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Inoue M. Zinc Deficiency Presenting With Diverse Symptoms in a Young Patient: A Case Report. Cureus 2024; 16:e66034. [PMID: 39221327 PMCID: PMC11366421 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.66034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite its prevalence, zinc deficiency often goes undiagnosed due to nonspecific symptoms. This study examined the case of an 18-year-old woman who presented with urinary tract infection, anemia, and insulin dysfunction and was ultimately diagnosed with zinc deficiency. Oral zinc supplementation significantly improved the patient's condition. Zinc is essential for the activity of numerous enzymes and affects immune function, protein structure, and endocrine regulation, but the cause is often unknown because symptoms and data abnormalities are nonspecific. The patient's diet was high in foods that inhibited zinc absorption, likely exacerbating the deficiency. This case illustrates the importance of considering zinc deficiency in patients with diverse and unexplained symptoms. Prompt recognition and treatment with zinc supplementation can lead to rapid and complete recovery. We hope that this case will contribute to the future diagnosis of zinc deficiency for clinicians.
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Ramacieri G, Locatelli C, Semprini M, Pelleri MC, Caracausi M, Piovesan A, Cicilloni M, Vigna M, Vitale L, Sperti G, Corvaglia LT, Pirazzoli GL, Strippoli P, Catapano F, Vione B, Antonaros F. Zinc metabolism and its role in immunity status in subjects with trisomy 21: chromosomal dosage effect. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362501. [PMID: 38694501 PMCID: PMC11061464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Trisomy 21 (T21), which causes Down syndrome (DS), is the most common chromosomal aneuploidy in humankind and includes different clinical comorbidities, among which the alteration of the immune system has a heavy impact on patient's lives. A molecule with an important role in immune response is zinc and it is known that its concentration is significantly lower in children with T21. Different hypotheses were made about this metabolic alteration and one of the reasons might be the overexpression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene, as zinc is part of the SOD1 active enzymatic center. Methods The aim of our work is to explore if there is a linear correlation between zinc level and immune cell levels measured in a total of 217 blood samples from subjects with T21. Furthermore, transcriptome map analyses were performed using Transcriptome Mapper (TRAM) software to investigate whether a difference in gene expression is detectable between subjects with T21 and euploid control group in tissues and cells involved in the immune response such as lymphoblastoid cells, thymus and white blood cells. Results Our results have confirmed the literature data stating that the blood zinc level in subjects with T21 is lower compared to the general population; in addition, we report that the T21/control zinc concentration ratio is 2:3, consistent with a chromosomal dosage effect due to the presence of three copies of chromosome 21. The transcriptome map analyses showed an alteration of some gene's expression which might explain low levels of zinc in the blood. Discussion Our data suggest that zinc level is not associated with the levels of immunity cells or proteins analyzed themselves and rather the main role of this ion might be played in altering immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ramacieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Specialist School of Child Neuropsychiatry - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- Neonatology Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Semprini
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Pelleri
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Caracausi
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Allison Piovesan
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Cicilloni
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Vigna
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenza Vitale
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sperti
- Speciality School of Paediatrics - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Tommaso Corvaglia
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), St. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Pierluigi Strippoli
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Catapano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vione
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonaros
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Scott LN, Fiume M, Zhu J, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Heldreth B. Safety Assessment of Zinc Salts as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:5S-69S. [PMID: 38279815 DOI: 10.1177/10915818241227124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 27 inorganic and organometallic zinc salts as used in cosmetic formulations; these salts are specifically of the 2+ (II) oxidation state cation of zinc. These ingredients included in this report have various reported functions in cosmetics, including hair conditioning agents, skin conditioning agents, cosmetic astringents, cosmetic biocides, preservatives, oral care agents, buffering agents, bulking agents, chelating agents, and viscosity increasing agents. The Panel reviewed the relevant data for these ingredients, and concluded that these 27 ingredients are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment when formulated to be non-irritating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Scott
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | - Monice Fiume
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | - Jinqiu Zhu
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | | | | | - Ronald A Hill
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | | | | | - James G Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
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Blavi L, Villagómez-Estrada S, Solà-Oriol D, Pérez JF. Exploring zinc deficiency using serum Zn levels: consequences and potential solutions in suckling pigs. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skad396. [PMID: 38035764 PMCID: PMC10799317 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Three trials were undertaken to provide an answer to different questions: 1) Are suckling pigs able to maintain physiological serum Zn levels throughout lactation and do these levels vary between high and low body weight (BW) pigs?, 2) Are serum Zn levels in pigs soon after weaning a predisposing factor for diarrhea?, and 3) Is it possible to increase serum Zn levels at weaning by supplementing Zn during lactation. In trial 1, blood samples were taken from pigs during lactation. Eight pigs (one piglet per litter) had blood drawn on days 0 (farrowing), 7, 14, 21, and 28 (weaning), and 60 pigs (selected from the whole farrowing batch with 35 sows), categorized as either heavy (8.63 kg) or light (5.50 kg) had blood drawn on day 28. Serum Zn levels at birth were 1.2 mg/L and decreased (P < 0.01) to 0.67 mg/L on day 28. Heavier pigs showed greater (P < 0.01) serum Zn levels (0.98 mg/L) than light BW pigs (0.79 mg/L). In trial 2, blood samples were obtained from 240 pigs at weaning (26.2 ± 2.5 d) with an average initial BW of 6.94 ± 1.87 kg and were distributed into 24 pens (10 pigs/pen) by BW. Diarrhea incidence was recorded daily from days 0 to 35 post-weaning. From the 240 pigs, a group of 110 pigs with uniform BW (6.5 ± 1.9 kg) was selected and separated into two groups based on serum Zn levels at weaning with 55 pigs with low serum Zn (LZn: <0.71 mg/L) and 55 pigs with high serum Zn (HZn: >0.9 mg/L). Pigs with LZn were 2.49 times as likely to have diarrhea as pigs with HZn (P < 0.02). In trial 3, a total of 96 suckling pigs were allotted four treatments that consisted of the daily administration of 0, 6, 18, or 30 mg of Zn as Zn citrate in capsule form during the last 7 d of lactation. Pigs were individually weighed, and blood samples were obtained on days 14, 21 (weaning), and 7 after weaning. Serum Zn levels linearly increased by day as Zn citrate supplementation increased (interaction, P < 0.001). However, only light pigs supplemented with 18 and 30 mg/L of Zn experienced an increase in serum Zn levels during lactation. In conclusion, a decrease in serum Zn levels occurs during lactation and is more severe in low BW pigs. Low Zn status (< 0.7 mg/L) at weaning may be a predisposing factor for diarrhea. However, Zn supplementation during lactation can mitigate this decrease in light pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Blavi
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Sandra Villagómez-Estrada
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agronomy, Veterinary Medicine Department, Universidad UTE, Quito 17012764, Ecuador
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - José F Pérez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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Chen YH, Feng HL, Lu YC, Jeng SS. Oral Zinc-Rich Oyster Supplementation Corrects Anemia in Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:4675. [PMID: 37960326 PMCID: PMC10650441 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of various zinc supplementation methods on anemia in rats induced by phenylhydrazine (PHZ) and in 5/6-nephrectomized anemic rats. We compare oral zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) supplementation, oyster Crassostrea gigas supplementation, and hard clam Meretrix lusoria supplementation on red blood cell (RBC) levels. Oral zinc-rich oyster supplementation (2.70 mg Zn (30 g oyster)/day/rat) effectively corrects anemia in both experimental groups. Rats orally fed oysters for four days exhibit similar effectiveness as those receiving a single ZnSO4 injection (0.95 mg Zn (4.18 mg ZnSO4⋅7H2O)/rat). In contrast, oral ZnSO4 supplementation (2.70 mg Zn (11.88 mg ZnSO4⋅7H2O)/day/rat) does not significantly increase RBC levels, suggesting better zinc absorption from oysters. A placebo group of anemic rats supplemented with hard clams, similar in composition to oysters but much lower in zinc, did not change RBC counts. This supports oysters' high zinc content as the key to correcting anemia. Oysters also contain high iron levels, offering a potential solution for iron-deficiency anemia while supporting bone marrow erythropoiesis. In summary, oral oyster supplementation emerges as an effective strategy to correct anemia in rats with added zinc and iron support for erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hua Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Lin Feng
- Department of Food Science, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-L.F.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Yu-Cheng Lu
- Department of Food Science, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-L.F.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Sen-Shyong Jeng
- Department of Food Science, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (H.-L.F.); (Y.-C.L.)
