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McGraw JJ, Goldsmith RS, Cromwell HC. Altered reward sensitivity to sucrose outcomes prior to drug exposure in alcohol preferring rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 237:173724. [PMID: 38340990 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Addiction involves key impairments in reward sensitivity (RS). The current study explored impaired RS to natural reward as a predisposing factor to addictive-like behavior. Alcohol preferring (P) rats are selectively bred based on significantly greater ethanol consumption and preference and offer the ability to inspect differences in subjects with a positive family history of addictive-like behavior. P rat's RS was compared to RS in the well-used Sprague-Dawley (SD) strain. To assess RS in a novel manner, instrumental incentive contrast, discrimination and consumption of sucrose solution were examined. Animals performed in a free operant situation for different sucrose concentration solutions using a block of 'mixed' trials with alternating outcome concentrations (e.g., 5 and 10 % sucrose) to change outcome value in a predictable manner. Animals also performed for reward in blocks of single outcome trials (5 or 10 or 20 or 40 % sucrose daily exposure) surrounding the mixed block. RS (e.g., reward discrimination and contrast effects between and within-sessions) was measured by changes in trials completed, instrumental response latency and consumption. P rats expressed an altered profile of RS with a greater tendency toward equivalent responding to different outcomes within the same session and an absence of incentive contrast from diverse reward comparisons. In contrast, SD animals expressed within-session reward discrimination and a subset of incentive contrast effects. These effects were moderated by food deprivation more consistently in SD compared to P rats. P rat alterations in processing natural rewards could predispose them to addictive-like behaviors including greater alcohol consumption and preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J McGraw
- Department of Psychology and John Paul Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States of America
| | - Robert S Goldsmith
- Department of Psychology and John Paul Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States of America
| | - Howard C Cromwell
- Department of Psychology and John Paul Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States of America.
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Appetitive Motivation and Associated Neurobiology Change Differentially across the Life Course of Mouse Offspring Exposed to Peri- and Postnatal High Fat Feeding. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235161. [PMID: 36501191 PMCID: PMC9735866 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in neural pathways that regulate appetitive motivation may contribute to increased obesity risk in offspring born to mothers fed a high fat (HF) diet. However, current findings on the impact of maternal obesity on motivation in offspring are inconclusive, and there is no information about the long-lasting effects in aged animals. This study examined the longitudinal effect of perinatal and chronic postnatal HF intake on appetitive motivation in young and aged offspring. Female C57Bl/6 were fed either a control (C) or HF diet before mating through to lactation. At weaning, offspring were maintained on the C or HF diet, generating the following four diet groups: C/C, C/HF, HF/C, and HF/HF based on the pre/post weaning diet. At 6 months, motivation was higher in HF/C females, but lower in male and female C/HF and HF/HF mice. By 12 months, this difference was lost, as C-fed animals became less motivated, while motivation increased in HF-fed mice. The mRNA levels of dopamine receptor 1 and 2 increased with age, while cannabinoid receptor 1 and μ-opioid receptor expression remained stable or decreased in mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic pathways. Results from this study suggest that perinatal and chronic postnatal HF feeding produced opposite effects on appetitive motivation in young adult offspring mice, which was also reflected in the shift in motivation over time. These results have significant implications for patterns of hedonic eating across the life course and the relative risk of obesity at different time points.
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John LM, Petersen N, Gerstenberg MK, Torz L, Pedersen K, Christoffersen BØ, Kuhre RE. Housing-temperature reveals energy intake counter-balances energy expenditure in normal-weight, but not diet-induced obese, male mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:946. [PMID: 36088386 PMCID: PMC9464191 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most metabolic studies on mice are performed at room temperature, although under these conditions mice, unlike humans, spend considerable energy to maintain core temperature. Here, we characterize the impact of housing temperature on energy expenditure (EE), energy homeostasis and plasma concentrations of appetite- and glucoregulatory hormones in normal-weight and diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6J mice fed chow or 45% high-fat-diet, respectively. Mice were housed for 33 days at 22, 25, 27.5, and 30 °C in an indirect-calorimetry-system. We show that energy expenditure increases linearly from 30 °C towards 22 °C and is ~30% higher at 22 °C in both mouse models. In normal-weight mice, food intake counter-balances EE. In contrast, DIO mice do not reduce food intake when EE is lowered. By end of study, mice at 30 °C, therefore, had higher body weight, fat mass and plasma glycerol and triglycerides than mice at 22 °C. Dysregulated counterbalancing in DIO mice may result from increased pleasure-based eating. The impact of ambient housing temperature on the interaction of energy intake, energy expenditure and glycemic control in normal and diet-induced obese mice is examined.
