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Keats L, Jose PE, Salmon K. Specificity and valence of adolescents' turning point memory narratives: Relationships with depressive symptoms over time. Behav Res Ther 2024; 179:104570. [PMID: 38776597 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2024.104570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Although recent research suggests that, for community youth, greater specific (episodic) detail in self-relevant turning point memory narratives predicts depressive symptoms over time, no research has investigated whether the narratives' specificity similarly predicts depression. Therefore, we investigated whether recalling a specific (unique, 24-hour or less) turning point narrative predicted youth depressive symptoms concurrently and across 6 months (Study 1), and, for a subset of participants, three years (Study 2). We also examined whether the valence of the implication of the experience for self (the resolution) explained additional variance and interacted with memory specificity. For Study 1 (N = 320, M = 16.9 years, 81% female), a specific (rather than a non-specific) turning point predicted greater depressive symptoms concurrently but not longitudinally, whereas a negative resolution predicted both concurrent and longitudinal depressive symptoms. The moderation result showed that a specific turning point predicted escalating depressive symptoms across six months when the resolution was negative. Study 2 (N = 68) additionally showed that a specific turning point predicted increased depressive symptoms three years later. These findings contrast with research suggesting that specific memories are related to better mental health and highlight the complexity of the role of memory in emerging youth depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Keats
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington - Te Herenga Waka, New Zealand.
| | - Paul E Jose
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington - Te Herenga Waka, New Zealand
| | - Karen Salmon
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington - Te Herenga Waka, New Zealand
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2
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Song Q, Kamliot DZ, Slonecker E, Musser ED, Klemfuss JZ. The interactive roles of narrative processing and emotion negativity/lability in relation to autonomic coordination. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14559. [PMID: 38459777 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) is a multifaceted construct, involving behavioral, cognitive, and physiological processes. Although autonomic coordination is theorized to play a crucial role in adaptive functioning, few studies have examined how different individual and contextual factors together may contribute to such coordination. This study examined the joint influences of narrative processing and emotional negativity/lability (N/L) traits on the coordination of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in a sample of 112 children, ages 8-12 years (Mage = 10.15 years, SD = 1.33). Children completed a stress-induction task followed by an interview about the task. Children's trait-level N/L was assessed via parent-report on the Emotion Regulation Checklist. Narrative processing was assessed and coded based on children's narrative accounts of the event (i.e., causal coherence, overall emotional tone). Indexes of sympathetic (skin conductance response, SCR) and parasympathetic (respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA) functioning were derived from physiological data obtained during the interview. Results revealed that children's trait-level N/L and narrative processing of the stressful event interacted to predict the RSA-SCR correlation. Specifically, children who were high on either N/L or narrative causal coherence, but not both, demonstrated significant RSA-SCR correlation. Similarly, children with high N/L and negative-to-neutral narratives, as well as those with low N/L and neutral-to-positive narratives, exhibited significant RSA-SCR correlation. This work provides empirical evidence that narrative processing and trait N/L, together with RSA-SCR correlation, work in tandem to regulate emotional arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Song
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Deborah Z Kamliot
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Emily Slonecker
- Department of Psychology, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erica D Musser
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - J Zoe Klemfuss
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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3
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Bouizegarene N, Ramstead MJD, Constant A, Friston KJ, Kirmayer LJ. Narrative as active inference: an integrative account of cognitive and social functions in adaptation. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1345480. [PMID: 38903472 PMCID: PMC11188712 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1345480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
While the ubiquity and importance of narratives for human adaptation is widely recognized, there is no integrative framework for understanding the roles of narrative in human adaptation. Research has identified several cognitive and social functions of narratives that are conducive to well-being and adaptation as well as to coordinated social practices and enculturation. In this paper, we characterize the cognitive and social functions of narratives in terms of active inference, to support the claim that one of the main adaptive functions of narrative is to generate more useful (i.e., accurate, parsimonious) predictions for the individual, as well as to coordinate group action (over multiple timescales) through shared predictions about collective behavior. Active inference is a theory that depicts the fundamental tendency of living organisms to adapt by proactively inferring the causes of their sensations (including their own actions). We review narrative research on identity, event segmentation, episodic memory, future projections, storytelling practices, enculturation, and master narratives. We show how this research dovetails with the active inference framework and propose an account of the cognitive and social functions of narrative that emphasizes that narratives are for the future-even when they are focused on recollecting or recounting the past. Understanding narratives as cognitive and cultural tools for mutual prediction in social contexts can guide research on narrative in adaptive behavior and psychopathology, based on a parsimonious mechanistic model of some of the basic adaptive functions of narrative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Bouizegarene
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxwell J. D. Ramstead
- VERSES Research Lab, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Constant
- School of Engineering and Informatics, The University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Culture and Mental Health Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Karl J. Friston
- VERSES Research Lab, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence J. Kirmayer
- Culture and Mental Health Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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4
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Balzen KM, Blacutt M, Lind M, Penner F, Sharp C. Awareness of Narrative Identity Questionnaire (ANIQ) in Early Adolescents: Psychometric Evaluation and Association with Features of Personality Disorder. J Pers Assess 2024; 106:337-346. [PMID: 37732705 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2023.2258979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Identity formation is central to adolescent development. Challenges in establishing a stable sense of self is associated with maladaptive identity function, which has been recognized as a core feature of personality pathology. The narrative identity framework offers a unique lens to garner salient information about one's sense of self. The Awareness of Narrative Identity Questionnaire (ANIQ) is a self-report measure of narrative identity validated in adults but is yet to be validated in adolescents. The current study aimed to conduct the first psychometric evaluation of the ANIQ in a sample of 205 youth aged 10-14 years (M = 12.1 ± 1.06 years; 50.7% female; 73.7% Hispanic) recruited from a public charter school. Results confirmed the four-factor structure of the ANIQ and showed high internal consistency. Convergent validity was supported through negative associations between the ANIQ and borderline personality features and identity diffusion. Incremental validity of the ANIQ over identity diffusion in predicting borderline personality features was also examined, but not supported. Overall, results support the ANIQ as a promising instrument for the assessment of narrative identity in youth. However, some improvements to the ANIQ might be necessary in order to use it as a clinical tool in identifying youth with personality pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Majse Lind
- Department of Psychology, Aalborg University
| | | | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston
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5
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Binder PE, Woodfin VI, Hjeltnes A. Perfection is a sad and lonely place: A study of existential vulnerability in the life stories of persons struggling with perfectionism. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2023; 18:2219513. [PMID: 37270795 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2023.2219513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Under what life conditions do individuals turn to perfectionistic striving and ideals as a solution? The present paper examines how people with perfectionism narrate their relationship to our shared existential vulnerability; that we are vulnerable as human beings, and that the ways we relate to this vulnerability have consequences for psychological health. In the present qualitative study, we explored the life narratives told by nine students with perfectionism, drawing on semi-structured life-story interviews. We conducted an explorative-reflexive thematic analysis and identified five themes: 1) Outside-Feeling Alienated, 2) Relating to Chaos, 3) Trying to Control the Painful and Uncontrollable, 4) Islands of Just Being and Positive Contact, and 5) Heading Toward a Balance Between Doing and Being. Their perfectionism can be seen as a way of handling existential vulnerability at a point in their lives where relational resources needed to stay firm in a vulnerable state are lacking. Perfectionistic themes influence their personal identity in the domain of narrative constructions, values, belongingness, and embodiment. Accomplishments were dominant themes in the plots of their narrative self-constructions and values. They felt their "self-made" identities kept others at a distance. However, we also found strivings for a more fulfilling life with broader self-definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per-Einar Binder
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vivian Irena Woodfin
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Solli District Psychiatric Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aslak Hjeltnes
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Preko T, Edler K, Behrens B, Valentino K. A Meta-Analysis of the Influence of Cue Valence on Overgeneral Memory and Autobiographical Memory Specificity Among Youth. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1683-1698. [PMID: 37466746 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Overgeneral memory (OGM), or difficulty recalling specific memories when recounting autobiographical events, is associated with psychopathology. According to functional avoidance theory, OGM-or reduced autobiographical memory specificity (AMS)-may serve as an emotion regulation strategy that aids in the avoidance of painful, negative memories (Sumner, 2012; Williams et al., 2007). Some researchers argue that there may be a valence effect for OGM, such that there is a higher frequency of overgenerality when recalling negative memories compared to positive memories. Although not supported among adults, valence effects may be present among children and adolescents if OGM initially develops in response to negative cues and then generalizes to all memory recall over time. This meta-analysis examined differences in child and adolescent OGM and AMS based on cue valance; standardized mean differences between negative and positive valence cues for OGM and AMS indices were calculated. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search resulted in 26 studies assessing OGM and 30 assessing AMS. There was a significant effect of valence on OGM (d = 0.17, p = 0.01) and AMS (d = -0.20, p = 0.01). There was a higher frequency of overgeneral responses to negative cue words than positive cue words. Similarly, there was a higher frequency of specific responses for positive cue words than negative cue words. Subgroup analyses considering differences in valence effects by participant age (childhood vs. adolescence), sample type (clinical vs. community), and task instructions (verbal vs. written) were not significant. Theoretical advancements for our understanding of OGM and AMS and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Preko
- Department of Psychology, Corbett Family Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Katherine Edler
- Department of Psychology, Corbett Family Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Brigid Behrens
- Department of Psychology, Corbett Family Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kristin Valentino
- Department of Psychology, Corbett Family Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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7
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van Houtum LAEM, van Schie CC, Wever MCM, Janssen LHC, Wentholt WGM, Tailby C, Grenyer BFS, Will GJ, Tollenaar MS, Elzinga BM. Aberrant neural network activation during reliving of autobiographical memories in adolescent depression. Cortex 2023; 168:14-26. [PMID: 37639906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents with depression exhibit negative biases in autobiographical memory with detrimental consequences for their self-concept and well-being. Investigating how adolescents relive positive autobiographical memories and activate the underlying neural networks could reveal mechanisms that drive such biases. This study investigated neural networks when reliving positive and neutral memories, and how neural activity is modulated by valence and vividness in adolescents with and without depression. METHODS Adolescents (N = 69; n = 17 with depression) retrieved positive and neutral autobiographical memories. On a separate day, they relived these memories during fMRI scanning, and reported on pleasantness and vividness after reliving each memory. We used a multivariate, data-driven approach - event-related independent component analysis (eICA) - to characterize neural networks supporting autobiographical recollection. RESULTS Adolescents with depression reported their positive memories as significantly less pleasant compared to healthy controls, while subjective vividness was unaffected. Using eICA, we identified a broad autobiographical memory network, and subnetworks related to reliving positive vs neutral memories. These subnetworks comprised a 'self-referential processing network' including medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus, and temporoparietal junction, anti-correlating with parts of the central executive network and salience network. Adolescents with depression exhibited aberrant activation in this self-referential network, but only when reliving relatively 'low' pleasant memories. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide first insights into how the quality of reliving autobiographical memories in adolescents with depression may relate to aberrant self-referential neural network activation, and underscore the potential of targeting memory reliving in therapeutic interventions to foster self-esteem and diminish depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne A E M van Houtum
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte C van Schie
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Mirjam C M Wever
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Loes H C Janssen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wilma G M Wentholt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Chris Tailby
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Brin F S Grenyer
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Geert-Jan Will
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke S Tollenaar
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bernet M Elzinga
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands
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8
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Pasupathi M, Booker J, Ell M, Follmer Greenhoot A, McLean KC, Wainryb C, Fivush R. College, Interrupted: Profiles in First-Year College Students Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic Across One Year. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2022; 10:1574-1590. [PMID: 38603297 PMCID: PMC9535459 DOI: 10.1177/21676968221119945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
First-year college students in the 2019-2020 academic year are at risk of having their mental health, identity work, and college careers derailed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess emerging and evolving impacts of the pandemic on mental health/well-being, identity development, and academic resilience, we collected data from a racially, ethnically, geographically, and economically diverse group of 629 students at four universities across the US within weeks of lockdown, and then followed up on these students' self-reported mental health, identity, and academic resilience three times over the following year. Our findings suggest that: 1) students' mental health, identity development, and academic resilience were largely negatively impacted compared to pre-pandemic samples; 2) these alterations persisted and, in some cases, worsened as the pandemic wore on; and 3) patterns of change were often worse for students indicating more baseline COVID-related stressors.
