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Saha P, Sisodia SS. Role of the gut microbiome in mediating sex-specific differences in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Neurotherapeutics 2024:e00426. [PMID: 39054179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents distinct pathophysiological features influenced by biological sex, with women disproportionately affected due to sex-specific genetic, hormonal, and epigenetic factors. This review delves into three critical areas of sex differences in AD: First, we explore how genetic predisposition and hormonal changes, particularly those involving sex-specific modifications, influence susceptibility and progression of the disease. Second, we examine the neuroimmune dynamics in AD, emphasizing variations in microglial activity between sexes during crucial developmental stages and the effects of hormonal interventions on disease outcomes. Crucially, this review highlights the significant role of gut microbiome perturbations in shaping AD pathophysiology in a sex-specific manner, suggesting that these alterations can further influence microglial activity and overall disease trajectory. Third, we provide a viewpoint that advocates for personalized therapeutic strategies that integrate the understanding of hormonal fluctuations and microbiome dynamics into treatment plans in order to optimize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Saha
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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2
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Tang X, Walter E, Wohleb E, Fan Y, Wang C. ATG5 (autophagy related 5) in microglia controls hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer disease. Autophagy 2024; 20:847-862. [PMID: 37915255 PMCID: PMC11062374 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2277634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is the intracellular degradation process of cytoplasmic content and damaged organelles. Autophagy is strongly associated with the progression of Alzheimer disease (AD). Microglia are brain-resident macrophages, and recent studies indicate that autophagy in microglia protects neurons from neurodegeneration. Postnatal neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons from adult neural stem cells (NSCs), is impaired in AD patients as well as in AD animal models. However, the extent to which microglial autophagy influences adult NSCs and neurogenesis in AD animal models has not been studied. Here, we showed that conditional knock out (cKO) of Atg5 (autophagy related 5) in microglia inhibited postnatal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, but not in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of a 5×FAD mouse model. Interestingly, the protection of neurogenesis by Atg5 in microglia was only observed in female AD mice. To confirm the roles of autophagy in microglia for postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis, we generated additional cKO mice to delete autophagy essential genes Rb1cc1 or Atg14 in microglia. However, these rb1cc1 cKO and atg14 cKO mice did not exhibit neurogenesis defects in the context of a female AD mouse model. Last, we used the CSF1R antagonist to deplete ATG5-deficient microglia and this intervention restored neurogenesis in the hippocampus of 5×FAD mice. These results indicate that microglial ATG5 is essential to maintain postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in a mouse model of AD. Our findings further support the notion that ATG5 in microglia supports NSC health and may prevent neurodegeneration.Abbreviations: 5×FAD: familial Alzheimer disease; Aβ: β-amyloid; AD: Alzheimer disease; AIF1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; ATG: autophagy related; BrdU: 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; CA: Cornu Ammonis; cKO: conditional knock out; CSF1R: colony stimulating factor 1 receptor; Ctrl: control; DCX: doublecortin; DG: dentate gyrus; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; GZ: granular zone; H&E: hematoxylin and eosin; IF: immunofluorescence; LD: lipid droplet; LDAM: lipid droplets accumulated microglia; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; MAP1LC3B/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; NSCs: neural stem cells; RB1CC1: RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1; SOX2: SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2; SGZ: subgranular zone; SVZ: subventricular zone; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ellen Walter
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chenran Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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3
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Harris BN, Yavari M, Ramalingam L, Mounce PL, Alers Maldonado K, Chavira AC, Thomas S, Scoggin S, Biltz C, Moustaid-Moussa N. Impact of Long-Term Dietary High Fat and Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Behavior and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Amyloidogenic APPswe/PSEN1dE9 Mice. Neuroendocrinology 2024; 114:553-576. [PMID: 38301617 PMCID: PMC11153005 DOI: 10.1159/000536586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) alters neurocognitive and emotional function and causes dysregulation of multiple homeostatic processes. The leading AD framework pins amyloid beta plaques and tau tangles as primary drivers of dysfunction. However, many additional variables, including diet, stress, sex, age, and pain tolerance, interact in ways that are not fully understood to impact the onset and progression of AD pathophysiology. We asked: (1) does high-fat diet, compared to low-fat diet, exacerbate AD pathophysiology and behavioral decline? And, (2) can supplementation with eicosapentaenoic (EPA)-enriched fish oil prevent high-fat-diet-induced changes? METHODS Male and female APPswePSdE9 mice, and their non-transgenic littermates, were randomly assigned to a diet condition (low-fat, high-fat, high-fat with EPA) and followed from 2 to 10 months of age. We assessed baseline corticosterone concentration during aging, pain tolerance, cognitive function, stress coping, and corticosterone response to a stressor. RESULTS Transgenic mice were consistently more active than non-transgenic mice but did not perform worse on either cognitive task, even though we recently reported that these same transgenic mice exhibited metabolic changes and had increased amyloid beta. Mice fed high-fat diet had higher baseline and post-stressor corticosterone, but diet did not impact cognition or pain tolerance. Sex had the biggest influence, as female mice were consistently more active and had higher corticosterone than males. CONCLUSION Overall, diet, genotype, and sex did not have consistent impacts on outcomes. We found little support for predicted interactions and correlations, suggesting diet impacts metabolic function and amyloid beta levels, but these outcomes do not translate to changes in behaviors measured here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N. Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University
| | - Mahsa Yavari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University
- Current address: Department of Molecular Metabolism, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University
- Current address: Department of Nutritional and Food Studies Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
| | - P. Logan Mounce
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Angela C. Chavira
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Sarah Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Shane Scoggin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Caroline Biltz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University
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Pait MC, Kaye SD, Su Y, Kumar A, Singh S, Gironda SC, Vincent S, Anwar M, Carroll CM, Snipes JA, Lee J, Furdui CM, Deep G, Macauley SL. Novel method for collecting hippocampal interstitial fluid extracellular vesicles (EV ISF ) reveals sex-dependent changes in microglial EV proteome in response to Aβ pathology. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12398. [PMID: 38191961 PMCID: PMC10774707 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an active role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), relaying important physiological information about their host tissues. The internal cargo of EVs is protected from degradation, making EVs attractive AD biomarkers. However, it is unclear how circulating EVs relate to EVs isolated from disease-vulnerable brain regions. We developed a novel method for collecting EVs from the hippocampal interstitial fluid (ISF) of live mice. EVs (EVISF ) were isolated via ultracentrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, immunogold labelling, and flow cytometry. Mass spectrometry and proteomic analyses were performed on EVISF cargo. EVISF were 40-150 nm in size and expressed CD63, CD9, and CD81. Using a model of cerebral amyloidosis (e.g., APPswe, PSEN1dE9 mice), we found protein concentration increased but protein diversity decreased with Aβ deposition. Genotype, age, and Aβ deposition modulated proteostasis- and immunometabolic-related pathways. Changes in the microglial EVISF proteome were sexually dimorphic and associated with a differential response of plaque associated microglia. We found that female APP/PS1 mice have more amyloid plaques, less plaque associated microglia, and a less robust- and diverse- EVISF microglial proteome. Thus, in vivo microdialysis is a novel technique for collecting EVISF and offers a unique opportunity to explore the role of EVs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C. Pait
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sarah D. Kaye
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Yixin Su
- Department of Cancer BiologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Cancer BiologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Department of Cancer BiologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Stephen C. Gironda
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Samantha Vincent
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Maria Anwar
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Caitlin M. Carroll
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - James Andy Snipes
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jingyun Lee
- Department of Internal MedicineSection on Molecular MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared ResourceWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Cristina M. Furdui
- Department of Internal MedicineSection on Molecular MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared ResourceWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer CenterWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer BiologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer CenterWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Center for Research on Substance Use and AddictionWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- J Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's PreventionWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Shannon L. Macauley
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- J Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's PreventionWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Internal MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Center for Diabetes and MetabolismWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Cardiovascular Sciences CenterWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
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5
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Carrero L, Antequera D, Alcalde I, Megias D, Ordoñez-Gutierrez L, Gutierrez C, Merayo-Lloves J, Wandosell F, Municio C, Carro E. Altered Clock Gene Expression in Female APP/PS1 Mice and Aquaporin-Dependent Amyloid Accumulation in the Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15679. [PMID: 37958666 PMCID: PMC10648501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by different pathological symptomatology, including disrupted circadian rhythm. The regulation of circadian rhythm depends on the light information that is projected from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. Studies of AD patients and AD transgenic mice have revealed AD retinal pathology, including amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation that can directly interfere with the regulation of the circadian cycle. Although the cause of AD pathology is poorly understood, one of the main risk factors for AD is female gender. Here, we found that female APP/PS1 mice at 6- and 12-months old display severe circadian rhythm disturbances and retinal pathological hallmarks, including Aβ deposits in retinal layers. Since brain Aβ transport is facilitated by aquaporin (AQP)4, the expression of AQPs were also explored in APP/PS1 retina to investigate a potential correlation between retinal Aβ deposits and AQPs expression. Important reductions in AQP1, AQP4, and AQP5 were detected in the retinal tissue of these transgenic mice, mainly at 6-months of age. Taken together, our findings suggest that abnormal transport of Aβ, mediated by impaired AQPs expression, contributes to the retinal degeneration in the early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carrero
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.); (D.A.); (C.G.)
