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Zhou T, Solis NV, Marshall M, Yao Q, Garleb R, Yang M, Pearlman E, Filler SG, Liu H. Hyphal Als proteins act as CR3 ligands to promote immune responses against Candida albicans. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3926. [PMID: 38724513 PMCID: PMC11082240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with decreased levels of CD18 (β2 integrins) suffer from life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections. CD11b, the α subunit of integrin CR3 (CD11b/CD18, αMβ2), is essential for mice to fight against systemic Candida albicans infections. Live elongating C. albicans activates CR3 in immune cells. However, the hyphal ligands that activate CR3 are not well defined. Here, we discovered that the C. albicans Als family proteins are recognized by the I domain of CD11b in macrophages. This recognition synergizes with the β-glucan-bound lectin-like domain to activate CR3, thereby promoting Syk signaling and inflammasome activation. Dectin-2 activation serves as the "outside-in signaling" for CR3 activation at the entry site of incompletely sealed phagosomes, where a thick cuff of F-actin forms to strengthen the local interaction. In vitro, CD18 partially contributes to IL-1β release from dendritic cells induced by purified hyphal Als3. In vivo, Als3 is vital for C. albicans clearance in mouse kidneys. These findings uncover a novel family of ligands for the CR3 I domain that promotes fungal clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Norma V Solis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Michaela Marshall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qing Yao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Garleb
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mengli Yang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Scott G Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haoping Liu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Nenciarini S, Renzi S, di Paola M, Meriggi N, Cavalieri D. The yeast-human coevolution: Fungal transition from passengers, colonizers, and invaders. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1639. [PMID: 38146626 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are the cause of more than a billion infections in humans every year, although their interactions with the host are still neglected compared to bacteria. Major systemic fungal infections are very unusual in the healthy population, due to the long history of coevolution with the human host. Humans are routinely exposed to environmental fungi and can host a commensal mycobiota, which is increasingly considered as a key player in health and disease. Here, we review the current knowledge on host-fungi coevolution and the factors that regulate their interaction. On one hand, fungi have learned to survive and inhabit the host organisms as a natural ecosystem, on the other hand, the host immune system finely tunes the response toward fungi. In turn, recognition of fungi as commensals or pathogens regulates the host immune balance in health and disease. In the human gut ecosystem, yeasts provide a fingerprint of the transient microbiota. Their status as passengers or colonizers is related to the integrity of the gut barrier and the risk of multiple disorders. Thus, the study of this less known component of the microbiota could unravel the rules of the transition from passengers to colonizers and invaders, as well as their dependence on the innate component of the host's immune response. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Environmental Factors Immune System Diseases > Environmental Factors Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Renzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica di Paola
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Meriggi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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3
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Kadamani KL, Logan SM, Pamenter ME. Does hypometabolism constrain innate immune defense? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14091. [PMID: 38288574 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Many animals routinely make energetic trade-offs to adjust to environmental demands and these trade-offs often have significant implications for survival. For example, environmental hypoxia is commonly experienced by many organisms and is an energetically challenging condition because reduced oxygen availability constrains aerobic energy production, which can be lethal. Many hypoxia-tolerant species downregulate metabolic demands when oxygen is limited; however, certain physiological functions are obligatory and must be maintained despite the need to conserve energy in hypoxia. Of particular interest is immunity (including both constitutive and induced immune functions) because mounting an immune response is among the most energetically expensive physiological processes but maintaining immune function is critical for survival in most environments. Intriguingly, physiological responses to hypoxia and pathogens share key molecular regulators such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, through which hypoxia can directly activate an immune response. This raises an interesting question: do hypoxia-tolerant species mount an immune response during periods of hypoxia-induced hypometabolism? Unfortunately, surprisingly few studies have examined interactions between immunity and hypometabolism in such species. Therefore, in this review, we consider mechanistic interactions between metabolism and immunity, as well as energetic trade-offs between these two systems, in hypoxia-tolerant animals but also in other models of hypometabolism, including neonates and hibernators. Specifically, we explore the hypothesis that such species have blunted immune responses in hypometabolic conditions and/or use alternative immune pathways when in a hypometabolic state. Evidence to date suggests that hypoxia-tolerant animals do maintain immunity in low oxygen conditions, but that the sensitivity of immune responses may be blunted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Kadamani