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Lee T, Na CB, Kim D, Han HJ, Yun J, Park SK, Cho E. Osteoarthritis improvement effect of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum extract in relation to genotype. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2023; 93:410-419. [PMID: 35023382 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To determine whether SNPs of osteoarthritis (OA)-related genes predict the effect of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZ) extract in OA patients with OA. Subjects/methods: To analyze correlations between CZ extract effects in humans and their genotypes, 121 Korean patients with OA were recruited. Patients ingested 600 mg/day of the CZ extract GCWB106 (one tablet daily), including 250-mg CZ, or placebo (one tablet daily) for 12 weeks. Twenty SNPs were genotyped in 11 genes associated with OA pathogenesis, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and 9 genes involved in OA-related dietary intervention. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Korean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (K-WOMAC) were measured as indicators of GCWB106 effect. Statistical comparisons were performed using Kruskal-Wallis tests to identify associations between these scales and genotyped loci in patients with OA. Results: Three SNPs (PPARG rs3856806, MMP13 rs2252070, and ZIP2 rs2234632) were significantly associated with the degree of change in VAS pain score. Homozygous CC genotype carriers of rs3856806, G allele carriers (GA or GG) of rs2252070, and T allele carriers (GT or TT) of rs2234632 showed lower VAS score (i.e., less severe symptoms) in the GCWB106 group (n=53) than the placebo group (n=57) (p=0.026, p=0.009, and p=0.025, respectively). Gene-gene interaction effects on GCWB106-mediated pain relief were then examined, and it was found that the addition of each genotype resulted in a greater decrease in VAS pain score in the GCWB106 group (p=0.0024) but not the placebo group (p=0.7734). Conclusions: These novel predictive markers for the pain-relieving effects of GCWB106 may be used in the personalized treatment of patients with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeheon Lee
- Precision Medicine R&BD Center, GC Genome, Yongin, Korea
| | - Chae-Bin Na
- Genome Research Center, GC Genome, Yongin, Korea
| | - Dasom Kim
- Genome Research Center, GC Genome, Yongin, Korea
| | - Hae Jung Han
- Development Division, Green Cross WellBeing, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongbok Yun
- Development Division, Green Cross WellBeing, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Kyu Park
- Development Division, Green Cross WellBeing, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunhae Cho
- Genome Research Center, GC Genome, Yongin, Korea
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Sharma G, Jafari M, Merz KM. Getting zinc into and out of cells. Methods Enzymol 2023; 687:263-278. [PMID: 37666635 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels are specialized proteins located on the plasma membrane and control the movement of ions across the membrane. Zn ion plays an indispensable role as a structural constituent of various proteins, moreover, it plays an important dynamic role in cell signaling. In this chapter, we discuss computational insights into zinc efflux and influx mechanism through YiiP (from Escherichia coli and Shewanella oneidensis) and BbZIP (Bordetella bronchiseptica) transporters, respectively. Gaining knowledge about the mechanism of zinc transport at the molecular level can aid in developing treatments for conditions such as diabetes and cancer by manipulating extracellular and intracellular levels of zinc ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Majid Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Kenneth M Merz
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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Wang B, Fang T, Chen H. Zinc and Central Nervous System Disorders. Nutrients 2023; 15:2140. [PMID: 37432243 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) is the second most abundant necessary trace element in the human body, exerting a critical role in many physiological processes such as cellular proliferation, transcription, apoptosis, growth, immunity, and wound healing. It is an essential catalyst ion for many enzymes and transcription factors. The maintenance of Zn2+ homeostasis is essential for the central nervous system, in which Zn2+ is abundantly distributed and accumulates in presynaptic vesicles. Synaptic Zn2+ is necessary for neural transmission, playing a pivotal role in neurogenesis, cognition, memory, and learning. Emerging data suggest that disruption of Zn2+ homeostasis is associated with several central nervous system disorders including Alzheimer's disease, depression, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury. Here, we reviewed the correlation between Zn2+ and these central nervous system disorders. The potential mechanisms were also included. We hope that this review can provide new clues for the prevention and treatment of nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangqi Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Tianshu Fang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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Li Z, Liu Y, Wei R, Yong VW, Xue M. The Important Role of Zinc in Neurological Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 13:28. [PMID: 36671413 PMCID: PMC9855948 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is one of the most abundant metal ions in the central nervous system (CNS), where it plays a crucial role in both physiological and pathological brain functions. Zinc promotes antioxidant effects, neurogenesis, and immune system responses. From neonatal brain development to the preservation and control of adult brain function, zinc is a vital homeostatic component of the CNS. Molecularly, zinc regulates gene expression with transcription factors and activates dozens of enzymes involved in neuronal metabolism. During development and in adulthood, zinc acts as a regulator of synaptic activity and neuronal plasticity at the cellular level. There are several neurological diseases that may be affected by changes in zinc status, and these include stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injuries, and depression. Accordingly, zinc deficiency may result in declines in cognition and learning and an increase in oxidative stress, while zinc accumulation may lead to neurotoxicity and neuronal cell death. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of brain zinc balance, the role of zinc in neurological diseases, and strategies affecting zinc for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ruixue Wei
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - V. Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Jeng SS, Chen YH. Association of Zinc with Anemia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224918. [PMID: 36432604 PMCID: PMC9696717 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element, and anemia is the most common blood disorder. The association of zinc with anemia may be divided into three major forms: (1) zinc deficiency contributing to anemia, (2) excess intake of zinc leading to anemia, and (3) anemia leading to abnormal blood-zinc levels in the body. In most cases, zinc deficiency coexists with iron deficiency, especially in pregnant women and preschool-age children. To a lesser extent, zinc deficiency may cooperate with other factors to lead to anemia. It seems that zinc deficiency alone does not result in anemia and that it may need to cooperate with other factors to lead to anemia. Excess intake of zinc is rare. However, excess intake of zinc interferes with the uptake of copper and results in copper deficiency that leads to anemia. Animal model studies indicate that in anemia, zinc is redistributed from plasma and bones to the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells. Inadequate zinc status (zinc deficiency or excess) could have effects on anemia; at the same time, anemia could render abnormal zinc status in the body. In handling anemia, zinc status needs to be observed carefully, and supplementation with zinc may have preventive and curative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Shyong Jeng
- Department of Food Science, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-26326986
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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Choudhari JK, Eberhardt M, Chatterjee T, Hohberger B, Vera J. Glaucoma-TrEl: A web-based interactive database to build evidence-based hypotheses on the role of trace elements in glaucoma. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:348. [PMID: 36401306 PMCID: PMC9673420 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Glaucoma is a chronic neurological disease that is associated with high intraocular pressure (IOP), causes gradual damage to retinal ganglion cells, and often culminates in vision loss. Recent research suggests that glaucoma is a complex multifactorial disease in which multiple interlinked genes and pathways play a role during onset and development. Also, differential availability of trace elements seems to play a role in glaucoma pathophysiology, although their mechanism of action is unknown. The aim of this work is to disseminate a web-based repository on interactions between trace elements and protein-coding genes linked to glaucoma pathophysiology. Results In this study, we present Glaucoma-TrEl, a web database containing information about interactions between trace elements and protein-coding genes that are linked to glaucoma. In the database, we include interactions between 437 unique genes and eight trace elements. Our analysis found a large number of interactions between trace elements and protein-coding genes mutated or linked to the pathophysiology of glaucoma. We associated genes interacting with multiple trace elements to pathways known to play a role in glaucoma. The web-based platform provides an easy-to-use and interactive tool, which serves as an information hub facilitating future research work on trace elements in glaucoma.
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Zheng JL, Zhu QL, Hu XC, Parsons D, Lawson R, Hogstrand C. Transgenerational effects of zinc in zebrafish following early life stage exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154443. [PMID: 35278549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although toxic effects of zinc (Zn) have been well established in the different developmental stages in fish, long-lasting effects of Zn exposure during embryonic development have not been explored. Exposure to an environmentally relevant Zn concentration of 10 μM (650 μg/L) during the first five days after fertilization did not affect survival, body weight, malformations or overall hatching success of F0 and F1 larvae. Zn exposure did, however, result in delayed hatching in both the F0 and F1 generations and caused significant changes in homeostasis of Zn and selenium (Se) in F0 and F1 fish. This was especially pronounced when F1 embryos from Zn-exposed parents were treated with 30 μM (2000 μg/L) Zn. In the F0 generation, skewed sex ratio towards males and changes in homeostasis of Zn, Se and manganese (Mn) in the brain, gill, liver and gonad of adult fish were also observed. These changes were associated with altered expression of Zn- and Mn-regulatory genes and sex differentiation genes in F0 and F1 fish. The present study suggests that fish may carry memory from embryo-larval Zn exposure into adulthood and further to the next generation. The present study shows that ecotoxicological risk of an exposure to Zn during embryo-larval development may persist long after recovery and may also manifest in the F1 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China; King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, London, UK
| | - Qing-Ling Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China; King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, London, UK
| | - Xiu-Chuan Hu
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, London, UK
| | - Douglas Parsons
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Lawson
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, London, UK
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Metal Metabolism Group, London, UK.