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Autonoma de Madrid University, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Desireé Antequera
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.); (D.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Ignacio Alcalde
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, 28012 Oviedo, Spain; (I.A.); (J.M.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Diego Megias
- Advanced Optical Microscopy Unit, Unidades Centrales Científico-Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Lara Ordoñez-Gutierrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-G.); (F.W.)
| | - Cristina Gutierrez
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.); (D.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, 28012 Oviedo, Spain; (I.A.); (J.M.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-G.); (F.W.)
| | - Cristina Municio
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.); (D.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Eva Carro
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.); (D.A.); (C.G.)
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6
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Mohamed-Mohamed H, García-Morales V, Sánchez Lara EM, González-Acedo A, Pardo-Moreno T, Tovar-Gálvez MI, Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Ramos-Rodríguez JJ. Physiological Mechanisms Inherent to Diabetes Involved in the Development of Dementia: Alzheimer's Disease. Neurol Int 2023; 15:1253-1272. [PMID: 37873836 PMCID: PMC10594452 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disease reaching pandemic levels worldwide. In parallel, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the two leading causes of dementia in an increasingly long-living Western society. Numerous epidemiological studies support the role of T2D as a risk factor for the development of dementia. However, few basic science studies have focused on the possible mechanisms involved in this relationship. On the other hand, this review of the literature also aims to explore the relationship between T2D, AD and VaD. The data found show that there are several alterations in the central nervous system that may be promoting the development of T2D. In addition, there are some mechanisms by which T2D may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD or VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himan Mohamed-Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - Victoria García-Morales
- Physiology Area, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Pl. Falla, 9, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Encarnación María Sánchez Lara
- Department of Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta), University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain;
| | - Anabel González-Acedo
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Pardo-Moreno
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - María Isabel Tovar-Gálvez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
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Dou Y, Tan Y. Presequence protease reverses mitochondria-specific amyloid-β-induced mitophagy to protect mitochondria. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22890. [PMID: 37002885 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200216rrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is accumulated in the mitochondria and has been shown to play a central role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been shown that exposure of neurons to aggregated Aβ can result in damaged mitochondria and dysregulated mitophagy, indicating that changes in the Aβ content of mitochondria may affect the levels of mitophagy and interfere with the progression of AD. However, the direct influence of mitochondrial Aβ on mitophagy has not been elucidated. In the present study, the effect of the mitochondria-specific Aβ was assessed following a direct change of Aβ content in the mitochondria. We directly change mitochondrial Aβ by transfecting cells with mitochondria-associated plasmids, including the mitochondrial outer membrane protein translocase 22 (TOMM22) and 40 (TOMM40) or presequence protease (PreP) overexpression plasmids. The changes in the levels of mitophagy were assessed by TEM, Western blot, mito-Keima construct, organelle tracker, and probe JC-1 assay. We demonstrated that increased mitochondrial Aβ content enhance mitophagy levels; overexpression of PreP could reverse the mitochondrial Aβ-induced mitophagy levels in vivo and in vitro by reversing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the mitochondrial membrane potential. The data provide novel insight into the role of mitochondria-specific Aβ in the progression of AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Dou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
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8
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Zhou L, Kong J, Li X, Ren Q. Sex differences in the effects of sleep disorders on cognitive dysfunction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105067. [PMID: 36716906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is an essential physiological function that sustains human life. Sleep disorders involve problems with the quality, duration, and abnormal behaviour of sleep. Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder, followed by sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Sleep disorders often occur along with medical conditions or other mental health conditions. Of particular interest to researchers is the role of sleep disorders in cognitive dysfunction. Sleep disorder is a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction, yet the exact pathogenesis is still far from agreement. Little is known about how sex differences influence the changes in cognitive functions caused by sleep disorders. This narrative review examines how sleep disorders might affect cognitive impairment, and then explores the sex-specific consequences of sleep disorders as a risk factor for dementia and the potential underlying mechanisms. Some insights on the direction of further research are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Zhou
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingting Kong
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qingguo Ren
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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9
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Sánchez CQ, Schmitt FW, Curdt N, Westhoff AC, Bänfer IWH, Bayer TA, Bouter Y. Search Strategy Analysis of 5xFAD Alzheimer Mice in the Morris Water Maze Reveals Sex- and Age-Specific Spatial Navigation Deficits. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020599. [PMID: 36831135 PMCID: PMC9953202 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial disorientation and navigational impairments are not only some of the first memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease, but are also very disease-specific. In rodents, the Morris Water Maze is used to investigate spatial navigation and memory. Here, we examined the spatial memory in the commonly used 5xFAD Alzheimer mouse model in a sex- and age-dependent manner. Our findings show first spatial learning deficits in 7-month-old female 5xFAD and 12-month-old male 5xFAD mice, respectively. While the assessment of spatial working memory using escape latencies provides a global picture of memory performance, it does not explain how an animal solves a spatial task. Therefore, a detailed analysis of swimming strategies was performed to better understand the behavioral differences between 5xFAD and WT mice. 5xFAD mice used a qualitatively and quantitatively different search strategy pattern than wildtype animals that used more non-spatial strategies and showed allocentric-specific memory deficits. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of swimming strategies revealed allocentric memory deficits in the probe trial in female 3-month-old and male 7-month-old 5xFAD animals before the onset of severe reference memory deficits. Overall, we could demonstrate that spatial navigation deficits in 5xFAD mice are age- and sex-dependent, with female mice being more severely affected. In addition, the implementation of a search strategy classification system allowed an earlier detection of behavioral differences and therefore could be a powerful tool for preclinical drug testing in the 5xFAD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Quintanilla Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Franziska W. Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Curdt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anna Celine Westhoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Irina Wanda Helene Bänfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Bayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Bouter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Estévez-Silva HM, Cuesto G, Romero N, Brito-Armas JM, Acevedo-Arozena A, Acebes Á, Marcellino DJ. Pridopidine Promotes Synaptogenesis and Reduces Spatial Memory Deficits in the Alzheimer's Disease APP/PS1 Mouse Model. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1566-1587. [PMID: 35917088 PMCID: PMC9606189 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptor agonists have recently gained a great deal of interest due to their anti-amnesic, neuroprotective, and neurorestorative properties. Compounds such as PRE-084 or pridopidine (ACR16) are being studied as a potential treatment against cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disease, also to include Alzheimer's disease. Here, we performed in vitro experiments using primary neuronal cell cultures from rats to evaluate the abilities of ACR16 and PRE-084 to induce new synapses and spines formation, analyzing the expression of the possible genes and proteins involved. We additionally examined their neuroprotective properties against neuronal death mediated by oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. Both ACR16 and PRE-084 exhibited a concentration-dependent neuroprotective effect against NMDA- and H2O2-related toxicity, in addition to promoting the formation of new synapses and dendritic spines. However, only ACR16 generated dendritic spines involved in new synapse establishment, maintaining a more expanded activation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling cascades. Consequently, ACR16 was also evaluated in vivo, and a dose of 1.5 mg/kg/day was administered intraperitoneally in APP/PS1 mice before performing the Morris water maze. ACR16 diminished the spatial learning and memory deficits observed in APP/PS1 transgenic mice via PI3K/Akt pathway activation. These data point to ACR16 as a pharmacological tool to prevent synapse loss and memory deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease, due to its neuroprotective properties against oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, as well as the promotion of new synapses and spines through a mechanism that involves AKT and ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor M Estévez-Silva
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Germán Cuesto
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ninovska Romero
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - José Miguel Brito-Armas
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, ITB-ULL/CIBERNED, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Abraham Acevedo-Arozena
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, ITB-ULL/CIBERNED, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel Acebes
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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11
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Hsieh CJ, Hou C, Zhu Y, Lee JY, Kohli N, Gallagher E, Xu K, Lee H, Li S, McManus MJ, Mach RH. [ 18F]ROStrace detects oxidative stress in vivo and predicts progression of Alzheimer's disease pathology in APP/PS1 mice. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:43. [PMID: 35895177 PMCID: PMC9329498 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, tracking oxidative stress in the brain has proven difficult and impeded its use as a biomarker. Herein, we investigate the utility of a novel positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, [18F]ROStrace, as a biomarker of oxidative stress throughout the course of AD in the well-established APP/PS1 double-mutant mouse model. PET imaging studies were conducted in wild-type (WT) and APP/PS1 mice at 3 different time points, representing early (5 mo.), middle (10 mo.), and advanced (16 mo.) life (n = 6-12, per sex). Semi-quantitation SUVRs of the plateau phase (40-60 min post-injection; SUVR40-60) of ten brain subregions were designated by the Mirrione atlas and analyzed by Pmod. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was used to distinguish brain regions with elevated ROS in APP/PS1 relative to WT in both sexes. The PET studies were validated by ex vivo autoradiography and immunofluorescence with the parent compound, dihydroethidium. RESULTS [18F]ROStrace retention was increased in the APP/PS1 brain compared to age-matched controls by 10 mo. of age (p < 0.0001) and preceded the accumulation of oxidative damage in APP/PS1 neurons at 16 mo. (p < 0.005). [18F]ROStrace retention and oxidative damages were higher and occurred earlier in female APP/PS1 mice as measured by PET (p < 0.001), autoradiography, and immunohistochemistry (p < 0.05). [18F]ROStrace differences emerged midlife, temporally and spatially correlating with increased Aβ burden (r2 = 0.36; p = 0.0003), which was also greatest in the female brain (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS [18F]ROStrace identifies increased oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 female mice, concurrent with increased amyloid burden midlife. Differences in oxidative stress during this crucial time may partially explain the sexual dimorphism in AD. [18F]ROStrace may provide a long-awaited tool to stratify at-risk patients who may benefit from antioxidant therapy prior to irreparable neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ju Hsieh
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Catherine Hou
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Ji Youn Lee
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Neha Kohli
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Evan Gallagher
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Kuiying Xu
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Hsiaoju Lee
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Shihong Li
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Meagan J. McManus
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Robert H. Mach
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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12
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O’Neill E, Mela V, Gaban AS, Bechet S, McGrath A, Walsh A, McIntosh A, Lynch MA. Sex-Related Microglial Perturbation Is Related to Mitochondrial Changes in a Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:939830. [PMID: 35875349 PMCID: PMC9297004 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.939830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies implicate microglia in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but precisely how these cells make their impact has not been determined to date. One contributory factor is likely to be the enhanced production of inflammatory mediators and it is now known that microglia with this secretory phenotype exhibit other adaptations including in their morphology, function, and metabolism. AD, like many neurological disorders, demonstrates a sex bias and recent evidence indicates that the sexual dimorphism in microglial function, which has been recognized for many years in early development, persists into adulthood and aging. Here, we demonstrate sex-related differences in microglia from post mortem tissue of male and female AD patients and a marked increase in the number of dystrophic and rod-shaped microglia in tissue from female AD patients compared with males. Furthermore, there was an increase in iron-laden microglia in tissue from female AD patients and this has been reported to reflect mitochondrial changes. To address this further, we assessed changes in microglia from male and female APP/PS1 mice and demonstrate that iron accumulation in microglia is increased to a greater extent in tissue prepared from females compared with males. This was associated with altered expression of genes coding for proteins that modulate mitochondrial function. The findings suggest that sex-related differences in the severity and perhaps incidence of AD may, at least in part, arise from sexual dimorphism in microglia.
