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Chang CY, Wang SSS, Lai YR, Koh WG, Wu JW, Chiang YH. Ophthalmic drug effects on the amyloidogenesis of a transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp) peptide fragment. Exp Eye Res 2024; 244:109932. [PMID: 38762008 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Drugs that can treat one disease may either be detrimental or beneficial toward another due to possible cross-interactions. Therefore, care in choosing a suitable drug for patients with multiple diseases is crucial in successful patient management. This study explores several currently available ophthalmic drugs used to treat common ocular diseases to understand how they can affect the amyloidogenesis of a transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp) peptide fragment found in abundance in the corneal protein aggregation deposits of lattice corneal dystrophy (LCD) patients. Results from this study provided supporting evidence that some drugs intended to treat other diseases can enhance or inhibit fibrillar aggregation of TGFBIp peptide, which may have potential implication of affecting the disease progression of LCD by either worsening or ameliorating it. Comparisons of the different properties of ophthalmic compounds explored in this study may also provide some guidance for future design of drugs geared toward the treatment of LCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Steven S-S Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - You-Ren Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, South Korea
| | - Josephine W Wu
- Department of Optometry, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu City, 30015, Taiwan; Department of Optometry, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hui Chiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, 237, Taiwan.
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Chen F, Ke Q, Wei W, Cui L, Wang Y. Apolipoprotein E and viral infection: Risks and Mechanisms. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:529-542. [PMID: 37588688 PMCID: PMC10425688 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein critical for lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis. In addition to being a well known genetic determinant of both neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, ApoE is frequently involved in various viral infection-related diseases. Human ApoE protein is functionally polymorphic with three isoforms, namely, ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4, with markedly altered protein structures and functions. ApoE4 is associated with increased susceptibility to infection with herpes simplex virus type-1 and HIV. Conversely, ApoE4 protects against hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infection. With the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019, ApoE4 has been shown to determine the incidence and progression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. These findings clearly indicate the critical role of ApoE in viral infection. Furthermore, ApoE polymorphism has various or even opposite effects in these infection processes, which are partly related to the structural features that distinguish the different ApoE statuses. In the current review, we summarize the emerging relationship between ApoE and viral infection, discuss the potential mechanisms, and identify future directions that may help to advance our understanding of the link between ApoE and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Qiongwei Ke
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Wenyan Wei
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
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Kakoti BB, Bezbaruah R, Ahmed N. Therapeutic drug repositioning with special emphasis on neurodegenerative diseases: Threats and issues. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1007315. [PMID: 36263141 PMCID: PMC9574100 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1007315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning or repurposing is the process of discovering leading-edge indications for authorized or declined/abandoned molecules for use in different diseases. This approach revitalizes the traditional drug discovery method by revealing new therapeutic applications for existing drugs. There are numerous studies available that highlight the triumph of several drugs as repurposed therapeutics. For example, sildenafil to aspirin, thalidomide to adalimumab, and so on. Millions of people worldwide are affected by neurodegenerative diseases. According to a 2021 report, the Alzheimer's disease Association estimates that 6.2 million Americans are detected with Alzheimer's disease. By 2030, approximately 1.2 million people in the United States possibly acquire Parkinson's disease. Drugs that act on a single molecular target benefit people suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. Current pharmacological approaches, on the other hand, are constrained in their capacity to unquestionably alter the course of the disease and provide patients with inadequate and momentary benefits. Drug repositioning-based approaches appear to be very pertinent, expense- and time-reducing strategies for the enhancement of medicinal opportunities for such diseases in the current era. Kinase inhibitors, for example, which were developed for various oncology indications, demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases. This review expounds on the classical and recent examples of drug repositioning at various stages of drug development, with a special focus on neurodegenerative disorders and the aspects of threats and issues viz. the regulatory, scientific, and economic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
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Bužga M, Machytka E, Dvořáčková E, Švagera Z, Stejskal D, Máca J, Král J. Methylene blue: a controversial diagnostic acid and medication? Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:711-717. [PMID: 36337249 PMCID: PMC9618115 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A narrative review of the literature was conducted to determine if the administration of methylene blue (MB) in humans has potential risks. Studies were identified from MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane. MB is a diagnostic substance used during some diagnostic procedures and also a part of the treatment of several diseases including methemoglobinemia, vasoplegic syndrome, fosfamide-induced encephalopathy, and cyanide intoxication, and the detection of leaks or position of parathyroid corpuscles during surgery. Although the use of MB is historically justified, and it ought to be safe, because it originated as a diagnostic material, the basic toxicological characteristics of this substance are unknown. Despite reports of severe adverse effects of MB, which could significantly exceed any possible benefits evaluated for the given indication. Therefore, the clinical use of MB currently represents a controversial problem given the heterogeneity of available data and the lack of preclinical data. This is in conflict with standards of safe use of such substances in human medicinal practice. The toxic effects of the application of MB are dose-dependent and include serious symptoms such as hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, nausea and vomitus, chest pain, dyspnoea, and hypertension. Some countries regard MB as harmful because of the resulting skin irritation and triggering of an adverse inflammatory response. MB induced serotoninergic toxicity clinically manifests as neuromuscular hyperactivity. This review aims to summarize the current understanding concerning the indications for MB administration and define the potential adverse effects of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bužga
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava 17. listopadu 1790, OStrava, 70800, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava Syllabova 19, Ostrava Vitkovice, 70030, Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Machytka
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hepatogastroenterology Department, Prague Videňska 1958/9, Praha, 14021, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Dvořáčková
- Institute of Pharmacology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague Albertov 4, Praha, 12108, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Švagera
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava 17. listopadu 1790, OStrava, 70800, Czech Republic
| | - David Stejskal
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava 17. listopadu 1790, OStrava, 70800, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Máca
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava Syllabova 19, Ostrava Vitkovice, 70030, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Král
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hepatogastroenterology Department, Prague Videňska 1958/9, Praha, 14021, Czech Republic
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Kimura T, Ono M, Seki C, Sampei K, Shimojo M, Kawamura K, Zhang MR, Sahara N, Takado Y, Higuchi M. A quantitative in vivo imaging platform for tracking pathological tau depositions and resultant neuronal death in a mouse model. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:4298-4311. [PMID: 35798978 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Depositions of tau fibrils are implicated in diverse neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, and precise assessments of tau pathologies and their impacts on neuronal survival are crucial for pursuing the neurodegenerative tau pathogenesis with and without potential therapies. We aimed to establish an in vivo imaging system to quantify tau accumulations with positron emission tomography (PET) and brain atrophy with volumetric MRI in rTg4510 transgenic mice modeling neurodegenerative tauopathies. METHODS A total of 91 rTg4510 and non-transgenic control mice underwent PET with a tau radiotracer, 18F-PM-PBB3, and MRI at various ages (1.8-12.3 months). Using the cerebellum as reference, the radiotracer binding in target regions was estimated as standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) and distribution volume ratio (DVR). Histopathological staining of brain sections derived from scanned animals was also conducted to investigate the imaging-neuropathology correlations. RESULTS 18F-PM-PBB3 SUVR at 40-60 min in the neocortex, hippocampus, and striatum of rTg4510 mice agreed with DVR, became significantly different from control values around 4-5 months of age, and progressively and negatively correlated with age and local volumes, respectively. Neocortical SUVR also correlated with the abundance of tau inclusions labeled with PM-PBB3 fluorescence, Gallyas-Braak silver impregnation, and anti-phospho-tau antibodies in postmortem assays. The in vivo and ex vivo 18F-PM-PBB3 binding was blocked by non-radioactive PM-PBB3. 18F-PM-PBB3 yielded a 1.6-fold greater dynamic range for tau imaging than its ancestor, 11C-PBB3. CONCLUSION Our imaging platform has enabled the quantification of tau depositions and consequent neuronal loss and is potentially applicable to the evaluation of candidate anti-tau and neuroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Kimura
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Maiko Ono
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chie Seki
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Sampei
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimojo
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawamura
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Sahara
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yuhei Takado
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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Eshraghi M, Ahmadi M, Afshar S, Lorzadeh S, Adlimoghaddam A, Rezvani Jalal N, West R, Dastghaib S, Igder S, Torshizi SRN, Mahmoodzadeh A, Mokarram P, Madrakian T, Albensi BC, Łos MJ, Ghavami S, Pecic S. Enhancing autophagy in Alzheimer's disease through drug repositioning. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108171. [PMID: 35304223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the biggest human health threats due to increases in aging of the global population. Unfortunately, drugs for treating AD have been largely ineffective. Interestingly, downregulation of macroautophagy (autophagy) plays an essential role in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, targeting autophagy has drawn considerable attention as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD. However, developing new therapeutics is time-consuming and requires huge investments. One of the strategies currently under consideration for many diseases is "drug repositioning" or "drug repurposing". In this comprehensive review, we have provided an overview of the impact of autophagy on AD pathophysiology, reviewed the therapeutics that upregulate autophagy and are currently used in the treatment of other diseases, including cancers, and evaluated their repurposing as a possible treatment option for AD. In addition, we discussed the potential of applying nano-drug delivery to neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, to overcome the challenge of crossing the blood brain barrier and specifically target molecules/pathways of interest with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Eshraghi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran; Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Afshar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Aida Adlimoghaddam
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada
| | | | - Ryan West
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, United States of America
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz Iran
| | - Somayeh Igder
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Amir Mahmoodzadeh
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran; Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; Nova Southeastern Univ. College of Pharmacy, Davie, FL, United States of America; University of Manitoba, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Institutes of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, United States of America.