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Samuelson DR, Haq S, Knoell DL. Divalent Metal Uptake and the Role of ZIP8 in Host Defense Against Pathogens. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:924820. [PMID: 35832795 PMCID: PMC9273032 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.924820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn) are essential micronutrients whose concentration and location within cells are tightly regulated at the onset of infection. Two families of Zn transporters (ZIPs and ZnTs) are largely responsible for regulation of cytosolic Zn levels and to a certain extent, Mn levels, although much less is known regarding Mn. The capacity of pathogens to persevere also depends on access to micronutrients, yet a fundamental gap in knowledge remains regarding the importance of metal exchange at the host interface, often referred to as nutritional immunity. ZIP8, one of 14 ZIPs, is a pivotal importer of both Zn and Mn, yet much remains to be known. Dietary Zn deficiency is common and commonly occurring polymorphic variants of ZIP8 that decrease cellular metal uptake (Zn and Mn), are associated with increased susceptibility to infection. Strikingly, ZIP8 is the only Zn transporter that is highly induced following bacterial exposure in key immune cells involved with host defense against leading pathogens. We postulate that mobilization of Zn and Mn into key cells orchestrates the innate immune response through regulation of fundamental defense mechanisms that include phagocytosis, signal transduction, and production of soluble host defense factors including cytokines and chemokines. New evidence also suggests that host metal uptake may have long-term consequences by influencing the adaptive immune response. Given that activation of ZIP8 expression by pathogens has been shown to influence parenchymal, myeloid, and lymphoid cells, the impact applies to all mucosal surfaces and tissue compartments that are vulnerable to infection. We also predict that perturbations in metal homeostasis, either genetic- or dietary-induced, has the potential to impact bacterial communities in the host thereby adversely impacting microbiome composition. This review will focus on Zn and Mn transport via ZIP8, and how this vital metal transporter serves as a "go to" conductor of metal uptake that bolsters host defense against pathogens. We will also leverage past studies to underscore areas for future research to better understand the Zn-, Mn- and ZIP8-dependent host response to infection to foster new micronutrient-based intervention strategies to improve our ability to prevent or treat commonly occurring infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick R. Samuelson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sabah Haq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Daren L. Knoell
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,*Correspondence: Daren L. Knoell,
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Wang N, Ma Y, Shi H, Song Y, Guo S, Yang S. Mg-, Zn-, and Fe-Based Alloys With Antibacterial Properties as Orthopedic Implant Materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:888084. [PMID: 35677296 PMCID: PMC9168471 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.888084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Implant-associated infection (IAI) is one of the major challenges in orthopedic surgery. The development of implants with inherent antibacterial properties is an effective strategy to resolve this issue. In recent years, biodegradable alloy materials have received considerable attention because of their superior comprehensive performance in the field of orthopedic implants. Studies on biodegradable alloy orthopedic implants with antibacterial properties have gradually increased. This review summarizes the recent advances in biodegradable magnesium- (Mg-), iron- (Fe-), and zinc- (Zn-) based alloys with antibacterial properties as orthopedic implant materials. The antibacterial mechanisms of these alloy materials are also outlined, thus providing more basis and insights on the design and application of biodegradable alloys with antibacterial properties as orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yutong Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huixin Shi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiping Song
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Guo, ; Shude Yang,
| | - Shude Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology and Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Guo, ; Shude Yang,
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15
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The Role of Zinc Finger Proteins in Various Oral Conditions. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:4612054. [PMID: 35463825 PMCID: PMC9033369 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4612054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger proteins (ZNFs) are essential transcription factors, and the genes encoding them constitute about 3% of the entire human genome. They are involved in the development of several tissues, and any alterations in their structure may promote chronic conditions like diabetes and tumorigenesis. Lately, their role in the development, progression, and metastasis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), Epithelial Dysplasia, Oral Lichen Planus, and Periodontitis has been found. The present review aims to describe their role in various oral conditions. Electronic databases like Medline (PubMed) and Scopus were searched for original studies related to the role of ZNFs in various oral conditions. It yielded 48 studies included in the review. It was found that the ZNFs influenced chronic conditions like Oral Cancer and Periodontitis. They act both as tumor suppressors and oncogenes and have an anti-inflammatory effect. The knowledge from the present review may be utilized in designing drugs that prevent unusual expression of specific ZNFs. Besides, they may be applied as prognostic markers due to their high expression specificity in some tumors.
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16
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Zheng JL, Chen X, Peng LB, Wang D, Zhu QL, Li J, Han T. Particles rather than released Zn 2+ from ZnO nanoparticles aggravate microplastics toxicity in early stages of exposed zebrafish and their unexposed offspring. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127589. [PMID: 34740155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on the interaction between microplastics (MPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) is limited. Here, we investigated effects of embryo-larvae exposure to 500 μg/L polystyrene MPs (5 µm), 1200 μg/L ZnO NPs (< 100 nm), 500 μg/L dissolved Zn2+ from ZnSO4, and the mixtures of MPs and ZnO NPs or ZnSO4 on exposed F0 larvae and unexposed F1 larvae. Consequently, ZnO particles adhered to MPs surfaces rather than Zn2+, and increased Zn transport into larvae. Growth inhibition, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and disturbance of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis were induced by MPs and ZnO NPs alone, which were further aggravated by their co-exposure in F0 larvae. MPs + ZnO increased apoptotic cells in the gill and esophagus compared with MPs and ZnO NPs alone. Reduced growth and antioxidant capacity and down-regulated GH/IGF axis were merely observed in F1 larvae from F0 parents exposed to MPs + ZnO. Contrary to ZnO NPs, dissolved Zn2+ reversed MPs toxicity, suggesting the protective role of Zn2+ may be not enough to ameliorate thfie negative effects of ZnO particles. To summarize, we found that particles rather than released Zn2+ from ZnO nanoparticles amplified MPs toxicity in early stages of exposed zebrafish and their unexposed offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
| | - Xiao Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Li-Bin Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Dan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Qing-Ling Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Jiji Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Tao Han
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
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Karthick KA, Kaleeswari K, Uma Maheswari C, Sivaraman G, Shankar B, Tamilselvi A. Novel pyridoxal based molecular sensor for selective turn–on fluorescent switching functionality towards Zn(II) in live cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Schröder N, Schmidtmann M, Christoffers J. Diaminoterephthalate‐EDTA and ‐EGTA Conjugates – “Turn on” Fluorescence Sensors for Zinc Ions. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schröder
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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Rakhra G, Rakhra G. Zinc finger proteins: insights into the transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation of immune response. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5735-5743. [PMID: 34304391 PMCID: PMC8310398 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc finger proteins encompass one of the unique and large families of proteins with diversified biological functions in the human body. These proteins are primarily considered to be DNA binding transcription factors; however, owing to the diverse array of zinc-finger domains, they are able to interact with molecules other than DNA like RNA, proteins, lipids and PAR (poly-ADP-ribose). Evidences from recent scientific studies have provided an insight into the potential functions of zinc finger proteins in immune system regulation both at the transcriptional and post transcriptional level. However, the mechanism and importance of zinc finger proteins in the regulation of immune response is not very well defined and understood. This review highlights in detail the importance of zinc finger proteins in the regulation of immune system at transcriptional and post transcriptional level. CONCLUSION Different types of zinc finger proteins are involved in immune system regulation and their mechanism of regulation is discussed herewith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurseen Rakhra
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research & Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India
| | - Gurmeen Rakhra
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India.
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20
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Piperidine based effective chemosensor for Zn(II) with the formation of binuclear Zn complex having specific Al(III) detection ability in aqueous medium and live cell images. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Acquired Acrodermatitis Enteropathica in a 28-Year-Old Male with Type 1 Diabetes. Case Rep Dermatol Med 2021; 2021:5572583. [PMID: 34123436 PMCID: PMC8169277 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5572583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is a rare disorder arising from inherited or acquired zinc deficiency. It is mainly characterized by acral dermatitis, periorificial dermatitis, alopecia, and gastrointestinal symptoms in the form of diarrhea. There are many complications of AE including local and systemic infections that may develop as a result of untreated AE. In addition, due to the role of zinc in glucose metabolism, chronic zinc deficiency may pose a challenge in the control of blood glucose levels in diabetics. We report the case of a 28-year-old male with type 1 diabetes who presented with signs and symptoms of AE.