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13
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Protective Effects against the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease in an Animal Model through Active Immunization with Methionine-Sulfoxide Rich Protein Antigen. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040775. [PMID: 35453459 PMCID: PMC9029927 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain during Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is under severe oxidative attack by reactive oxygen species that may lead to methionine oxidation. Oxidation of the sole methionine (Met35) of beta-amyloid (Aβ), and possibly methionine residues of other extracellular proteins, may be one of the earliest events contributing to the toxicity of Aβ and other proteins in vivo. In the current study, we immunized transgenic AD (APP/PS1) mice at 4 months of age with a recombinant methionine sulfoxide (MetO)-rich protein from Zea mays (antigen). This treatment induced the production of anti-MetO antibody in blood-plasma that exhibits a significant titer up to at least 10 months of age. Compared to the control mice, the antigen-injected mice exhibited the following significant phenotypes at 10 months of age: better short and long memory capabilities; reduced Aβ levels in both blood-plasma and brain; reduced Aβ burden and MetO accumulations in astrocytes in hippocampal and cortical regions; reduced levels of activated microglia; and elevated antioxidant capabilities (through enhanced nuclear localization of the transcription factor Nrf2) in the same brain regions. These data collected in a preclinical AD model are likely translational, showing that active immunization could give a possibility of delaying or preventing AD onset. This study represents a first step toward the complex way of starting clinical trials in humans and conducting the further confirmations that are needed to go in this direction.
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14
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Lynch MA. Exploring Sex-Related Differences in Microglia May Be a Game-Changer in Precision Medicine. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:868448. [PMID: 35431903 PMCID: PMC9009390 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.868448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One area of microglial biology that has been relatively neglected until recently is sex differences and this is in spite of the fact that sex is a risk factor in several diseases that are characterized by neuroinflammation and, by extension, microglial activation. Why these sex differences exist is not known but the panoply of differences extend to microglial number, genotype and phenotype. Significantly, several of these sex-related differences are also evident in health and change during life emphasizing the dynamic and plastic nature of microglia. This review will consider how age impacts on sex-related differences in microglia and ask whether the advancement of personalized medicine demands that a greater focus is placed on studying sex-related differences in microglia in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and models of inflammatory stress and trauma in order to make true progress in dealing with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Lynch
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Curdt N, Schmitt FW, Bouter C, Iseni T, Weile HC, Altunok B, Beindorff N, Bayer TA, Cooke MB, Bouter Y. Search strategy analysis of Tg4-42 Alzheimer Mice in the Morris Water Maze reveals early spatial navigation deficits. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5451. [PMID: 35361814 PMCID: PMC8971530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial disorientation is one of the earliest symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease and allocentric deficits can already be detected in the asymptomatic preclinical stages of the disease. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) is used to study spatial learning in rodent models. Here we investigated the spatial memory of female 3, 7 and 12 month-old Alzheimer Tg4-42 mice in comparison to wild-type control animals. Conventional behavior analysis of escape latencies and quadrant preference revealed spatial memory and reference memory deficits in female 7 and 12 month-old Tg4-42 mice. In contrast, conventional analysis of the MWM indicated an intact spatial memory in 3 month-old Tg4-42 mice. However, a detailed analysis of the swimming strategies demonstrated allocentric-specific memory deficits in 3 month-old Tg4-42 mice before the onset of severe memory deficits. Furthermore, we could show that the spatial reference memory deficits in aged Tg4-42 animals are caused by the lack of allocentric and spatial strategies. Analyzing search strategies in the MWM allows to differentiate between hippocampus-dependent allocentric and hippocampus-independent egocentric search strategies. The spatial navigation impairments in young Tg4-42 mice are well in line with the hypometabolism and synaptic deficits in the hippocampus. Therefore, analyzing search strategies in the Tg4-42 model can be a powerful tool for preclinical drug testing and identifying early therapeutic successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Curdt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska W Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Bouter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Trendelina Iseni
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hanna C Weile
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Berfin Altunok
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicola Beindorff
- Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas A Bayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthew B Cooke
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yvonne Bouter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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16
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Xiao Y, Gong X, Deng R, Liu W, Yang Y, Wang X, Wang J, Bao J, Shu X. Iron Chelation Remits Memory Deficits Caused by the High-Fat Diet in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:1959-1971. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Obesity is a worldwide health problem that has been implicated in many diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and is characterized by two pathologies, including extracellular senior plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau. According to current research, a high-fat diet (HFD) could exacerbate Aβ accumulation, oxidative damage, and cognitive defects in AD mice. However, the accurate role of HFD in the pathogenesis of AD is far more unclear. Objective: To explore the accurate role of HFD in the pathogenesis of AD. Methods: Open Field, Barns Maze, Elevated zero-maze, Contextual fear condition, Tail suspension test, western blotting, immunofluorescence, Fluoro-Jade C Labeling, Perls’ Prussian blue staining, and ELISA were used. Results: HFD caused nonheme iron overload in the brains of APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice. Furthermore, the administration of M30 (0.5 mg/kg) for iron chelation once every 2 days per os (p.o.) for 1 month remitted memory deficits caused by HFD in APP/PS1 mice. Notably, a variety of hematological parameters in whole blood had no difference after iron chelation. In addition, iron chelation effectively reduced synaptic impairment in hippocampus and neuronal degeneration in cortex in the HFD-fed APP/PS1 mice. Meanwhile, iron chelation decreased Aβ 1–40 and Aβ 1–42 level as well as neuroinflammation in HFD-fed APP/PS1 mice. Conclusion: These data enhance our understanding of how HFD aggravates AD pathology and cognitive impairments and might shed light on future preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xiao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaokang Gong
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ronghua Deng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youhua Yang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianzhi Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Bao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiji Shu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
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17
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Shepherd A, Zhang T, Hoffmann LB, Zeleznikow-Johnston AM, Churilov L, Hannan AJ, Burrows EL. A Preclinical Model of Computerized Cognitive Training: Touchscreen Cognitive Testing Enhances Cognition and Hippocampal Cellular Plasticity in Wildtype and Alzheimer's Disease Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:766745. [PMID: 34938165 PMCID: PMC8685297 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.766745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the growing popularity of touchscreen cognitive testing in rodents, it is imperative to understand the fundamental effects exposure to this paradigm can have on the animals involved. In this study, we set out to assess hippocampal-dependant learning in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) on two highly translatable touchscreen tasks – the Paired Associate Learning (PAL) task and the Trial Unique Non-Matching to Location (TUNL) task. Both of these tests are based on human tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and are sensitive to deficits in both mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Mice were assessed for deficits in PAL at 9–12 months of age, then on TUNL at 8–11 and 13–16 months. No cognitive deficits were evident in APP/PS1 mice at any age, contrary to previous reports using maze-based learning and memory tasks. We hypothesized that daily and long-term touchscreen training may have inadvertently acted as a cognitive enhancer. When touchscreen-tested mice were assessed on the Morris water maze, they showed improved task acquisition compared to naïve APP/PS1 mice and wild-type (WT) littermate controls. In addition, we show that touchscreen-trained WT and APP/PS1 mice show increased cell proliferation and immature neuron numbers in the dentate gyrus compared to behaviorally naïve WT and APP/PS1 mice. This result indicates that the touchscreen testing paradigm could improve cognitive performance, and/or mask an impairment, in experimental mouse models. This touchscreen-induced cognitive enhancement may involve increased neurogenesis, and possibly other forms of cellular plasticity. This is the first study to show increased numbers of proliferating cells and immature neurons in the hippocampus following touchscreen testing, and that touchscreen training can improve cognitive performance in maze-based spatial navigation tasks. This potential for touchscreen testing to induce cognitive enhancement, or other phenotypic shifts, in preclinical models should be considered in study design. Furthermore, touchscreen-mediated cognitive enhancement could have therapeutic implications for cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Shepherd
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracy Zhang
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucas B Hoffmann
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ariel M Zeleznikow-Johnston
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leonid Churilov
- Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma L Burrows
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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18
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Bouter C, Irwin C, Franke TN, Beindorff N, Bouter Y. Quantitative Brain Positron Emission Tomography in Female 5XFAD Alzheimer Mice: Pathological Features and Sex-Specific Alterations. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:745064. [PMID: 34901060 PMCID: PMC8661108 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.745064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful back-translating clinical biomarkers and molecular imaging methods of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including positron emission tomography (PET), are very valuable for the evaluation of new therapeutic strategies and increase the quality of preclinical studies. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)–PET and 18F-Florbetaben–PET are clinically established biomarkers capturing two key pathological features of AD. However, the suitability of 18F-FDG– and amyloid–PET in the widely used 5XFAD mouse model of AD is still unclear. Furthermore, only data on male 5XFAD mice have been published so far, whereas studies in female mice and possible sex differences in 18F-FDG and 18F-Florbetaben uptake are missing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of 18F-FDG– and 18F-Florbetaben–PET in 7-month-old female 5XFAD and to assess possible sex differences between male and female 5XFAD mice. We could demonstrate that female 5XFAD mice showed a significant reduction in brain glucose metabolism and increased cerebral amyloid deposition compared with wild type animals, in accordance with the pathology seen in AD patients. Furthermore, we showed for the first time that the hypometabolism in 5XFAD mice is gender-dependent and more pronounced in female mice. Therefore, these results support the feasibility of small animal PET imaging with 18F-FDG- and 18F-Florbetaben in 5XFAD mice in both, male and female animals. Moreover, our findings highlight the need to account for sex differences in studies working with 5XFAD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bouter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Irwin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timon N Franke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicola Beindorff
- Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Bouter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Microglial metabolism is a pivotal factor in sexual dimorphism in Alzheimer's disease. Commun Biol 2021; 4:711. [PMID: 34112929 PMCID: PMC8192523 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age and sex are major risk factors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a higher incidence of the disease in females. Neuroinflammation, which is a hallmark of AD, contributes to disease pathogenesis and is inexorably linked with inappropriate microglial activation and neurodegeneration. We investigated sex-related differences in microglia in APP/PS1 mice and in post-mortem tissue from AD patients. Changes in genes that are indicative of microglial activation were preferentially increased in cells from female APP/PS1 mice and cells from males and females were morphological, metabolically and functionally distinct. Microglia from female APP/PS1 mice were glycolytic and less phagocytic and associated with increased amyloidosis whereas microglia from males were amoeboid and this was also the case in post-mortem tissue from male AD patients, where plaque load was reduced. We propose that the sex-related differences in microglia are likely to explain, at least in part, the sexual dimorphism in AD.