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Neurobiological Mechanisms Modulating Emotionality, Cognition and Reward-Related Behaviour in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rodents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147952. [PMID: 35887310 PMCID: PMC9317076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Affective and substance-use disorders are associated with overweight and obesity-related complications, which are often due to the overconsumption of palatable food. Both high-fat diets (HFDs) and psychostimulant drugs modulate the neuro-circuitry regulating emotional processing and metabolic functions. However, it is not known how they interact at the behavioural level, and whether they lead to overlapping changes in neurobiological endpoints. In this literature review, we describe the impact of HFDs on emotionality, cognition, and reward-related behaviour in rodents. We also outline the effects of HFD on brain metabolism and plasticity involving mitochondria. Moreover, the possible overlap of the neurobiological mechanisms produced by HFDs and psychostimulants is discussed. Our in-depth analysis of published results revealed that HFDs have a clear impact on behaviour and underlying brain processes, which are largely dependent on the developmental period. However, apart from the studies investigating maternal exposure to HFDs, most of the published results involve only male rodents. Future research should also examine the biological impact of HFDs in female rodents. Further knowledge about the molecular mechanisms linking stress and obesity is a crucial requirement of translational research and using rodent models can significantly advance the important search for risk-related biomarkers and the development of clinical intervention strategies.
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Coker CR, Keller BN, Arnold AC, Silberman Y. Impact of High Fat Diet and Ethanol Consumption on Neurocircuitry Regulating Emotional Processing and Metabolic Function. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:601111. [PMID: 33574742 PMCID: PMC7870708 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of psychiatry disorders such as anxiety and depression has steadily increased in recent years in the United States. This increased risk for anxiety and depression is associated with excess weight gain, which is often due to over-consumption of western diets that are typically high in fat, as well as with binge eating disorders, which often overlap with overweight and obesity outcomes. This finding suggests that diet, particularly diets high in fat, may have important consequences on the neurocircuitry regulating emotional processing as well as metabolic functions. Depression and anxiety disorders are also often comorbid with alcohol and substance use disorders. It is well-characterized that many of the neurocircuits that become dysregulated by overconsumption of high fat foods are also involved in drug and alcohol use disorders, suggesting overlapping central dysfunction may be involved. Emerging preclinical data suggest that high fat diets may be an important contributor to increased susceptibility of binge drug and ethanol intake in animal models, suggesting diet could be an important aspect in the etiology of substance use disorders. Neuroinflammation in pivotal brain regions modulating metabolic function, food intake, and binge-like behaviors, such as the hypothalamus, mesolimbic dopamine circuits, and amygdala, may be a critical link between diet, ethanol, metabolic dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric conditions. This brief review will provide an overview of behavioral and physiological changes elicited by both diets high in fat and ethanol consumption, as well as some of their potential effects on neurocircuitry regulating emotional processing and metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R. Coker
- Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Bailey N. Keller
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Amy C. Arnold
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yuval Silberman
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Arcego DM, Krolow R, Lampert C, Toniazzo AP, Garcia EDS, Lazzaretti C, Costa G, Scorza C, Dalmaz C. Chronic high-fat diet affects food-motivated behavior and hedonic systems in the nucleus accumbens of male rats. Appetite 2020; 153:104739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Body-Mass-Index Associated Differences in Ortho- and Retronasal Olfactory Function and the Individual Significance of Olfaction in Health and Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020366. [PMID: 32013176 PMCID: PMC7074572 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor (including flavor) perception plays a major role in dietary behavior. Orthonasal olfactory function (OOF) has been shown to decrease in obese subjects. Changes in retronasal olfactory function (ROF) after weight loss and in the individual significance of olfaction (ISO) in obesity are yet to be investigated. Firstly, 15 obese subjects were recruited in a pilot study and supported to conventionally lose weight. OOF (Sniffin’ Sticks) was measured at the beginning and after 5.6 ± 1.3 months. Eleven subjects re-visited but barely lost weight and no major changes in OOF were observed. Secondly, the body-mass-index (BMI), OOF, and ROF (Candy Smell Test, CST) were recorded in subjectively olfactory-healthy subjects (SOHSs) and additionally the ISO questionnaire was collected in patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD). BMI correlated significantly negatively with odor discrimination (p = 0.00004) in 74 SOHSs and negatively with CST (p < 0.0001) in 66 SOHSs. In 48 SOHSs, there was a gender difference in ISO scores (p = 0.034), but no significant correlation with BMI was found (p > 0.05). ISO scores were significantly higher in 52 OD patients in comparison to SOHSs (p = 0.0382). Not only OOF but also ROF may decline with higher BMI. ISO does not seem to alter with BMI, but olfaction becomes more important once it is consciously impaired.
