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Scolari Grotto F, Glaser V. Are high copper levels related to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases? A systematic review and meta-analysis of articles published between 2011 and 2022. Biometals 2024; 37:3-22. [PMID: 37594582 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Copper performs an important role in the brain, but in high levels it can be neurotoxic. Further, some authors have described that copper dyshomeostasis could be related with neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, this review was performed to observe whether high copper levels are related to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD and PD), using the literature published recently. Articles that measured copper levels in AD or PD patients was included, as well as they that measured copper levels in models used to mimic these diseases. Also, results about high copper levels effects and its relationship with AD and PD observed in laboratory animals are considered. In summary, 38 and 24 articles with AD and PD patients were included, respectively. Despite of the heterogeneity between the studies in humans, meta-analysis has demonstrated that there is an increase in free and total copper levels in the blood of AD patients compared to controls, and a decrease in copper levels in PD patients. A decrease in the metal content in postmortem brain tissue was observed in AD and PD. In manuscripts using animal models that mimic AD and PD, it was included seven and three articles, respectively. Two of them have reported an increase in copper concentrations in AD model, and one in PD model. Finally, studies with laboratory animals have concluded that high copper levels are related to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, changes in neurotransmitter levels, cell death, and reduced both cognitive and locomotor activity, which are also described in AD or PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabielly Scolari Grotto
- Cell Biology Lab, Biological and Agronomic Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rodovia Ulysses Gaboardi, Km3, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Viviane Glaser
- Cell Biology Lab, Biological and Agronomic Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rodovia Ulysses Gaboardi, Km3, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil.
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2
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Li X, Chen X, Gao X. Copper and cuproptosis: new therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1300405. [PMID: 38178962 PMCID: PMC10766373 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1300405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) plays a crucial role as a trace element in various physiological processes in humans. Nonetheless, free copper ions accumulate in the brain over time, resulting in a range of pathological changes. Compelling evidence indicates that excessive free copper deposition contributes to cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Free copper levels in the serum and brain of AD patients are notably elevated, leading to reduced antioxidant defenses and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, free copper accumulation triggers a specific form of cell death, namely copper-dependent cell death (cuproptosis). This article aimed to review the correlation between copper dysregulation and the pathogenesis of AD, along with the primary pathways regulating copper homoeostasis and copper-induced death in AD. Additionally, the efficacy and safety of natural and synthetic agents, including copper chelators, lipid peroxidation inhibitors, and antioxidants, were examined. These treatments can restore copper equilibrium and prevent copper-induced cell death in AD cases. Another aim of this review was to highlight the significance of copper dysregulation and promote the development of pharmaceutical interventions to address it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinwang Chen
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Acupuncture Clinic of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiyan Gao
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Acupuncture Clinic of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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3
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Summers KL, Roseman G, Schilling KM, Dolgova NV, Pushie MJ, Sokaras D, Kroll T, Harris HH, Millhauser GL, Pickering IJ, George GN. Alzheimer's Drug PBT2 Interacts with the Amyloid β 1-42 Peptide Differently than Other 8-Hydroxyquinoline Chelating Drugs. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14626-14640. [PMID: 36073854 PMCID: PMC9957665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) was first described over a century ago, it remains the leading cause of age-related dementia. Innumerable changes have been linked to the pathology of AD; however, there remains much discord regarding which might be the initial cause of the disease. The "amyloid cascade hypothesis" proposes that the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is central to disease pathology, which is supported by elevated Aβ levels in the brain before the development of symptoms and correlations of amyloid burden with cognitive impairment. The "metals hypothesis" proposes a role for metal ions such as iron, copper, and zinc in the pathology of AD, which is supported by the accumulation of these metals within amyloid plaques in the brain. Metals have been shown to induce aggregation of Aβ, and metal ion chelators have been shown to reverse this reaction in vitro. 