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9
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Vanwoerden S, Franssens R, Sharp C, De Clercq B. The Development of Criterion A Personality Pathology: The Relevance of Childhood Social Functioning for Young Adult Daily Self-Functioning. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:1148-1160. [PMID: 34076800 PMCID: PMC8859861 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The DSM-5 alternative model for the diagnosis of personality disorders (AMPD) states that self- and interpersonal (Criterion A) dysfunction is necessary to diagnose a personality disorder, qualified by maladaptive personality trait profiles (Criterion B). This study tested whether childhood maladaptive personality traits predict interpersonal dysfunction during adolescence, which further predicts lower self-functioning in young adulthood. A mixed clinical-community sample of 157 10-year-olds participated for ten years. Social problems and personality traits were rated by parents at age 10 and 12. At age 20, young adults completed 14 daily ratings of self-functioning. Traits of emotional instability and disagreeableness predicted social problems and self-problems. Social problems predicted worse self-functioning in adulthood. An indirect effect of childhood narcissistic traits on higher levels of self-functioning via lower levels of social problems was found. Results are discussed in terms of their contribution to our understanding of the AMPD from a developmental perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Vanwoerden
- Department of Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 402 Sterling Plaza, 201 N. Craig St., Pittsburgh, PA, 1523, USA.
| | | | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Camia C, Motiani S, Waters TE. On the way to adult identity: An evaluation of identity status and narrative identity models of development. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Binder PE. Facing the uncertainties of being a person: On the role of existential vulnerability in personal identity. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2022.2129002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per-Einar Binder
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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12
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Mitchell C, Reese E. Growing Memories:
Coaching Mothers in Elaborative Reminiscing with Toddlers Benefits Adolescents’ Turning‐Point Narratives and Wellbeing. J Pers 2022; 90:887-901. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mitchell
- University of Otago Psychology Department PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand 9054
| | - Elaine Reese
- University of Otago Psychology Department PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand 9054
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13
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Westby C. Nature and Effects of Autobiographical Memory Issues in Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2279-2293. [PMID: 36281223 PMCID: PMC9586886 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s332521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive thematic review focuses on autobiographical memory (AM) in individuals with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with the overarching aim of informing and instructing stakeholders on this important memory structure that is often compromised in individuals with ASD. Accordingly, articles that best address the theme were selected from legitimate publishers with prime peer-reviewed journals. ASD is recognized as a neurodevelopmental disorder, often impacting on many aspects of language, cognitive, and social-emotional development. Considerable research has documented the problems children and adults with ASD frequently exhibit in language and its offshoots, the development of executive function, and theory of mind or the ability to reflect on the thoughts and feelings of self and others. These studies resulted in numerous assessments and intervention strategies designed to target the noted issues, among them problems with AM. Specialists in a variety of medical, psychological, and educational fields are exploring the nature and development of AM across the lifespan and the effects of AM weaknesses on cognitive and social-emotional factors such as self-regulation, social interactions, and self-identity. Researchers are reporting on the nature of AM deficits in persons with ASD and how AM deficits interact with or may explain other difficulties exhibited by these persons, but to date, little of this research has been incorporated into assessment and intervention strategies for persons with ASD. The aims of this article are to: 1. Describe the nature of AM, 2. Expound on assessments of AM, 3. Explain the effects of deficits in AMs on the personal narratives, self-regulation, and self-identity of persons with ASD, and 4. Explore intervention strategies to facilitate AM and the abilities of persons with ASD to tell coherent personal narratives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Westby
- Bilingual Multicultural Services, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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14
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McLean KC, Dunlap D, Jennings SC, Litvitskiy NS, Lilgendahl JP. Stability and change in autobiographical reasoning: A 4-year longitudinal study of narrative identity development. J Pers 2021; 90:343-356. [PMID: 34449887 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on personality development has traditionally focused on rank-order stability and mean-level change in the context of personality traits. The present study expands this approach to the examination of change and stability at another level of personality-narrative identity-by focusing on autobiographical reasoning. Drawing from theory in personality and developmental science, we examine stability and change in exploratory processing and positive and negative self-event connections. METHOD We take advantage of a longitudinal study of emerging adult personality and identity development, which includes four waves of data across 4 years, examining reasoning in two domains of identity, academics, and romance (n = 1520 narratives; n = 176-638 participants, depending on the analysis). RESULTS We found moderate rank-order stability in autobiographical reasoning, but more so for exploratory processing than self-event connections. We found mean-level increases for exploratory processing in the context of romance and stability in the context of academics. For self-event connections, we saw a decrease for positive connections, and for negative connections about romance, with stability for negative connections about academics. CONCLUSIONS Implications include developmental differences in types of reasoning as well as the sensitivity of narrative identity to revealing the contextual nature of personality development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate C McLean
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - David Dunlap
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
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15
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Booker JA, Fivush R, Graci ME. Narrative identity informs psychological adjustment: Considering three themes captured across five time points and two event valences. J Pers 2021; 90:324-342. [PMID: 34411304 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES How narrative identity and well-being are intertwined as emerging adults process their lived experiences remains a critical theoretical and empirical question. We studied narrative identity among US emerging adults in a multiphase study. We aimed to test (1) if and how narrative identity themes (i.e., coherence, agency, growth) change rapidly across repeated narrations; (2) are related to reports of psychological adjustment (i.e., well-being, recent stress) over time; and (3) whether the valence of the autobiographical event nuanced the ways narrative identity and adjustment co-evolve. METHODS In a mini-longitudinal study conducted over three months, 300 adults aged 18-to-29-years (M age = 24.39 years; 60% women) provided autobiographical narratives about high-point and low-point (LP) life events at five time points, as well as repeated reports on well-being and recent stress. RESULTS Overall, coherence showed (1) the most consistency across time and valence than other narrative themes and (2) the most consistent associations with adjustment. In multilevel models, LP coherence and LP growth coincided with higher levels of adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Findings reinforce the ways narrative identity reflects dynamic processes of understanding the events of one's life, and the ways individual differences in framing and reasoning about life are important for psychological adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Booker
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Robyn Fivush
- Institute for the Liberal Arts, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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16