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha M Logan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew E Pamenter
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Bombassaro A, Figueiredo JM, Taborda CP, Joosten LAB, Vicente VA, Queiroz-Telles F, Meis JF, Kischkel B. Skin innate immune response against fungal infections and the potential role of trained immunity. Mycoses 2024; 67. [PMID: 38282360 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Fungal skin infections are distributed worldwide and can be associated with economic and social traits. The immune response related to skin cells is complex and its understanding is essential to the comprehension of each cell's role and the discovery of treatment alternatives. The first studies of trained immunity (TI) described the ability of monocytes, macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells to develop a memory-like response. However, the duration of TI does not reflect the shorter lifespan of these cells. These conclusions supported later studies showing that TI can be observed in stem and haematopoietic cells and, more recently, also in non-immune skin cells such as fibroblasts, highlighting the importance of resident cells in response to skin disorders. Besides, the participation of less studied proinflammatory cytokines in the skin immune response, such as IL-36γ, shed light into a new possibility of inflammatory pathway blockade by drugs. In this review, we will discuss the skin immune response associated with fungal infections, the role of TI in skin and clinical evidence supporting opportunities and challenges of TI and other inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of fungal skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bombassaro
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Biological Sciences, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Julia Marcondes Figueiredo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Taborda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Dermatology, LIM53, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vania A Vicente
- Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Biological Sciences, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Flavio Queiroz-Telles
- Department of Public Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brenda Kischkel
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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5
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Deng R, Wang X, Li R. Dermatophyte infection: from fungal pathogenicity to host immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285887. [PMID: 38022599 PMCID: PMC10652793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a common superficial infection caused by dermatophytes, a group of pathogenic keratinophilic fungi. Apart from invasion against skin barrier, host immune responses to dermatophytes could also lead to pathologic inflammation and tissue damage to some extent. Therefore, it is of great help to understand the pathogenesis of dermatophytes, including fungal virulence factors and anti-pathogen immune responses. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in host-fungal interactions, focusing on the mechanisms of anti-fungal immunity and the relationship between immune deficiency and chronic dermatophytosis, in order to facilitate novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to improve the outcomes of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Deng
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
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6
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Ishino F, Itoh J, Irie M, Matsuzawa A, Naruse M, Suzuki T, Hiraoka Y, Kaneko-Ishino T. Retrovirus-Derived RTL9 Plays an Important Role in Innate Antifungal Immunity in the Eutherian Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14884. [PMID: 37834332 PMCID: PMC10573853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrotransposon Gag-like (RTL) genes play a variety of essential and important roles in the eutherian placenta and brain. It has recently been demonstrated that RTL5 and RTL6 (also known as sushi-ichi retrotransposon homolog 8 (SIRH8) and SIRH3) are microglial genes that play important roles in the brain's innate immunity against viruses and bacteria through their removal of double-stranded RNA and lipopolysaccharide, respectively. In this work, we addressed the function of RTL9 (also known as SIRH10). Using knock-in mice that produce RTL9-mCherry fusion protein, we examined RTL9 expression in the brain and its reaction to fungal zymosan. Here, we demonstrate that RTL9 plays an important role, degrading zymosan in the brain. The RTL9 protein is localized in the microglial lysosomes where incorporated zymosan is digested. Furthermore, in Rtl9 knockout mice expressing RTL9ΔC protein lacking the C-terminus retroviral GAG-like region, the zymosan degrading activity was lost. Thus, RTL9 is essentially engaged in this reaction, presumably via its GAG-like region. Together with our previous study, this result highlights the importance of three retrovirus-derived microglial RTL genes as eutherian-specific constituents of the current brain innate immune system: RTL9, RTL5 and RTL6, responding to fungi, viruses and bacteria, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Ishino
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (M.I.); (A.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Johbu Itoh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan;
| | - Masahito Irie
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (M.I.); (A.M.); (M.N.)
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Ayumi Matsuzawa
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (M.I.); (A.M.); (M.N.)