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20
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Jiang N, Cupolillo D, Grosjean N, Muller E, Deforges S, Mulle C, Amédée T. Impaired plasticity of intrinsic excitability in the dentate gyrus alters spike transfer in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105345. [PMID: 33766653 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive decline related to deficits in synaptic transmission and plasticity. We report in APP/PS1 mice, a double transgenic mouse model of AD, that females displayed an early burden of Aβ plaques load in the stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus (DG) together with prominent neuroinflammatory activation of astrocytes and microglia. Robust deficits in hippocampus-dependent memory tasks were observed in APP/PS1 female mice as early as 3 months of age. We then studied the functional properties of the lateral perforant path (LPP) to DG granule cells. Remarkably DG granule cells displayed higher intrinsic excitability in APP/PS1 female mice. We showed that the long term potentiation of population spike amplitude induced by high frequency stimulation (HFS) at LPP-DG granule cells synapse is impaired in APP/PS1 female mice. HFS induced plasticity of intrinsic excitability in DG granule cells without inducing noticeable modification of synaptic strength. Furthermore, the enhanced intrinsic excitability was potentiated to a greater extent in APP/PS1 as compared to control mice following HFS. Our study shows that changes in the intrinsic excitability of DG granule cells in AD contribute to the dysfunctional transfer of information from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Dario Cupolillo
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Noelle Grosjean
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Emeline Muller
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Séverine Deforges
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Mulle
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Amédée
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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21
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Locci A, Orellana H, Rodriguez G, Gottliebson M, McClarty B, Dominguez S, Keszycki R, Dong H. Comparison of memory, affective behavior, and neuropathology in APP NLGF knock-in mice to 5xFAD and APP/PS1 mice. Behav Brain Res 2021; 404:113192. [PMID: 33607163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models of Aβ amyloidosis generated by knock-in of a humanized Aβ sequence can offer some advantages over the transgenic models that overexpress amyloid precursor protein (APP). However, systematic comparison of memory, behavioral, and neuropathological phenotypes between these models has not been well documented. In this study, we compared memory and affective behavior in APPNLGF mice, an APP knock-in model, to two widely used mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, 5xFAD and APP/PS1 mice, at 10 months of age. We found that, despite similar deficits in working memory, object recognition, and social recognition memory, APPNLGF and 5xFAD mice but not APP/PS1 mice show compelling anxiety- and depressive-like behavior, and exhibited a marked impairment of social interaction. We quantified corticolimbic Aβ plaques, which were lowest in APPNLGF, intermediate in APP/PS1, and highest in 5xFAD mice. Interestingly, analysis of plaque size revealed that plaques were largest in APP/PS1 mice, intermediate in 5xFAD mice, and smallest in APPNLGF mice. Finally, we observed a significantly higher percentage of the area occupied by plaques in both 5xFAD and APP/PS1 relative to APPNLGF mice. Overall, our findings suggest that the severity of Aβ neuropathology is not directly correlated with memory and affective behavior impairments between these three transgenic mouse models. Additionally, APPNLGF may represent a valid mouse model for studying AD comorbid with anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Locci
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hector Orellana
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Guadalupe Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Meredith Gottliebson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Bryan McClarty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sky Dominguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Rachel Keszycki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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22
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Karunakaran S. Unraveling Early Signs of Navigational Impairment in APPswe/PS1dE9 Mice Using Morris Water Maze. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:568200. [PMID: 33384577 PMCID: PMC7770143 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.568200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild behavioral deficits, which are part of normal aging, can be early indicators of an impending Alzheimer's disease. Using the APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, we utilized the Morris water maze spatial learning paradigm to systematically evaluate mild behavioral deficits that occur during the early stages of disease pathogenesis. Conventional behavioral analysis using this model indicates that spatial memory is intact at 2 months of age. In this study, we used an alternative method to analyze the behavior of mice, aiming to gain a better understanding of the nature of cognitive deficits by focusing on the unsuccessful trials during water maze learning rather than on the successful ones. APP/PS1 mice displayed a higher number of unsuccessful trials during the initial days of training, unlike their wild-type counterparts. However, with repeated trial and error, learning in APP/PS1 reached levels comparable to that of the wild-type mice during the later days of training. Individual APP/PS1 mice preferred a non-cognitive search strategy called circling, which led to abrupt learning transitions and an increased number of unsuccessful trials. These findings indicate the significance of subtle intermediate readouts as early indicators of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Karunakaran
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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23
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Hemonnot-Girard AL, Valverde AJ, Hua J, Delaygue C, Linck N, Maurice T, Rassendren F, Hirbec H. Analysis of CX3CR1 haplodeficiency in male and female APP swe/PSEN1 dE9 mice along Alzheimer disease progression. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:404-417. [PMID: 33190798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, have recently emerged as key players in Alzheimer Disease (AD) pathogenesis, but their roles in AD remain largely elusive and require further investigation. Microglia functions are readily altered when isolated from their brain environment, and microglia reporter mice thus represent valuable tools to study the contribution of these cells to neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. The CX3CR1+/eGFP mice is one of the most popular microglia reporter mice, and has been used in numerous studies to investigate in vivo microglial functions, including in the context of AD research. However, until now, the impact of CX3CR1 haplodeficiency on the typical features of Alzheimer Disease has not been studied in depth. To fill this gap, we generated APPswe/PSEN1dE9:CX3CR1+/eGFP mice and analyzed these mice for Alzheimer's like pathology and neuroinflammation hallmarks. More specifically, using robust multifactorial statistical and multivariate analyses, we investigated the impact of CX3CR1 deficiency in both males and females, at three typical stages of the pathology progression: at early stage when Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition just starts, at intermediate stage during Aβ accumulation phase and at more advanced stages when Aβ plaque number stabilizes. We found that CX3CR1 haplodeficiency had little impact on the progression of the pathology in the APPswe/PSEN1dE9 model and demonstrated that the APPswe/PSEN1dE9:CX3CR1+/eGFP line is a relevant and useful model to study the role of microglia in Alzheimer Disease. In addition, although Aβ plaques density is higher in females compared to age-matched males, we show that their glial reaction, inflammation status and memory deficits are not different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Hemonnot-Girard
- IGF, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey J Valverde
- IGF, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Hua
- IGF, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Charlene Delaygue
- IGF, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Linck
- IGF, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MNDN, University of Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - François Rassendren
- IGF, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Labex ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Helene Hirbec
- IGF, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Labex ICST, Montpellier, France.