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Barkauskienė R, Gaudiešiūtė E, Skabeikytė G. Change in the Definition of Personality Disorder in Transition to ICD-11: A Look from Clinical and Developmental Perspectives. PSICHOLOGIJA 2021. [DOI: 10.15388/psichol.2021.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent body of research reveals fundamental limitations to the categorical concept of a personality disorder that has led researchers to adopt a new personality disorder concept. During the last decade DSM-5 and ICD-11 diagnostic classifications have accepted the dimensional view towards personality pathology. Despite the differences between the two classifications, the joint aspect of both models is the construct of Levels of personality functioning. The construct of personality functioning involves personality (dys)function in the self and interpersonal domains. This two-step conceptualization includes (a) impairments of self and interpersonal functioning, indicating general signs and severity of personality disorder, and (b) pathological personality traits, reflecting ‘stylistic’ differences in the expression of personality disorder. The new conceptualization of personality disorder reflects the innovative multi-theoretical integration of known, empirically-based personality assessment paradigms. The relationship between personality functioning and interpersonal, psychodynamic, and personological paradigms provides the theoretical integrity and empirically-based structure necessary to understand the overall severity of personality pathology. Many methods (interviews, self-assessment scales, and questionnaires) have already been developed for the assessment of personality functioning, and their development will be encouraged by the ICD-11 classification established in 2022. At present, only one instrument has been developed in Lithuania for assessing the level of personality functioning in young people aged 12–18 (Barkauskienė & Skabeikytė, 2020). The empirical data about the validity of this construct and its capability to differentiate between the normal and impaired personality in adults and adolescents provide promising results, but are still accumulating. Research suggests that adolescence is a stage in development when personality pathology can fully unfold and be validly confirmed, which opens up opportunities for early intervention. Although the dimensional personality disorder model needs to further prove its importance, there is already evidence that it is less stigmatizing and returns psychology and personality into the concept of a personality disorder. This review presents changes in the conceptualization of personality disorders by discussing them from both clinical and developmental perspectives and highlighting the results of key research in recent years.
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Vanaken L, Vanderveren E, Waters TEA, Bijttebier P, Fivush R, Hermans D. It's all in the details: An investigation of the subcomponents of narrative coherence in relation to mental health. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauranne Vanaken
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Elien Vanderveren
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Theodore E. A. Waters
- Department of Psychology New York University – Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Patricia Bijttebier
- School Psychology and Development in Context, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Robyn Fivush
- Institute for the Liberal Arts Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Dirk Hermans
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Kian T, Parmar PK, Fabiano GF, Pathman T. Tell Me About Your Visit With the Lions: Eliciting Event Narratives to Examine Children's Memory and Learning During Summer Camp at a Local Zoo. Front Psychol 2021; 12:657454. [PMID: 34305722 PMCID: PMC8295724 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.657454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
School-aged children often participate in school field trips, summer camps or visits at informal learning institutions like zoos and museums. However, relatively little is known about children’s memory and learning from these experiences, what types of event details and facts are retained, how retention varies across age, and whether different patterns are observed for different types of experiences. We aimed to answer these questions through a partnership with a local zoo. Four- to 10-year-old children (N = 122) participated in a weeklong summer camp, during which they engaged in dynamic events, including visits to zoo animals. On the last day of camp, we elicited autobiographical event narratives for two types of experiences: a child-selected animal event (visit to their favorite animal) and an experimenter-selected animal event. We coded event narratives for length and breadth using previously used autobiographical memory (AM) narrative coding schemes. In addition, we created a coding scheme to examine retention of semantic information (facts). We report the types of autobiographical event details and facts children recalled in their narratives, as well as age group differences that were found to vary depending on the type of information and type of event. Through this naturalistic, yet controlled, study we gain insights into how children remember and learn through hands-on activities and exploration in this engaging and dynamic environment. We discuss how our results provide novel information that can be used by informal learning institutions to promote children’s memory and retention of science facts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tida Kian
- Memory Development Laboratory, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Puneet K Parmar
- Memory Development Laboratory, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giulia F Fabiano
- Memory Development Laboratory, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thanujeni Pathman
- Memory Development Laboratory, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,LaMarsh Centre for Child and Youth Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Valentino K, Speidel R, Lawson M. Developmental and Intervention-Related Change in Autobiographical Memory Specificity in Maltreated Children: Indirect Effects of Maternal Reminiscing. Child Dev 2021; 92:e977-e996. [PMID: 33749823 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the development of autobiographical memory specificity (AMS) in a longitudinal randomized controlled trial of 242 maltreated and nonmaltreated children (aged 36-86 months; 50.4% male; 39.7% Black, 25.9% White, 34.5% Latinx/other) and their mothers. Half of the maltreated families were randomized to receive an intervention to improve maternal reminiscing. The effects of maltreatment and the intervention on children's AMS via two indices of maternal reminiscing, sensitive guidance, and elaboration, were evaluated. Bidirectional associations between AMS and child maladjustment were also examined. Intervention-related improvement in maternal sensitive guidance 6-month postintervention (b* = .36) related to greater AMS among maltreated children 1 year later (b* = .19). These findings underscore the role of maternal sensitive guidance in facilitating AMS.
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Vanaken L, Bijttebier P, Fivush R, Hermans D. Narrative coherence predicts emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: a two-year longitudinal study. Cogn Emot 2021; 36:70-81. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1902283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauranne Vanaken
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patricia Bijttebier
- School Psychology and Development in Context, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robyn Fivush
- Institute for the Liberal Arts, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dirk Hermans
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
The fusion of personal and group identities can lead to self-sacrificial progroup behavior, from acts of charity to violent extremism. Two pathways to identity fusion-via shared biology and shared experiences-have been proposed. In this article, we elucidate a new developmental account of the origins and mechanisms of these two pathways to identity fusion from childhood to adulthood. Whereas fusion based on shared biology occurs from early childhood cued by phenotypic similarity, fusion based on episodic memories of shared experiences is not possible until midadolescence and relies on suitable bonding experiences (e.g., painful initiation rituals, emotionally intense team sports). The critical development that enables fusion based on shared experiences is autobiographical reasoning, which entails connecting one's past experiences to the present self. Autobiographical reasoning begins in adolescence, which may explain the flourishing of fusion in late adolescence and young adulthood relative to other life periods. Fusion via either pathway is linked to strong progroup behavior. We outline a program of empirical research on the development of identity fusion while addressing relevant methodological challenges. A developmental framework may help foster efforts to harness identity fusion for peaceful rather than violent forms of self-sacrifice for the group.