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22
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Famurewa AC, Edeogu CO, Offor FI, Besong EE, Akunna GG, Maduagwuna EK. Downregulation of redox imbalance and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 signalling with zinc supplementation prevents urotoxicity of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rats. Life Sci 2020; 266:118913. [PMID: 33333050 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cyclophosphamide (CYP) chemotherapy induces bladder toxicity and hemorrhagic cystitis in cancer patients constituting a current clinical concern. Oxidative inflammatory cascades have been implicated as the mechanism contributing to CYP bladder urotoxicity. We thus assayed to explore whether zinc (Zn) supplementation could mitigate CYP-induced urotoxicity and evaluate the possible underlying mechanism in rats. MAIN METHOD Rats were orally administered Zn (100 mg/kg b.w./day) for 10 days against urotoxicity induced by single injection of CYP (150 mg/kg b.w., ip) on day 7. KEY FINDINGS CYP significantly depressed bladder activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, whereas malondialdehyde level was increased prominently. In addition, CYP induced marked increases in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO) confirmed by histological alterations. CYP prominently increased bladder inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ĸB) and expression of caspase-3 protein. Zinc supplementation considerably abrogated the bladder urotoxicity by restoring redox balance, proinflammatory and apoptotic cascades and alleviated histopathological changes. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first to reveal zinc potential to prevent CYP-induced urotoxic hemorrhagic cystitis via restoring redox balance and enhancing anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic mechanisms in rat bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola C Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
| | - C O Edeogu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Florence I Offor
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth E Besong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Gabriel G Akunna
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
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Zinc utilization and associated factors among under-five children with diarrhea in East Africa: A generalized linear mixed modeling. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243245. [PMID: 33264367 PMCID: PMC7710063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diarrhea is the leading cause of illness and death among under-five children in low and middle income countries. Through the provision of zinc supplements has been shown to reduce the severity and duration of diarrhea, as well as the risk of mortality, the use of zinc for the treatment of diarrhea is still very low in low-income countries. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated factors of zinc utilization among under-five children with diarrhea in East Africa. Methods A secondary data analysis of the recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of East African countries were used to determine the prevalence and associated factors of zinc utilization among under-five children with diarrhea in East Africa. A total weighted samples of 16,875 under-five children with diarrhea were included in the study. A generalized linear mixed model (using Poisson regression with robust error variance) was used. Prevalence Ratios (PR) with their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for those variables included in the final model. Results The overall prevalence of zinc utilization among under-five children with diarrhea in this study was 21.54% (95% CI = 20.92–22.16). Of East African countries, Uganda had the highest prevalence of zinc utilization (40.51%) whereas Comoros had the lowest (0.44%). Maternal primary education (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio(aPR) = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.16–1.44), secondary education (aPR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.19–1.55) and higher education (aPR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.52–2.40), high community women education (aPR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02–1.24), high wealth index (aPR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.01–1.24), high community media exposure (aPR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.06–1.29) were associated with a higher prevalence of zinc utilization. Conclusion The prevalence of zinc utilization among under-five children was found to be low in East Africa. Maternal education, wealth index, community women education, and community media exposure were significantly associated with zinc utilization. Increased mass media exposure, maternal education and wealth index is recommended to improve zinc utilization among under-five children with diarrhea.
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Grzeszczak K, Kwiatkowski S, Kosik-Bogacka D. The Role of Fe, Zn, and Cu in Pregnancy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1176. [PMID: 32806787 PMCID: PMC7463674 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) are microelements essential for the proper functioning of living organisms. These elements participatein many processes, including cellular metabolism and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defenses, and also influence enzyme activity, regulate gene expression, and take part in protein synthesis. Fe, Cu, and Zn have a significant impact on the health of pregnant women and in the development of the fetus, as well as on the health of the newborn. A proper concentration of these elements in the body of women during pregnancy reduces the risk of complications such as anemia, induced hypertension, low birth weight, preeclampsia, and postnatal complications. The interactions between Fe, Cu, and Zn influence their availability due to their similar physicochemical properties. This most often occurs during intestinal absorption, where metal ions compete for binding sites with transport compounds. Additionally, the relationships between these ions have a great influence on the course of reactions in the tissues, as well as on their excretion, which can be stimulated or delayed. This review aims to summarize reports on the influence of Fe, Cu, and Zn on the course of single and multiple pregnancies, and to discuss the interdependencies and mechanisms occurring between Fe, Cu, and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Grzeszczak
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Kwiatkowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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25
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Brister EY, Vasi Z, Antipova O, Robinson A, Tan X, Agarwal A, Stock SR, Carriero A, Richter CP. X-ray fluorescence microscopy: A method of measuring ion concentrations in the ear. Hear Res 2020; 391:107948. [PMID: 32283439 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.107948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This technical note describes synchrotron x-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) as a method for measuring the concentrations of different elements in cross-sections of the ear at extremely high resolution. This method could be of great importance for addressing many open questions in hearing research. XFM uses synchrotron radiation to evoke emissions from many biologically relevant elements in the tissue. The intensity and wavelength of the emitted radiation provide a fingerprint of the tissue composition that can be used to measure the concentration of the elements in the sampled location. Here, we focus on energies that target biologically-relevant elements of the periodic table between magnesium and zinc. Since a highly focused x-ray beam is used, the spot size is well below 1 μm and the samples can be scanned at a nanometer lateral resolution. This study shows that measurement of the concentrations of different elements is possible in a mid-modiolar cross-section of a mouse cochlea. Images are presented that indicate potassium and chloride "hot spots" in the spiral ligament and the spiral limbus, providing experimental evidence for the potassium recycling pathway and showing the cochlear structures involved. Scans of a section obtained from the incus, one of the middle ear ossicles, in a developing mouse have shown that zinc is not uniformly distributed This supports the hypothesis that zinc plays a special role in the process of ossification. Although limited by sophisticated sample preparation and sectioning, the method provides ample exciting opportunities, to understand the role of genetics and epigenetics on hearing mechanisms in ontogeny and phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Y Brister
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Zahra Vasi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, Aurora, IL, United States
| | - Olga Antipova
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States
| | - Alan Robinson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiaodong Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aditi Agarwal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stuart R Stock
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alessandra Carriero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, NY, United States
| | - Claus-Peter Richter
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; The Hugh Knowles Center, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.