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24
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Hui CW, Vecchiarelli HA, Gervais É, Luo X, Michaud F, Scheefhals L, Bisht K, Sharma K, Topolnik L, Tremblay MÈ. Sex Differences of Microglia and Synapses in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus of Adult Mouse Offspring Exposed to Maternal Immune Activation. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:558181. [PMID: 33192308 PMCID: PMC7593822 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.558181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder affecting ∼1% of humans worldwide. It is earlier and more frequently diagnosed in men than woman, and men display more pronounced negative symptoms together with greater gray matter reductions. Our previous findings utilizing a maternal immune activation (mIA) mouse model of schizophrenia revealed exacerbated anxiety-like behavior and sensorimotor gating deficits in adult male offspring that were associated with increased microglial reactivity and inflammation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). However, both male and female adult offspring displayed stereotypy and impairment of sociability. We hypothesized that mIA may lead to sex-specific alterations in microglial pruning activity, resulting in abnormal synaptic connectivity in the DG. Using the same mIA model, we show in the current study sex-specific differences in microglia and synapses within the DG of adult offspring. Specifically, microglial levels of cluster of differentiation (CD)68 and CD11b were increased in mIA-exposed females. Sex-specific differences in excitatory and inhibitory synapse densities were also observed following mIA. Additionally, inhibitory synaptic tone was increased in DG granule cells of both males and females, while changes in excitatory synaptic transmission occurred only in females with mIA. These findings suggest that phagocytic and complement pathways may together contribute to a sexual dimorphism in synaptic pruning and neuronal dysfunction in mIA, and may propose sex-specific therapeutic targets to prevent schizophrenia-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Wai Hui
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitarie de Qu-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Étienne Gervais
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitarie de Qu-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Xiao Luo
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitarie de Qu-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Félix Michaud
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitarie de Qu-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Lisa Scheefhals
- Master Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitarie de Qu-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Kaushik Sharma
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitarie de Qu-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Lisa Topolnik
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitarie de Qu-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitarie de Qu-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Manji Z, Rojas A, Wang W, Dingledine R, Varvel NH, Ganesh T. 5xFAD Mice Display Sex-Dependent Inflammatory Gene Induction During the Prodromal Stage of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:1259-1274. [PMID: 31322556 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology consists of extracellular deposits of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. These pathological alterations are accompanied by a neuroinflammatory response consisting of increased expression of inflammatory mediators. An anti-inflammatory strategy designed to prevent or delay the development of AD would benefit from knowing when neuroinflammation appears in the transgenic models during prodromal disease stages relative to Aβ pathology. We investigated the expression patterns of inflammatory mediators in the brain of 5xFAD mice in comparison to development of Aβ deposition. Expression changes in inflammatory mediators and glial markers are more robust in female mice starting at three months of age, in contrast to males in which there is no clear trend through five months. Female and male 5xFAD mice also displayed an age-dependent increase in cortical Aβ deposition congruent with neuroinflammation. Thus, in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD, administration of an anti-inflammatory agent would be most efficacious when administered before three months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Manji
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Asheebo Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas H Varvel
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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26
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Microglia Do Not Take Up Soluble Amyloid-beta Peptides, But Partially Degrade Them by Secreting Insulin-degrading Enzyme. Neuroscience 2020; 443:30-43. [PMID: 32697980 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play important roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in part, by affecting the clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Most studies, however, used synthetic soluble Aβ (sAβ) at higher concentrations. The exact mechanisms underlying microglia-mediated clearance of physiological sAβ at very low concentrations remain unclear. Here we reported that there were much more Iba-1- and CD68-positive microglia and significantly less sAβ left in the brain of adult mice 5 days after the surgery of sAβ microinjection compared to 2 h after the surgery (p < 0.05). However, very few Iba-1- and CD68-positive microglia co-localized with microinjected fluorescently labeled sAβ (FLsAβ42) 5 days after the surgery. Also, there was no co-localization of FLsAβ42 with a lysosomal marker (LAMP-1) 5 days after the surgery. There was no significant difference in the percentage of Aβ+/PE-CD11b+/APC-CD45low microglia between the control group and the group microinjected with TBS-soluble Aβ extracted from the brains of AD patients (p > 0.05). The degradation of physiological sAβ was prevented by a highly selective insulin-degrading enzyme inhibitor (Ii1) but not by a phagocytosis inhibitor (polyinosinic acid) or pinocytosis inhibitor (cytochalasin B) in vitro. Furthermore, the reduction of synthetic and physiological sAβ in the brain was partially prevented by the co-injection of Ii1 in vivo (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that microglia do not take up synthetic or physiological sAβ, but partially degrade it via the secretion of insulin-degrading enzyme, which will be beneficial for understanding how sAβ is removed from the brain by microglia.
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27
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Zhang Z, Li Y, He F, Cui Y, Zheng Y, Li R. Sex differences in circulating neuregulin1-β1 and β-secretase 1 expression in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 2020; 100:152176. [PMID: 32430144 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early-onset schizophrenia is a severe and rare form of schizophrenia that is clinically and neurobiologically continuous with the adult form of schizophrenia. Neuregulin1 (NRG1)-mediated signaling is crucial for early neurodevelopment, which exerts its function by limited β-secretase 1 (BACE1) proteolysis processing. However, circulating neuregulin1-β1 (NRG1-β1), an isoform of NRG1, and its cleavage enzyme BACE1 have not been studied in early-onset patients with schizophrenia. METHODS In this study, we collected plasma and clinical information from 71 young patients (7 ≤ age years ≤20) with schizophrenia and 53 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Immunoassay was used to test levels of circulating NRG1-β1 and BACE1 expression. We further analyzed the relationship of disease-onset age and gender with NRG1-β1 and BACE1 levels. RESULTS We found that circulating plasma levels of NRG1-β1 were significantly decreased in young patients with early-onset schizophrenia. In males with childhood onset schizophrenia (COS), NRG1-β1 was reduced and was inversely correlated with positive symptom of PANSS; moreover, these male patients with higher plasma BACE1 levels showed more severe general symptoms of PANSS and defective social functioning; whereas, no aforementioned results were found in adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS). Notably, young female patients with COS and AOS had no significant change in NRG1-β1 and BACE1, which demonstrated a sex-dependent effect in early-onset schizophrenia. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that decreased levels of NRG1-β1 and its cleavage enzyme BACE1 contribute to increased risk of etiology of schizophrenia. Synthetic biomarkers may have clinical applications for the early diagnosis of male COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fan He
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yonghua Cui
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Rena Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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28
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Kazuki Y, Gao FJ, Li Y, Moyer AJ, Devenney B, Hiramatsu K, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Abe S, Kazuki K, Kajitani N, Uno N, Takehara S, Takiguchi M, Yamakawa M, Hasegawa A, Shimizu R, Matsukura S, Noda N, Ogonuki N, Inoue K, Matoba S, Ogura A, Florea LD, Savonenko A, Xiao M, Wu D, Batista DA, Yang J, Qiu Z, Singh N, Richtsmeier JT, Takeuchi T, Oshimura M, Reeves RH. A non-mosaic transchromosomic mouse model of down syndrome carrying the long arm of human chromosome 21. eLife 2020; 9:56223. [PMID: 32597754 PMCID: PMC7358007 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of Down syndrome (DS), trisomic for human chromosome 21 (HSA21) genes or orthologs, provide insights into better understanding and treatment options. The only existing transchromosomic (Tc) mouse DS model, Tc1, carries a HSA21 with over 50 protein coding genes (PCGs) disrupted. Tc1 is mosaic, compromising interpretation of results. Here, we “clone” the 34 MB long arm of HSA21 (HSA21q) as a mouse artificial chromosome (MAC). Through multiple steps of microcell-mediated chromosome transfer, we created a new Tc DS mouse model, Tc(HSA21q;MAC)1Yakaz (“TcMAC21”). TcMAC21 is not mosaic and contains 93% of HSA21q PCGs that are expressed and regulatable. TcMAC21 recapitulates many DS phenotypes including anomalies in heart, craniofacial skeleton and brain, molecular/cellular pathologies, and impairments in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity. TcMAC21 is the most complete genetic mouse model of DS extant and has potential for supporting a wide range of basic and preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.,Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Feng J Gao
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yicong Li
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Anna J Moyer
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Benjamin Devenney
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Kei Hiramatsu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Animal Nursing Science, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kanako Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Naoyo Kajitani
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Narumi Uno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Shoko Takehara
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Masato Takiguchi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Miho Yamakawa
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hasegawa
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsukura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naohiro Noda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Narumi Ogonuki
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shogo Matoba
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Liliana D Florea
- Department of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Alena Savonenko
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Meifang Xiao
- Department of Neuroscience, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Denise As Batista
- Department of Pathology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Junhua Yang
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Zhaozhu Qiu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Nandini Singh
- Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, State College, United States
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Division of Biosignaling, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Sacramento, United States
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Roger H Reeves
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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29
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Pang J, Hou J, Zhou Z, Ren M, Mo Y, Yang G, Qu Z, Hu Y. Safflower Yellow Improves Synaptic Plasticity in APP/PS1 Mice by Regulating Microglia Activation Phenotypes and BDNF/TrkB/ERK Signaling Pathway. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 22:341-358. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hahm JR, Jo MH, Ullah R, Kim MW, Kim MO. Metabolic Stress Alters Antioxidant Systems, Suppresses the Adiponectin Receptor 1 and Induces Alzheimer's Like Pathology in Mice Brain. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010249. [PMID: 31963819 PMCID: PMC7016950 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and insulin resistance play major roles in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A high-fat diet induces obesity-associated oxidative stress, neuronal insulin resistance, microglial activation, and neuroinflammation, which are considered important risk factors for neurodegeneration. Obesity-related metabolic dysfunction is a risk factor for cognitive decline. The present study aimed to elucidate whether chronic consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD; 24 weeks) can induce insulin resistance, neuroinflammation, and amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition in mouse brains. Male C57BL/6N mice were used for a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced pre-clinical model of obesity. The protein expression levels were examined via Western blot, immunofluorescence, and the behavior analysis was performed using the Morris water maze test. To obtain metabolic parameters, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance tests were performed. We found that metabolic perturbations from the chronic consumption of HFD elevated neuronal oxidative stress and insulin resistance through adiponectin receptor (AdipoR1) suppression in HFD-fed mice. Similarly, our in vitro results also indicated that knockdown of AdipoR1 in the embryonic mouse hippocampal cell line mHippoE-14 leads to increased oxidative stress in neurons. In addition, HFD markedly increased neuroinflammatory markers’ glial activation in the cortex and hippocampus regions of HFD mouse brains. More importantly, we observed that AdipoR1 suppression increased the amyloidogenic pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, deregulated synaptic proteins and behavioral deficits were observed in the HFD mouse brains. Taken together, our findings suggest that excessive consumption of an HFD has a profound impact on brain function, which involves the acceleration of cognitive impairment due to increased obesity-associated oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and neuroinflammation, which ultimately may cause early onset of Alzheimer’s pathology via the suppression of AdipoR1 signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Ryeal Hahm
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital and Institute of Health Sciences and Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Myeung Hoon Jo
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21plus), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.H.J.); (R.U.); (M.W.K.)
| | - Rahat Ullah
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21plus), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.H.J.); (R.U.); (M.W.K.)
| | - Min Woo Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21plus), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.H.J.); (R.U.); (M.W.K.)