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Shiner RL, Klimstra TA, Denissen JJA, See AY. The development of narrative identity and the emergence of personality disorders in adolescence. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 37:49-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Vanaken L, Bijttebier P, Hermans D. An Investigation of the Coherence of Oral Narratives: Associations With Mental Health, Social Support and the Coherence of Written Narratives. Front Psychol 2021; 11:602725. [PMID: 33519609 PMCID: PMC7838430 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.602725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research Questions In a first research question, we examined whether the relations that are generally observed between the coherence of written autobiographical narratives and outcomes of mental health and social support, can be replicated for the coherence of oral narratives. Second, we studied whether the coherence of oral narratives is related to the coherence of written narratives. Methods Pearson correlations and t-tests were calculated on data of two separate studies to examine the research questions. Results First, only thematic coherence of oral narratives was significantly, although moderately, negatively associated to symptoms of depression, anxiety and negative social interactions. Second, the coherence of oral narratives was higher than the coherence of written narratives. Only the thematic coherence of oral narratives was positively associated with thematic and total coherence of written narratives. Furthermore, correlations between written and oral narratives were stronger for negative narratives as compared to positive narratives. Discussion The ability to elaborate emotionally and make meaning out of important life events in oral narratives is, to a certain extent, related to better mental health and more social support. Furthermore, thematic coherence may be a relatively stable feature of individuals' narrative styles that is reflected in narratives of different modalities. Nonetheless, these topics need to be further researched to overcome present limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauranne Vanaken
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patricia Bijttebier
- School Psychology and Development in Context, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Hermans
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Salmon K, Isler L, Jose P, Glynn R, Mitchell C, Dewhirst M, Buxton B, Gutenbrunner C, Reese E. Delving into the detail: Greater episodic detail in narratives of a critical life event predicts an increase in adolescent depressive symptoms across one year. Behav Res Ther 2021; 137:103798. [PMID: 33421894 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Depressed people have reduced ability to recall specific autobiographical memories, yet the role of reduced memory specificity in the development of adolescent depression is unclear. Two reasons are the limited longitudinal studies with this age group and the dominant use of just one measure of memory specificity, the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT; Williams & Broadbent, 1986). In the current one-year longitudinal study, community adolescents (N = 132, M = 16.13 years at Time 1) wrote about a life turning point, and their narratives were coded with respect to the amount of episodic and semantic detail. Participants also completed an adapted version of the Minimal Instructions AMT. Greater episodic detail in young people's turning point narrative was positively associated with depressive symptoms separately at Times 1 and 2, and uniquely predicted increases in depressive symptoms across the year. A non-positive valence of the turning point resolution also positively predicted Time 2 depressive symptoms. In contrast, specificity as assessed by the AMT did not predict such an increase. The results suggest that episodic detail in highly self-relevant narratives may be a sensitive predictor of increases in adolescent depressive symptoms across time. We consider excessive self focus and retrieval style as potential explanations of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Salmon
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Laina Isler
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul Jose
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ruth Glynn
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Mary Dewhirst
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Belinda Buxton
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Elaine Reese
- University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Ramsgaard SB, Bohn A. The development of past and future life stories in adolescence: Overall emotional tone, coherence and life script events. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:150-158. [PMID: 33399239 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that identity in adolescence takes the shape of a coherent life story that integrates the past with the present self and provides meaning and purpose in the person's life. One stable feature of narrative identity identified in adults is emotional tone. Here, the development of emotional tone in life stories was investigated across childhood and adolescence. A total of 142 adolescents aged 10 to 14 years wrote about their past weekend, their past and future life stories and generated a cultural life script. Across age groups, adolescents told past life stories that were overall mixed (both positive and negative) or moderately positive in emotional tone, and future life stories that were positive or highly positive. In relation to life story development, we replicated findings on age-related development of life story coherence in both past and future life stories in 10-14-year-olds. Lastly, the study highlights the link between life story coherence and cultural life script abilities. Cultural life script typicality was linked to life story coherence for both past and future life stories and across all age groups, and a majority of events mentioned in future life stories overlapped with cultural life script events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine B Ramsgaard
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Annette Bohn
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Vanaken L, Hermans D. How am I going to tell you this? The relations between social anxiety and narrative coherence. Memory 2020; 28:1191-1203. [PMID: 33023378 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2020.1826971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, evidence has been increasing that individuals who are able to narrate coherently about their autobiographical memories, receive more positive social feedback, have higher-quality social relationships and are overall less likely to suffer from internalising psychopathology, like depression and anxiety. However, the relation between narrative coherence and social anxiety, in particular, has not been topic of research until now. This is remarkable, since the concern about negative evaluations by others in social situations is at the core of social anxiety. In the present experimental study (N = 68), we investigated in a two-by-two design how trait and state social anxiety are related to narrative coherence, as well as possible underlying mechanisms. In our study, neither trait nor state social anxiety, nor their interaction had the expected detrimental effect on narrative coherence. However, trait differences in the proposed mechanisms of social anxiety were in line with the literature. Results showed that trait social anxiety and thematic narrative coherence were indirectly negatively related, via the intervening effects of an increased internal focus on anxiety cues, an excessive external focus on negative social evaluation, larger working memory load, more rumination and more depressive symptoms. Limitations and recommendations for future research are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauranne Vanaken
- Centre for Learning Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Hermans
- Centre for Learning Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Graneist A, Habermas T. Beyond the Text Given: Studying the Scaffolding of Narrative Emotion Regulation as a Contribution to Bruner and Feldman's Cultural Cognitive Developmental Psychology. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2020; 53:644-660. [PMID: 30715688 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-019-9474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Feldman et al. (Human Development, 36, 327-342, 1993) called for a new kind of psychology, a cultural cognitive developmental psychology. We critically consider their initial studies to discuss the scope of their program. In the spirit of this program we explore the development of scaffolding of narrative emotion regulation in adolescence. We present two co-narrations of sad events between mothers and their 12- and 18-year-old offspring to exemplify these mothers' age-sensitive strategies to scaffold adolescents' narrative emotion regulation. We identified three kinds of narrative arguments which mothers used for scaffolding and which are apparently acquired only in the course of adolescence: Embedding events in extended temporal, biographical contexts, relating events and reactions to individuals' enduring personalities, and re-appraising events by including more others', external, and hypothetical perspectives. They confirm developmental observations made by Feldman et al. (Human Development, 36, 327-342, 1993) and demonstrate their utility in the context of the development of emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Graneist