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Acosta-Cota SDJ, Aguilar-Medina EM, Ramos-Payán R, Ruiz-Quiñónez AK, Romero-Quintana JG, Montes-Avila J, Rendón-Maldonado JG, Sánchez-López A, Centurión D, Osuna-Martínez U. Histopathological and biochemical changes in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high-sucrose diet at different times. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 97:23-36. [PMID: 30388378 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The high intake of sweetened drinks is associated with obesity and insulin resistance. These pathologies are directly related to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), considered a condition of metabolic syndrome (MS). Due to their increasing worldwide prevalence, experimental animal models have been developed to gain a better understanding of its physiopathology; notwithstanding, few studies have evaluated its progression in association with MS and ingestion of sweetened drinks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand the pathophysiologic characteristics of NAFLD related to sucrose concentration and time of ingestion in rats. Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups with free access to either tap water or 30% sucrose, and euthanized at 12, 16, or 20 weeks; and 2 additional groups were given free access to either 40% or 50% sucrose and were euthanized at 20 weeks. Biochemical parameters and levels of serum cytokines were measured, and histology was performed. Ingestion of 30% sucrose induced liver steatosis until 16 weeks (grade 2) and 20 weeks (grade 3). Meanwhile, during 20 weeks, 40% sucrose induced grade 5 of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and 50% sucrose induced grade 6 of NASH and fibrosis. This study demonstrated that increasing time of induction and concentration of sucrose ingestion resulted in a higher grade of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene de Jesús Acosta-Cota
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Elsa Maribel Aguilar-Medina
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Rosalio Ramos-Payán
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Ana Karen Ruiz-Quiñónez
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - José Geovanni Romero-Quintana
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Julio Montes-Avila
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - José Guadalupe Rendón-Maldonado
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Araceli Sánchez-López
- b Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav Sede Sur, Czda. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Del. Tlalpan, CP 14330, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - David Centurión
- b Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav Sede Sur, Czda. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Del. Tlalpan, CP 14330, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ulises Osuna-Martínez
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios S/N, CP 80010, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
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Poulimeneas D, Yannakoulia M, Anastasiou CA, Scarmeas N. Weight Loss Maintenance: Have We Missed the Brain? Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8090174. [PMID: 30208568 PMCID: PMC6162665 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8090174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though obese individuals often succeed with weight loss, long-term weight loss maintenance remains elusive. Dietary, lifestyle and psychosocial correlates of weight loss maintenance have been researched, yet the nature of maintenance is still poorly understood. Studying the neural processing of weight loss maintainers may provide a much-needed insight towards sustained obesity management. In this narrative review, we evaluate and critically discuss available evidence regarding the food-related neural responses of weight loss maintainers, as opposed to those of obese or lean persons. While research is still ongoing, available data indicate that following weight loss, maintainers exhibit persistent reward related feeling over food, similar to that of obese persons. However, unlike in obese persons, in maintainers, reward-related brain activity appears to be counteracted by subsequently heightened inhibition. These findings suggest that post-dieting, maintainers acquire a certain level of cognitive control which possibly protects them from weight regaining. The prefrontal cortex, as well as the limbic system, encompass key regions of interest for weight loss maintenance, and their contributions to long term successful weight loss should be further explored. Future possibilities and supportive theories are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Poulimeneas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, GR 17676 Athens, Greece.
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, GR 17676 Athens, Greece.
| | - Costas A Anastasiou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, GR 17676 Athens, Greece.
- Eginition Hospital, 1st Neurology Clinic, Department of Social Medicine, Psychiatry and Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR 15772 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- Eginition Hospital, 1st Neurology Clinic, Department of Social Medicine, Psychiatry and Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR 15772 Athens, Greece.