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21plus), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.H.J.); (R.U.); (M.W.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1345; Fax: +82-55-772-2656
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31
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Hemonnot AL, Hua J, Ulmann L, Hirbec H. Microglia in Alzheimer Disease: Well-Known Targets and New Opportunities. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:233. [PMID: 31543810 PMCID: PMC6730262 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system. They play key roles in brain development, and physiology during life and aging. Equipped with a variety of molecular sensors and through the various functions they can fulfill, they are critically involved in maintaining the brain’s homeostasis. In Alzheimer disease (AD), microglia reaction was initially thought to be incidental and triggered by amyloid deposits and dystrophic neurites. However, recent genome-wide association studies have established that the majority of AD risk loci are found in or near genes that are highly and sometimes uniquely expressed in microglia. This leads to the concept of microglia being critically involved in the early steps of the disease and identified them as important potential therapeutic targets. Whether microglia reaction is beneficial, detrimental or both to AD progression is still unclear and the subject of intense debate. In this review, we are presenting a state-of-knowledge report intended to highlight the variety of microglial functions and pathways shown to be critically involved in AD progression. We first address both the acquisition of new functions and the alteration of their homeostatic roles by reactive microglia. Second, we propose a summary of new important parameters currently emerging in the field that need to be considered to identify relevant microglial targets. Finally, we discuss the many obstacles in designing efficient therapeutic strategies for AD and present innovative technologies that may foster our understanding of microglia roles in the pathology. Ultimately, this work aims to fly over various microglial functions to make a general and reliable report of the current knowledge regarding microglia’s involvement in AD and of the new research opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Hemonnot
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientififique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Hua
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientififique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Lauriane Ulmann
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientififique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Hirbec
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientififique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
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Schmöle AC, Lundt R, Toporowski G, Hansen JN, Beins E, Halle A, Zimmer A. Cannabinoid Receptor 2-Deficiency Ameliorates Disease Symptoms in a Mouse Model with Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:379-392. [PMID: 29865078 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a modulator of neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, expression of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is induced in plaque-associated microglia and astrocytes in brain tissues from AD patients and in genetic mouse models expressing pathogenic variants of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). However, the exact mechanism of CB2 signaling in this mouse model remains elusive, because the genetic deletion of CB2 and the pharmacological activation of CB2 both reduced neuroinflammation. Here, we demonstrate that CB2 deletion also improved cognitive and learning deficits in APP/PS1*CB2-/- mice. This was accompanied by reduced neuronal loss and decreased plaque levels and coincided with increased expression of Aβ degrading enzymes. Interestingly, plaque-associated microglia in APP/PS1*CB2-/- mice showed a less activated morphology, while plaques were smaller and more condensed than in APP/PS1 mice. Taken together, these results indicate a beneficial effect of CB2-deficiency in APP transgenic mice. CB2 appears to be part of a protective system that may be detrimental when engaged continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Schmöle
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ramona Lundt
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Toporowski
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan N Hansen
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (Caesar), Max Planck research group "Neuroimmunology", Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Beins
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annett Halle
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (Caesar), Max Planck research group "Neuroimmunology", Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
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33
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Sanati M, Khodagholi F, Aminyavari S, Ghasemi F, Gholami M, Kebriaeezadeh A, Sabzevari O, Hajipour MJ, Imani M, Mahmoudi M, Sharifzadeh M. Impact of Gold Nanoparticles on Amyloid β-Induced Alzheimer's Disease in a Rat Animal Model: Involvement of STIM Proteins. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2299-2309. [PMID: 30933476 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative amyloid disorder causing progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. A considerable number of therapies for AD rely on inhibition/delay/dissociation of amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers and fibrils. In this case, nanoparticles (NPs) demonstrated substantial effects on the Aβ fibrillation process; however, their effects on progressive cognitive decline and memory have been poorly investigated in vivo. In this study, acquisition and retention of spatial learning and memory are studied in a rat animal model of AD after intrahippocampal (IH) and intraperitoneal (IP) injections of a model NP, i.e., gold NPs (AuNPs). The outcomes revealed that the AuNPs could improve the acquisition and retention of spatial learning and memory in Aβ treated rats as indicated by decreased time (Aβ: 39.60 ± 3.23 s vs Aβ+AuNPs: 25.78 ± 2.80 s) and distance (Aβ: 917.98 ± 50.81 cm vs Aβ+AuNPs: 589.09 ± 65.96 cm) of finding the hidden platform during training days and by increased time spent in the target quadrant (Aβ: 19.40 ± 0.98 s vs Aβ+AuNPs: 29.36 ± 1.14 s) in the probe test in Morris water maze (MWM). Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF, cAMP response element binding protein, CREB, and stromal interaction molecules, e.g., STIM1 and STIM2 was also increased, supporting improved neural survival. Our outcomes may pave a way for mechanistic insights toward the role of NPs on retrieval of the deteriorated behavioral functions in brain tissue after AD outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sanati
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Aminyavari
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Forough Ghasemi
- Department of
Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran
(ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization
(AREEO), Karaj 3135933151, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholami
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Abbas Kebriaeezadeh
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Omid Sabzevari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Hajipour
- The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 47263, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Mohammad Imani
- Department of Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
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34
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Kim DH, Jang YS, Jeon WK, Han JS. Assessment of Cognitive Phenotyping in Inbred, Genetically Modified Mice, and Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:146-157. [PMID: 31138986 PMCID: PMC6526110 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.2.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified mouse models are being used predominantly to understand brain functions and diseases. Well-designed and controlled behavioral analyses of genetically modified mice have successfully led to the identification of gene functions, understanding of brain diseases, and development of treatments. Recently, complex and higher cognitive functions have been examined in mice with genetic mutations. Therefore, research strategies for cognitive phenotyping should be sophisticated and evolve to convey the exact meaning of the findings and provide robust translational tools for testing hypotheses and developing treatments. This review addresses issues of experimental design and discusses studies that have examined cognitive function using mouse strain differences, genetically modified mice, and transgenic mice for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yoon-Sun Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Won Kyung Jeon
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.,Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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35
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McIntosh A, Mela V, Harty C, Minogue AM, Costello DA, Kerskens C, Lynch MA. Iron accumulation in microglia triggers a cascade of events that leads to altered metabolism and compromised function in APP/PS1 mice. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:606-621. [PMID: 30661261 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the changes that typify Alzheimer's disease (AD) are neuroinflammation and microglial activation, amyloid deposition perhaps resulting from compromised microglial function and iron accumulation. Data from Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) identified a number of gene variants that endow a significant risk of developing AD and several of these encode proteins expressed in microglia and proteins that are implicated in the immune response. This suggests that neuroinflammation and the accompanying microglial activation are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. The trigger(s) leading to these changes remain to be identified. In this study, we set out to examine the link between the inflammatory, metabolic and iron-retentive signature of microglia in vitro and in transgenic mice that overexpress the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1; APP/PS1 mice), a commonly used animal model of AD. Stimulation of cultured microglia with interferon (IFN)γ and amyloid-β (Aβ) induced an inflammatory phenotype and switched the metabolic profile and iron handling of microglia so that the cells became glycolytic and iron retentive, and the phagocytic and chemotactic function of the cells was reduced. Analysis of APP/PS1 mice by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed genotype-related hypointense areas in the hippocampus consistent with iron deposition, and immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the iron accumulated in microglia, particularly in microglia that decorated Aβ deposits. Isolated microglia prepared from APP/PS1 mice were characterized by a switch to a glycolytic and iron-retentive phenotype and phagocytosis of Aβ was reduced in these cells. This evidence suggests that the switch to glycolysis in microglia may kick-start a cascade of events that ultimately leads to microglial dysfunction and Aβ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison McIntosh
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Virginia Mela
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Conor Harty
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aedin M Minogue
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Derek A Costello
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christian Kerskens
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marina A Lynch
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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36
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Blankenship PA, Normann MC, Donaldson TN, Baumeister J, McNeal N, Grippo AJ, Wallace DG. Making waves: Comparing Morris water task performance in rats and prairie voles. Behav Brain Res 2018; 360:7-15. [PMID: 30472112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spatial processing is a critical component for survival. This domain of information processing has been extensively studied in rats and mice. Limited work has examined the capacity of other rodent species, like the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), to process spatial information. The Morris water task (MWT) is a classic spatial task that has been used to examine spatial cognition in rodents. This task involves an animal developing configural relationships between extra-maze cues and the location of a hidden platform to successfully escape from a pool of water. The current study compared performance in the MWT between rats and prairie voles. Rats were observed to outperform prairie voles in key aspects of the task including latency to find the platform, directness of swim paths to the platform, and degrees of heading error. These results may be attributed to potential interspecies differences in spatial cognition, stress reactivity, physiology, or motivation. This study provides the foundation for future work investigating the spatial cognition of prairie voles and the factors that contribute to water task performance in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marigny C Normann