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Islam M, Shen F, Regmi D, Du D. Therapeutic Strategies for Tauopathies and Drug Repurposing as a Potential Approach. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114979. [PMID: 35219701 PMCID: PMC9159505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the deposition of abnormal tau in the brain. To date, there are no disease-modifying therapies approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for the treatment of tauopathies. In the past decades, extensive efforts have been provided to develop disease-modifying therapies to treat tauopathies. Specifically, exploring existing drugs with the intent of repurposing for the treatment of tauopathies affords a reasonable alternative to discover potent drugs for treating these formidable diseases. Drug repurposing will not only reduce formulation and development stage effort and cost but will also take a key advantage of the established toxicological studies, which is one of the main causes of clinical trial failure of new molecules. In this review, we provide an overview of the current treatment strategies for tauopathies and the recent progress in drug repurposing as an alternative approach to treat tauopathies.
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Markulin I, Matasin M, Turk VE, Salković-Petrisic M. Challenges of repurposing tetracyclines for the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:773-804. [PMID: 34982206 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The novel antibiotic-exploiting strategy in the treatment of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) disease has emerged as a potential breakthrough in the field. The research in animal AD/PD models provided evidence on the antiamyloidogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity of tetracyclines, associated with cognitive improvement. The neuroprotective effects of minocycline and doxycycline in animals initiated investigation of their clinical efficacy in AD and PD patients which led to inconclusive results and additionally to insufficient safety data on a long-standing doxycycline and minocycline therapy in these patient populations. The safety issues should be considered in two levels; in AD/PD patients (particularly antibiotic-induced alteration of gut microbiota and its consequences), and as a world-wide threat of development of bacterial resistance to these antibiotics posed by a fact that AD and PD are widespread incurable diseases which require daily administered long-lasting antibiotic therapy. Recently proposed subantimicrobial doxycycline doses should be thoroughly explored for their effectiveness and long-term safety especially in AD/PD populations. Keeping in mind the antibacterial activity-related far-reaching undesirable effects both for the patients and globally, further work on repurposing these drugs for a long-standing therapy of AD/PD should consider the chemically modified tetracycline compounds tailored to lack antimicrobial but retain (or introduce) other activities effective against the AD/PD pathology. This strategy might reduce the risk of long-term therapy-related adverse effects (particularly gut-related ones) and development of bacterial resistance toward the tetracycline antibiotic agents but the therapeutic potential and desirable safety profile of such compounds in AD/PD patients need to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Markulin
- Community Health Centre Zagreb-Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Viktorija Erdeljic Turk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Melita Salković-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Liu L, Zhang J, Han Y, Liu D. The mechanism of Girdin in degenerative brain disease caused by high glucose stimulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:892897. [PMID: 36329890 PMCID: PMC9623676 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.892897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Girdin, as an actin-binding protein, plays a major role in maintaining the stability of the actin skeleton structure and affects the growth, development, and migration of neurons. This study discusses the mechanism of Girdin in brain degeneration caused by high glucose stimulation. We examined the expression of Girdin in diabetic patients. The positive expression rate of Girdin in the diabetic group was 17.2% (5/29), which was obviously lower than the positive expression rate of 83.3% (20/24) in the non-diabetic group. We examined the expression of Girdin and its signaling pathway-related proteins Akt and STAT3 in hippocampal neurons induced by high glucose. The results showed that, in contrast to the control group (glucose concentration = 25 mmol/L), the expression of Girdin in the high-glucose group (glucose concentration = 225 mmol/L) was reduced (P < 0.05); the phosphorylation levels of Akt and STAT3 related to Girdin signaling pathway were also reduced (P < 0.05). Under high-glucose stimulation, the structure of neurons is abnormal, such as the reduction or disappearance of dendritic spines, and the number of neurons is reduced. In addition, Girdin and Akt were less expressed in neurons and synapses, especially the most obvious reduction in synaptic terminals. The activity of Girdin and its signaling pathway-related proteins Akt and STAT3 decreased in neurons under high glucose stimulation, indicating that the mechanism of Girdin in brain degeneration caused by high glucose stimulation was closely related to the Akt and STAT3 pathways. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT The mechanism of Girdin in degenerative brain disease caused by high glucose stimulation. This article discusses the mechanism of Girdin in brain degeneration induced by high glucose stimulation. The expression of Girdin in the diabetic group was significantly lower than that in the non-diabetic group. The expression of Girdin and its signaling pathway-related proteins Akt and STAT3 in hippocampal neurons was significantly reduced under high glucose stimulation. Under high glucose stimulation, the structure of neurons is abnormal and the number decreases; synapses become shorter. It indicates that the mechanism of brain degeneration caused by high glucose stimulation by Girdin is closely related to the Akt and STAT3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longteng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Hospital; National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Hospital; National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxi Han
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, P.R. China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongge Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Hospital; National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongge Liu,
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Neuroimmune contributions to Alzheimer's disease: a focus on human data. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3164-3181. [PMID: 35668160 PMCID: PMC9168642 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the convergence of a series of new insights that arose from genetic and systems analyses of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a wealth of epidemiological data from a variety of fields; this resulted in renewed interest in immune responses as important, potentially causal components of AD. Here, we focus primarily on a review of human data which has recently yielded a set of robust, reproducible results that exist in a much larger universe of conflicting reports stemming from small studies with important limitations in their study design. Thus, we are at an important crossroads in efforts to first understand at which step of the long, multiphasic course of AD a given immune response may play a causal role and then modulate this response to slow or block the pathophysiology of AD. We have a wealth of new experimental tools, analysis methods, and capacity to sample human participants at large scale longitudinally; these resources, when coupled to a foundation of reproducible results and novel study designs, will enable us to monitor human immune function in the CNS at the level of complexity that is required while simultaneously capturing the state of the peripheral immune system. This integration of peripheral and central perturbations in immune responses results in pathologic responses in the central nervous system parenchyma where specialized cellular microenvironments composed of multiple cell subtypes respond to these immune perturbations as well as to environmental exposures, comorbidities and the impact of the advancing life course. Here, we offer an overview that seeks to illustrate the large number of interconnecting factors that ultimately yield the neuroimmune component of AD.