- Department of Genomic Function and Diversity, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mie Naruse
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (M.I.); (A.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Toru Suzuki
- Laboratory of Genome Editing for Biomedical Research, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuichi Hiraoka
- Laboratory of Genome Editing for Biomedical Research, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.H.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
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7
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Zhao X, Hu X, Han J, Yin R, Zhang S, Liu H. Gut mycobiome: A "black box" of gut microbiome-host interactions. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1611. [PMID: 37157158 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungi, being a necessary component of the gut microbiome, potentially have direct or indirect effects on the health and illness status of the host. The gut mycobiome is an inducer of the host's immunity, maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and protecting against infections, as well as a reservoir of opportunistic microorganisms and a potential cofactor when the host is immunocompromised. In addition, gut fungi interact with a diverse range of microbes in the intestinal niches. In this article, we reviewed the composition of gut mycobiome, their association with host health and illness, and summarized the specific Candida albicans-host interactions, in order to provide insights and directions for the ongoing study of fungi. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruopeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Silva AJD, de Sousa MMG, de Macêdo LS, de França Neto PL, de Moura IA, Espinoza BCF, Invenção MDCV, de Pinho SS, da Gama MATM, de Freitas AC. RNA Vaccines: Yeast as a Novel Antigen Vehicle. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1334. [PMID: 37631902 PMCID: PMC10459952 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, technological advances for RNA manipulation enabled and expanded its application in vaccine development. This approach comprises synthetic single-stranded mRNA molecules that direct the translation of the antigen responsible for activating the desired immune response. The success of RNA vaccines depends on the delivery vehicle. Among the systems, yeasts emerge as a new approach, already employed to deliver protein antigens, with efficacy demonstrated through preclinical and clinical trials. β-glucans and mannans in their walls are responsible for the adjuvant property of this system. Yeast β-glucan capsules, microparticles, and nanoparticles can modulate immune responses and have a high capacity to carry nucleic acids, with bioavailability upon oral immunization and targeting to receptors present in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In addition, yeasts are suitable vehicles for the protection and specific delivery of therapeutic vaccines based on RNAi. Compared to protein antigens, the use of yeast for DNA or RNA vaccine delivery is less established and has fewer studies, most of them in the preclinical phase. Here, we present an overview of the attributes of yeast or its derivatives for the delivery of RNA-based vaccines, discussing the current challenges and prospects of this promising strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (A.J.D.S.)
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9
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Dambuza IM, Warris A, Salazar F. Unmasking a fungal fire. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011355. [PMID: 37200244 PMCID: PMC10194863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy represents a breakthrough cancer treatment by stimulating dysfunctional T cells in the tumour environment to kill cancer cells. Beyond effects on anticancer immunity, ICI therapy may be associated with increased susceptibility to or more rapid resolution of chronic infections, particularly those caused by human fungal pathogens. In this concise review, we summarise recent observations and findings that implicate immune checkpoint blockade in fungal infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy M. Dambuza
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Adilia Warris
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Fabián Salazar
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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10
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Almaliki HS, Niu M, Keller NP, Yin G, Bennett JW. Mutational Analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus Volatile Oxylipins in a Drosophila Eclosion Assay. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040402. [PMID: 37108857 PMCID: PMC10143813 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen. We have previously reported that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by A. fumigatus cause delays in metamorphosis, morphological abnormalities, and death in a Drosophila melanogaster eclosion model. Here, we developed A. fumigatus deletion mutants with blocked oxylipin biosynthesis pathways (∆ppoABC) and then exposed the third instar larvae of D. melanogaster to a shared atmosphere with either A. fumigatus wild-type or oxylipin mutant cultures for 15 days. Fly larvae exposed to VOCs from wild-type A. fumigatus strains exhibited delays in metamorphosis and toxicity, while larvae exposed to VOCs from the ∆ppoABC mutant displayed fewer morphogenic delays and higher eclosion rates than the controls. In general, when fungi were pre-grown at 37 °C, the effects of the VOCs they produced were more pronounced than when they were pre-grown at 25 °C. GC-MS analysis revealed that the wild-type A. fumigatus Af293 produced more abundant VOCs at higher concentrations than the oxylipin-deficient strain Af293∆ppoABC did. The major VOCs detected from wild-type Af293 and its triple mutant included isopentyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, 2-methylbutanal, acetoin, and 1-octen-3-ol. Unexpectedly, compared to wild-type flies, the eclosion tests yielded far fewer differences in metamorphosis or viability when flies with immune-deficient genotypes were exposed to VOCs from either wild-type or ∆ppoABC oxylipin mutants. In particular, the toxigenic effects of Aspergillus VOCs were not observed in mutant flies deficient in the Toll (spz6) pathway. These data indicate that the innate immune system of Drosophila mediates the toxicity of fungal volatiles, especially via the Toll pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel S Almaliki
- Technical Institute of Samawa, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Samawa 66001, Iraq