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26
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Brokesh AM, Gaharwar AK. Inorganic Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:5319-5344. [PMID: 31989815 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine leverages the innate potential of the human body to efficiently repair and regenerate damaged tissues using engineered biomaterials. By designing responsive biomaterials with the appropriate biophysical and biochemical characteristics, cellular response can be modulated to direct tissue healing. Recently, inorganic biomaterials have been shown to regulate cellular responses including cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Moreover, ions released from these mineral-based biomaterials play a vital role in defining cell identity, as well as driving tissue-specific functions. The intrinsic properties of inorganic biomaterials, such as the release of bioactive ions (e.g., Ca, Mg, Sr, Si, B, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Co, Mo, Mn, Au, Ag, V, Eu, and La), can be leveraged to induce phenotypic changes in cells or modulate the immune microenvironment to direct tissue healing and regeneration. Biophysical characteristics of biomaterials, such as topography, charge, size, electrostatic interactions, and stiffness can be modulated by addition of inorganic micro- and nanoparticles to polymeric networks have also been shown to play an important role in their biological response. In this Review, we discuss the recent emergence of inorganic biomaterials to harness the innate regenerative potential of the body. Specifically, we will discuss various biophysical or biochemical effects of inorganic-based materials in directing cellular response for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Brokesh
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Akhilesh K Gaharwar
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Material Science and Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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27
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Famurewa AC, Ekeleme-Egedigwe CA, David EE, Eleazu CO, Folawiyo AM, Obasi NA. Zinc abrogates anticancer drug tamoxifen-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing redox imbalance, NO/iNOS/NF-ĸB signaling, and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in female rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 30:115-123. [PMID: 31532279 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1669243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is used in breast cancer chemotherapy since its approval by the Food and Drug Administration in 1977. However, TAM therapy is accompanied with hepatotoxicity - a source of worry to clinicians. Oxidative stress and inflammation are the major implicated mechanisms contributing to TAM hepatotoxicity. In this study, we explored whether zinc (Zn) supplementation could prevent TAM-induced hepatotoxicity in female Wistar rats. Rats were subjected to oral pretreatment of Zn (100 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)/day) for 14 days against hepatic toxicity induced by single intraperitoneal administration of TAM (50 mg/kg b.w.) on day 13. TAM markedly elevated serum liver enzymes, whereas total protein and albumin considerably reduced. TAM caused prominent depletion of hepatic-reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Also, TAM significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Further, it raised liver levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β, (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO) confirmed by the liver histopathological alterations. The mechanistic inflammatory expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ĸB), and expression of caspase-3 protein prominently increased. Zinc supplementation significantly modulated serum liver function markers, antioxidant enzymes, and GSH and MDA levels. Zinc downregulated the expression of cytokines, NO, iNOS, NF-ĸB and caspase-3, and ameliorated histopathological changes. Zinc protects against TAM-induced hepatotoxicity; it may serve as an adjuvant supplement for female patients undergoing TAM chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola C Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ikwo, Nigeria
- Biochemistry Division, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, India
| | - Chima A Ekeleme-Egedigwe
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Ikwo, Nigeria
| | - Ebuka E David
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Ikwo, Nigeria
| | - Chinedum O Eleazu
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Ikwo, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abiola M Folawiyo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Nwogo A Obasi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ikwo, Nigeria
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Li S, Chen X, Wang X, Xiong Y, Yan Y, Tan Z, Yang X, Li Y. Simonkolleite Coating on Poly(Amino Acids) to Improve Osteogenesis and Suppress Osteoclast Formation in Vitro. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091505. [PMID: 31527442 PMCID: PMC6780185 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc can enhance osteoblastic bone formation and stimulate osteogenic differentiation, suppress the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells into osteoclasts, and inhibit pathogenic bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, simonkolleite, as a novel zinc resource, was coated on poly (amino acids) (PAA) via suspending PAA powder in different concentrations of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) solution, and the simonkolleite-coated PAA (Zn–PAA) was characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR and XPS. Zinc ions were continuously released from the coating, and the release behavior was dependent on both the concentration of the ZnCl2 immersing solution and the type of soak solutions (SBF, PBS and DMEM). The Zn–PAA was cultured with mouse bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) through TranswellTM plates, and the results indicated that the relative cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization of BMSCs were significantly higher with Zn–PAA as compared to PAA. Moreover, the Zn–PAA was cultured with RAW264.7 cells, and the results suggested an inhibiting effect of Zn–PAA on the cell differentiation into osteoclasts. In addition, Zn–PAA exhibited an antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli. These findings suggest that simonkolleite coating with certain contents could promote osteogenesis, suppress osteoclast formation and inhibit bacteria, indicating a novel way of enhancing the functionality of synthetic bone graft material and identifying the underline principles for designing zinc-containing bone grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Li
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xingtao Chen
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Repair Material of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China.
| | - Yi Xiong
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yonggang Yan
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Zhi Tan
- Chengdu Customs Technology Center, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Yuanye Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Zeng Q, Liu YM, Liu J, Han J, Guo JX, Lu S, Huang XM, Yi P, Lang JY, Zhang P, Wang CT. Inhibition of ZIP4 reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and enhances the radiosensitivity in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:588. [PMID: 31383854 PMCID: PMC6683154 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ZIP4 is a zinc transporter involved in epithelial cell morphology and migration in various cancers. In the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), epithelial cells transition into mesenchymal cells. The EMT plays a crucial role in invasiveness and metastasis during tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ZIP4 in the invasiveness and radiosensitivity of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, results from 99 human patients with NPC showed that ZIP4 expression levels significantly correlated with a higher TN (tumor, lymph node) classification, as well as shorter overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). Forced overexpression of ZIP4 promoted the migration and invasion of C666-1 cells through regulation of the EMT process. In contrast, ZIP4 silencing by lentivirus-mediated shRNA inhibited the EMT and metastasis of C666-1 cells in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, protein microarray analyses showed that downregulation of ZIP4 in C666-1 cells resulted in the decreased abundance of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p85 (Tyr607), phosphorylated (p)-Akt (Ser473), phosphorylated (p)-Akt (Thr308), and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (pGSK3β; Ser9). These data suggest that ZIP4 induces the EMT and promotes migration and invasion via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in NPC. Moreover, ZIP4 silencing significantly enhanced radiation-induced apoptosis and growth inhibition of human C666-1 cells in vitro and enhanced the antitumor activity of ionizing radiation (IR), leading to tumor growth inhibition in vivo. These results demonstrate that ZIP4 is a novel prognostic factor for malignant NPC progression. More importantly, targeting ZIP4, along with radiotherapy, may be an effective new treatment for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Min Liu
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgey, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Han
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Xin Guo
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Mei Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Yi Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Chun-Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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Naskar B, Dhara A, Maiti DK, Kukułka M, Mitoraj MP, Srebro-Hooper M, Prodhan C, Chaudhuri K, Goswami S. Aggregation-Induced Emission-Based Sensing Platform for Selective Detection of Zn 2+ : Experimental and Theoretical Investigations. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1630-1639. [PMID: 30983076 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent chemosensors with aggregation induced emission enhancement (AIEE) emerge as promising tools in the field of sensing materials. Herein, we report the design, synthesis and applicability of a Schiff base chemosensor 1-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-ylmethylene-hydrazonomethyl)-naphthalen-2-ol (Hbdhn) of AIE characteristics that exhibits highly effective and selective response towards Zn2+ . The sensing effect of Hbdhn was evaluated by means of absorption/emission spectra and corresponding underlying photophysical mechanisms were proposed based on extensive quantum-chemical (TD)DFT calculations. The aggregated states in different DMSO/H2 O ratios and in a presence of Zn2+ were examined by fluorescence lifetime measurements, dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy studies. The bioimaging abilities of Hbdhn were evaluated for Zn2+ in HepG2 cancer cells. The results demonstrate instant, stable in time and reproducible, colorimetric turn-on response with superb selectivity and sensitivity of Hbdhn towards Zn2+ , based on chelation enhanced fluorescence mechanism. AIEE improves further Hbdhn properties, leading to strong, long-lived fluorescence, with appearance of rod-like particles, in 90 % of water in DMSO and only 10 % of water in DMSO in the presence of Zn2+ . All these features combined with successful biomaging studies make Hbdhn one of the most promising candidate for practical applications among recently proposed related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnali Naskar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Anamika Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Dilip K Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Mercedes Kukułka
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz P Mitoraj
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Srebro-Hooper
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Chandraday Prodhan
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Keya Chaudhuri
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sanchita Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, India