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Sclafani A. From appetite setpoint to appetition: 50years of ingestive behavior research. Physiol Behav 2018; 192:210-217. [PMID: 29305256 PMCID: PMC6019132 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
I review the main themes of my 50-year research career in ingestive behavior as a graduate student at the University of Chicago and a professor at the City University of New York. A seminar course with my Ph.D. mentor, S. P. Grossman, sparked my interest in the hypothalamic obesity syndrome. I developed a wire knife to dissect the neuropathways and the functional disorder responsible for the syndrome. An elevated appetite setpoint that permitted the overconsumption of palatable foods appeared central to the hypothalamic syndrome. In brain-intact rats, providing an assortment of highly palatable foods (the cafeteria diet) stimulated diet-induced obesity that mimicked elements of hypothalamic obesity. Studies of the determinants of food palatability led to the discovery of a "new" carbohydrate taste (maltodextrin taste) and the confirmation of a fatty taste. In addition to oral taste receptors, gut nutrient sensors stimulated the intake/preference for carbohydrate- and fat-rich foods via an appetition process that stimulates brain reward systems. My research career greatly benefited from many diligent and creative students, collaborators and technicians and research support from my university and the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sclafani
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
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Licholai JA, Nguyen KP, Fobbs WC, Schuster CJ, Ali MA, Kravitz AV. Why Do Mice Overeat High-Fat Diets? How High-Fat Diet Alters the Regulation of Daily Caloric Intake in Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1026-1033. [PMID: 29707908 PMCID: PMC5970071 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ad libitum high-fat diets (HFDs) spontaneously increase caloric intake in rodents, which correlates positively with weight gain. However, it remains unclear why rodents overeat HFDs. This paper investigated how changing the proportion of diet that came from HFDs might alter daily caloric intake in mice. METHODS Mice were given 25%, 50%, or 90% of their daily caloric need from an HFD, along with ad libitum access to a low-fat rodent chow diet. Food intake was measured daily to determine how these HFD supplements impacted total daily caloric intake. Follow-up experiments addressed the timing of HFD feeding. RESULTS HFD supplements did not alter total caloric intake or body weight. In a follow-up experiment, mice consumed approximately 50% of their daily caloric need from an HFD in 30 minutes during the light cycle, a time when mice do not normally consume food. CONCLUSIONS An HFD did not disrupt regulation of total daily caloric intake, even when up to 90% of total calories came from the HFD. However, HFDs increased daily caloric intake when provided ad libitum and were readily consumed by mice outside of their normal feeding cycle. Ad libitum HFDs appear to induce overconsumption beyond the mechanisms that regulate daily caloric intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Licholai
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katrina P Nguyen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wambura C Fobbs
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Corbin J Schuster
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Is leptin resistance the cause or the consequence of diet-induced obesity? Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1445-1457. [PMID: 29789721 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity is strongly associated with leptin resistance. It is unclear whether leptin resistance results from the (over)consumption of energy-dense diets or if reduced leptin sensitivity is also a pre-existing factor in rodent models of diet-induced obesity (DIO). We here tested whether leptin sensitivity on a chow diet predicts subsequent weight gain and leptin sensitivity on a free choice high-fat high-sucrose (fcHFHS) diet. METHODS Based upon individual leptin sensitivity on chow diet, rats were grouped in leptin sensitive (LS, n = 22) and leptin resistant (LR, n = 19) rats (P = 0.000), and the development of DIO on a fcHFHS diet was compared. The time-course of leptin sensitivity was measured over weeks in individual rats. RESULTS Both on a chow and a fcHFHS diet, high variability in leptin sensitivity was observed between rats, but not over time per individual rat. Exposure to the fcHFHS diet revealed that LR rats were more prone to develop DIO (P = 0.013), which was independent of caloric intake (p ≥ 0.320) and the development of diet-induced leptin resistance (P = 0.769). Reduced leptin sensitivity in LR compared with LS rats before fcHFHS diet exposure, was associated with reduced leptin-induced phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) levels in the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamus (P ≤ 0.049), but not the arcuate nucleus (P = 0.558). CONCLUSIONS A pre-existing reduction in leptin sensitivity determines the susceptibility to develop excessive DIO after fcHFHS diet exposure. Rats with a pre-existing reduction in leptin sensitivity develop excessive DIO without eating more calories or altering their leptin sensitivity.