| | - Mengyao Niu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Guohua Yin
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences in Weifang, Weifang 261325, China
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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11
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Jaffey JA, Shubitz LF, Johnson MDL, Bolch CA, da Cunha A, Murthy AK, Lopez BS, Monasky R, Carswell I, Spiker J, Neubert MJ, Menghani SV. Evaluation of Host Constitutive and Ex Vivo Coccidioidal Antigen-Stimulated Immune Response in Dogs with Naturally Acquired Coccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020213. [PMID: 36836327 PMCID: PMC9959558 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The early innate immune response to coccidioidomycosis has proven to be pivotal in directing the adaptive immune response and disease outcome in mice and humans but is unexplored in dogs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the innate immune profile of dogs with coccidioidomycosis and determine if differences exist based on the extent of infection (i.e., pulmonary or disseminated). A total of 28 dogs with coccidioidomycosis (pulmonary, n = 16; disseminated, n = 12) and 10 seronegative healthy controls were enrolled. Immunologic testing was performed immediately, without ex vivo incubation (i.e., constitutive), and after coccidioidal antigen stimulation of whole blood cultures. Whole blood cultures were incubated with a phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) (negative control) or a coccidioidal antigen (rCTS1 (105-310); 10 µg/mL) for 24 h. A validated canine-specific multiplex bead-based assay was used to measure 12 cytokines in plasma and cell culture supernatant. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured with an ELISA assay. Leukocyte expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs)2 and TLR4 was measured using flow cytometry. Dogs with coccidioidomycosis had higher constitutive plasma keratinocyte chemotactic (KC)-like concentrations (p = 0.02) and serum CRP concentrations compared to controls (p < 0.001). Moreover, dogs with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis had higher serum CRP concentrations than those with dissemination (p = 0.001). Peripheral blood leukocytes from dogs with coccidioidomycosis produced higher concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (p = 0.0003), interleukin (IL)-6 (p = 0.04), interferon (IFN)-γ (p = 0.03), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (p = 0.02), IL-10 (p = 0.02), and lower IL-8 (p = 0.003) in supernatants following coccidioidal antigen stimulation when compared to those from control dogs. There was no detectable difference between dogs with pulmonary and disseminated disease. No differences in constitutive or stimulated leukocyte TLR2 and TLR4 expression were found. These results provide information about the constitutive and coccidioidal antigen-specific stimulated immune profile in dogs with naturally acquired coccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A. Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Lisa F. Shubitz
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Michael D. L. Johnson
- Department of Immunobiology, Valley Fever Center for Excellence, BIO5 Institute, Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Charlotte A. Bolch
- Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Anderson da Cunha
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Ashlesh K. Murthy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Brina S. Lopez
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Ross Monasky
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Imani Carswell
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Justine Spiker
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Miranda J. Neubert
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Sanjay V. Menghani
- Department of Immunobiology, Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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12
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Yeasts and Yeast-based Products in Poultry Nutrition. J APPL POULTRY RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2023.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
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13
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Wu C, Jiang ML, Jiang R, Pang T, Zhang CJ. The roles of fungus in CNS autoimmune and neurodegeneration disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1077335. [PMID: 36776399 PMCID: PMC9910218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1077335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infection or proliferation in our body is capable of initiation of strong inflammation and immune responses that result in different consequences, including infection-trigged organ injury and inflammation-related remote organ dysfunction. Fungi associated infectious diseases have been well recognized in the clinic. However, whether fungi play an important role in non-infectious central nervous system disease is still to be elucidated. Recently, a growing amount of evidence point to a non-negligible role of peripheral fungus in triggering unique inflammation, immune response, and exacerbation of a range of non-infectious CNS disorders, including Multiple sclerosis, Neuromyelitis optica, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis et al. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in recognizing patterns and inflammatory signaling of fungi in different subsets of immune cells, with a specific focus on its function in CNS autoimmune and neurodegeneration diseases. In conclusion, the fungus is capable of triggering unique inflammation by multiple mechanisms in the progression of a body of CNS non-infectious diseases, suggesting it serves as a key factor and critical novel target for the development of potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyu Wu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Ling Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Cun-Jin Zhang, ; Mei-Ling Jiang, ; Tao Pang,
| | - Runqui Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Cun-Jin Zhang, ; Mei-Ling Jiang, ; Tao Pang,
| | - Cun-Jin Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Institute of Brain Sciences, Institute of Brain Disorder Translational Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Cun-Jin Zhang, ; Mei-Ling Jiang, ; Tao Pang,
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14