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Erdenee S, Li J, Kang Z, Xu H, Zang R, Cao X, Yang J, Cai Y, Lan X. Sheep zinc finger proteins 395 (ZNF395): insertion/deletion variations, associations with growth traits, and mRNA expression. Anim Biotechnol 2019; 31:237-244. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1585865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarantsetseg Erdenee
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zihong Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Science Experimental Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Rongxin Zang
- Science Experimental Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Science Experimental Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jutian Yang
- Science Experimental Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yong Cai
- Science Experimental Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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32
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Popoola OE, Popoola AO, Purchase D. Levels of Awareness and Concentrations of Heavy Metals in the Blood of Electronic Waste Scavengers in Nigeria. J Health Pollut 2019; 9:190311. [PMID: 30931171 PMCID: PMC6421953 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-9.21.190311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic waste (e-waste) contains both valuable and hazardous materials. E-waste scavengers specialize in the collection and crude recycling of waste electronics to retrieve valuable metals, which are then sold. These activities provide an income for scavengers, but also expose them to toxic heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and copper (Cu). OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate the level of awareness and concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn)) in the blood levels of e-waste scavengers at Jakande dumpsite, Alaba International Market, Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS Material and data were collected by empirical survey with the use of a questionnaire to obtain information from e-waste scavengers. Blood samples of the scavengers in the present study (30 adult males exposed to recycling processes) were collected and concentrations of heavy metals were determined through acid digestion and the use of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AGILENT 55B AA, 2010). RESULTS The geometric means of blood levels of Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn were 11.0, 33.85, 126.15 and 19.38 μg / dL, respectively. High concentrations of Pb and Mn (11.0 and 19.38 μg / dL) were found in the blood samples, while Zn and Cu (126.15 and 33.85 μg / dL) showed low concentrations. The maximum blood level of lead (BPb) (24.0 μg / dL) was extremely high compared to the maximum BPb of occupationally exposed males. Statistical analysis of the questionnaires showed that all of the respondents were male, and more than half (56.7%) were between 21-30 years of age and had been involved in recycling of e-waste for 1-5 years. The results showed that 83% of the respondents were aware that hazardous fractions in e-waste require special treatment, while 76.7% were aware of the possible negative impact on their health. CONCLUSIONS Lack of education, poverty and lack of effective enforcement of e-waste management and regulations are the major contributors to the current situation and thus scavengers carry on with their activities unhindered. The authors recommend the use of protective clothing, sensitization visits and awareness campaigns on the safe disposal of hazardous components. PARTICIPANT CONSENT Obtained. ETHICS APPROVAL The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja Lagos. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluseun E Popoola
- Department of Chemical Science, Yaba College of Technology, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun O Popoola
- Department of Radiology, Oncology Unit, Lagos State University, College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Diane Purchase
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Health and Social Sciences, Middlesex University, London, UK
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Yang H, Qu X, Lin W, Chen D, Zhu D, Dai K, Zheng Y. Enhanced Osseointegration of Zn-Mg Composites by Tuning the Release of Zn Ions with Sacrificial Mg-Rich Anode Design. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 5:453-467. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Wenjiao Lin
- R&D Center, Lifetech Scientific (Shenzhen) Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Dafu Chen
- Laboratory of Bone Tissue Engineering, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing JiShuiTan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Kerong Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Kosik-Bogacka DI, Lanocha-Arendarczyk N, Kot K, Zietek P, Karaczun M, Prokopowicz A, Kupnicka P, Ciosek Z. Calcium, magnesium, zinc and lead concentrations in the structures forming knee joint in patients with osteoarthritis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:409-414. [PMID: 30262313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between the concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) in cartilage, anterior cruciate ligament, and meniscus samples obtained following knee joint surgery in patients with osteoarthritis in northwestern Poland. Furthermore, we examined the relationships between the concentrations of these metals in the studied parts of the knee joint and the influences of gender, age, BMI and hypertension. We found significantly higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Zn in the cartilage of men than in women and a significantly higher Pb concentration in the meniscus of the men. We also found a higher concentration of Pb in the cartilage of patients over 65 years of age. There were no differences in the concentrations of the studied metals between patients with and without hypertension. There was no relationship between Ca, Mg, Zn, and Pb levels in analyzed materials and BMI. Furthermore, we noted some new interactions between metals in the studied structures of the knee joint. The results reported in the study shows the influence of age, gender and BMI on the Ca, Mg, Zn and Pb in the studied structures of the knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta I Kosik-Bogacka
- Departament of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Natalia Lanocha-Arendarczyk
- Departament of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Kot
- Departament of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Pawel Zietek
- Chair and Clinic of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Karaczun
- Chair and Clinic of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Adam Prokopowicz
- Departmet of Chemical Hazards and Genetic Toxicology, Institute of Occupational Medicina and Environmental Health, Koscielna 13, 71-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Zaneta Ciosek
- Departament of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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De-Ugarte L, Balcells S, Nogues X, Grinberg D, Diez-Perez A, Garcia-Giralt N. Pro-osteoporotic miR-320a impairs osteoblast function and induces oxidative stress. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208131. [PMID: 30485349 PMCID: PMC6261634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of many cellular processes, including the differentiation and activity of osteoblasts, and therefore, of bone turnover. MiR-320a is overexpressed in osteoporotic bone tissue but its role in osteoblast function is unknown. In the present study, functional assays were performed with the aim to elucidate the mechanism of miR-320a action in osteoblastic cells. MiR-320a was either overexpressed or inhibited in human primary osteoblasts (hOB) and gene expression changes were evaluated through microarray analysis. In addition, the effect of miR-320a on cell proliferation, viability, and oxidative stress in hOB was evaluated. Finally, matrix mineralization and alkaline phosphatase activity were assessed in order to evaluate osteoblast functionality. Microarray results showed miR-320a regulation of a number of key osteoblast genes and of genes involved in oxidative stress. Regulation of osteoblast differentiation and ossification appeared as the best significant biological processes (PANTHER P value = 3.74E-05; and P value = 3.06E-04, respectively). The other enriched pathway was that of the cellular response to cadmium and zinc ions, mostly by the overexpression of metallothioneins. In hOBs, overexpression of miR-320a increased cell proliferation and oxidative stress levels whereas mineralization capacity was reduced. In conclusion, overexpression of miR-320a increased stress oxidation levels and was associated with reduced osteoblast differentiation and functionality, which could trigger an osteoporotic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De-Ugarte
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Susana Balcells
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Nogues
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), ISCIII, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Adolfo Diez-Perez
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), ISCIII, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natalia Garcia-Giralt
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), ISCIII, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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High dosage of zinc modulates T-cells in a time-dependent manner within porcine gut-associated lymphatic tissue. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:1349-1358. [PMID: 30387407 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Zn serves as a powerful feed additive to reduce post-weaning diarrhoea in pigs. However, the mechanisms responsible for Zn-associated effects on the adaptive immune responses following feeding of a very high dosage of Zn remain elusive. In this study, we examined the T-cell response in gut-associated lymphatic tissues of seventy-two weaned piglets. Piglets received diets with 57 mg Zn/kg (low Zn concentration, LZn), 164 mg Zn/kg (medium Zn concentration, MZn) or 2425 mg Zn/kg (high Zn concentration, HZn) mg Zn/kg feed for 1, 2 or 4 weeks. We observed that feeding the HZn diet for 1 week increased the level of activated T-helper cells (CD4+ and CD8α dim) compared with feeding MZn and LZn (P<0·05). In addition, we observed higher transcript amounts of interferon γ and T-box 21 (TBET) in the HZn group compared with the MZn and LZn groups (P<0·05). A gene set enrichment analysis revealed an over-representation of genes associated with 'cytokine signalling in immune system'. Remarkably, feeding of a very high Zn dosage led to a switch in the immune response after 2 weeks. We detected higher relative cell counts of CD4+CD25high regulatory T-helper cells (P<0·05) and a higher expression of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) transcripts (P<0·05). After 4 weeks of feeding a high-dosage Zn diet, the relative CD4+ T-cell count (P<0·05) and the relative CD8β + T-cell count (P<0·1) were reduced compared with the MZn group. We hypothesise that after 1 week the cellular T-helper 1 response is switched on and after 2 weeks it is switched off, leading to decreased numbers of T-cells.
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Zinc Supplementation Stimulates Red Blood Cell Formation in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092824. [PMID: 30231592 PMCID: PMC6165144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In rats, mice, and humans, it is known that zinc deficiency may be related to anemia, and zinc supplementation influences hemoglobin production. Our previous studies indicate that in fish, zinc supplementation stimulates red blood cell (RBC) formation (erythropoiesis). However, it is not clear whether the mechanism of zinc-induced erythropoiesis stimulation in fish also occurs in rats. We induced anemia in rats using phenylhydrazine (PHZ) and injected either saline or ZnSO₄ solution. We found that an appropriate amount of zinc stimulated erythropoiesis in the PHZ-induced anemic rats. The effects of ZnSO₄ injection were dose-dependent. When the concentration of ZnSO₄ was higher than 2.8 mg zinc/kg body weight, the RBC level of the anemic rats increased from 60 ± 7% to 88 ± 10% that of the normal rats in two days. Rat bone marrow cells with or without ZnCl₂ supplementation were cultured in suspension in vitro. In the cell culture when the zinc concentration was at 0.3 mM, a 1.6-fold proliferation of nascent immature reticulocytes (new RBCs) was observed after one day. In the rat blood, zinc was combined with serum transferrin to induce erythropoiesis. The stimulation of RBC formation by zinc appears to be common among different animals.