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Bhat A, Dalvi H, Jain H, Rangaraj N, Singh SB, Srivastava S. Perspective insights of repurposing the pleiotropic efficacy of statins in neurodegenerative disorders: An expository appraisal. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100012. [PMID: 34909647 PMCID: PMC8663947 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders which affects a larger population pose a great clinical challenge. These disorders impact the quality of life of an individual by damaging the neurons, which are the unit cells of the brain. Clinicians are faced with the grave challenge of inhibiting the progression of these diseases as available treatment options fail to meet the clinical demand. Thus, treating the disease/disorder symptomatically is the Hobson's choice. The goal of the researchers is to introduce newer therapies in this segment and introducing a new molecule will take long years of development. Hence, drug repurposing/repositioning can be a better substitute in comparison to time consuming and expensive drug discovery and development cycle. Presently, a paradigm shift towards the re-purposing of drugs can be witnessed. Statins which have been previously approved as anti-hyperlipidemic agents are in the limelight of research for re-purposed drugs. Owing to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nature, statins act as neuroprotective in several brain disorders. Further they attenuate the amyloid plaques and protein aggregation which are the triggering factors in the Alzheimer's and Parkinson's respectively. In case of Huntington disease and Multiple sclerosis they help in improving the psychomotor symptoms and stimulate remyelination thus acting as neuroprotective. This article reviews the potential of statins in treating neurodegenerative disorders along with a brief discussion on the safety concerns associated with use of statins and human clinical trial data linked with re-tasking statins for neurodegenerative disorders along with the regulatory perspectives involved with the drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Harshita Dalvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Harsha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Nagarjun Rangaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
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Som Chaudhury S, Sinha K, Das Mukhopadhyay C. Intranasal route: The green corridor for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Metsla K, Kirss S, Laks K, Sildnik G, Palgi M, Palumaa T, Tõugu V, Palumaa P. α-Lipoic Acid Has the Potential to Normalize Copper Metabolism, Which Is Dysregulated in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:715-728. [PMID: 34864665 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia. The treatment and prevention of AD present immense yet unmet needs. One of the hallmarks of AD is the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques in the brain, composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Besides major amyloid-targeting approach there is the necessity to focus also on alternative therapeutic strategies. One factor contributing to the development of AD is dysregulated copper metabolism, reflected in the intracellular copper deficit and excess of extracellular copper. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we follow the widely accepted hypothesis that the normalization of copper metabolism leads to the prevention or slowing of the disease and search for new copper-regulating ligands. METHODS We used cell culture, ICP MS, and Drosophila melanogaster models of AD. RESULTS We demonstrate that the natural intracellular copper chelator, α-lipoic acid (LA) translocates copper from extracellular to intracellular space in an SH-SY5Y-based neuronal cell model and is thus suitable to alleviate the intracellular copper deficit characteristic of AD neurons. Furthermore, we show that supplementation with LA protects the Drosophila melanogaster models of AD from developing AD phenotype by improving locomotor activity of fruit fly with overexpression of human Aβ with Iowa mutation in the fly brain. In addition, LA slightly weakens copper-induced smooth eye phenotype when amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and beta-site AβPP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) are overexpressed in eye photoreceptor cells. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results provide evidence that LA has the potential to normalize copper metabolism in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Metsla
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Sigrid Kirss
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katrina Laks
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Gertrud Sildnik
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mari Palgi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Teele Palumaa
- East Tallinn Central Hospital Eye Clinic, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Vello Tõugu
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Peep Palumaa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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14
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Maciejewska K, Czarnecka K, Szymański P. A review of the mechanisms underlying selected comorbidities in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1565-1581. [PMID: 34121170 PMCID: PMC8599320 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to mental deterioration and devastation, and eventually a fatal outcome. AD affects mostly the elderly. AD is frequently accompanied by hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus, and these are significant risk factors of AD. Other conditions triggered by the progression of AD include psychosis, sleep disorders, epilepsy, and depression. One important comorbidity is Down’s syndrome, which directly contributes to the severity and rapid progression of AD. The development of new therapeutic strategies for AD includes the repurposing of drugs currently used for the treatment of comorbidities. A better understanding of the influence of comorbidities on the pathogenesis of AD, and the medications used in its treatment, might allow better control of disease progression, and more effective pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maciejewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Czarnecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland.
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15
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Wen MM, Ismail NIK, Nasra MMA, El-Kamel AH. Repurposing ibuprofen-loaded microemulsion for the management of Alzheimer's disease: evidence of potential intranasal brain targeting. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1188-1203. [PMID: 34121565 PMCID: PMC8205090 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1937383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen could reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. The drug-repurposing strategy offers a bright opportunity for these patients. Intranasal administration through the olfactory pathway provides noninvasive and direct drug delivery to the target brain. A novel ibuprofen microemulsion was prepared, characterized and assessed the brain uptake in rats. The solubility of ibuprofen in various oils, surfactants, co-surfactants, and different ratios of surfactant/co-surfactant mixtures was screened and the phase diagrams were constructed. The colloidal particle size was 166.3 ± 2.55 nm and the zeta potential was −22.7 mV. Conductivity and dilution test identified an O/W type microemulsion with pH 4.09 ± 0.08. The rheological study showed a Newtonian flow behavior with cP 10.633 ± 0.603 (mPa⋅s). A steady drug release and linear permeation profiles were observed and showed a 90% permeation rate from the released drug. Ibuprofen microemulsion showed excellent stability in 3-months accelerated storage conditions, heating-cooling and freeze-thaw cycles, accelerated centrifugation, and 6- and 12-months long-term storage conditions. In vivo studies in rats further demonstrated a 4-fold higher brain uptake of ibuprofen from the microemulsion compared to the reference solution and nearly 4-fold and 10-fold higher compared to the intravenous and oral administrations. This study provides an exciting repurposing strategy and new administration route for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ming Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Noha Ismail Khamis Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maha M A Nasra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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16
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Lee JH, Lee CJ, Park J, Lee SJ, Choi SH. The Neuroinflammasome in Alzheimer's Disease and Cerebral Stroke. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2021; 11:159-167. [PMID: 34249072 PMCID: PMC8255751 DOI: 10.1159/000516074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim/Background This review investigated a patient with Alzheimer's disease (AD) treated with 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) as a neuroinflammasome competitor. Methods We monitored AD's progression through numeric clinical staging (NCS) with a new biomarker. NCS was determined by the presence of AD symptoms and neuropsychiatric (NP) symptoms caused by anti-AD (AAD) drugs (D) as a biomarker. We also monitored the function of DDS for stroke in a no-intake emergency state. Results By introducing (D), AD's progression was monitored through NCS staging. AAD side effects and neuropsychiatric symptoms were identified. DDS was stopped in patients with stroke with NCS 6 caused by AAD, and it rapidly proceeded to cerebral infarct. Conclusions AAD can occasionally exacerbate AD and stroke. DDS can alleviate mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early AD and stroke. We clinically confirmed the role of DDS as a neuroinflammasome competitor after stroke. DDS preserved neuronal survival within 24–55 h in the Seoul Study cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Lee
- Science and Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jungwuk Park
- Research Center of Integrative Functional Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Chungdam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jeong Lee
- Department of BioSciences, Wiess School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Su-Hee Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Law CSW, Yeong KY. Repurposing Antihypertensive Drugs for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1716-1730. [PMID: 32164502 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200312114223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that has affected millions of people worldwide. However, currently, there is no treatment to cure the disease. The AD drugs available in the market only manage the disease symptomatically and the effects are usually short-term. Thus, there is a need to look at alternatives AD therapies. This literature review aims to shed some light on the potential of repurposing antihypertensives to treat AD. Mid-life hypertension has not only been recognised as a risk factor for AD, but its relation with AD has also been well established. Hence, antihypertensives were postulated to be beneficial in managing AD. Four classes of antihypertensives, as well as their potential limitations and prospects in being utilised as AD therapeutics, were discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Shing Wei Law
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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18
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Ancidoni A, Bacigalupo I, Remoli G, Lacorte E, Piscopo P, Sarti G, Corbo M, Vanacore N, Canevelli M. Anticancer drugs repurposed for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:96. [PMID: 33952306 PMCID: PMC8101105 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The relationship between cancer and dementia is triggering growing research interest. Several preclinical studies have provided the biological rationale for the repurposing of specific anticancer agents in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and a growing number of research protocols are testing their efficacy and safety/tolerability in patients with AD. Methods The aim of the present systematic review was to provide an overview on the repurposing of approved anticancer drugs in clinical trials for AD by considering both ongoing and completed research protocols in all phases. In parallel, a systematic literature review was conducted on PubMed, ISI Web, and the Cochrane Library to identify published clinical studies on repurposed anticancer agents in AD. Results Based on a structured search on the ClinicalTrials.gov and the EudraCT databases, we identified 13 clinical trials testing 11 different approved anticancer agents (five tyrosine kinase inhibitors, two retinoid X receptor agonists, two immunomodulatory agents, one histone deacetylase inhibitor, and one monoclonal antibody) in the AD continuum. The systematic literature search led to the identification of five published studies (one phase I, three phase II, and one phase IIb/III) reporting the effects of antitumoral treatments in patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD dementia. The clinical findings and the methodological characteristics of these studies are described and discussed. Conclusion Anticancer agents are triggering growing interest in the context of repurposed therapies in AD. Several clinical trials are underway, and data are expected to be available in the near future. To date, data emerging from published clinical studies are controversial. The promising results emerging from preclinical studies and identified research protocols should be confirmed and extended by larger, adequately designed, and high-quality clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ancidoni
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Bacigalupo
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Remoli
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lacorte
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Piscopo
- Department of Neuroscience, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Sarti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico, Via Dezza 48, 20144, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Vanacore
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Canevelli
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Is There Justification to Treat Neurodegenerative Disorders by Repurposing Drugs? The Case of Alzheimer's Disease, Lithium, and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010189. [PMID: 33375448 PMCID: PMC7795249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is the prototype mood-stabilizer used for acute and long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. Cumulated translational research of lithium indicated the drug's neuroprotective characteristics and, thereby, has raised the option of repurposing it as a drug for neurodegenerative diseases. Lithium's neuroprotective properties rely on its modulation of homeostatic mechanisms such as inflammation, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. This myriad of intracellular responses are, possibly, consequences of the drug's inhibition of the enzymes inositol-monophosphatase (IMPase) and glycogen-synthase-kinase (GSK)-3. Here we review lithium's neurobiological properties as evidenced by its neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties, as well as translational studies in cells in culture, in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in patients, discussing the rationale for the drug's use in the treatment of AD.