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Derman RC, Ferrario CR. Junk-food enhances conditioned food cup approach to a previously established food cue, but does not alter cue potentiated feeding; implications for the effects of palatable diets on incentive motivation. Physiol Behav 2018; 192:145-157. [PMID: 29555195 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to stem the global rise in obesity have been minimally effective, perhaps in part because our understanding of the psychological and behavioral drivers of obesity is limited. It is well established that stimuli that are paired with palatable foods can powerfully influence food-seeking and feeding behaviors. However, how consumption of sugary, fatty "junk-foods" affects these motivational responses to food cues is poorly understood. Here, we determined the effects of short- and long-term "junk-food" consumption on the expression of cue potentiated feeding and conditioned food cup approach to Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CS). Further, to determine the degree to which effects of "junk-food" were selective to Pavlovian motivational processes, we varied the predictive validity of the CS by including training groups conditioned with unique CS-US contingencies ranging from -1.0 to +1.0. "Junk-food" did not enhance cue potentiated feeding in any group, but expression of this potentiation effect varied with the CS-US contingency independent of diet. In contrast, "junk-food" consistently enhanced conditioned approach to the food cup; this effect was dependent on the previously established CS-US contingency. That is, consumption of "junk-food" following training enhanced approach to the food cup only in response to CSs with previously positive CS-US contingencies. This was accompanied by reduced motivation for the US itself. Together these data show that "junk-food" consumption selectively enhances incentive motivational responses to previously established food CSs, without altering cue potentiated feeding induced by these same CSs, and in the absence of enhanced motivation for food itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifka C Derman
- University of Michigan, Department of Pharmacology, United States
| | - Carrie R Ferrario
- University of Michigan, Department of Pharmacology, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, United States.
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Wiss DA, Criscitelli K, Gold M, Avena N. Preclinical evidence for the addiction potential of highly palatable foods: Current developments related to maternal influence. Appetite 2017; 115:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bray GA, Kim KK, Wilding JPH. Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev 2017; 18:715-723. [PMID: 28489290 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper considers the argument for obesity as a chronic relapsing disease process. Obesity is viewed from an epidemiological model, with an agent affecting the host and producing disease. Food is the primary agent, particularly foods that are high in energy density such as fat, or in sugar-sweetened beverages. An abundance of food, low physical activity and several other environmental factors interact with the genetic susceptibility of the host to produce positive energy balance. The majority of this excess energy is stored as fat in enlarged, and often more numerous fat cells, but some lipid may infiltrate other organs such as the liver (ectopic fat). The enlarged fat cells and ectopic fat produce and secrete a variety of metabolic, hormonal and inflammatory products that produce damage in organs such as the arteries, heart, liver, muscle and pancreas. The magnitude of the obesity and its adverse effects in individuals may relate to the virulence or toxicity of the environment and its interaction with the host. Thus, obesity fits the epidemiological model of a disease process except that the toxic or pathological agent is food rather than a microbe. Reversing obesity will prevent most of its detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center of Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - K K Kim
- National University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - J P H Wilding
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Clinical Sciences Centre, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK
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16
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Gumbs MC, van den Heuvel JK, la Fleur SE. The effect of obesogenic diets on brain Neuropeptide Y. Physiol Behav 2016; 162:161-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Kalon E, Hong JY, Tobin C, Schulte T. Psychological and Neurobiological Correlates of Food Addiction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 129:85-110. [PMID: 27503449 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Food addiction (FA) is loosely defined as hedonic eating behavior involving the consumption of highly palatable foods (ie, foods high in salt, fat, and sugar) in quantities beyond homeostatic energy requirements. FA shares some common symptomology with other pathological eating disorders, such as binge eating. Current theories suggest that FA shares both behavioral similarities and overlapping neural correlates to other substance addictions. Although preliminary, neuroimaging studies in response to food cues and the consumption of highly palatable food in individuals with FA compared to healthy controls have shown differing activation patterns and connectivity in brain reward circuits including regions such as the striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, and nucleus accumbens. Additional effects have been noted in the hypothalamus, a brain area responsible for regulating eating behaviors and peripheral satiety networks. FA is highly impacted by impulsivity and mood. Chronic stress can negatively affect hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, thus influencing eating behavior and increasing desirability of highly palatable foods. Future work will require clearly defining FA as a distinct diagnosis from other eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kalon
- Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States.