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Blackman AG, Gahan LR. Metal-coordinated Hydroxide as a Nucleophile: a Brief History. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allan G. Blackman
- Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences; School of Science; Auckland University of Technology; Private Bag 92006 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Lawrence R. Gahan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
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Polshakov VI, Mantsyzov AB, Kozin SA, Adzhubei AA, Zhokhov SS, van Beek W, Kulikova AA, Indeykina MI, Mitkevich VA, Makarov AA. A Binuclear Zinc Interaction Fold Discovered in the Homodimer of Alzheimer's Amyloid-β Fragment with Taiwanese Mutation D7H. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I. Polshakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; 32 Vavilova str. Moscow 119991 Russia
- Center for Magnetic Tomography and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; 27/1 Lomonosovsky ave. Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Alexey B. Mantsyzov
- Center for Magnetic Tomography and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; 27/1 Lomonosovsky ave. Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Sergey A. Kozin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; 32 Vavilova str. Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Alexei A. Adzhubei
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; 32 Vavilova str. Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Sergey S. Zhokhov
- Center for Magnetic Tomography and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; 27/1 Lomonosovsky ave. Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Wouter van Beek
- Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); BP 220 Grenoble 38043 France
| | - Alexandra A. Kulikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; 32 Vavilova str. Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Maria I. Indeykina
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics; Russian Academy of Sciences; 4 Kosygina Moscow 119334 Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; 32 Vavilova str. Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Alexander A. Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; 32 Vavilova str. Moscow 119991 Russia
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Polshakov VI, Mantsyzov AB, Kozin SA, Adzhubei AA, Zhokhov SS, van Beek W, Kulikova AA, Indeykina MI, Mitkevich VA, Makarov AA. A Binuclear Zinc Interaction Fold Discovered in the Homodimer of Alzheimer's Amyloid-β Fragment with Taiwanese Mutation D7H. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11734-11739. [PMID: 28570778 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Zinc-induced oligomerization of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) produces potentially pathogenic agents of Alzheimer's disease. Mutations and modifications in the metal binding domain 1-16 of Aβ peptide crucially affect its zinc-induced oligomerization by changing intermolecular zinc mediated interface. The 3D structure of this interface appearing in a range of Aβ species is a prospective drug target for disease modifying therapy. Using NMR spectroscopy, EXAFS spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and isothermal titration calorimetry the interaction of zinc ions with Aβ fragments 1-7 and 1-10 carrying familial Taiwanese mutation D7H was studied. Zinc ions induce formation of a stable homodimer formed by the two peptide chains fastened by two zinc ions and stacking interactions of imidazole rings. A binuclear zinc interaction fold in the dimer structure was discovered. It can be used for designing zinc-regulated proteins and zinc-mediated self-assembling peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I Polshakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Center for Magnetic Tomography and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1 Lomonosovsky ave., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey B Mantsyzov
- Center for Magnetic Tomography and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1 Lomonosovsky ave., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey A Kozin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexei A Adzhubei
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey S Zhokhov
- Center for Magnetic Tomography and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1 Lomonosovsky ave., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Wouter van Beek
- Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), BP 220, Grenoble, 38043, France
| | - Alexandra A Kulikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Maria I Indeykina
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Thomas P, Pang Y, Dong J. Membrane androgen receptor characteristics of human ZIP9 (SLC39A) zinc transporter in prostate cancer cells: Androgen-specific activation and involvement of an inhibitory G protein in zinc and MAP kinase signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 447:23-34. [PMID: 28219737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of novel human membrane androgen receptor (mAR), ZIP9 (SLC39A9), were investigated in ZIP9-transfected PC-3 cells (PC3-ZIP9). Ligand blot analysis showed plasma membrane [3H]-T binding corresponds to the position of ZIP9 on Western blots which suggests ZIP9 can bind [3H]-T alone, without a protein partner. Progesterone antagonized testosterone actions, blocking increases in zinc, Erk phosphorylation and apoptosis, further evidence that ZIP9 is specifically activated by androgens. Pre-treatment with GTPγS and pertussis toxin decreased plasma membrane [3H]-T binding and blocked testosterone-induced increases in Erk phosphorylation and intracellular zinc, indicating ZIP9 is coupled to an inhibitory G protein (Gi) that mediates both MAP kinase and zinc signaling. Testosterone treatment of nuclei and mitochondria which express ZIP9 decreased their zinc contents, suggesting ZIP9 also regulates free zinc through releasing it from these intracellular organelles. The results show ZIP9 is a specific Gi coupled-mAR mediating testosterone-induced MAP kinase and zinc signaling in PC3-ZIP9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomas
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA.
| | - Yefei Pang
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Jing Dong
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
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Alves MM, Prosek T, Santos CF, Montemor MF. In vitro degradation of ZnO flowered coated Zn-Mg alloys in simulated physiological conditions. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 70:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Alves MM, Prošek T, Santos CF, Montemor MF. Evolution of the in vitro degradation of Zn–Mg alloys under simulated physiological conditions. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28542b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary reactions occurring upon Zn-derived materials insertion inside an organism are of utmost importance as chemical species resulting from the degradation of resorbable biomaterials are crucial for the interaction with the surrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M. Alves
- CQE
- DEQ
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisboa
| | - Tomáš Prošek
- Technopark Kralupy
- The University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague
- 278 01 Kralupy nad Vltavou
- Czech Republic
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Alves MM, Cunha DV, Santos CF, Mira NP, Montemor MF. In vitro corrosion behaviour and anti-Candida spp. activity of Zn coated with ZnO-nanostructured 'Anastacia' flowers. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:4754-4761. [PMID: 32263249 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00797j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rejection and colonization by microbes are two problematic issues that often require the surgical removal of medical implants with increased risks for patients. In this work it is shown that functionalization of Zn surfaces with ZnO-nanostructured 'Anastacia' flowers (NAF) resulted in improved biomaterials that can potentially overcome these important drawbacks, which can further boost the use of Zn in biomedical implants. The in vitro degradation of NAF-coated Zn under simulated physiological conditions resulted in the formation of a biomimetic corrosion layer rich in a hydroxyapatite analogue that, being an important bone component, may potentially decrease implant rejection. Colonization of the NAF-coated Zn surface by Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans, two of the more relevant microbial species colonizing medical devices, was significantly reduced on the NAF-coated Zn surface. The mechanism by which this colonization inhibition occurred was distinct since for C. parapsilosis cells this was attributed to reduced cell viability, while for C. albicans the reduced colonization was related to impaired biofilm formation. This ZnO-derived coating is an expeditious strategy to improve the resilience of Zn-based resorbable biomaterials towards Candida spp. colonization, paving the way for the design of bioactive ZnO-derived coatings with potential for clinical applications on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Alves
- CQE Instituto Superior Técnico, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Cantoral A, Téllez-Rojo MM, Levy TS, Hernández-Ávila M, Schnaas L, Hu H, Peterson KE, Ettinger AS. Differential association of lead on length by zinc status in two-year old Mexican children. Environ Health 2015; 14:95. [PMID: 26715556 PMCID: PMC4696318 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood lead levels have decreased in Mexico since leaded fuel was banned in 1997, but other sources remain, including the use of lead-glazed ceramics for food storage and preparation. Zinc deficiency is present in almost 30% of children aged 1-2 years. Previous studies have documented negative associations of both lead exposure and zinc deficiency with stature, but have not considered the joint effects. Given that the prevalence of stunting in pre-school aged children was 13.6% in 2012, the aim of this study was to evaluate if the relationship between blood lead and child stature was modified by zinc status. METHODS Anthropometry, dietary energy intake, serum zinc and blood lead were measured in 291 children aged 24 months from an ongoing birth cohort study in Mexico City. Child stature was represented by recumbent length as appropriate for this age group. The association between blood lead (BPb) and length-for-age Z score (LAZ) was evaluated using a model stratified by zinc status measured by standard criteria and adjusted for: birth length, breastfeeding practices, energy intake, maternal height and education. RESULTS Median (IQR) BPb was: 0.17 (0.12-0.26) μmol/L and 17% of the sample had zinc deficiency (<9.9 μmol/L). BPb was inversely associated with LAZ in the overall sample (β = -0.19, p = 0.02). In stratified models, this negative association was more than three times higher and statistically significant only in the zinc deficient group (β = -0.43, p = 0.04) compared to the zinc replete group (β = -0.12, p = 0.22) (BPb*zinc status, p-for-interaction = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Zinc adequacy is a key factor that may attenuate the negative association of lead on stature in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Cantoral
- Research Center for Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico.
| | - Martha M Téllez-Rojo
- Research Center for Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico.
| | - Teresa Shamah Levy
- Research Center for Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico.
| | - Mauricio Hernández-Ávila
- National Institute of Public Health, Universidad No. 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico.
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- National Institute of Perinatology, Monte Urales Sur 800, Lomas Virreyes, C.P. 11000, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Howard Hu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, 6th floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA.
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Adrienne S Ettinger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA.