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20
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Nagaveni V, Karthikraj R, Chitumalla RK, Bhanuprakash K, Vairamani M, Prabhakar S. Gas-phase basicity and proton affinity measurements of Alzheimer's disease drugs by the extended kinetic method and a theoretical investigation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:388-399. [PMID: 33153323 DOI: 10.1177/1469066720971449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study has been carried out to obtain the thermochemical parameters of drugs used for Alzheimer's disease. The measurement of gas-phase basicity (GB) and proton affinity (PA) values of four important and commercially available drugs for Alzheimer's disease namely, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine, and tacrine, is attempted for the first time. This study also includes the measurement of GB and PA values for the proposed drug curcumin, a natural product. We calculated the GB and PA values for all these drugs by applying electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) with the extended kinetic method. Since, all these drugs possessing amino groups (basic nature), the PA values for all these drugs are high i.e., the PA values range from 923.6 to 979.7 kJ/mol and the GB values range from 886.2 to 943.3 kJ/mol. The GB and PA values obtained from the mass spectrometric experiments are well supported with the theoretical calculations. A high-level theoretical B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) method is used for the PA and GB calculation and the deviations are in the acceptable range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voleti Nagaveni
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Analytical & Structural Chemistry Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Chemistry, Bharat Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajendiran Karthikraj
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Analytical & Structural Chemistry Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Chitumalla
- Catalysis & Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kotamarthi Bhanuprakash
- Catalysis & Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mariappandar Vairamani
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Analytical & Structural Chemistry Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Sripadi Prabhakar
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Analytical & Structural Chemistry Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Lon S Schneider
- Keck School of Medicine, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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22
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Martins M, Silva R, M. M. Pinto M, Sousa E. Marine Natural Products, Multitarget Therapy and Repurposed Agents in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E242. [PMID: 32933034 PMCID: PMC7558913 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and nerve cell death that affects, mainly, older people. After decades of investigation, the search for an efficacious treatment for AD remains and several strategies can be and are being employed in this journey. In this review, four of the most promising strategies, alongside with its most promising agents under investigation or development are highlighted. Marine natural products (MNP) are a source of unique chemical structures with useful biological activities for AD treatment. One of the most promising compounds, a marine-derived acidic oligosaccharide (GV-971) just passed phase III clinical trials with a unique mechanism of action. Combination therapy and multitargeted-directed ligand therapy (MTDL) are also two important strategies, with several examples in clinical trials, based on the belief that the best approach for AD is a therapy capable of modulating multiple target pathways. Drug repurposing, a strategy that requires a smaller investment and is less time consuming, is emerging as a strong contender with a variety of pharmacological agents resurfacing in an attempt to identify a therapeutic candidate capable of modifying the course of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Martins
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (M.M.M.P.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Madalena M. M. Pinto
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (M.M.M.P.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (M.M.M.P.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Advani D, Gupta R, Tripathi R, Sharma S, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Protective role of anticancer drugs in neurodegenerative disorders: A drug repurposing approach. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104841. [PMID: 32853752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The disease heterogeneity and little therapeutic progress in neurodegenerative diseases justify the need for novel and effective drug discovery approaches. Drug repurposing is an emerging approach that reinvigorates the classical drug discovery method by divulging new therapeutic uses of existing drugs. The common biological background and inverse tuning between cancer and neurodegeneration give weight to the conceptualization of repurposing of anticancer drugs as novel therapeutics. Many studies are available in the literature, which highlights the success story of anticancer drugs as repurposed therapeutics. Among them, kinase inhibitors, developed for various oncology indications evinced notable neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we shed light on the salient role of multiple protein kinases in neurodegenerative disorders. We also proposed a feasible explanation of the action of kinase inhibitors in neurodegenerative disorders with more attention towards neurodegenerative disorders. The problem of neurotoxicity associated with some anticancer drugs is also highlighted. Our review encourages further research to better encode the hidden potential of anticancer drugs with the aim of developing prospective repurposed drugs with no toxicity for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dia Advani
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rohan Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rahul Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Sudhanshu Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
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24
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Zhang LN, Li MJ, Shang YH, Zhao FF, Huang HC, Lao FX. Independent and Correlated Role of Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 Genotype and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:15-31. [PMID: 32804091 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ɛ4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene in individuals infected by Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been demonstrated to be a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE-ɛ4 reduces the levels of neuronal cholesterol, interferes with the transportation of cholesterol, impairs repair of synapses, decreases the clearance of neurotoxic peptide amyloid-β (Aβ), and promotes the deposition of amyloid plaque, and eventually may cause development of AD. HSV-1 enters host cells and can infect the olfactory system, trigeminal ganglia, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus, and may cause AD-like pathological changes. The lifecycle of HSV-1 goes through a long latent phase. HSV-1 induces neurotropic cytokine expression with pro-inflammatory action and inhibits antiviral cytokine production in AD. It should be noted that interferons display antiviral activity in HSV-1-infected AD patients. Reactivated HSV-1 is associated with infectious burden in cognitive decline and AD. Finally, HSV-1 DNA has been confirmed as present in human brains and is associated with APOEɛ4 in AD. HSV-1 and APOEɛ4 increase the risk of AD and relate to abnormal autophagy, higher concentrations of HSV-1 DNA in AD, and formation of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Jie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hui Shang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Fan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Han-Chang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Xue Lao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
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25
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Bauzon J, Lee G, Cummings J. Repurposed agents in the Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:98. [PMID: 32807237 PMCID: PMC7433208 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatments are needed to address the growing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical trials have failed to produce any AD drugs for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval since 2003, and the pharmaceutical development process is both time-consuming and costly. Drug repurposing provides an opportunity to accelerate this process by investigating the AD-related effects of agents approved for other indications. These drugs have known safety profiles, pharmacokinetic characterization, formulations, doses, and manufacturing processes. METHODS We assessed repurposed AD therapies represented in Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III of the current AD pipeline as registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as of February 27, 2020. RESULTS We identified 53 clinical trials involving 58 FDA-approved agents. Seventy-eight percent of the agents in trials had putative disease-modifying mechanisms of action. Of the repurposed drugs in the pipeline 20% are hematologic-oncologic agents, 18% are drugs derived from cardiovascular indications, 14% are agents with psychiatric uses, 12% are drug used to treat diabetes, 10% are neurologic agents, and the remaining 26% of drugs fall under other conditions. Intellectual property strategies utilized in these programs included using the same drug but altering doses, routes of administration, or formulations. Most repurposing trials were supported by Academic Medical Centers and were not funded through the biopharmaceutical industry. We compared our results to a European trial registry and found results similar to those derived from ClinicalTrials.gov. CONCLUSIONS Drug repurposing is a common approach to AD drug development and represents 39% of trials in the current AD pipeline. Therapies from many disease areas provide agents potentially useful in AD. Most of the repurposed agents are generic and a variety of intellectual property strategies have been adopted to enhance their economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Bauzon
- School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Garam Lee
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA.
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA.