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-W.-Adorno Platz 6, 60629, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Tilmann Habermas
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-W.-Adorno Platz 6, 60629, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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van Doeselaar L, McLean KC, Meeus W, Denissen JJA, Klimstra TA. Adolescents' Identity Formation: Linking the Narrative and the Dual-Cycle Approach. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:818-835. [PMID: 31407186 PMCID: PMC7105420 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The narrative and dual-cycle approach conceptualize and operationalize adolescents' identity formation in different ways. While the narrative approach focuses on the construction of an autobiographical life story, the dual-cycle approach focuses on the formation of identity commitments. Although these approaches have different emphases, they are conceptually complementary. Yet, their empirical links and distinctions have only scarcely been investigated. Empirical knowledge on these links in adolescence and across time has been especially lacking. In the present research, it was therefore examined whether key characteristics of adolescents' narration (autobiographical reasoning and agency) were concurrently and prospectively related to engagement in the dual-cycle processes of commitment making, identification with commitment, exploration in breadth, exploration in depth, and ruminative exploration. The findings from a cross-sectional sample of 1,580 Dutch adolescents (Mage = 14.7 years, 56% female) demonstrated that autobiographical reasoning was significantly positively associated with the commitment and more adaptive exploration processes (i.e., in breadth and in depth). In addition, agency was significantly positively associated with the commitment processes and exploration in depth. Yet, these associations between the narrative characteristics and dual-cycle processes were only weak. Subsequently, the findings from a two-year longitudinal subsample (n = 242, Mage = 14.7 years, 62% female) indicated that on average commitment strength remained stable but exploration increased across middle adolescence. A stronger increase in identification with commitment and adaptive exploration (i.e., in breadth and in depth) was predicted by a higher degree of agency in adolescents' narratives. Overall, these findings indicate that both approaches to identity formation are associated, but the small size of these associations suggests that they predominantly capture unique aspects of identity formation. Both approaches could thus complement and inform each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte van Doeselaar
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Kate C McLean
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Wim Meeus
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap J A Denissen
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A Klimstra
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Reese E, Macfarlane L, McAnally H, Robertson SJ, Taumoepeau M. Coaching in maternal reminiscing with preschoolers leads to elaborative and coherent personal narratives in early adolescence. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 189:104707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mitchell C, Reese E, Salmon K, Jose P. Narrative coherence, psychopathology, and wellbeing: Concurrent and longitudinal findings in a mid-adolescent sample. J Adolesc 2019; 79:16-25. [PMID: 31877482 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research with adults and older adolescents has found that people exhibiting higher narrative coherence in life stories also report higher psychological wellbeing; however, this link has not been investigated longitudinally. The current study investigated concurrent and longitudinal relationships in mid-adolescence between narrative coherence (causal and thematic coherence) of turning point narratives and psychopathology (depressive symptoms and rumination) and psychological wellbeing (life satisfaction). Hypothesis one was that in concurrent analyses, narrative coherence would be negatively associated with psychopathology and positively associated with wellbeing. Hypothesis two was that higher narrative coherence would predict lower psychopathology and greater wellbeing over time. METHOD A sample of 132 adolescents (ages 14-18 years) wrote a narrative about a turning point event in their life and completed psychopathology and psychological wellbeing measures twice, approximately one year apart. RESULTS Partial correlations on concurrent data showed that only causal coherence was associated with lower psychopathology and higher wellbeing. Longitudinal regressions showed that causal coherence predicted higher wellbeing one year later. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that causal coherence in life stories may play a causal role in increased life satisfaction over time for adolescents. Experimental research is required to further investigate this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Jose
- Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
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31
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Hazan H, Reese EJ, Linscott RJ. Narrative self and high risk for schizophrenia: remembering the past and imagining the future. Memory 2019; 27:1214-1223. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1642919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Hazan
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elaine J. Reese
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Svensson Y, Syed M. Linking self and society: Identity and the immigrant experience in two macro-contexts. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ramsgaard SB, Bohn A. My family matters: Past and future life stories in adolescents with refugee background. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stine Breum Ramsgaard
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural SciencesAarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Annette Bohn
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural SciencesAarhus University Aarhus Denmark
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Tibubos AN, Köber C, Habermas T, Rohrmann S. Does self-acceptance captured by life narratives and self-report predict mental health? A longitudinal multi-method approach. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Glynn R, Salmon K, Low J. Short- and longer-term effects of selective discussion of adolescents' autobiographical memories. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 184:232-240. [PMID: 30898335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether selective discussion leads to retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) for early to mid-adolescents' positive and negative autobiographical memories after delays of 5 min and 1 day. Adolescents (13-15 years of age; N = 58) completed an adapted version of the RIF paradigm for adults' emotionally valenced autobiographical memories. Following findings that RIF occurs for children's positive and negative memories and adults' negative autobiographical memories only, we posed three research questions. First, would RIF occur for adolescents' autobiographical memories after a short delay? Second, would adolescents demonstrate an RIF valence effect? Third, would any RIF findings be replicated after a longer delay? We found RIF for negative memories after both a short and longer delay. We also found RIF for positive memories, but only after the longer delay. The potential mechanisms underpinning these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Glynn
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Karen Salmon
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jason Low
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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36
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Ramsgaard SB, Bohn A, Thastum M. Past and future life stories in adolescents with anxiety disorders: a comparison with community controls. Memory 2019; 27:998-1010. [PMID: 30894082 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1595660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability to tell one's past life story and to imagine one's personal future serves important social and life defining functions like maintaining identity. In the present study, 34 adolescents diagnosed with anxiety disorders (age 9-17) and 34 community based controls wrote stories about their weekend, their past and future life stories and generated cultural life scripts. Cultural life scripts are culturally shared assumptions as to the order and timing of important life events. Adolescents in the anxiety group had less coherent past and future life stories compared to controls. Anxious adolescents also remembered their pasts as emotionally more negative than community controls, despite the fact that both groups described equally many negative experiences from their pasts. Anxious adolescents imagined their futures to consist mainly of positive events, however, they still expected their futures to be less positive than the control group, and their future life stories were more abstract and included fewer cultural life script events than the control group. Weekend stories did not differ in emotional tone and coherence between groups, suggesting that differences in past and future life stories are not due to differences in general narrative ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Breum Ramsgaard