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Cohen-Kedar S, Shaham Barda E, Rabinowitz KM, Keizer D, Abu-Taha H, Schwartz S, Kaboub K, Baram L, Sadot E, White I, Wasserberg N, Wolff-Bar M, Levy-Barda A, Dotan I. Human intestinal epithelial cells can internalize luminal fungi via LC3-associated phagocytosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1142492. [PMID: 36969163 PMCID: PMC10030769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1142492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are the first to encounter luminal microorganisms and actively participate in intestinal immunity. We reported that IECs express the β-glucan receptor Dectin-1, and respond to commensal fungi and β-glucans. In phagocytes, Dectin-1 mediates LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) utilizing autophagy components to process extracellular cargo. Dectin-1 can mediate phagocytosis of β-glucan-containing particles by non-phagocytic cells. We aimed to determine whether human IECs phagocytose β-glucan-containing fungal particles via LAP. Methods Colonic (n=18) and ileal (n=4) organoids from individuals undergoing bowel resection were grown as monolayers. Fluorescent-dye conjugated zymosan (β-glucan particle), heat-killed- and UV inactivated C. albicans were applied to differentiated organoids and to human IEC lines. Confocal microscopy was used for live imaging and immuno-fluorescence. Quantification of phagocytosis was carried out with a fluorescence plate-reader. Results zymosan and C. albicans particles were phagocytosed by monolayers of human colonic and ileal organoids and IEC lines. LAP was identified by LC3 and Rubicon recruitment to phagosomes and lysosomal processing of internalized particles was demonstrated by co-localization with lysosomal dyes and LAMP2. Phagocytosis was significantly diminished by blockade of Dectin-1, actin polymerization and NAPDH oxidases. Conclusions Our results show that human IECs sense luminal fungal particles and internalize them via LAP. This novel mechanism of luminal sampling suggests that IECs may contribute to the maintenance of mucosal tolerance towards commensal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Cohen-Kedar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Iris Dotan, ; Sarit Cohen-Kedar,
| | - Efrat Shaham Barda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Masha Rabinowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Danielle Keizer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hanan Abu-Taha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shoshana Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Kawsar Kaboub
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Liran Baram
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Sadot
- Division of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Ian White
- Division of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Wasserberg
- Division of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Meirav Wolff-Bar
- Department of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Iris Dotan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Iris Dotan, ; Sarit Cohen-Kedar,
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15
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Clinical Challenges of Emerging and Re-Emerging Yeast Infections in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112223. [PMID: 36363816 PMCID: PMC9695014 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the geological eras, some fungi, through adaptation and/or environmental/ecological pressure, interacted directly and indirectly with humans, through occasionally harmful interaction interdependent on the individual’s immunological condition. Infections caused by yeasts are underreported, subjugated, and underdiagnosed, and treatment is restricted to a few drugs, even after the significant progress of medicine and pharmacology. In the last centuries, antagonistically, there has been an exponential increase of immunocompromised individuals due to the use of immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids, increased cases of transplants, chemotherapeutics, autoimmune diseases, neoplasms, and, more recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review aims to survey emerging and re-emerging yeast infections in the current clinical context. Currently, there is an immense clinical challenge for the rapid and correct diagnosis and treatment of systemic mycoses caused by yeasts due to the terrible increase in cases in the current context of COVID-19.
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16
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Garay JA, Silva JE, Di Genaro MS, Davicino RC. The Multiple Faces of Nitric Oxide in Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Comprehensive Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102570. [PMID: 36289832 PMCID: PMC9599698 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule, regulates multiple biological functions, including a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In this regard, NO participates in cutaneous inflammations, modulation of mitochondrial functions, vascular diseases, COVID-19, neurologic diseases, and obesity. It also mediates changes in the skeletal muscle function. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by the malfunction of phagocytes caused by mutations in some of the genes encoding subunits of the superoxide-generating phagocyte NADPH (NOX). The literature consulted shows that there is a relationship between the production of NO and the NADPH oxidase system, which regulates the persistence of NO in the medium. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of the effects of NO on CGD remain unknown. In this paper, we briefly review the regulatory role of NO in CGD and its potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Agustín Garay
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Juan Eduardo Silva
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - María Silvia Di Genaro
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Roberto Carlos Davicino
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Correspondence:
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17