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Cummings J, Lee G, Ritter A, Sabbagh M, Zhong K. Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2020. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2020; 6:e12050. [PMID: 32695874 PMCID: PMC7364858 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a growing public health concern affecting millions of patients worldwide and costing billions of dollars annually. We review the pipeline of drugs and biologics in clinical trials for the treatment of AD. We use the Common Alzheimer's and Related Dementias Research Ontology (CADRO) to classify treatment targets and mechanisms of action. We review our annual pipeline reports for the past 5 years to provide longitudinal insight into clinical trials and drug development for AD. METHODS We reviewed ClinicalTrials.gov as of February 27, 2020, and identified all trials of pharmacologic agents currently being developed for treatment of AD as represented on this widely used U.S. Food and Drug Administration registry. RESULTS There are 121 agents in clinical trials for the treatment of AD. Twenty-nine agents are in 36 Phase 3 trials, 65 agents are in 73 Phase 2 trials, and 27 agents are in 27 Phase 1 trials. Twelve agents in trials target cognitive enhancement and 12 are intended to treat neuropsychiatric and behavioral symptoms. There are 97 agents in disease modification trials. Compared to the 2019 pipeline, there is an increase in the number of disease-modifying agents targeting pathways other than amyloid or tau. DISCUSSION The 2020 pipeline has innovations in clinical trials and treatment targets that provide hope for greater success in AD drug development programs. Review of clinical trials over the past 5 years show that there is progressive emphasis on non-amyloid targets, including candidate treatments for inflammation, synapse and neuronal protection, vascular factors, neurogenesis, and epigenetic interventions. There has been a marked growth in repurposed agents in the pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cummings
- Chambers‐Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain HealthSchool of Integrated Health SciencesUniversity of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV)Las VegasNevadaUSA
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain HealthLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Garam Lee
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain HealthLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Aaron Ritter
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain HealthLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Marwan Sabbagh
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain HealthLas VegasNevadaUSA
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Alzheimer's disease; a review of the pathophysiological basis and therapeutic interventions. Life Sci 2020; 256:117996. [PMID: 32585249 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and is identified as the most common cause for dementia. Despite huge global economic burden and the impact on the close family of the patients, there is no definitive cure and thus, improved treatment methods are of need. While memory and cognition are severely affected in AD, exact etiology is yet unknown. The β-Amyloid plaque formation and aggregation hypothesis is among the well-known hypotheses used to explain disease pathogenesis. Currently there are five Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs as treatment options. All these drugs are used for symptomatic treatment of AD. Thus, disease modifying therapies which can directly address the pathological changes in AD, are needed. Such therapies could be designed based on inhibiting key steps of pathogenesis. Currently there are novel AD drug candidates with various therapeutic mechanisms, undergoing different stages of drug development. Extensive research is being done globally to broaden understanding of the exact mechanisms involved in AD and to develop therapeutic agents that can successfully hinder the occurrence and progression of the disease. In this review, a comprehensive approach to understanding AD and suggestions to be considered in the development of therapeutics for it are presented.
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Lee JH, Choi SH, Lee CJ, Oh SS. Recovery of Dementia Syndrome following Treatment of Brain Inflammation. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2020; 10:1-12. [PMID: 32158462 PMCID: PMC7011720 DOI: 10.1159/000504880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim/Background This research aims to prevent progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease. A Japanese study of leprosy patients revealed that the incidence of dementia in leprosy patients was lower than that in patients taking dapsone who had never been treated. But a similar study the following year refuted the finding of less dementia in leprosy patients taking dapsone. According to conflicting reports, Mycobacterium leprae was a factor in reducing the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, we formed a hypothesis that if dapsone is administered to patients without leprosy but with MCI and the prophylactic effect of dementia syndrome is observed over a long period of time, we can determine whether dapsone can prevent the progression of MCI to dementia syndrome. If dementia does not occur after treating inflammation in brain cells while dementia develops after a certain long-term period (usually within 2–3 years), brain cell inflammation can be demonstrated as the cause of dementia. Methods This is a prospective cohort research. We report on an elderly patient diagnosed with MCI from February 2008 to January 2019. The patient took dapsone 100 mg once a day from 2010 to 2015 for the treatment of MCI. Since 2016, the production of dapsone has ceased in Korea. In June 2018, the patient was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. The patient took Aricept for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease but complained of serious side effects. And dapsone was re-administered to the patient from November 2018. Results The patient recovered to MCI and improved her daily life owing to the treatment with dapsone. The drug controls the inflammatory response in the brain, irrespective of whether proteins are deposited in neurons. Conclusions This finding means that dementia syndrome is an inflammatory disease. This research suggests that diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease should be based on the presence or absence of inflammation in neurons. Because inflammation in neurons can occur in middle age due to various causes, we can treat inflammation in neurons and prevent and treat dementia syndrome, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Lee
- Science and Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hee Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Joong Lee
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Suk Oh
- Department of Food Engineering, Food Safety Laboratory, Memory Unit, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lebouvier T, Chen Y, Duriez P, Pasquier F, Bordet R. Antihypertensive agents in Alzheimer's disease: beyond vascular protection. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 20:175-187. [PMID: 31869274 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1708195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Midlife hypertension has been consistently linked with increased risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Observational studies and randomized trials show that the use of antihypertensive therapy is associated with a lesser incidence or prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia. However, whether antihypertensive agents specifically target the pathological process of AD remains elusive.Areas covered: This review of literature provides an update on the clinical and preclinical arguments supporting anti-AD properties of antihypertensive drugs. The authors focused on validated all classes of antihypertensive treatments such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), calcium channel blockers (CCB), β-blockers, diuretics, neprilysin inhibitors, and other agents. Three main mechanisms can be advocated: action on the concurrent vascular pathology, action on the vascular component of Alzheimer's pathophysiology, and action on nonvascular targets.Expert opinion: In 2019, while there is no doubt that hypertension should be treated in primary prevention of vascular disease and in secondary prevention of stroke and mixed dementia, the place of antihypertensive agents in the secondary prevention of 'pure' AD remains an outstanding question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Lebouvier
- Inserm URM_S1172, University of Lille, Lille, France.,DISTALZ, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Yaohua Chen
- DISTALZ, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Inserm, CHU Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Florence Pasquier
- DISTALZ, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Inserm, CHU Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Inserm, CHU Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
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Mayburd AL, Koivogui M, Baranova A. Pharmacological signatures of the reduced incidence and the progression of cognitive decline in ageing populations suggest the protective role of beneficial polypharmacy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224315. [PMID: 31693707 PMCID: PMC6834256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventive treatments for dementia are warranted. Here we show that utilization of certain combinations of prescription medications and supplements correlates with reduced rates of cognitive decline. More than 1,900 FDA-approved agents and supplements were collapsed into 53 mechanism-based groups and traced in electronic medical records (EMRs) for >50,000 patients. These mechanistic groups were aligned with the data presented in more than 300 clinical trials, then regression model was built to fit the signals from EMRs to clinical trial performance. While EMR signals of each single agents correlated with clinical performance relatively weakly, the signals produced by combinations of active compounds were highly correlated with the clinical trial performance (R = 0.93, p = 3.8 x10^-8). Higher ranking pharmacological modalities were traced in patient profiles as their combinations, producing protective complexity estimates reflecting degrees of exposure to beneficial polypharmacy. For each age strata, the higher was the protective complexity score, the lower was the prevalence of dementia, with maximized life-long effects for the highest regression score /diversity compositions. The connection was less strong in individuals already diagnosed with cognitive impairment. Confounder analysis confirmed an independent effect of protective complexity in multivariate context. A sub-cohort with lifelong odds of dementia decreased > 5-folds was identified; this sub-cohort should be studied in further details, including controlled clinical trials. In short, our study systematically explored combinatorial preventive treatment regimens for age-associated multi-morbidity, with an emphasis on neurodegeneration, and provided extensive evidence for their feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly L. Mayburd
- Neurocombinatorix, Alexandria, Virginia, United States of America
- George Mason University, School of Systems Biology, Colgan Hall, MSN 3E1 George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Ancha Baranova