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2892 USA
| | - Tia N Donaldson
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2892 USA
| | - Joanna Baumeister
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2892 USA
| | - Neal McNeal
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2892 USA
| | - Angela J Grippo
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2892 USA
| | - Douglas G Wallace
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2892 USA
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37
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Schmid S, Rammes G, Blobner M, Kellermann K, Bratke S, Fendl D, Kaichuan Z, Schneider G, Jungwirth B. Cognitive decline in Tg2576 mice shows sex-specific differences and correlates with cerebral amyloid-beta. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:408-417. [PMID: 30458163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease show a sex-dependent decline of cognitive function. The aim of this investigation was to show these differences in an animal model for Alzheimer's disease and to determine whether this effect is correlated to amyloid-beta-induced pathophysiological changes. Therefore, we assessed cognitive performance with the modified hole-board test in female and male Tg2576 and wild type mice at the age of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 months and correlated these findings to the total amount of soluble amyloid-beta and insoluble amyloid deposits in the brain. Tg2576 mice perform worse than wild types. Female Tg2576 mice develop an accentuated cognitive impairment (wrong choice total) beginning at the age of 12 months compared to their male littermates. Alterations in the mice's behaviour do not show interference with these deficits. Cognitive impairment is correlated to the amount of soluble amyloid-beta and insoluble amyloid deposits in the brain in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmid
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Blobner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kristine Kellermann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bratke
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Fendl
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Zhu Kaichuan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schneider
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Jungwirth
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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38
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Balin BJ, Hammond CJ, Little CS, Hingley ST, Al-Atrache Z, Appelt DM, Whittum-Hudson JA, Hudson AP. Chlamydia pneumoniae: An Etiologic Agent for Late-Onset Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:302. [PMID: 30356749 PMCID: PMC6189393 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease known as late-onset Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition recognized as the single most commonform of senile dementia. The condition is sporadic and has been attributed to neuronal damage and loss, both of which have been linked to the accumulation of protein deposits in the brain. Significant progress has been made over the past two decades regarding our overall understanding of the apparently pathogenic entities that arise in the affected brain, both for early-onset disease, which constitutes approximately 5% of all cases, as well as late-onset disease, which constitutes the remainder of cases. Observable neuropathology includes: neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, neuritic senile plaques and often deposits of amyloid around the cerebrovasculature. Although many studies have provided a relatively detailed knowledge of these putatively pathogenic entities, understanding of the events that initiate and support the biological processes generating them and the subsequent observable neuropathology and neurodegeneration remain limited. This is especially true in the case of late-onset disease. Although early-onset Alzheimer's disease has been shown conclusively to have genetic roots, the detailed etiologic initiation of late-onset disease without such genetic origins has remained elusive. Over the last 15 years, current and ongoing work has implicated infection in the etiology and pathogenesis of late-onset dementia. Infectious agents reported to be associated with disease initiation are various, including several viruses and pathogenic bacterial species. We have reported extensively regarding an association between late-onset disease and infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia pneumoniae. In this article, we review previously published data and recent results that support involvement of this unusual respiratory pathogen in disease induction and development. We further suggest several areas for future research that should elucidate details relating to those processes, and we argue for a change in the designation of the disease based on increased understanding of its clinical attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Balin
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christine J Hammond
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christopher Scott Little
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Susan T Hingley
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zein Al-Atrache
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Denah M Appelt
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Judith A Whittum-Hudson
- Department of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Alan P Hudson
- Department of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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39
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Denver P, McClean PL. Distinguishing normal brain aging from the development of Alzheimer's disease: inflammation, insulin signaling and cognition. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1719-1730. [PMID: 30136683 PMCID: PMC6128051 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.238608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As populations age, prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rising. Over 100 years of research has provided valuable insights into the pathophysiology of the disease, for which age is the principal risk factor. However, in recent years, a multitude of clinical trial failures has led to pharmaceutical corporations becoming more and more unwilling to support drug development in AD. It is possible that dependence on the amyloid cascade hypothesis as a guide for preclinical research and drug discovery is part of the problem. Accumulating evidence suggests that amyloid plaques and tau tangles are evident in non-demented individuals and that reducing or clearing these lesions does not always result in clinical improvement. Normal aging is associated with pathologies and cognitive decline that are similar to those observed in AD, making differentiation of AD-related cognitive decline and neuropathology challenging. In this mini-review, we discuss the difficulties with discerning normal, age-related cognitive decline with that related to AD. We also discuss some neuropathological features of AD and aging, including amyloid and tau pathology, synapse loss, inflammation and insulin signaling in the brain, with a view to highlighting cognitive or neuropathological markers that distinguish AD from normal aging. It is hoped that this review will help to bolster future preclinical research and support the development of clinical tools and therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Denver
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles Medical Center and Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paula L. McClean
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Clinical, Translational and Research Innovation Centre (C-TRIC), University of Ulster, Derry/Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK
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40
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Precision medicine and drug development in Alzheimer's disease: the importance of sexual dimorphism and patient stratification. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 50:31-51. [PMID: 29902481 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are among the leading causes of disability and mortality. Considerable sex differences exist in the occurrence of the various manifestations leading to cognitive decline. Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibits substantial sexual dimorphisms and disproportionately affects women. Women have a higher life expectancy compared to men and, consequently, have more lifespan to develop AD. The emerging precision medicine and pharmacology concepts - taking into account the individual genetic and biological variability relevant for disease risk, prevention, detection, diagnosis, and treatment - are expected to substantially enhance our knowledge and management of AD. Stratifying the affected individuals by sex and gender is an important basic step towards personalization of scientific research, drug development, and care. We hypothesize that sex and gender differences, extending from genetic to psychosocial domains, are highly relevant for the understanding of AD pathophysiology, and for the conceptualization of basic/translational research and for clinical therapy trial design.
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Congdon EE. Sex Differences in Autophagy Contribute to Female Vulnerability in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:372. [PMID: 29988365 PMCID: PMC6023994 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with over 5. 4 million cases in the US alone (Alzheimer's Association, 2016). Clinically, AD is defined by the presence of plaques composed of Aβ and neurofibrillary pathology composed of the microtubule associated protein tau. Another key feature is the dysregulation of autophagy at key steps in the pathway. In AD, disrupted autophagy contributes to disease progression through the failure to clear pathological protein aggregates, insulin resistance, and its role in the synthesis of Aβ. Like many psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, the risk of developing AD, and disease course are dependent on the sex of the patient. One potential mechanism through which these differences occur, is the effects of sex hormones on autophagy. In women, the loss of hormones with menopause presents both a risk factor for developing AD, and an obvious example of where sex differences in AD can stem from. However, because AD pathology can begin decades before menopause, this does not provide the full answer. We propose that sex-based differences in autophagy regulation during the lifespan contribute to the increased risk of AD, and greater severity of pathology seen in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Congdon
- Neuroscience and Physiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
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42
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Inflammation, insulin signaling and cognitive function in aged APP/PS1 mice. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:423-434. [PMID: 29604345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation are typical in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but are also associated with normal aging, albeit less severely. Insulin resistance in the brain has been demonstrated in AD patients and is thought to be involved in AD pathophysiology. Using 15-18 month-old APP/PS1 mice, this study measured peripheral and central insulin signaling and sensitivity, inflammatory markers in brain and plasma and oxidative stress and synapse density in the brain. Novel object recognition, Morris water maze and reversal water maze tasks were performed to assess cognitive function in aged APP/PS1 mice and wild type littermates. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were similar in APP/PS1 mice and wild type controls, however IRS-1 pSer616 was increased in cortex and dentate gyrus of APP/PS1 mice. Recognition and spatial memory was impaired in both APP/PS1 and wild type mice, however learning impairments were apparent in APP/PS1 mice. Expression of GLP-1 receptor, ERK2, IKKβ, mTOR, PKCθ, NF-κB1 and TLR4 was similar between aged APP/PS1 mice and age-matched wild types. Compared to age-matched wild type mice, IFNγ and IL-4 were increased in brains of APP/PS1 mice. These results suggest that normal aging may be associated with enhanced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cognitive decline, however distinctions are apparent in the brain of APP/PS1 mice in terms of inflammation and insulin signaling and in certain cognitive domains. Demarcation of pathological events that distinguish AD from normal aging will allow for improvements in diagnostic tools and the development of more effective therapeutics.