8-Hydroxyquinoline-based chelators showed early promise as anti-Alzheimer's drugs. Both 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (CQ) and 5,7-dichloro-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline (PBT2) underwent unsuccessful clinical trials for the treatment of AD. To gain insight into the mechanism of action of 8HQs, we have investigated the potential interaction of CQ, PBT2, and 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinoline (B2Q) with Cu(II)-bound Aβ(1-42) using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), high energy resolution fluorescence detected (HERFD) XAS, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). By XAS, we found CQ and B2Q sequestered ∼83% of the Cu(II) from Aβ(1-42), whereas PBT2 sequestered only ∼59% of the Cu(II) from Aβ(1-42), suggesting that CQ and B2Q have a higher relative Cu(II) affinity than PBT2. From our EPR, it became clear that PBT2 sequestered Cu(II) from a heterogeneous mixture of Cu(II)Aβ(1-42) species in solution, leaving a single Cu(II)Aβ(1-42) species. It follows that the Cu(II) site in this Cu(II)Aβ(1-42) species is inaccessible to PBT2 and may be less solvent-exposed than in other Cu(II)Aβ(1-42) species. We found no evidence to suggest that these 8HQs form ternary complexes with Cu(II)Aβ(1-42).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Summers
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Graham Roseman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Kevin M. Schilling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Natalia V. Dolgova
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - M. Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hugh H. Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Glenn L. Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Ingrid J. Pickering
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Graham N. George
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Fan YC, Chou CC, Bintoro BS, Chien KL, Bai CH. High sensitivity C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin levels as dominant predictors of all-cause dementia: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:10. [PMID: 35172860 PMCID: PMC8849019 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation might play a major role in the pathogenesis linking diabetes mellitus (DM) to cognition. In addition, DM might be the main driver of dementia risk. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether inflammation, glycation, or both are associated with the risk of developing all-cause dementia (ACD). METHODS A nationwide population-based cohort study was conducted with 4113 participants. The data were obtained from the Taiwanese Survey on Prevalence of Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, and Hyperlipidemia (TwSHHH) in 2007, which was linked with the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). The markers of inflammation, expressed as hs-CRP, and glycation, presented as HbA1c, were measured. High levels of hs-CRP and HbA1c were defined as values greater than or equal to the 66th percentile. Developed ACD was identified based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. RESULTS During 32,926.90 person-years, 106 individuals developed ACD in up to 8 years of follow-up. The study participants were separated into four categories by the top tertiles of hs-CRP and HbA1c based on the 66th percentile: high levels of both hs-CRP and HbA1c, only high levels of hs-CRP, only high levels of HbA1c, and non-high levels of hs-CRP nor HbA1c. Those who with a high level of only hs-CRP had the higher hazard for developing ACD (adjusted HR = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.29 ~ 5.17; P = 0.007), followed by the group with a high level of only HbA1c (adjusted HR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.34 ~ 4.74; P = 0.004) and the group with high levels of both hs-CRP and HbA1c (adjusted HR = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.20 ~ 4.62; P = 0.012). Among those aged less than 65 years, hs-CRP was the only significant predictor of ACD risk (P = 0.046), whereas it did not yield any significant result in the elderly. CONCLUSIONS A higher risk of developing ACD was found not only in patients with high levels of inflammation but also high levels of glycated hemoglobin. Future studies should focus on the clinical implementation of hs-CRP or HbA1c to monitor cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Fan
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Chou
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Bagas Suryo Bintoro
- Department of Health Behavior, Environment, and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Center of Health Behavior and Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kuo-Liong Chien
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Huey Bai
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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5