- George Mason University, School of Systems Biology, Colgan Hall, MSN 3E1 George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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Hayden MR. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Increases The Risk of Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: Ultrastructural Remodeling of the Neurovascular Unit and Diabetic Gliopathy. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9100262. [PMID: 31569571 PMCID: PMC6826500 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease–dementia (LOAD) are increasing in global prevalence and current predictions indicate they will only increase over the coming decades. These increases may be a result of the concurrent increases of obesity and aging. T2DM is associated with cognitive impairments and metabolic factors, which increase the cellular vulnerability to develop an increased risk of age-related LOAD. This review addresses possible mechanisms due to obesity, aging, multiple intersections between T2DM and LOAD and mechanisms for the continuum of progression. Multiple ultrastructural images in female diabetic db/db models are utilized to demonstrate marked cellular remodeling changes of mural and glia cells and provide for the discussion of functional changes in T2DM. Throughout this review multiple endeavors to demonstrate how T2DM increases the vulnerability of the brain’s neurovascular unit (NVU), neuroglia and neurons are presented. Five major intersecting links are considered: i. Aging (chronic age-related diseases); ii. metabolic (hyperglycemia advanced glycation end products and its receptor (AGE/RAGE) interactions and hyperinsulinemia-insulin resistance (a linking linchpin); iii. oxidative stress (reactive oxygen–nitrogen species); iv. inflammation (peripheral macrophage and central brain microglia); v. vascular (macrovascular accelerated atherosclerosis—vascular stiffening and microvascular NVU/neuroglial remodeling) with resulting impaired cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin R Hayden
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Cummings J, Lee G, Ritter A, Sabbagh M, Zhong K. Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2019. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2019; 5:272-293. [PMID: 31334330 PMCID: PMC6617248 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) has few available treatments, and there is a high rate of failure in AD drug development programs. Study of the AD drug development pipeline can provide insight into the evolution of drug development and how best to optimize development practices. METHODS We reviewed clinicaltrials.gov and identified all pharmacologic AD trials of all agents currently being developed for treatment of AD. RESULTS There are 132 agents in clinical trials for the treatment of AD. Twenty-eight agents are in 42 phase 3 trials; 74 agents are in 83 phase 2 trials; and 30 agents are in 31 phase 1 trials. There is an increase in the number of agents in each phase compared with that in the 2018 pipeline. Nineteen agents in trials target cognitive enhancement, and 14 are intended to treat neuropsychiatric and behavioral symptoms. There are 96 agents in disease modification trials; of these, 38 (40%) have amyloid as the primary target or as one of several effects. Eighteen of the antiamyloid agents are small molecules, and 20 are monoclonal antibodies or biological therapies. Seven small molecules and ten biologics have tau as a primary or combination target (18%). Amyloid is the most common specific target in phase 3 and phase 2 disease modification trials. Novel biomarkers (e.g., neurofilament light), new outcomes (e.g., AD Composite Score [ADCOMS]), enrollment of earlier populations, and innovative trial designs (e.g., Bayesian adaptive designs) are new features in recent clinical trials. DISCUSSION Drug development continues robustly at all phases despite setbacks in several programs in the recent past. Continuing unmet needs require a commitment to growing and accelerating the pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cummings
- Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), School of Integrated Health Sciences, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Garam Lee
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Aaron Ritter
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Marwan Sabbagh
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Wang N, Chen J, Xiao H, Wu L, Jiang H, Zhou Y. Application of artificial neural network model in diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:154. [PMID: 31286894 PMCID: PMC6613238 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease has become a public health crisis globally due to its increasing incidence. The purpose of this study was to establish an early warning model using artificial neural network (ANN) for early diagnosis of AD and to explore early sensitive markers for AD. Methods A population based nested case-control study design was used. 89 new AD cases with good compliance who were willing to provide urine and blood specimen were selected from the cohort of 2482 community-dwelling elderly aged 60 years and over from 2013 to 2016. For each case, two controls living nearby were identified. Biomarkers for AD in urine and blood, neuropsychological functions and epidemiological parameters were included to analyze potential risk factors of AD. Compared with logistic regression, k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) and support vector machine (SVM) model, back-propagation neural network of three-layer topology structures was applied to develop the early warning model. The performance of all models were measured by sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive prognostic value (PPV), negative prognostic value (NPV), the area under curve (AUC), and were validated using bootstrap resampling. Results The average age of AD group was about 5 years older than the non-AD controls (P < 0.001). Patients with AD included a significantly larger proportion of subjects with family history of dementia, compared with non-AD group. After adjusting for age and gender, the concentrations of urinary AD7c-NTP and aluminum in blood were significantly higher in AD group than non-AD group (2.01 ± 1.06 vs 1.03 ± 0.43, 1.74 ± 0.62 vs 1.24 ± 0.41 respectively), but the concentration of Selenium in AD group (2.26 ± 0.59) was significantly lower than that in non-AD group (2.61 ± 1.07). All the models were established using 18 variables that were significantly different between AD patients and controls as independent variables. The ANN model outperformed the other classifiers. The AUC for this ANN was 0.897 and the model obtained the accuracy of 92.13%, the sensitivity of 87.28% and the specificity of 94.74% on the average. Conclusions Increased risk of AD may be associated with higher age among senior citizens in urban communities. Urinary AD7c-NTP is clinically valuable for the early diagnosis. The established ANN model obtained a high accuracy and diagnostic efficiency, which could be a low-cost practicable tool for the screening and diagnosis of AD for citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naibo Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi Centre for Health Education and Promotion, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Han Jiang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Yueping Zhou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
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Duggal P, Mehan S. Neuroprotective Approach of Anti-Cancer Microtubule Stabilizers Against Tauopathy Associated Dementia: Current Status of Clinical and Preclinical Findings. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2019; 3:179-218. [PMID: 31435618 PMCID: PMC6700530 DOI: 10.3233/adr-190125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal microtubule (MT) tau protein provides cytoskeleton to neuronal cells and plays a vital role including maintenance of cell shape, intracellular transport, and cell division. Tau hyperphosphorylation mediates MT destabilization resulting in axonopathy and neurotransmitter deficit, and ultimately causing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a dementing disorder affecting vast geriatric populations worldwide, characterized by the existence of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in a hyperphosphorylated state. Pre-clinically, streptozotocin stereotaxically mimics the behavioral and biochemical alterations similar to AD associated with tau pathology resulting in MT assembly defects, which proceed neuropathological cascades. Accessible interventions like cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA antagonist clinically provides only symptomatic relief. Involvement of microtubule stabilizers (MTS) prevents tauopathy particularly by targeting MT oriented cytoskeleton and promotes polymerization of tubulin protein. Multiple in vitro and in vivo research studies have shown that MTS can hold substantial potential for the treatment of AD-related tauopathy dementias through restoration of tau function and axonal transport. Moreover, anti-cancer taxane derivatives and epothiolones may have potential to ameliorate MT destabilization and prevent the neuronal structural and functional alterations associated with tauopathies. Therefore, this current review strictly focuses on exploration of various clinical and pre-clinical features available for AD to understand the neuropathological mechanisms as well as introduce pharmacological interventions associated with MT stabilization. MTS from diverse natural sources continue to be of value in the treatment of cancer, suggesting that these agents have potential to be of interest in the treatment of AD-related tauopathy dementia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Duggal
- Neuropharmacology Division, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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Cummings J, Ritter A, Zhong K. Clinical Trials for Disease-Modifying Therapies in Alzheimer's Disease: A Primer, Lessons Learned, and a Blueprint for the Future. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S3-S22. [PMID: 29562511 PMCID: PMC6004914 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has no currently approved disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), and treatments to prevent, delay the onset, or slow the progression are urgently needed. A delay of 5 years if available by 2025 would decrease the total number of patients with AD by 50% in 2050. To meet the definition of DMT, an agent must produce an enduring change in the course of AD; clinical trials of DMTs have the goal of demonstrating this effect. AD drug discovery entails target identification followed by high throughput screening and lead optimization of drug-like compounds. Once an optimized agent is available and has been assessed for efficacy and toxicity in animals, it progresses through Phase I testing with healthy volunteers, Phase II learning trials to establish proof-of-mechanism and dose, and Phase III confirmatory trials to demonstrate efficacy and safety in larger populations. Phase III is followed by Food and Drug Administration review and, if appropriate, market access. Trial populations include cognitively normal at-risk participants in prevention trials, mildly impaired participants with biomarker evidence of AD in prodromal AD trials, and subjects with cognitive and functional impairment in AD dementia trials. Biomarkers are critical in trials of DMTs, assisting in participant characterization and diagnosis, target engagement and proof-of-pharmacology, demonstration of disease-modification, and monitoring side effects. Clinical trial designs include randomized, parallel group; delayed start; staggered withdrawal; and adaptive. Lessons learned from completed trials inform future trials and increase the likelihood of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Aaron Ritter
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Kate Zhong
- Global Alzheimer Platform, Washington, DC, USA
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de Castro AA, Soares FV, Pereira AF, Polisel DA, Caetano MS, Leal DHS, da Cunha EFF, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Ramalho TC. Non-conventional compounds with potential therapeutic effects against Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:375-395. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1608823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. de Castro
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Flávia V. Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Ander F. Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Polisel
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Melissa S. Caetano
- Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel H. S. Leal
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil
| | - Elaine F. F. da Cunha