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Tong L, Prieto GA, Cotman CW. IL-1β suppresses cLTP-induced surface expression of GluA1 and actin polymerization via ceramide-mediated Src activation. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:127. [PMID: 29712570 PMCID: PMC5925843 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain inflammation including increases in inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β is widely believed to contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Although IL-1β-induced impairments in long-term potentiation (LTP) in acute hippocampal slices and memory functions in vivo have been well documented, the neuron-specific molecular mechanisms of IL-1β-mediated impairments of LTP and memory remain unclear. METHODS This study uses an in vitro approach in primary hippocampal neurons to evaluate the effect of IL-1β on chemical LTP (cLTP)-induced structural plasticity and signaling. RESULTS We found that IL-1β reduces both the surface expression of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA1 and the spine growth following cLTP. These effects of IL-1β were mediated by impairing actin polymerization during cLTP, as IL-1β decreased the cLTP-induced formation of F-actin, and the effect of IL-1β on cLTP-induced surface expression of GluA1 can be mimicked by latrunculin, a toxin that disrupts dynamics of actin filaments, and can be prevented by jasplakinolide, a cell-permeable peptide that stabilizes F-actin. Moreover, live-cell imaging demonstrated that IL-1β decreased the stability of the actin cytoskeleton in spines, which is required for LTP consolidation. We further examined the role of sphingolipid signaling in the IL-1β-mediated impairment of spine plasticity and found that both the neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor GW4869 and the inhibitor of Src kinase PP2 attenuated the IL-1β-mediated suppression of cLTP-induced surface expression of GluA1 and actin polymerization. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a mechanism by which IL-1β, via the sphingomyelinase/ceramide/Src pathway, impairs structural spine remodeling essential for LTP consolidation and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Tong
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, 1226 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - G Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, 1226 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, 1226 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 1226 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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44
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Lee CC, Chang CP, Lin CJ, Lai HL, Kao YH, Cheng SJ, Chen HM, Liao YP, Faivre E, Buée L, Blum D, Fang JM, Chern Y. Adenosine Augmentation Evoked by an ENT1 Inhibitor Improves Memory Impairment and Neuronal Plasticity in the APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8936-8952. [PMID: 29616397 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive impairment and synaptic dysfunction. Adenosine is an important homeostatic modulator that controls the bioenergetic network in the brain through regulating receptor-evoked signaling pathways, bioenergetic machineries, and epigenetic-mediated gene regulation. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) is a major adenosine transporter that recycles adenosine from the extracellular space. In the present study, we report that a small adenosine analogue (designated J4) that inhibited ENT1 prevented the decline in spatial memory in an AD mouse model (APP/PS1). Electrophysiological and biochemical analyses further demonstrated that chronic treatment with J4 normalized the impaired basal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) at Schaffer collateral synapses as well as the aberrant expression of synaptic proteins (e.g., NR2A and NR2B), abnormal neuronal plasticity-related signaling pathways (e.g., PKA and GSK3β), and detrimental elevation in astrocytic A2AR expression in the hippocampus and cortex of APP/PS1 mice. In conclusion, our findings suggest that modulation of adenosine homeostasis by J4 is beneficial in a mouse model of AD. Our study provides a potential therapeutic strategy to delay the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chia Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Pang Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Lin Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Kao
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Jhong Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Mei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Emilie Faivre
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, LabEx DISTALZ, Jean-Pierre Aubert research centre UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, LabEx DISTALZ, Jean-Pierre Aubert research centre UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, LabEx DISTALZ, Jean-Pierre Aubert research centre UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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45
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Jankowsky JL, Zheng H. Practical considerations for choosing a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:89. [PMID: 29273078 PMCID: PMC5741956 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is behaviorally identified by progressive memory impairment and pathologically characterized by the triad of β-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neurodegeneration. Genetic mutations and risk factors have been identified that are either causal or modify the disease progression. These genetic and pathological features serve as basis for the creation and validation of mouse models of AD. Efforts made in the past quarter-century have produced over 100 genetically engineered mouse lines that recapitulate some aspects of AD clinicopathology. These models have been valuable resources for understanding genetic interactions that contribute to disease and cellular reactions that are engaged in response. Here we focus on mouse models that have been widely used stalwarts of the field or that are recently developed bellwethers of the future. Rather than providing a summary of each model, we endeavor to compare and contrast the genetic approaches employed and to discuss their respective advantages and limitations. We offer a critical account of the variables which may contribute to inconsistent findings and the factors that should be considered when choosing a model and interpreting the results. We hope to present an insightful review of current AD mouse models and to provide a practical guide for selecting models best matched to the experimental question at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Jankowsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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46
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Intracranial IL-17A overexpression decreases cerebral amyloid angiopathy by upregulation of ABCA1 in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:262-273. [PMID: 28526436 PMCID: PMC5537015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pervasive feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and characterized by activated microglia, increased proinflammatory cytokines and/or infiltrating immune cells. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are found in AD brain parenchyma and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is identified around deposits of aggregated amyloid β protein (Aβ). However, the role of IL-17A in AD pathogenesis remains elusive. We overexpressed IL-17A in an AD mouse model via recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (rAAV5)-mediated intracranial gene delivery. AD model mice subjected to injection of a vehicle (PBS) or rAAV5 carrying the lacZ gene served as controls. IL-17A did not exacerbate neuroinflammation in IL-17A-overexpressing mice. We found that IL-17A overexpression markedly improved glucose metabolism, decreased soluble Aβ levels in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, drastically reduced cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and modestly but significantly improved anxiety and learning deficits. Moreover, the ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1), which can transport Aβ from the brain into the blood circulation, significantly increased in IL-17A-overexpressing mice. In vitro treatment of brain endothelial bEnd.3 cells with IL-17A induced a dose-dependent increase in protein expression of ABCA1 through ERK activation. Our study suggests that IL-17A may decrease Aβ levels in the brain by upregulating ABCA1 in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells.
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Richetin K, Petsophonsakul P, Roybon L, Guiard BP, Rampon C. Differential alteration of hippocampal function and plasticity in females and males of the APPxPS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 57:220-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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48
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Kuhla A, Rühlmann C, Lindner T, Polei S, Hadlich S, Krause BJ, Vollmar B, Teipel SJ. APPswe/PS1dE9 mice with cortical amyloid pathology show a reduced NAA/Cr ratio without apparent brain atrophy: A MRS and MRI study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 15:581-586. [PMID: 28652970 PMCID: PMC5476467 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic animal models of Aβ pathology provide mechanistic insight into some aspects of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology related to Aβ accumulation. Quantitative neuroimaging is a possible aid to improve translation of mechanistic findings in transgenic models to human end phenotypes of brain morphology or function. Therefore, we combined MRI-based morphometry, MRS-based NAA-assessment and quantitative histology of neurons and amyloid plaque load in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model to determine the interrelationship between morphological changes, changes in neuron numbers and amyloid plaque load with reductions of NAA levels as marker of neuronal functional viability. The APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse showed an increase of Aβ plaques, loss of neurons and an impairment of NAA/Cr ratio, which however was not accompanied with brain atrophy. As brain atrophy is one main characteristic in human AD, conclusions from murine to human AD pathology should be drawn with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Kuhla
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Claire Rühlmann
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tobias Lindner
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Polei
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Hadlich
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd J Krause
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan J Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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49
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Franco Bocanegra DK, Nicoll JAR, Boche D. Innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease: the relevance of animal models? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:827-846. [PMID: 28516241 PMCID: PMC5911273 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mouse is one of the organisms most widely used as an animal model in biomedical research, due to the particular ease with which it can be handled and reproduced in laboratory. As a member of the mammalian class, mice share with humans many features regarding metabolic pathways, cell morphology and anatomy. However, important biological differences between mice and humans exist and must be taken into consideration when interpreting research results, to properly translate evidence from experimental studies into information that can be useful for human disease prevention and/or treatment. With respect to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), much of the experimental information currently known about this disease has been gathered from studies using mainly mice as models. Therefore, it is notably important to fully characterise the differences between mice and humans regarding important aspects of the disease. It is now widely known that inflammation plays an important role in the development of AD, a role that is not only a response to the surrounding pathological environment, but rather seems to be strongly implicated in the aetiology of the disease as indicated by the genetic studies. This review highlights relevant differences in inflammation and in microglia, the innate immune cell of the brain, between mice and humans regarding genetics and morphology in normal ageing, and the relationship of microglia with AD-like pathology, the inflammatory profile, and cognition. We conclude that some noteworthy differences exist between mice and humans regarding microglial characteristics, in distribution, gene expression, and states of activation. This may have repercussions in the way that transgenic mice respond to, and influence, the AD-like pathology. However, despite these differences, human and mouse microglia also show similarities in morphology and behaviour, such that the mouse is a suitable model for studying the role of microglia, as long as these differences are taken into consideration when delineating new strategies to approach the study of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana K Franco Bocanegra
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 806, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - James A R Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 806, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 806, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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Vanillic acid attenuates Aβ 1-42-induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40753. [PMID: 28098243 PMCID: PMC5241654 DOI: 10.1038/srep40753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that β-amyloid (Aβ) elicits oxidative stress, which contributes to the pathogenesis and disease progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aims of the present study were to determine and explore the antioxidant nature and potential mechanism of vanillic acid (VA) in Aβ1-42-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation mediated cognitive impairment in mice. An intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ1-42 into the mouse brain triggered increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, neuroinflammation, synaptic deficits, memory impairment, and neurodegeneration. In contrast, the i.p. (intraperitoneal) administration of VA (30 mg/kg, for 3 weeks) after Aβ1-42-injection enhanced glutathione levels (GSH) and abrogated ROS generation accompanied by an induction of the endogenous nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) via the activation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) in the brain mice. Additionally, VA treatment decreased Aβ1-42-induced neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation and improved synaptic and cognitive deficits. Moreover, VA was nontoxic to HT22 cells and increased cell viability after Aβ1-42 exposure. To our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal the neuroprotective effect of VA against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity. Our findings demonstrate that VA could potentially serve as a novel, promising, and accessible neuroprotective agent against progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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