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Talwar P, Kushwaha S, Rawat C, Kaur H, Srivastava A, Agarwal R, Chandna P, Tucci P, Saso L, Kukreti R. Validating a Genomic Convergence and Network Analysis Approach Using Association Analysis of Identified Candidate Genes in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Genet 2021; 12:722221. [PMID: 34956307 PMCID: PMC8696000 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.722221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated an integrated genomic convergence and network analysis approach to identify the candidate genes associated with the complex neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we performed a pilot study to validate the in silico approach by studying the association of genetic variants from three identified critical genes, APOE, EGFR, and ACTB, with AD. A total of 103 patients with AD and 146 healthy controls were recruited. A total of 46 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the three genes were genotyped, of which only 19 SNPs were included in the final analyses after excluding non-polymorphic and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium-violating SNPs. Apart from our previously reported APOE ε4, four other SNPs in APOE (rs405509, rs7259620, -rs769449, and rs7256173), one in EGFR (rs6970262), and one in ACTB (rs852423) showed a significant association with AD (p < 0.05). Our results validate the reliability of genomic convergence and network analysis approach in identifying the AD-associated candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | | | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer” Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
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6
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Pal A, Rani I, Pawar A, Picozza M, Rongioletti M, Squitti R. Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease in the Context of the Aberrant Copper Homeostasis Hypothesis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111598. [PMID: 34827595 PMCID: PMC8615684 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of copper’s (Cu) involvement in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is available, but information on Cu involvement in microglia and astrocytes during the course of AD has yet to be structurally discussed. This review deals with this matter in an attempt to provide an updated discussion on the role of reactive glia challenged by excess labile Cu in a wide picture that embraces all the major processes identified as playing a role in toxicity induced by an imbalance of Cu in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Kalyani 741245, West Bengal, India
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Isha Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (MMIMSR), Maharishi Markandeshwar University (MMU), Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India;
| | - Anil Pawar
- Department of Zoology, DAV University, Jalandhar 144012, Punjab, India;
| | - Mario Picozza
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (R.S.)
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7
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Squitti R, Ventriglia M, Simonelli I, Bonvicini C, Costa A, Perini G, Binetti G, Benussi L, Ghidoni R, Koch G, Borroni B, Albanese A, Sensi SL, Rongioletti M. Copper Imbalance in Alzheimer's Disease: Meta-Analysis of Serum, Plasma, and Brain Specimens, and Replication Study Evaluating ATP7B Gene Variants. Biomolecules 2021; 11:960. [PMID: 34209820 PMCID: PMC8301962 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that patients with Alzheimer's dementia (AD) show signs of copper (Cu) dyshomeostasis. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of Cu dysregulation as an AD susceptibility factor. We performed a meta-analysis of 56 studies investigating Cu biomarkers in brain specimens (pooled total of 182 AD and 166 healthy controls, HC) and in serum/plasma (pooled total of 2929 AD and 3547 HC). We also completed a replication study of serum Cu biomarkers in 97 AD patients and 70 HC screened for rs732774 and rs1061472 ATP7B, the gene encoding for the Cu transporter ATPase7B. Our meta-analysis showed decreased Cu in AD brain specimens, increased Cu and nonbound ceruloplasmin (Non-Cp) Cu in serum/plasma samples, and unchanged ceruloplasmin. Serum/plasma Cu excess was associated with a three to fourfold increase in the risk of having AD. Our replication study confirmed meta-analysis results and showed that carriers of the ATP7B AG haplotype were significantly more frequent in the AD group. Overall, our study shows that AD patients fail to maintain a Cu metabolic balance and reveals the presence of a percentage of AD patients carrying ATP7B AG haplotype and presenting Non-Cp Cu excess, which suggest that a subset of AD subjects is prone to Cu imbalance. This AD subtype can be the target of precision medicine-based strategies tackling Cu dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (C.B.); (L.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Mariacarla Ventriglia
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (I.S.)
| | - Ilaria Simonelli
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (I.S.)
| | - Cristian Bonvicini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (C.B.); (L.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Alfredo Costa
- Unit of Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.C.); (G.P.)
- Department of Brain and Behavior, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Perini
- Unit of Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.C.); (G.P.)
