidation, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthesis, glutamine biology).
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Chambrier C. Nutrition en postopératoire. Quand indiquer la pharmaco-nutrition en postopératoire ? NUTR CLIN METAB 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bozkırlı BO, Gündoğdu RH, Ersoy E, Lortlar N, Yıldırım Z, Temel H, Oduncu M, Karakaya J. Pilot Experimental Study on the Effect of Arginine, Glutamine, and β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate on Secondary Wound Healing. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 39:591-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607113520433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rıza H. Gündoğdu
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eren Ersoy
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neşe Lortlar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zuhal Yıldırım
- Department of Biochemistry, Etimesgut Public Health Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hande Temel
- Department of General Surgery, Gemerek State Hospital, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Oduncu
- Department of General Surgery, Siverek State Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Jale Karakaya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Prise en charge nutritionnelle au cours du syndrome de détresse respiratoire de l’adulte. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-014-0847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hoffer LJ, Bistrian BR. Why critically ill patients are protein deprived. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 37:300-9. [PMID: 23459750 DOI: 10.1177/0148607113478192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Critical illness dramatically increases muscle proteolysis and more than doubles the dietary protein requirement. Yet surprisingly, most critically ill patients receive less than half the recommended amount of protein during their stay in a modern intensive care unit. What could explain the wide gap between the recommendations in clinical care guidelines and actual clinical practice? We suggest that an important aspect of the problem is the failure of guidelines to explain the pathophysiology of protein-energy malnutrition and the ways critical illness modifies protein metabolism. The difficulty created by the lack of a framework for reasoning about appropriate protein provision in critical illness is compounded by the many ambiguous and often contradictory ways the word malnutrition is used in the critical care literature. Failing to elucidate these matters, the recommendations for protein provision in the guidelines are incoherent, unconvincing, and easy to ignore.
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Affiliation(s)
- L John Hoffer
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:86-94. [PMID: 23298962 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32835cb4f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Zatarain L, Savani BN. The role of nutrition and effects on the cytokine milieu in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:6-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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