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Karweina D, Kreuzer-Redmer S, Müller U, Franken T, Pieper R, Baron U, Olek S, Zentek J, Brockmann GA. The Zinc Concentration in the Diet and the Length of the Feeding Period Affect the Methylation Status of the ZIP4 Zinc Transporter Gene in Piglets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143098. [PMID: 26599865 PMCID: PMC4658085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High doses of zinc oxide are commonly used in weaned pig diets to improve performance and health. Recent reports show that this may also lead to an imbalanced zinc homeostasis in the animal. For a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of different zinc intakes, we performed a feeding experiment to assess potential epigenetic regulation of the ZIP4 gene expression via DNA methylation in the small intestine of piglets. Fifty-four piglets were fed diets with 57 (LZn), 164 (NZn) or 2,425 (HZn) mg Zn/kg feed for one or four weeks. The ZIP4 expression data provided significant evidence for counter-regulation of zinc absorption with higher dietary zinc concentrations. The CpG +735 in the second exon had a 56% higher methylation in the HZn group compared to the others after one week of feeding (8.0·10-4 < p < 0.035); the methylation of this CpG was strongly negatively associated with the expression of the long ZIP4 transcripts (p < 0.007). In the LZn and NZn diets, the expression of the long ZIP4 transcripts were lower after four vs. one week of feeding (2.9·10-4 < p < 0.017). The strongest switch leading to high DNA methylation in nearly all analysed regions was dependent on feeding duration or age in all diet groups (3.7·10-10 < p < 0.099). The data suggest that DNA methylation serves as a fine-tuning mechanism of ZIP4 gene regulation to maintain zinc homeostasis. Methylation of the ZIP4 gene may play a minor role in the response to very high dietary zinc concentration, but may affect binding of alternate zinc-responsive transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Karweina
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agri- and Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Kreuzer-Redmer
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agri- and Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Müller
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agri- and Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Franken
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agri- and Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun A. Brockmann
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agri- and Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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The Content of the 14 Metals in Cancellous and Cortical Bone of the Hip Joint Affected by Osteoarthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:815648. [PMID: 26357659 PMCID: PMC4555358 DOI: 10.1155/2015/815648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the content of particular elements Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mo, Cr, Ni, Ba, Sr, and Pb in the proximal femur bone tissue (cancellous and cortical bone) of 96 patients undergoing total hip replacement for osteoarthritis using ICP-AES and FAAS analytical techniques. The interdependencies among these elements and their correlations depended on factors including age, gender, place of residence, tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption, exposure to environmental pollution, physical activity, and type of degenerative change which were examined by statistical and chemometric methods. The factors that exerted the greatest influence on the elements in the femoral head and neck were tobacco smoking (higher Cr and Ni content in smokers), alcohol consumption (higher concentrations of Ni, Cu in people who consume alcohol), and gender (higher Cu, Zn, and Ni concentrations in men). The factors influencing Pb accumulation in bone tissue were tobacco, alcohol, gender, and age. In primary and secondary osteoarthritis of the hip, the content and interactions of elements are different (mainly those of Fe and Pb). There were no significant differences in the concentrations of elements in the femoral head and neck that could be attributed to residence or physical activity.
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Cantoral A, Téllez-Rojo M, Shamah-Levy T, Schnaas L, Hernández-Ávila M, Peterson KE, Ettinger AS. Prediction of Serum Zinc Levels in Mexican Children at 2 Years of Age Using a Food Frequency Questionnaire and Different Zinc Bioavailability Criteria. Food Nutr Bull 2015; 36:111-9. [PMID: 26121697 DOI: 10.1177/0379572115586400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2006 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey documented a prevalence of zinc deficiency of almost 30% in children under 2 years of age. OBJECTIVE We sought to validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for quantifying dietary bioavailable zinc intake in 2-year-old Mexican children accounting for phytic acid intake and using serum zinc as a reference. METHODS This cross-sectional study was nested within a longitudinal birth cohort of 333 young children in Mexico City. Nonfasting serum zinc concentration was measured and dietary zinc intake was calculated on the basis of a semiquantitative FFQ administered to their mothers. The relationship between dietary zinc intake and serum zinc was assessed using linear regression, adjusting for phytic acid intake, and analyzed according to two distinct international criteria to estimate bioavailable zinc. Models were stratified by zinc deficiency status. RESULTS Dietary zinc, adjusted for phytic acid intake, explained the greatest proportion of the variance of serum zinc. For each milligram of dietary zinc intake, serum zinc increased on average by 0.95 μg/dL (0.15 μmol/L) (p = .06). When stratified by zinc status, this increase was 0.74 μg/dL (p = .12) for each milligram of zinc consumed among children with adequate serum zinc (n = 276), whereas among those children with zinc deficiency (n = 57), serum zinc increased by only 0.11 μg/dL (p = .82). CONCLUSIONS A semiquantitative FFQ can be used for predicting serum zinc in relation to dietary intake in young children, particularly among those who are zinc-replete, and when phytic acid or phytate intake is considered. Future studies should be conducted accounting for both zinc status and dietary zinc inhibitors to further elucidate and validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Karen E Peterson
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrienne S Ettinger
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Zhang LL, Lu L, Pan YJ, Ding CG, Xu DY, Huang CF, Pan XF, Zheng W. Baseline blood levels of manganese, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in residents of Beijing suburb. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:10-7. [PMID: 25836720 PMCID: PMC4492836 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Baseline blood concentrations of metals are important references for monitoring metal exposure in environmental and occupational settings. The purpose of this study was to determine the blood levels of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) among the residents (aged 12-60 years old) living in the suburb southwest of Beijing in China and to compare the outcomes with reported values in various developed countries. Blood samples were collected from 648 subjects from March 2009 to February 2010. Metal concentrations in the whole blood were determined by ICP-MS. The geometric means of blood levels of Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd were 11.4, 802.4, 4665, 42.6, and 0.68 µg/L, respectively. Male subjects had higher blood Pb than the females, while the females had higher blood Mn and Cu than the males. There was no gender difference for blood Cd and Zn. Smokers had higher blood Cu, Zn, and Cd than nonsmokers. There were significant age-related differences in blood levels of all metals studied; subjects in the 17-30 age group had higher blood levels of Mn, Pb, Cu, and Zn, while those in the 46-60 age group had higher Cd than the other age groups. A remarkably lower blood level of Cu and Zn in this population as compared with residents of other developed countries was noticed. Based on the current study, the normal reference ranges for the blood Mn were estimated to be 5.80-25.2 μg/L; for blood Cu, 541-1475 μg/L; for blood Zn, 2349-9492 μg/L; for blood Pb, <100 μg/L; and for blood Cd, <5.30 μg/L in the general population living in Beijing suburbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Lian Zhang
- Department of Occupational Diseases Control and Prevention, Fengtai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, PR China.
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Occupational Diseases Control and Prevention, Fengtai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Ya-Juan Pan
- Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control in China Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Chun-Guang Ding
- Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control in China Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Da-Yong Xu
- Department of Occupational Diseases Control and Prevention, Fengtai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Chuan-Feng Huang
- Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control in China Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Xing-Fu Pan
- Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control in China Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Rivera-Fuentes P, Wrobel AT, Zastrow ML, Khan M, Georgiou J, Luyben TT, Roder JC, Okamoto K, Lippard SJ. A Far-Red Emitting Probe for Unambiguous Detection of Mobile Zinc in Acidic Vesicles and Deep Tissue. Chem Sci 2015; 6:1944-1948. [PMID: 25815162 PMCID: PMC4372157 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03388d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging mobile zinc in acidic environments remains challenging because most small-molecule optical probes display pH-dependent fluorescence. Here we report a reaction-based sensor that detects mobile zinc unambiguously at low pH. The sensor responds reversibly and with a large dynamic range to exogenously applied Zn2+ in lysosomes of HeLa cells, endogenous Zn2+ in insulin granules of MIN6 cells, and zinc-rich mossy fiber boutons in hippocampal tissue from mice. This long-wavelength probe is compatible with the green-fluorescent protein, enabling multicolor imaging, and facilitates visualization of mossy fiber boutons at depths of >100 µm, as demonstrated by studies in live tissue employing two-photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rivera-Fuentes
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA .
| | - Alexandra T. Wrobel
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA .
| | - Melissa L. Zastrow
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA .
| | - Mustafa Khan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON M5G 1X5 , Canada
| | - John Georgiou
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON M5G 1X5 , Canada
| | - Thomas T. Luyben
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON M5G 1X5 , Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics , Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 1A8 , Canada
| | - John C. Roder
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON M5G 1X5 , Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics , Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 1A8 , Canada
| | - Kenichi Okamoto
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON M5G 1X5 , Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics , Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 1A8 , Canada
| | - Stephen J. Lippard
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA .
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