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Teodorico C. Ramalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Hamblin MR. Novel pharmacotherapy for burn wounds: what are the advancements. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:305-321. [PMID: 30517046 PMCID: PMC6364296 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1551880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prognosis for severe burns has improved significantly over the past 50 years. Meanwhile, burns have become an affliction mainly affecting the less well-developed regions of the world. Early excision and skin grafting has led to major improvements in therapeutic outcomes. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this article is to survey the use of pharmacotherapy to treat different pathophysiological complications of burn injury. The author, herein, discusses the use of drug treatments for a number of systemic metabolic disturbances including hyperglycemia, elevated catabolism, and gluconeogenesis. EXPERT OPINION Advancements in personalized and molecular medicine will make an impact on burn therapy. Similarities between severe burns and other critically ill patients will lead to cross-fertilization between different medical specialties. Furthermore, advances in stem cells and tissue regeneration will lead to improved healing and less lifelong disability. Indeed, research in new drug therapy for burns is actively progressing for many different complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- a Wellman Center for Photomedicine , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
- b Department of Dermatology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
- c Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
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Tin G, Mohamed T, Shakeri A, Pham AT, Rao PPN. Interactions of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors with β-Amyloid. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:226-234. [PMID: 30157623 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major challenge at the moment with no new drugs available to cure this devastating neurodegenerative disorder. In this regard, drug repurposing, which aims to determine novel therapeutic usage for drugs already approved by the regulatory agencies, is a pragmatic approach to discover novel treatment strategies. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a known class of United States Food and Drug Administration approved drugs used in the treatment of depression. We investigated the ability of SSRIs fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, and escitalopram on Aβ42 aggregation and fibrillogenesis. Remarkably, the aggregation kinetic experiments carried out demonstrate the anti-Aβ42 aggregation activity of SSRIs fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline at all the tested concentrations (1, 10, 50, and 100 μM). Both fluoxetine and paroxetine were identified as the most promising SSRIs, showing 74.8 and 76% inhibition of Aβ42 aggregation at 100 μM. The transmission electron microscopy experiments and dot-blot study also demonstrate the ability of fluoxetine and paroxetine to prevent Aβ42 aggregation and fibrillogenesis, providing further evidence. Investigating the binding interactions of fluoxetine and paroxetine in the Aβ42 oligomer and fibril models derived from the solid-state NMR structure suggests that these SSRIs interact at a region close to the N-terminal (Lys16-Glu22) in the S-shaped cross-β-strand assembly and reduce Aβ42 fibrillogenesis. On the basis of this study, a pharmacophore model is proposed which shows that the minimum structural requirements to design novel Aβ42 aggregation inhibitors include the presence of one ionizable group, one hydrophobic group, two aromatic rings, and two hydrogen bond donor groups. These studies demonstrate that SSRIs have the potential to prevent Aβ42 aggregation by direct binding and could be beneficial to AD patients on SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Tin
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tarek Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Arash Shakeri
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Amy Trinh Pham
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Praveen P. N. Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Novotny M, Klimova B, Valis M. Nitrendipine and Dementia: Forgotten Positive Facts? Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:418. [PMID: 30618724 PMCID: PMC6305303 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there are about 50 million people suffering from dementia worldwide. In 2030, it is expected that there will be 82 million people living with dementia and in 2050, their number should reach 152 million. This increase in the number of people with dementia results in significant social and economic problems. Therefore, researchers attempt to reduce risk factors causing the development of dementia such as high blood pressure. Epidemiological studies have shown that hypertension increases the risk of dementia at an older age. It can, therefore, be assumed that hypertension therapy will reduce the risk of dementia. However, previous clinical studies have shown that the efficacy of different antihypertensive drugs differs in this respect. The drug group that appears to be the most effective in these analyses is calcium channel blockers (CCBs). The most significant preventive efficacy in terms of protection against dementia has been demonstrated with nitrendipine. Its use is, therefore, particularly advantageous in elderly patients with systolic hypertension who are at high risk of dementia. The purpose of this study is to restore the discussion on the prevention of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s dementia with nitrendipine in indicated hypertonic patients. The authors performed a literature search of available sources describing the issue of dementia, hypertension and its treatment with nitrendipine. In addition, they made a comparison and evaluation of relevant findings. The results of the detected research studies indicate that nitrendipine is able to reduce the incidence of dementia [Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular and mixed] by 55%. The treatment of 1,000 patients with nitrendipine for 5 years may prevent 20 cases of dementia. However, what has not yet been explained is the temporal link between hypertension and dementia due to the long-time intervals between hypertension and the development of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Novotny
- Biomedical Research Centrum, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Blanka Klimova
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia.,Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
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Durães F, Pinto M, Sousa E. Old Drugs as New Treatments for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11020044. [PMID: 29751602 PMCID: PMC6027455 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are increasing in number, given that the general global population is becoming older. They manifest themselves through mechanisms that are not fully understood, in many cases, and impair memory, cognition and movement. Currently, no neurodegenerative disease is curable, and the treatments available only manage the symptoms or halt the progression of the disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new treatments for this kind of disease, since the World Health Organization has predicted that neurodegenerative diseases affecting motor function will become the second-most prevalent cause of death in the next 20 years. New therapies can come from three main sources: synthesis, natural products, and existing drugs. This last source is known as drug repurposing, which is the most advantageous, since the drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles are already established, and the investment put into this strategy is not as significant as for the classic development of new drugs. There have been several studies on the potential of old drugs for the most relevant neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Durães
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos P, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos P, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos P, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Baker E, Iqbal E, Johnston C, Broadbent M, Shetty H, Stewart R, Howard R, Newhouse S, Khondoker M, Dobson RJB. Trajectories of dementia-related cognitive decline in a large mental health records derived patient cohort. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178562. [PMID: 28591196 PMCID: PMC5462385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modeling trajectories of decline can help describe the variability in progression of cognitive impairment in dementia. Better characterisation of these trajectories has significant implications for understanding disease progression, trial design and care planning. METHODS Patients with at least three Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) scores recorded in the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Electronic Health Records, UK were selected (N = 3441) to form a retrospective cohort. Trajectories of cognitive decline were identified through latent class growth analysis of longitudinal MMSE scores. Demographics, Health of Nation Outcome Scales and medications were compared across trajectories identified. RESULTS Four of the six trajectories showed increased rate of decline with lower baseline MMSE. Two trajectories had similar initial MMSE scores but different rates of decline. In the faster declining trajectory of the two, a higher incidence of both behavioral problems and sertraline prescription were present. CONCLUSIONS We find suggestive evidence for association of behavioral problems and sertraline prescription with rate of decline. Further work is needed to determine whether trajectories replicate in other datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Baker
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ehtesham Iqbal
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Johnston
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research for mental health and Dementia Unit at South London and Maudlsey NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Broadbent
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research for mental health and Dementia Unit at South London and Maudlsey NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hitesh Shetty
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Stewart
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Newhouse
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research for mental health and Dementia Unit at South London and Maudlsey NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, UCL institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mizanur Khondoker
- Department of Population Health and Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. B. Dobson
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research for mental health and Dementia Unit at South London and Maudlsey NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, UCL institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2017. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2017; 3:367-384. [PMID: 29067343 PMCID: PMC5651419 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an urgent need to develop new treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to understand the drug development process for new AD therapies. METHODS We assessed the agents in the AD pipeline as documented in clinicaltrials.gov for phase I, phase II, and phase III, accessed 1/5/2017. RESULTS There are 105 agents in the AD treatment development pipeline, of which 25 agents are in 29 trials in phase I, 52 agents are in 68 trials in phase II, and 28 agents are in 42 trials in phase III. Seventy percent of drugs in the AD pipeline are disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Fourteen percent are symptomatic cognitive enhancers, and 13% are symptomatic agents addressing neuropsychiatric and behavioral changes (2% have undisclosed mechanisms). Most trials are sponsored by the biopharmaceutical industry. Trials include patients with preclinical AD (cognitively normal with biomarker evidence of AD), prodromal AD (mild cognitive symptoms and biomarker evidence of AD), and AD dementia. Biomarkers are included in many drug development programs particularly those for DMTs. Thirteen of 46 phase II DMT trials have amyloid imaging as an entry criterion, and 10 of 28 phase III trials incorporate amyloid imaging for diagnosis and entry. A large number of participants are needed for AD clinical trials; in total, 54,073 participants are required for trials spanning preclinical AD to AD dementia. When compared with the 2016 pipeline, there are eight new agents in phase I, 16 in phase II, and five in phase III. DISCUSSION The AD drug development pipeline has 105 agents divided among phase I, phase II, and phase III. The trials include a wide range of clinical trial populations, many mechanisms of action, and require a substantial number of clinical trial participants. Biomarkers are increasingly used in patient identification and as outcome measures, particularly in trials of DMTs.