- Department of Brain and Behavior, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- MAC Memory Clinic and Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (C.B.); (L.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (C.B.); (L.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefano L. Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Mind Impairments and Neurological Disorders—iMIND, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy;
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Patel R, Aschner M. Commonalities between Copper Neurotoxicity and Alzheimer's Disease. TOXICS 2021; 9:4. [PMID: 33430181 PMCID: PMC7825595 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, a highly prevalent form of dementia, targets neuron function beginning from the hippocampal region and expanding outwards. Alzheimer's disease is caused by elevated levels of heavy metals, such as lead, zinc, and copper. Copper is found in many areas of daily life, raising a concern as to how this metal and Alzheimer's disease are related. Previous studies have not identified the common pathways between excess copper and Alzheimer's disease etiology. Our review corroborates that both copper and Alzheimer's disease target the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem, affecting motor skills and critical thinking. Additionally, Aβ plaque formation was analyzed beginning from synthesis at the APP parent protein site until Aβ plaque formation was completed. Structural changes were also noted. Further analysis revealed a relationship between amyloid-beta plaques and copper ion concentration. As copper ion levels increased, it bound to the Aβ monomer, expediting the plaque formation process, and furthering neurodegeneration. These conclusions can be utilized in the medical community to further research on the etiology of Alzheimer's disease and its relationships to copper and other metal-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
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9
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Lim SL, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Hsu HW, Wu J, Zumkehr J, Kilian J, Vidal J, Ayata P, Kitazawa M. Chronic copper exposure directs microglia towards degenerative expression signatures in wild-type and J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126578. [PMID: 32599538 PMCID: PMC7655674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper (Cu) is an essential metal mediating a variety of vital biological reactions with its redox property. Its dyshomeostasis has been associated with accelerated cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, underlying neurotoxic mechanisms elicited by dysregulated Cu remain largely elusive. We and others previously demonstrated that exposure to Cu in drinking water significantly exacerbated pathological hallmarks of AD and pro-inflammatory activation of microglia, coupled with impaired phagocytic capacity, in mouse models of AD. METHODS In the present study, we extended our investigation to evaluate whether chronic Cu exposure to wild-type (WT) and J20 mouse model of AD perturbs homeostatic dynamics of microglia and contributes to accelerated transformation of microglia towards degenerative phenotypes that are closely associated with neurodegeneration. We further looked for evidence of alterations in the microglial morphology and spatial memory of the Cu-exposed mice to assess the extent of the Cu toxicity. RESULTS We find that chronic Cu exposure to pre-pathological J20 mice upregulates the translation of degenerative genes and represses homeostatic genes within microglia even in the absence amyloid-beta plaques. We also observe similar expression signatures in Cu-exposed WT mice, suggesting that excess Cu exposure alone could lead to perturbed microglial homeostatic phenotypes and contribute to accelerated cognitive decline. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the risk of chronic Cu exposure on cognitive decline and altered microglia activation towards degenerative phenotypes. These changes may represent one of the key mechanisms linking Cu exposure or its dyshomeostasis to an increased risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siok Lam Lim
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez-Ortiz
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Heng-Wei Hsu
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joannee Zumkehr
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jason Kilian
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Janielle Vidal
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pinar Ayata
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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10