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Montaño DE, Hartung S, Wich M, Ali R, Jungnickel B, von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Voigt K. The TLR-NF-kB axis contributes to the monocytic inflammatory response against a virulent strain of Lichtheimia corymbifera, a causative agent of invasive mucormycosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882921. [PMID: 36311802 PMCID: PMC9608459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive mucormycosis (IM) is a life-threatening infection caused by the fungal order Mucorales, its diagnosis is often delayed, and mortality rates range from 40-80% due to its rapid progression. Individuals suffering from hematological malignancies, diabetes mellitus, organ transplantations, and most recently COVID-19 are particularly susceptible to infection by Mucorales. Given the increase in the occurrence of these diseases, mucormycosis has emerged as one of the most common fungal infections in the last years. However, little is known about the host immune response to Mucorales. Therefore, we characterized the interaction among L. corymbifera—one of the most common causative agents of IM—and human monocytes, which are specialized phagocytes that play an instrumental role in the modulation of the inflammatory response against several pathogenic fungi. This study covered four relevant aspects of the host-pathogen interaction: i) The recognition of L. corymbifera by human monocytes. ii) The intracellular fate of L. corymbifera. iii) The inflammatory response by human monocytes against the most common causative agents of mucormycosis. iv) The main activated Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs) inflammatory signaling cascades in response to L. corymbifera. Here, we demonstrate that L. corymbifera exhibits resistance to intracellular killing over 24 hours, does not germinate, and inflicts minimal damage to the host cell. Nonetheless, viable fungal spores of L. corymbifera induced early production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, and late release of TNF-α and IL-6 by human monocytes. Moreover, we revealed that IL-1β production predominantly depends on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) priming, especially via TLR4, while TNF-α is secreted via C-type lectin receptors (CTLs), and IL-6 is produced by synergistic activation of TLRs and CTLs. All these signaling pathways lead to the activation of NF-kB, a transcription factor that not only regulates the inflammatory response but also the apoptotic fate of monocytes during infection with L. corymbifera. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the host-pathogen interactions, which may serve for future therapies to enhance the host inflammatory response to L. corymbifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly E. Montaño
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Susann Hartung
- Infections in Hematology and Oncology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Melissa Wich
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rida Ali
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Berit Jungnickel
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marie von Lilienfeld-Toal
- Infections in Hematology and Oncology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kerstin Voigt,
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Sharma J, Mudalagiriyappa S, Nanjappa SG. T cell responses to control fungal infection in an immunological memory lens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905867. [PMID: 36177012 PMCID: PMC9513067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fungal vaccine research emanated significant findings in the field of antifungal T-cell immunity. The generation of effector T cells is essential to combat many mucosal and systemic fungal infections. The development of antifungal memory T cells is integral for controlling or preventing fungal infections, and understanding the factors, regulators, and modifiers that dictate the generation of such T cells is necessary. Despite the deficiency in the clear understanding of antifungal memory T-cell longevity and attributes, in this review, we will compile some of the existing literature on antifungal T-cell immunity in the context of memory T-cell development against fungal infections.
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Liu L, Sun B, Ying W, Liu D, Wang Y, Sun J, Wang W, Yang M, Hui X, Zhou Q, Hou J, Wang X. Rapid diagnosis of Talaromyces marneffei infection by metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology in a Chinese cohort of inborn errors of immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:987692. [PMID: 36159645 PMCID: PMC9493038 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.987692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Talaromyces marneffei (T. marneffei) is an opportunistic pathogen. Patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) have been increasingly diagnosed with T. marneffei in recent years. The disseminated infection of T. marneffei can be life-threatening without timely and effective antifungal therapy. Rapid and accurate pathogenic microbiological diagnosis is particularly critical for these patients. A total of 505 patients with IEI were admitted to our hospital between January 2019 and June 2022, among whom T. marneffei was detected in 6 patients by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and their clinical and immunological characteristics were summarized. We performed a systematic literature review on T. marneffei infections with published immunodeficiency-related gene mutations. All patients in our cohort were confirmed to have genetic mutations in IL12RB1, IFNGR1, STAT1, STAT3, and CD40LG. T. marneffei was detected in both the blood and lymph nodes of P1 with IL12RB1 mutations, and the clinical manifestations were serious and included recurrent fever, weight loss, severe anemia, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, all requiring long-term antifungal therapy. These six patients received antifungal treatment, which relieved symptoms and improved imaging findings. Five patients survived, while one patient died of sepsis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The application of mNGS methods for pathogen detection in IEI patients and comparison with traditional diagnosis methods were investigated. Traditional diagnostic methods and mNGS tests were performed simultaneously in 232 patients with IEI. Compared to the traditional methods, the sensitivity and specificity of mNGS in diagnosing T. marneffei infection were 100% and 98.7%, respectively. The reporting time for T. marneffei detection was approximately 26 hours by mNGS, 3-14 days by culture, and 6-11 days by histopathology. T. marneffei infection was first reported in IEI patients with IL12RB1 gene mutation, which expanded the IEI lineage susceptible to T. marneffei. For IEI patients with T. marneffei infection, we highlight the application of mNGS in pathogenic detection. mNGS is recommended as a front-line diagnostic test for rapidly identifying pathogens in complex and severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jia Hou
- *Correspondence: Jia Hou, ; Xiaochuan Wang,
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20