| | - J Y Hong
- SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - C Tobin
- Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System Menlo Park Division, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - T Schulte
- Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
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Alpert HR, Agaku IT, Connolly GN. A study of pyrazines in cigarettes and how additives might be used to enhance tobacco addiction. Tob Control 2016; 25:444-50. [PMID: 26063608 PMCID: PMC4941150 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine is known as the drug that is responsible for the addicted behaviour of tobacco users, but it has poor reinforcing effects when administered alone. Tobacco product design features enhance abuse liability by (A) optimising the dynamic delivery of nicotine to central nervous system receptors, and affecting smokers' withdrawal symptoms, mood and behaviour; and (B) effecting conditioned learning, through sensory cues, including aroma, touch and visual stimulation, to create perceptions of pending nicotine reward. This study examines the use of additives called 'pyrazines', which may enhance abuse potential, their introduction in 'lights' and subsequently in the highly market successful Marlboro Lights (Gold) cigarettes and eventually many major brands. METHODS We conducted internal tobacco industry research using online databases in conjunction with published scientific literature research, based on an iterative feedback process. RESULTS Tobacco manufacturers developed the use of a range of compounds, including pyrazines, in order to enhance 'light' cigarette products' acceptance and sales. Pyrazines with chemosensory and pharmacological effects were incorporated in the first 'full-flavour, low-tar' product achieving high market success. Such additives may enhance dependence by helping to optimise nicotine delivery and dosing and through cueing and learned behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette additives and ingredients with chemosensory effects that promote addiction by acting synergistically with nicotine, increasing product appeal, easing smoking initiation, discouraging cessation or promoting relapse should be regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration. Current models of tobacco abuse liability could be revised to include more explicit roles with regard to non-nicotine constituents that enhance abuse potential.
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Tulloch AJ, Murray S, Vaicekonyte R, Avena NM. Neural responses to macronutrients: hedonic and homeostatic mechanisms. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1205-18. [PMID: 25644095 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The brain responds to macronutrients via intricate mechanisms. We review how the brain's neural systems implicated in homeostatic control of feeding and hedonic responses are influenced by the ingestion of specific types of food. We discuss how these neural systems are dysregulated in preclinical models of obesity. Findings from these studies can increase our understanding of overeating and, perhaps in some cases, the development of obesity. In addition, a greater understanding of the neural circuits affected by the consumption of specific macronutrients, and by obesity, might lead to new treatments and strategies for preventing unhealthy weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Tulloch
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Susan Murray
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Regina Vaicekonyte
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nicole M Avena
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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20
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de Git KCG, Adan RAH. Leptin resistance in diet-induced obesity: the role of hypothalamic inflammation. Obes Rev 2015; 16:207-24. [PMID: 25589226 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of Western diets, high in sugar and saturated fat, is a crucial contributor to the alarming incidence of obesity and its associated morbidities. These diets have been reported to induce an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus, which promotes the development of central leptin resistance and obesity. This inflammatory signalling involves dynamic changes in the expression and activity of several mediators of the innate immune system, including toll-like receptor 4, IκB kinase-β/nuclear factor-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy defect. Although the exact cellular mechanisms remain incompletely understood, recent evidence suggests that the inflammatory response is at least mediated by interactions between neurons and non-neuronal cells such as microglia and astrocytes. Current evidence of the contribution of each inflammatory mediator to leptin resistance and diet-induced obesity (DIO), including their reciprocal interactions and cell-type-specific effects, is reviewed and integrated in a conceptual model. Based upon this model and pharmacological intervention studies, several inflammatory mediators are proposed to be promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of DIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C G de Git
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Pendergast JS, Branecky KL, Huang R, Niswender KD, Yamazaki S. Wheel-running activity modulates circadian organization and the daily rhythm of eating behavior. Front Psychol 2014; 5:177. [PMID: 24624109 PMCID: PMC3941004 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of high-fat diet acutely alters the daily rhythm of eating behavior and circadian organization (the phase relationship between oscillators in central and peripheral tissues) in mice. Voluntary wheel-running activity counteracts the obesogenic effects of high-fat diet and also modulates circadian rhythms in mice. In this study, we sought to determine whether voluntary wheel-running activity could prevent the proximate effects of high-fat diet consumption on circadian organization and behavioral rhythms in mice. Mice were housed with locked or freely rotating running wheels and fed chow or high-fat diet for 1 week and rhythms of locomotor activity, eating behavior, and molecular timekeeping (PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE luminescence rhythms) in ex vivo tissues were measured. Wheel-running activity delayed the phase of the liver rhythm by 4 h in both chow- and high-fat diet-fed mice. The delayed liver phase was specific to wheel-running activity since an enriched environment without the running wheel did not alter the phase of the liver rhythm. In addition, wheel-running activity modulated the effect of high-fat diet consumption on the daily rhythm of eating behavior. While high-fat diet consumption caused eating events to be more evenly dispersed across the 24 h-day in both locked-wheel and wheel-running mice, the effect of high-fat diet was much less pronounced in wheel-running mice. Together these data demonstrate that wheel-running activity is a salient factor that modulates liver phase and eating behavior rhythms in both chow- and high-fat-diet fed mice. Wheel-running activity in mice is both a source of exercise and a self-motivating, rewarding behavior. Understanding the putative reward-related mechanisms whereby wheel-running activity alters circadian rhythms could have implications for human obesity since palatable food and exercise may modulate similar reward circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Pendergast