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Ejaz HW, Wang W, Lang M. Copper Toxicity Links to Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Therapeutics Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7660. [PMID: 33081348 PMCID: PMC7589751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, age-related progressive neurological disorder, and the most common type of dementia in aged people. Neuropathological lesions of AD are neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and senile plaques comprise the accumulated amyloid-beta (Aβ), loaded with metal ions including Cu, Fe, or Zn. Some reports have identified metal dyshomeostasis as a neurotoxic factor of AD, among which Cu ions seem to be a central cationic metal in the formation of plaque and soluble oligomers, and have an essential role in the AD pathology. Cu-Aβ complex catalyzes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and results in oxidative damage. Several studies have indicated that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD. The connection of copper levels in AD is still ambiguous, as some researches indicate a Cu deficiency, while others show its higher content in AD, and therefore there is a need to increase and decrease its levels in animal models, respectively, to study which one is the cause. For more than twenty years, many in vitro studies have been devoted to identifying metals' roles in Aβ accumulation, oxidative damage, and neurotoxicity. Towards the end, a short review of the modern therapeutic approach in chelation therapy, with the main focus on Cu ions, is discussed. Despite the lack of strong proofs of clinical advantage so far, the conjecture that using a therapeutic metal chelator is an effective strategy for AD remains popular. However, some recent reports of genetic-regulating copper transporters in AD models have shed light on treating this refractory disease. This review aims to succinctly present a better understanding of Cu ions' current status in several AD features, and some conflicting reports are present herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafza Wajeeha Ejaz
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth WA6027, Australia;
| | - Minglin Lang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China;
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
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Hsu HW, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Lim SL, Zumkehr J, Kilian JG, Vidal J, Kitazawa M. Copper-Induced Upregulation of MicroRNAs Directs the Suppression of Endothelial LRP1 in Alzheimer's Disease Model. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:144-156. [PMID: 30923833 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to copper and its dyshomeostasis have been linked to accelerated cognitive decline and potentially increasing risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We and others have previously demonstrated that exposure to copper through drinking water significantly increased parenchymal amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and decreased endothelial low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in mouse models of AD. In this study, we determined the underlying mechanisms that microRNA critically mediated the copper-induced loss of endothelial LRP1. In human primary microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs), microRNA-200b-3p, -200c-3p, and -205-5p were significantly elevated within the 24-h exposure to copper and returned to baseline after 48-h postexposure, which corresponded with the temporal change of LRP1 expression in these cells. Transient expression of synthetic microRNA-200b-3p, -200c-3p, or -205-5p on MVECs significantly decreased endothelial LRP1, and cotreatment of synthetic antagomirs effectively prevented the loss of LRP1 during copper exposure, collectively supporting the key regulatory role of these microRNAs in copper-induced loss of LRP1. In mice, a significant reduction of LRP1 in cortical vasculature was evident following 9 months exposure to 1.3 ppm copper in drinking water, although the levels of cortical microRNA-205-5p, -200b-3p, and -200c-3p were only marginally elevated. This, however, correlated with increased vascular accumulation of Aβ and impairment of spatial memory, indicating that copper exposure has the pivotal role in the vascular damage and development of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Wei Hsu
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92617-1830
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez-Ortiz
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92617-1830
| | - Siok Lam Lim
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92617-1830
| | - Joannee Zumkehr
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92617-1830
| | - Jason G Kilian
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92617-1830
| | - Janielle Vidal
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92617-1830
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92617-1830
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12
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Genetic Disorders Associated with Metal Metabolism. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121598. [PMID: 31835360 PMCID: PMC6952812 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic disorders associated with metal metabolism form a large group of disorders and mostly result from defects in the proteins/enzymes involved in nutrient metabolism and energy production. These defects can affect different metabolic pathways and cause mild to severe disorders related to metal metabolism. Some disorders have moderate to severe clinical consequences. In severe cases, these elements accumulate in different tissues and organs, particularly the brain. As they are toxic and interfere with normal biological functions, the severity of the disorder increases. However, the human body requires a very small amount of these elements, and a deficiency of or increase in these elements can cause different genetic disorders to occur. Some of the metals discussed in the present review are copper, iron, manganese, zinc, and selenium. These elements may play a key role in the pathology and physiology of the nervous system.