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Diniz-Lima I, da Fonseca LM, dos Reis JS, Rodrigues da Costa Santos MA, da Costa KM, do Nascimento Santos CA, Barcelos PM, Guimarães-Pinto K, Filardy AA, Freire-de-Lima ME, Decote-Ricardo D, Morrot A, Freire-de-Lima CG, Freire-de-Lima L. The Sweet Side of Fungal Infections: Structural Glycan Diversity and Its Importance for Pathogenic Adaptation. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:medicines9060037. [PMID: 35736250 PMCID: PMC9230512 DOI: 10.3390/medicines9060037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections are the most common secondary infections in debilitated individuals in a state of chronic disease or immunosuppression. Despite this, most fungal infections are neglected, mainly due to the lower frequency of their more severe clinical forms in immunocompetent individuals with a healthy background. However, over the past few years, several cases of severe fungal infections in healthy individuals have provoked a change in the epidemiological dynamics of fungal infections around the world, both due to recurrent outbreaks in previously infrequent regions and the greater emergence of more pathogenic fungal variants affecting healthy individuals, such as in the Cryptococcus genus. Therefore, before the arrival of a scenario of prevalent severe fungal infections, it is necessary to assess more carefully what are the real reasons for the increased incidence of fungal infection globally. What are the factors that are currently contributing to this new possible epidemiological dynamic? Could these be of a structural nature? Herein, we propose a discussion based on the importance of the virulence factors of glycoconjugate composition in the adaptation of pathogenic fungal species into the current scenario of increasing severity of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Diniz-Lima
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.S.d.R.); (M.A.R.d.C.S.); (K.M.d.C.); (C.A.d.N.S.); (P.M.B.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
| | - Leonardo Marques da Fonseca
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.S.d.R.); (M.A.R.d.C.S.); (K.M.d.C.); (C.A.d.N.S.); (P.M.B.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
| | - Jhenifer Santos dos Reis
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.S.d.R.); (M.A.R.d.C.S.); (K.M.d.C.); (C.A.d.N.S.); (P.M.B.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
| | - Marcos André Rodrigues da Costa Santos
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.S.d.R.); (M.A.R.d.C.S.); (K.M.d.C.); (C.A.d.N.S.); (P.M.B.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
| | - Kelli Monteiro da Costa
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.S.d.R.); (M.A.R.d.C.S.); (K.M.d.C.); (C.A.d.N.S.); (P.M.B.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
| | - Carlos Antonio do Nascimento Santos
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.S.d.R.); (M.A.R.d.C.S.); (K.M.d.C.); (C.A.d.N.S.); (P.M.B.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
| | - Pedro Marçal Barcelos
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.S.d.R.); (M.A.R.d.C.S.); (K.M.d.C.); (C.A.d.N.S.); (P.M.B.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
| | - Kamila Guimarães-Pinto
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil; (K.G.-P.); (A.A.F.)
| | - Alessandra Almeida Filardy
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil; (K.G.-P.); (A.A.F.)
| | - Marco Edilson Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 23890-000, Brazil;
| | - Debora Decote-Ricardo
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 23890-000, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Celio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.S.d.R.); (M.A.R.d.C.S.); (K.M.d.C.); (C.A.d.N.S.); (P.M.B.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +55-21-3938-6646
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.S.d.R.); (M.A.R.d.C.S.); (K.M.d.C.); (C.A.d.N.S.); (P.M.B.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
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Abstract
AbstractAspergillosis is one of the most frequent fungal infections, whose morbidity can be life-threatening, especially in some categories of patients such as immunocompromised ones. It can have various clinical presentation scenarios and should be considered when making differential diagnosis in patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary involvement. 18F-FDG PET/CT is a whole-body diagnostic technique that can help in the study of the disease, guiding the patient management thanks to the possibility to recognize infection sites and extension. The aim of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the wide spectrum of disease presentation. Literature regarding 18F-FDG PET/CT in histologically confirmed aspergillosis cases has been revised to describe all its possible features, both usual and unusual to guide imaging interpretation. 18F-FDG PET/CT is a diagnostic tool that can help in the recognition of the heterogenous infection’s presentation, allowing the clinicians to make a prompt diagnosis and to have the most accurate management of the disease. Furthermore, other PET/CT radiopharmaceutical role in Aspergillosis imaging study have been presented.
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Candida albicans evades NK cell elimination via binding of Agglutinin-Like Sequence proteins to the checkpoint receptor TIGIT. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2463. [PMID: 35513379 PMCID: PMC9072312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen and a prevalent cause of deadly bloodstream infections. Better understanding of the immune response against it, and the ways by which it evades immunity, are crucial for developing new therapeutics against it. Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes best known for their role against viruses and tumors. In recent years it became clear that NK cells also play an important role in anti-fungal immunity. Here we show that while NK cells recognize and eliminate C. albicans, the fungal cells inhibit NK cells by manipulating the immune checkpoint receptor TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) in both humans and mice. We identify the responsible fungal ligands as members of the Als (Agglutinin-Like Sequences) protein family. Furthermore, we show that blocking this interaction using immunotherapy with a TIGIT-blocking antibody can re-establish anti-Candida immunity and serve as a potential therapeutic tool. Natural killer cells have emerged as critical immune cells in the response to fungal infection. Here the authors identify how Candida albicans evades the natural killer cell response via expression of ligands that directly modify the natural killer cell response and can be therapeutically targeted to restore the anti-Candida immunity.