- a Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences , Aarhus University , Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Annette Bohn
- a Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences , Aarhus University , Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Mikael Thastum
- b Center for the Psychological Treatment of Children and Adolescents (CEBU), Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences , Aarhus University , Aarhus C , Denmark
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Dunlop WL, Hanley GE. Contextualizing personality: Personality within and across social roles and conceptual levels. J Pers 2018; 87:903-914. [PMID: 30372541 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality psychologists have begun to consider the predictive ability of comparable personality characteristics at the levels of traits, goals, and narrative identity. Here, we build upon and extend this work by adopting a contextualized personality approach. Doing so entailed exploring the implications of personality characteristics within three social roles and at each level of personality in relation to role-specific and generalized measures of psychological adjustment. METHODS Undergraduates (N = 155) rated traits and specified goals and narratives pertaining to their roles as friends, students, and sons/daughters. Measures of trait-based, goal-based, and narrative-based approach orientation were subsequently derived. RESULTS Within personality levels, mean-levels of approach orientation differed significantly across social roles. Goal-based and narrative-based approach orientation showed inconsistent associations with role-specific psychological adjustment. When approach orientation was aggregated across roles, however, it demonstrated positive relations with adjustment at each personality level. CONCLUSIONS There exists contextual variability among and between personality characteristics and adjustment. In addition, in certain cases, aggregating across contextualized personality measures (within conceptual levels) may provide a more reliable indicator of the underlying psychological construct. These results contribute to an evolving understanding of personality coherence and the relation between personality characteristics and context.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Dunlop
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Grace E Hanley
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
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Schachter EP. Intergenerational, Unconscious, and Embodied: Three Underdeveloped Aspects of Erikson’s Theory of Identity. IDENTITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2018.1523731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pasupathi M, Wainryb C. When I hurt others, and when I get hurt: Integrating victim and perpetrator experiences of harm into a sense of moral agency. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia Wainryb
- Department of Psychology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
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Bauer JJ, Graham LE, Lauber EA, Lynch BP. What growth sounds like: Redemption, self-improvement, and eudaimonic growth across different life narratives in relation to well-being. J Pers 2018; 87:546-565. [PMID: 29999181 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We disentangled three growth-relevant concepts (redemption, self-improvement, and eudaimonic growth) in personal narratives of high, low, and turning points and tested their relations to well-being. METHOD In two studies, participants (Study 1 n = 111, Study 2 n = 206; overall ages 17-83, 56% women, 75% white) wrote narratives of high points, low points, and turning points. Researchers coded each narrative for redemption sequences (i.e., affectively valenced changes in life from bad to good), self-improvement sequences (i.e., affectively valenced changes in oneself for the better), and themes of eudaimonic growth (i.e., values or motives for cultivating meaningful activities or relationships, helping others, or wisdom). Participants also self-reported well-being. RESULTS Redemption sequences in low points predicted higher well-being but in high points predicted lower well-being. Self-improvement sequences and growth themes each predicted higher well-being in each life event (and interacted in high points). Growth themes consistently mediated predicted relations between both redemption and self-improvement sequences and well-being. Findings held when controlling for global narrative affect, self-reported growth motivation, and big-five traits. CONCLUSIONS Thematic motives for eudaimonic growth were more closely tied to well-being than were affective evaluations of either changes from bad to good (redemption) or one's becoming better (self-improvement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Bauer
- Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Laura E Graham
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California
| | - Elissa A Lauber
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Bridget P Lynch
- Department of Psychology, LeMoyne College, Syracuse, New York
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Köber C, Kuhn MM, Peters I, Habermas T. Mentalizing oneself: detecting reflective functioning in life narratives. Attach Hum Dev 2018; 21:313-331. [PMID: 29768982 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2018.1473886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Reflective functioning (RF) is defined as the ability to infer mental states of others and oneself. While RF has been predominantly studied in attachment research, it might also occur in other autobiographical narratives because of its strong connection to self-organization and self-understanding. Therefore, this study took a first step combining research on RF with developmental narrative research. In a longitudinal lifespan study covering up to three measurements across 8 years and six age groups (N = 172), we aimed to detect RF in entire life narratives to explore its development with age and its contribution to causal-motivational coherence of life narratives. Although scores were initially low, RF could be identified in life narratives, and was found to develop throughout adolescence and to predict life narrative coherence above and beyond age. Results confirm RF as significantly contributing to narrative self-organization, indicating promising new paths in research on autobiographical narratives and self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Köber
- a Psychology Department , New York University - Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Isabel Peters
- b Psychology , Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Tilmann Habermas
- b Psychology , Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
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Given-Wilson Z, Hodes M, Herlihy J. A review of adolescent autobiographical memory and the implications for assessment of unaccompanied minors' refugee determinations. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 23:209-222. [PMID: 29260597 DOI: 10.1177/1359104517748697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The number of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children (UASC) is increasing, and unlike those who arrive with their parents, UASC are subject to interview to determine refugee status. The limited amount of objective evidence available in most asylum claims means that the UASC's account of their experiences often becomes key in deciding whether or not the young person is granted protection. Research indicates that assumptions about human memory influence decision-makers' views on asylum seekers' accounts; however, these do not necessarily appear to fit with the published research on autobiographical memory and may lead to an unfair decision. Therefore, understanding the nature and limitations of autobiographical memory is key to a fair refugee determination process. A literature review of published research on autobiographical memory among adolescents was undertaken across four databases. In total, 45 papers were identified which were thematically organised into three areas: development of autobiographical memory, contextual influences and impact of psychopathology. From this review, conclusions are drawn about what can be reasonably expected of an adolescent's autobiographical memory generally and more specifically when the unique characteristics of UASC are taken into account. We also discusss how commonly used credibility indicators in refugee status determinations for minors are problematic in light of this research. It is important that the psychological evidence on the nature of autobiographical memory in adolescents is considered in asylum processing of UASC.