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Talwar P, Kushwaha S, Gupta R, Agarwal R. Systemic Immune Dyshomeostasis Model and Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:290. [PMID: 31736740 PMCID: PMC6838686 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) still remains an enigma for researchers and clinicians. The onset of AD is insidious, gradually progressive and multifactorial. The recent accumulated scientific evidences suggests that the pathological changes resemble the autoimmune-driven self-sustaining inflammatory process as a result of prolonged oxidative stress and immune dyshomeostasis. Apart from aging, during life span various other factors-mainly environmental, lifestyle, chronic stress, polymicrobial infections and neuroendocrine functions-affect the immune system. Here, we provide crosstalk among "trigger insults/inflammatory stimulus" i.e., polymicrobial infection, chronic stress, pro-inflammatory diet and cholinergic signaling to put forward a "Systemic Immune Dyshomeostasis" model as to connect the events leading to AD development and progression. Our model implicates altered cholinergic signaling and suggests pathological stages with various modifiable risk factors and triggers at different chronological age and stage of cognitive decline. The search of specific autoantibodies for AD which may serve as the suitable blood/CSF biomarkers should be actively pursued for the early diagnosis of AD. The preventive and therapeutic strategies should be directed towards maintaining the normal functioning of the immune system throughout the life span and specific modulation of the immune responses in the brain depending on the stage of changes in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Hsu HW, Bondy SC, Kitazawa M. Environmental and Dietary Exposure to Copper and Its Cellular Mechanisms Linking to Alzheimer's Disease. Toxicol Sci 2019; 163:338-345. [PMID: 29409005 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals are commonly found in the environment, household, and workplaces in various forms, and a significant segment of the population is routinely exposed to the trace amount of metals from variety of sources. Exposure to metals, such as aluminum, lead, iron, and copper, from environment has long been debated as a potential environmental risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) for decades, yet results from in vitro, in vivo, and human population remain controversial. In the case of copper, the neurotoxic mechanism of action was classically viewed as its strong affinity to amyloid-beta (Aβ) to help its aggregation and increase oxidative stress via Fenton reaction. Thus, it has been thought that accumulation of copper mediates neurotoxicity, and removing it from the brain prevents or reverse Aβ plaque burden. Recent evidence, however, suggests dyshomeostasis of copper and its valency in the body, instead of the accumulation and interaction with Aβ, are major determinants of its beneficial effects as an essential metal or its neurotoxic counterpart. This notion is also supported by the fact that genetic loss-of-function mutations on copper transporters lead to severe neurological symptoms. Along with its altered distribution, recent studies have also proposed novel mechanisms of copper neurotoxicity mediated by nonneuronal cell lineages in the brain, such as capillary endothelial cells, leading to development of AD neuropathology. This review covers recent findings of multifactorial toxic mechanisms of copper and discusses the risk of environmental exposure as a potential factor in accounting for the variability of AD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Wei Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92617
| | - Stephen C Bondy
- Department of Medicine, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92617
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Department of Medicine, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92617
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15
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Summers KL, Schilling KM, Roseman G, Markham KA, Dolgova NV, Kroll T, Sokaras D, Millhauser GL, Pickering IJ, George GN. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Investigations of Copper(II) Coordination in the Human Amyloid β Peptide. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6294-6311. [PMID: 31013069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main cause of age-related dementia and currently affects approximately 5.7 million Americans. Major brain changes associated with AD pathology include accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein fragments and formation of extracellular amyloid plaques. Redox-active metals mediate oligomerization of Aβ, and the resultant metal-bound oligomers have been implicated in the putative formation of harmful, reactive species that could contribute to observed oxidative damage. In isolated plaque cores, Cu(II) is bound to Aβ via histidine residues. Despite numerous structural studies of Cu(II) binding to synthetic Aβ in vitro, there is still uncertainty surrounding Cu(II) coordination in Aβ. In this study, we used X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and high energy resolution fluorescence detected (HERFD) XAS to investigate Cu(II) coordination in Aβ(1-42) under various solution conditions. We found that the average coordination environment in Cu(II)Aβ(1-42) is sensitive to X-ray photoreduction, changes in buffer composition, peptide concentration, and solution pH. Fitting of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) suggests Cu(II) is bound in a mixture of coordination environments in monomeric Aβ(1-42) under all conditions studied. However, it was evident that on average only a single histidine residue coordinates Cu(II) in monomeric Aβ(1-42) at pH 6.1, in addition to 3 other oxygen or nitrogen ligands. Cu(II) coordination in Aβ(1-42) at pH 7.4 is similarly 4-coordinate with oxygen and nitrogen ligands, although an average of 2 histidine residues appear to coordinate at this pH. At pH 9.0, the average Cu(II) coordination environment in Aβ(1-42) appears to be 5-coordinate with oxygen and nitrogen ligands, including two histidine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Summers