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Cummings J, Aisen PS, DuBois B, Frölich L, Jack CR, Jones RW, Morris JC, Raskin J, Dowsett SA, Scheltens P. Drug development in Alzheimer's disease: the path to 2025. Alzheimers Res Ther 2016; 8:39. [PMID: 27646601 PMCID: PMC5028936 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The global impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD) continues to increase, and focused efforts are needed to address this immense public health challenge. National leaders have set a goal to prevent or effectively treat AD by 2025. In this paper, we discuss the path to 2025, and what is feasible in this time frame given the realities and challenges of AD drug development, with a focus on disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Under the current conditions, only drugs currently in late Phase 1 or later will have a chance of being approved by 2025. If pipeline attrition rates remain high, only a few compounds at best will meet this time frame. There is an opportunity to reduce the time and risk of AD drug development through an improvement in trial design; better trial infrastructure; disease registries of well-characterized participant cohorts to help with more rapid enrollment of appropriate study populations; validated biomarkers to better detect disease, determine risk and monitor disease progression as well as predict disease response; more sensitive clinical assessment tools; and faster regulatory review. To implement change requires efforts to build awareness, educate and foster engagement; increase funding for both basic and clinical research; reduce fragmented environments and systems; increase learning from successes and failures; promote data standardization and increase wider data sharing; understand AD at the basic biology level; and rapidly translate new knowledge into clinical development. Improved mechanistic understanding of disease onset and progression is central to more efficient AD drug development and will lead to improved therapeutic approaches and targets. The opportunity for more than a few new therapies by 2025 is small. Accelerating research and clinical development efforts and bringing DMTs to market sooner would have a significant impact on the future societal burden of AD. As these steps are put in place and plans come to fruition, e.g., approval of a DMT, it can be predicted that momentum will build, the process will be self-sustaining, and the path to 2025, and beyond, becomes clearer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV USA
| | - Paul S. Aisen
- University of Southern California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Bruno DuBois
- Institute for Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease (IM2A) and ICM, Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Roy W. Jones
- The Research Institute for the Care of Older People (RICE), Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK
| | - John C. Morris
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO USA
| | | | | | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Heck MC, Wagner CE, Shahani PH, MacNeill M, Grozic A, Darwaiz T, Shimabuku M, Deans DG, Robinson NM, Salama SH, Ziller JW, Ma N, van der Vaart A, Marshall PA, Jurutka PW. Modeling, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Potential Retinoid X Receptor (RXR)-Selective Agonists: Analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-Pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic Acid (Bexarotene) and 6-(Ethyl(5,5,8,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)amino)nicotinic Acid (NEt-TMN). J Med Chem 2016; 59:8924-8940. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Heck
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Carl E. Wagner
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Pritika H. Shahani
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Mairi MacNeill
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Aleksandra Grozic
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Tamana Darwaiz
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Micah Shimabuku
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - David G. Deans
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Nathan M. Robinson
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Samer H. Salama
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 576 Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ning Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Arjan van der Vaart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Pamela A. Marshall
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Peter W. Jurutka
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
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Cummings J, Morstorf T, Lee G. Alzheimer's drug-development pipeline: 2016. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2016; 2:222-232. [PMID: 29067309 PMCID: PMC5651348 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is growing in frequency and new therapies are urgently needed. Methods We assessed clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 1-4-2016) to determine the number and characteristics of trials in phase I, phase II, and phase III for treatment of AD. Results There are currently 24 agents in 36 trials in phase III of AD drug development. Seven of these 24 agents are symptomatic cognitive-enhancing compounds, and 17 are disease-modifying treatments (DMTs). Most DMTs address amyloid-related targets (76%). There are 45 agents in phase II being assessed in 52 clinical trials. Phase II trials include 30 DMTs, with 26 small molecules and 4 immunotherapies. There are 24 agents in the first phase of AD drug development. Discussion Amyloid is the principal target of late-stage development programs. There are relatively few agents in clinical trials for AD suggesting a need to amplify the drug discovery ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-702-483-6029; Fax: +1-702-722-6584.
| | | | - Garam Lee
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Wahba SM, Darwish AS, Kamal SM. Ceria-containing uncoated and coated hydroxyapatite-based galantamine nanocomposites for formidable treatment of Alzheimer's disease in ovariectomized albino-rat model. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 65:151-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cazarim MDS, Moriguti JC, Ogunjimi AT, Pereira LRL. Perspectives for treating Alzheimer's disease: a review on promising pharmacological substances. SAO PAULO MED J 2016; 134:342-54. [PMID: 27557144 PMCID: PMC10876341 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2015.01980112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Dementia is a syndrome characterized by functional and cognitive decline. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia and has high prevalence among the elderly. It is known that there is no drug capable of interfering with the course of the disease. Research on treatments for AD has been marked by the appearance of new drugs and their abandonment. This study aimed to describe drugs that have been studied with regard to treating AD and which are capable of influencing the course of the disease. DESIGN AND SETTING Narrative review on original articles published worldwide. METHODS A systematized search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library/Cochrane and SciELO/Bireme databases. The descriptors "Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action" and "Drug Therapy" were each combined with the descriptor "Alzheimer disease". All of these can be found in MeSH and DeCS. These descriptors were used alone or in combination, and a filter specifying publication between January 2009 and October 2015 in English, Spanish or Portuguese was set. RESULTS 6,888 articles were found, of which 37 were included in this review; 70.3% of the articles selected were of good quality with low or unclear risk of bias. 86 drugs were considered promising for AD treatment and these were classified into 20 pharmacological categories. CONCLUSION There are no drugs capable of influencing the course of AD such that treatments are safe and effective. However, immunomodulators stood out as promising, given their effectiveness and quality in the articles analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurílio de Souza Cazarim
- MSc. Doctoral Student in the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Julio Cesar Moriguti
- MSc, PhD. Associate professor (MS-5) in the Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Abayomi Tolulope Ogunjimi
- MSc, Professor in the Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. Doctoral Student, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Régis Leira Pereira
- MSc, PhD. Professor of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Cummings JL, Zhong K, Kinney JW, Heaney C, Moll-Tudla J, Joshi A, Pontecorvo M, Devous M, Tang A, Bena J. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial of bexarotene Xin moderate Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2016; 8:4. [PMID: 26822146 PMCID: PMC4731943 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background We assessed the impact of retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist bexarotene on brain amyloid measured by amyloid imaging in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in a proof-of-concept trial. Methods Twenty patients with AD [Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score 10–20 inclusive] with positive florbetapir scans were randomized to receive 300 mg of bexarotene or placebo for 4 weeks. The amyloid imaging result was the primary outcome. Whole-population analyses and prespecified analyses by genotype [apolipoprotein E ε4 (ApoE4) carriers and ApoE4 noncarriers] were conducted. Secondary outcomes included scores on the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive subscale, Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study–Activities of Daily Living scale, MMSE, Clinical Dementia Rating scale, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Serum amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide sequences Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 measurements were collected as biomarker outcomes. Results There was no change in the composite or regional amyloid burden when all patients were included in the analysis. ApoE4 noncarriers showed a significant reduction in brain amyloid on the composite measure in five of six regional measurements. No change in amyloid burden was observed in ApoE4 carriers. There was a significant association between increased serum Aβ1–42 and reductions in brain amyloid in ApoE4 noncarriers (not in carriers). There were significant elevations in serum triglycerides in bexarotene-treated patients. There was no consistent change in any clinical measure. Conclusions The primary outcome of this trial was negative. The data suggest that bexarotene reduced brain amyloid and increased serum Aβ1–42 in ApoE4 noncarriers. Elevated triglycerides could represent a cardiovascular risk, and bexarotene should not be administered outside a research setting. RXR agonists warrant further investigations as AD therapies. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01782742. Registered 29 January 2013. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0173-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, 888 West Bonneville Avenue, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA.
| | - Kate Zhong
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, 888 West Bonneville Avenue, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA.
| | | | - Chelcie Heaney
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - Joanne Moll-Tudla
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, 888 West Bonneville Avenue, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Anne Tang
- Cleveland Clinic Quantitative Health Services, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - James Bena
- Cleveland Clinic Quantitative Health Services, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Clozapine Improves Memory Impairment and Reduces Aβ Level in the Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:450-460. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related progressive dementia, which is increasing in prevalence world-wide. Typically affecting short-term memory at onset, this devastating illness advances to impair all aspects of cognition, as well as non-cognitive domains. Although much effort has been made in recent years to develop disease-modifying treatments, medications which provided promising results in pre-clinical research have so far faltered in human clinical trials. Attention has recently shifted into trying to identify preventative measures that may delay the onset of the illness. Preventative factors include physical activity, proper diet, cognitive stimulation and the management of conditions such as hypertension, diabetes and obesity. However, it remains imperative to identify approaches that may help patients already diagnosed with the illness. Alongside pharmacological research, much work has been done on uncovering strategies which may slow down the progression of AD. This review aims to summarize evidence supporting or refuting methods impacting on the progression of the disease. AD remains a chronic and serious condition, therefore any intervention delaying the onset of moderate/severe symptoms will have a significant impact on patients and their families.
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