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Waters TEA, Köber C, Raby KL, Habermas T, Fivush R. Consistency and stability of narrative coherence: An examination of personal narrative as a domain of adult personality. J Pers 2018; 87:151-162. [PMID: 29498422 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Narrative theories of personality assume that individual differences in coherence reflect consistent and stable differences in narrative style rather than situational and event-specific differences (e.g., McAdams & McLean, 2013). However, this assumption has received only modest empirical attention. Therefore, we present two studies testing the theoretical assumption of a consistent and stable coherent narrative style. METHOD Study 1 focused on the two most traumatic and most positive life events of 224 undergraduates. These event-specific narratives were coded for three coherence dimensions: theme, context, and chronology (NaCCs; Reese et al., 2011). Study 2 focused on two life narratives told 4 years apart by 98 adults, which were coded for thematic, causal, and temporal coherence (Köber, Schmiedek, & Habermas, 2015). RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis in both studies revealed that individual differences in the coherence ratings were best explained by a model including both narrative style and event-/narration-specific latent variables. CONCLUSIONS The ways in which we tell autobiographical narratives reflect a stable feature of individual differences. Further, they suggest that this stable element of personality is necessary, but not sufficient, in accounting for specific event and life narrative coherence.
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Wong AE, Dirghangi SR, Hart SR. Self-concept clarity mediates the effects of adverse childhood experiences on adult suicide behavior, depression, loneliness, perceived stress, and life distress. SELF AND IDENTITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2018.1439096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Wong
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shrija R. Dirghangi
- Department of Child Development, California State University, Chico, CA, USA
| | - Shelley R. Hart
- Department of Child Development, California State University, Chico, CA, USA
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Fivush R, Booker JA, Graci ME. Ongoing Narrative Meaning-Making Within Events and Across the Life Span. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0276236617733824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Individuals create meaning from the events in their lives, and the ways in which they do this has important implications for identity and well-being. We argue that this is a deeply developmental process. Narrative meaning-making consists of a set of developmentally acquired skills and abilities such that individuals are capable of different forms of meaning creation at different developmental periods. Further, narrative meaning-making emerges differentially across days, weeks, months, and years after an experience, and this event processing takes place within ongoing developmental change. Narrating life experiences both reflects and creates modes of meaning-making in a complex, reciprocal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Fivush
- Fox Center for Humanistic Inquiry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jordan A. Booker
- Fellowships in Research and Science Teaching Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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McLean KC, Lilgendahl JP, Fordham C, Alpert E, Marsden E, Szymanowski K, McAdams DP. Identity development in cultural context: The role of deviating from master narratives. J Pers 2017; 86:631-651. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Steiner KL, Thomsen DK, Pillemer DB. Life Story Chapters, Specific Memories, and Conceptions of the Self. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorthe Kirkegaard Thomsen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences; Center on Autobiographical Memory, Research (CON AMORE); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
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Adler JM, Dunlop WL, Fivush R, Lilgendahl JP, Lodi-Smith J, McAdams DP, McLean KC, Pasupathi M, Syed M. Research Methods for Studying Narrative Identity. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617698202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Moin Syed
- University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Larkina M, Merrill NA, Bauer PJ. Developmental changes in consistency of autobiographical memories: adolescents' and young adults' repeated recall of recent and distance events. Memory 2016; 25:1036-1051. [PMID: 27924682 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1253750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Autobiographical memories contribute continuity and stability to one's self yet they also are subject to change: they can be forgotten or be inconsistently remembered and reported. In the present research, we compared the consistency of two reports of recent and distant personal events in adolescents (12- to 14-year-olds) and young adults (18- to 23-year-olds). In line with expectations of greater mnemonic consistency among young adults relative to adolescents, adolescents reported the same events 80% of the time compared with 90% consistency among young adults; the significant difference disappeared after taking into consideration narrative characteristics of individual memories. Neither age group showed high levels of content consistency (30% vs. 36%); young adults were more consistent than adolescents even after controlling for other potential predictors of content consistency. Adolescents and young adults did not differ in consistency of estimating when their past experiences occurred. Multilevel modelling indicated that the level of thematic coherence of the initial memory report and ratings of event valence significantly predicted memory consistency at the level of the event. Thematic coherence was a significant negative predictor of content consistency. The findings suggest a developmental progression in the robustness and stability of personal memories between adolescence and young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Larkina
- a Department of Psychology , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | | | - Patricia J Bauer
- a Department of Psychology , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Habermas T, Döll-Hentschker S. The form of the story: Measuring formal aspects of narrative activity in psychotherapy. Psychother Res 2016; 27:300-312. [PMID: 27892804 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2016.1259534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We ask which are the clinically relevant qualities of narratives in psychotherapy and how they can be measured. METHOD On the background of psychoanalytic assumptions and narrative theory, we propose to measure formal narrative processes which stay close to the linguistic surface, because these escape conscious control. RESULTS We propose five aspects of narratives to be especially sensitive to distortions and therefore prone to change in successful therapies: (1) The actual chronological, stepwise narrating of events, (2) the intentional structuring of events, or emplotment, (3) the immediate evaluation, (4) the reflected interpretation of events, and finally (5) the consistency and completeness of the narrative. For each aspect we discuss ways to measure them. Finally the aspects are illustrated with excerpts from a series of diagnostic interviews. DISCUSSION Implications for the analysis of the co-narrative role of the therapist are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Habermas
- a Department of Psychology , Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt a.M. Germany
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