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences , University of Saskatchewan , 114 Science Place , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 , Canada.,Department of Chemistry , University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 , Canada
| | - Kevin M Schilling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - Graham Roseman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - Kate A Markham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - Natalia V Dolgova
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences , University of Saskatchewan , 114 Science Place , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 , Canada
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Glenn L Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - Ingrid J Pickering
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences , University of Saskatchewan , 114 Science Place , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 , Canada.,Department of Chemistry , University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 , Canada
| | - Graham N George
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences , University of Saskatchewan , 114 Science Place , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 , Canada.,Department of Chemistry , University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 , Canada
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Olgun Yazar H, Yazar T, Özdemir S, Kasko Arici Y. Serum C-reactive protein/albumin ratio and restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2019; 58:61-65. [PMID: 31129525 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to assess the variation in serum C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR), a biomarker of peripheral inflammation and oxidative stress, in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS). METHODS The study included a total of 380 individuals including 197 with RLS diagnosis. RLS diagnosis was determined according to the "International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group" questionnaire. Disease severity was assessed according to the "International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Severity Scale''. RESULTS The mean age of patients with restless legs syndrome was 52.5 ± 12.7 years, while the mean age in the control group was 50.8 ± 11.2, with no statistically significant difference found (p = 0.156). The hemoglobin, iron and ferritin levels in the patient group were lower than in the control group (p < 0.001; p < 0.01; p < 0.001), with total iron binding capacity levels higher than the control group (p < 0.001). The mean ferritin in the RLS group (49.8 ± 51.2) was lower than the control group (76.9 ± 44.7). In patients, the c-reactive protein, albumin and c-reactive protein/albumin ratio were found to be 0.21 ± 0.18, 4.43 ± 0.31 and 0.07 ± 0.05, respectively. When compared with the control group, the patient group had high c-reactive protein (CRP), CAR and low albumin levels (p < 0.001). Among patients with "very severe" disease severity, ferritin levels were found to be lower than those with "moderate" disease severity. Additionally, patients with "very severe" disease had albumin levels which were significantly low compared to those with "mild" disease severity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study supports the hypothesis that serum albumin level, ferritin, CRP, and CAR may be associated with restless legs syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Olgun Yazar
- Ordu University Training and Research Hospital, Neurology, Ordu, Turkey.
| | - Tamer Yazar
- Ordu State Hospital, Neurology, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Sonay Özdemir
- İstanbul Gaziosmanpaşa Taksim Training and Research Hospital, Family Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Kasko Arici
- Ordu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Ordu, Turkey
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Siotto M, Squitti R. Copper imbalance in Alzheimer’s disease: Overview of the exchangeable copper component in plasma and the intriguing role albumin plays. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bagheri S, Squitti R, Haertlé T, Siotto M, Saboury AA. Role of Copper in the Onset of Alzheimer's Disease Compared to Other Metals. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 9:446. [PMID: 29472855 PMCID: PMC5810277 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by amyloid plaques in patients' brain tissue. The plaques are mainly made of β-amyloid peptides and trace elements including Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+. Some studies have shown that AD can be considered a type of metal dyshomeostasis. Among metal ions involved in plaques, numerous studies have focused on copper ions, which seem to be one of the main cationic elements in plaque formation. The involvement of copper in AD is controversial, as some studies show a copper deficiency in AD, and consequently a need to enhance copper levels, while other data point to copper overload and therefore a need to reduce copper levels. In this paper, the role of copper ions in AD and some contradictory reports are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Bagheri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Thomas Haertlé
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Equipe Fonctions et Interactions des Protéines, Nantes, France
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Ali A. Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Squitti R, Salustri C, Rongioletti M, Siotto M. Commentary: The Case for Abandoning Therapeutic Chelation of Copper Ions in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2017; 8:503. [PMID: 28993754 PMCID: PMC5622302 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Salustri
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, San Giovanni Calibita-Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
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