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katrina L Branecky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Kevin D Niswender
- 3VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Nashville, TN, USA ; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shin Yamazaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
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22
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Wittchen H, Knappe S, Andersson G, Araya R, Banos Rivera RM, Barkham M, Bech P, Beckers T, Berger T, Berking M, Berrocal C, Botella C, Carlbring P, Chouinard G, Colom F, Csillag C, Cujipers P, David D, Emmelkamp PM, Essau CA, Fava GA, Goschke T, Hermans D, Hofmann SG, Lutz W, Muris P, Ollendick TH, Raes F, Rief W, Riper H, Tossani E, van der Oord S, Vervliet B, Haro JM, Schumann G. The need for a behavioural science focus in research on mental health and mental disorders. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2014; 23 Suppl 1:28-40. [PMID: 24375534 PMCID: PMC6878303 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychology as a science offers an enormous diversity of theories, principles, and methodological approaches to understand mental health, abnormal functions and behaviours and mental disorders. A selected overview of the scope, current topics as well as strength and gaps in Psychological Science may help to depict the advances needed to inform future research agendas specifically on mental health and mental disorders. From an integrative psychological perspective, most maladaptive health behaviours and mental disorders can be conceptualized as the result of developmental dysfunctions of psychological functions and processes as well as neurobiological and genetic processes that interact with the environment. The paper presents and discusses an integrative translational model, linking basic and experimental research with clinical research as well as population-based prospective-longitudinal studies. This model provides a conceptual framework to identify how individual vulnerabilities interact with environment over time, and promote critical behaviours that might act as proximal risk factors for ill-health and mental disorders. Within the models framework, such improved knowledge is also expected to better delineate targeted preventive and therapeutic interventions that prevent further escalation in early stages before the full disorder and further complications thereof develop. In contrast to conventional "personalized medicine" that typically targets individual (genetic) variation of patients who already have developed a disease to improve medical treatment, the proposed framework model, linked to a concerted funding programme of the "Science of Behaviour Change", carries the promise of improved diagnosis, treatment and prevention of health-risk behaviour constellations as well as mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans‐Ulrich Wittchen
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS)Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Susanne Knappe
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS)Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Swedish Institute for Disability ResearchLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry SectionKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ricardo Araya
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry, School of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | - Michael Barkham
- Centre for Psychological Services Research, Department of PsychologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Per Bech
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Mental Health Centre North ZealandUniversity of CopenhagenHillerodDenmark
| | - Tom Beckers
- Department of PsychologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Clinical PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Berking
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyUniversity of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Carmen Berrocal
- PAIDI Research Group on Epidemiology and Psychometrics in Health and Behavioural SciencesUniversity of MalagaMalagaSpain
| | | | - Per Carlbring
- Department of PsychologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Guy Chouinard
- Department of Psychiatry, Saint Antoine Hospital, EA 3522, Centre de Recherches PsychanalyseMédecine et Société (CRPMS)ParisFrance
| | - Francesc Colom
- Psychoeducation and Psychological Treatments Area, Barcelona Bipolar Disorders UnitIDIBAPS‐CIBERSAM, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital ClinicBarcelonaSpain
| | - Claudio Csillag
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Mental Health Centre North ZealandUniversity of CopenhagenHillerodDenmark
| | - Pim Cujipers
- Department of Clinical PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- VU University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Leuphana UniversityLüneburgGermany
| | - Daniel David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; Mount Sinai School of MedicineBabes‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
- Department of Oncological SciencesNew YorkUSA
| | - Paul M.G. Emmelkamp
- Department of Clinical PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Giovanni A. Fava
- Laboratory of Psychosomatics and Clinimetrics, Department of PsychologyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Thomas Goschke
- Department of PsychologyTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Lutz
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TrierTrierGermany
| | - Peter Muris
- Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Winfried Rief
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyUniversity of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Heleen Riper
- Department of Clinical PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eliana Tossani
- Laboratory of Psychosomatics and Clinimetrics, Department of PsychologyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | | | | | - Josep M. Haro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud MentalCIBERSAMMadridSpain
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de DéuSant Boi de LLobregatBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of PsychiatryKing's College LondonLondonUK
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of PsychiatryKing's College LondonLondonUK
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Gast MT, Tönjes A, Keller M, Horstmann A, Steinle N, Scholz M, Müller I, Villringer A, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P, Böttcher Y. The role of rs2237781 within GRM8 in eating behavior. Brain Behav 2013; 3:495-502. [PMID: 24392270 PMCID: PMC3869977 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The glutamate receptor, metabotropic 8 gene (GRM8) encodes a G-protein-coupled glutamate receptor and has been associated with smoking behavior and liability to alcoholism implying a role in addiction vulnerability. Data from animal studies suggest that GRM8 may be involved in the regulation of the neuropeptide Y and melanocortin pathways and might influence food intake and metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the genetic variant rs2237781 within GRM8 on human eating behavior. METHODS The initial analysis included 548 Sorbs from Germany who have been extensively phenotyped for metabolic traits and who completed the German version of the three-factor eating questionnaire. In addition, we analyzed two independent sample sets comprising 293 subjects from another German cohort and 430 Old Order Amish individuals. Genetic associations with restraint, disinhibition, and hunger were assessed in an additive linear regression model. RESULTS Among the Sorbs the major G allele of rs2237781 was significantly associated with increased restraint scores in eating behavior (P = 1.9 × 10(-4); β = +1.936). The German cohort and the Old Order Amish population revealed a trend in the same direction for restraint (P = 0.242; β = +0.874; P = 0.908; β = +0.096; respectively). A meta-analysis resulted in a combined P = 3.1 × 10(-3) (Z-score 2.948). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that rs2237781 within GRM8 may influence human eating behavior factors probably via pathways involved in addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Keller
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany ; Department for Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nanette Steinle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland ; Diabetes and Endocrinology Section, Veterans Administration Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany ; LIFE Research Center, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Müller
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department for Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany ; Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany ; IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
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Burmeister MA, Ayala J, Drucker DJ, Ayala JE. Central glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-induced anorexia requires glucose metabolism-mediated suppression of AMPK and is impaired by central fructose. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E677-85. [PMID: 23341495 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00446.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) suppresses food intake via activation of a central (i.e., brain) GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Central AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a nutrient-sensitive regulator of food intake that is inhibited by anorectic signals. The anorectic effect elicited by hindbrain GLP-1R activation is attenuated by the AMPK stimulator AICAR. This suggests that central GLP-1R activation suppresses food intake via inhibition of central AMPK. The present studies examined the mechanism(s) by which central GLP-1R activation inhibits AMPK. Supporting previous findings, AICAR attenuated the anorectic effect elicited by intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 (Ex-4). We demonstrate that Ex-4 stimulates glycolysis and suppresses AMPK phosphorylation in a glucose-dependent manner in hypothalamic GT1-7 cells. This suggests that inhibition of AMPK and food intake by Ex-4 requires central glucose metabolism. Supporting this, the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) attenuated the anorectic effect of Ex-4. However, icv glucose did not enhance the suppression of food intake by Ex-4. AICAR had no effect on Ex-4-mediated reduction in locomotor activity. We also tested whether other carbohydrates affect the anorectic response to Ex-4. Intracerebroventricular pretreatment with the sucrose metabolite fructose, an AMPK activator, attenuated the anorectic effect of Ex-4. This potentially explains the increased food intake observed in sucrose-fed mice. In summary, we propose a model whereby activation of the central GLP-1R reduces food intake via glucose metabolism-dependent inhibition of central AMPK. We also suggest that fructose stimulates food intake by impairing central GLP-1R action. This has significant implications given the correlation between sugar consumption and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Burmeister
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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25
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Francis H, Stevenson R. The longer-term impacts of Western diet on human cognition and the brain. Appetite 2013; 63:119-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bird SP, Murphy M, Bake T, Albayrak Ö, Mercer JG. Getting science to the citizen--'food addiction' at the British Science Festival as a case study of interactive public engagement with high profile scientific controversy. Obes Facts 2013; 6:103-8. [PMID: 23493065 PMCID: PMC5644754 DOI: 10.1159/000349916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sue P. Bird
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Michelle Murphy
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Tina Bake
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Özgür Albayrak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julian G. Mercer
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- *Prof. Dr. Julian G. Mercer, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB (UK),
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Mercer JG, Bird SP. NeuroFAST - the integrated neurobiology of food intake, addiction and stress. Obes Facts 2012; 5:293-7. [PMID: 22647310 DOI: 10.1159/000338824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julian G Mercer
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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