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Glittenberg MT, Kounatidis I, Atilano M, Ligoxygakis P. A genetic screen in Drosophila reveals the role of fucosylation in host susceptibility to Candida infection. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049218. [PMID: 35142345 PMCID: PMC9118035 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida infections constitute a blind spot in global public health as very few new anti-fungal drugs are being developed. Genetic surveys of host susceptibilities to such infections using mammalian models have certain disadvantages in that obtaining results is time-consuming, owing to relatively long lifespans, and these results have low statistical resolution because sample sizes are usually small. Here, we report a targeted genetic screening of 5698 RNAi lines encompassing 4135 Drosophila genes with human homologues, several of which we identify as important for host survival after Candida albicans infection. These include genes in a variety of functional classes encompassing gene expression, intracellular signalling, metabolism and enzymatic regulation. Analysis of one of the screen hits, the infection-induced α-(1,3)-fucosylase FucTA, showed that N-glycan fucosylation has several targets among proteins involved in host defence, which provides multiple avenues of investigation for the mechanistic analysis of host survival to systemic C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus T. Glittenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Magda Atilano
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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24
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White PL, Price JS. Incorporating the Detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated With Invasive Aspergillosis Into the Clinic. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:860779. [PMID: 35601092 PMCID: PMC9121767 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.860779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to fungi is inevitable, yet only a small number of patients with significant clinical risk develop invasive aspergillosis (IA). While timing of exposure in relation to immune status, environmental and occupational factors will influence the probability of developing IA, factors specific to the individual will likely play a role and variation in the host’s genetic code associated with the immunological response to fungi have been linked to increased risk of developing IA. Screening for SNPs in genes significantly associated with IA (e.g. Pentraxin-3, Toll-like receptor 4, Dectin-1, DC-SIGN) could form part of the clinical work-up on admission or post allogeneic stem cell transplantation, to complement fungal biomarker screening. Through the combination of clinical and genetic risk with mycological evidence, we are approaching a time when we should be able to accurately predict the risk of IA in the haematology patient, using predictive modelling to stratifying each individual’s management. Understanding the host and their immune responses to infection through genomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics/proteomics is critical to achieving how we manage the individual’s risk of IA, underpinning personalized medicine. This review will investigate what is known about the genetic risk associated with developing IA, primarily in haematology patients and whether these strategies are ready to be incorporated into routine clinical practice, and if not what are the remaining hurdles to implementation.
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Lapaquette P, Ducreux A, Basmaciyan L, Paradis T, Bon F, Bataille A, Winckler P, Hube B, d’Enfert C, Esclatine A, Dubus E, Bringer MA, Morel E, Dalle F. Membrane protective role of autophagic machinery during infection of epithelial cells by Candida albicans. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2004798. [PMID: 35086419 PMCID: PMC8803057 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.2004798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is an opportunistic pathogen causing infections ranging from superficial to life-threatening disseminated infections. In a susceptible host, C. albicans is able to translocate through the gut barrier, promoting its dissemination into deeper organs. C. albicans hyphae can invade human epithelial cells by two well-documented mechanisms: epithelial-driven endocytosis and C. albicans-driven active penetration. One mechanism by which host cells protect themselves against intracellular C. albicans is termed autophagy. The protective role of autophagy during C. albicans infection has been investigated in myeloid cells; however, far less is known regarding the role of this process during the infection of epithelial cells. In the present study, we investigated the role of autophagy-related proteins during the infection of epithelial cells, including intestinal epithelial cells and gut explants, by C. albicans. Using cell imaging, we show that key molecular players of the autophagy machinery (LC3-II, PI3P, ATG16L1, and WIPI2) were recruited at Candida invasion sites. We deepened these observations by electron microscopy analyses that reveal the presence of autophagosomes in the vicinity of invading hyphae. Importantly, these events occur during active penetration of C. albicans into host cells and are associated with plasma membrane damage. In this context, we show that the autophagy-related key proteins ATG5 and ATG16L1 contribute to plasma membrane repair mediated by lysosomal exocytosis and participate in protecting epithelial cells against C. albicans-induced cell death. Our findings provide a novel mechanism by which epithelial cells, forming the first line of defense against C. albicans in the gut, can react to limit C. albicans invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lapaquette
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France,CONTACT Pierre Lapaquette Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | - Amandine Ducreux
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | - Louise Basmaciyan
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France,Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire Gérard Mack, Dijon, France
| | - Tracy Paradis
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | - Fabienne Bon
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | | | - Pascale Winckler
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France,Dimacell Imaging Facility, Agrosup Dijon, INRA, INSERM, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christophe d’Enfert
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Institut Pasteur, USC2019 INRA, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Esclatine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elisabeth Dubus
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Bringer
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Etienne Morel
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France,Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire Gérard Mack, Dijon, France,Frédéric Dalle Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie
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26
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Salazar F, Bignell E, Brown GD, Cook PC, Warris A. Pathogenesis of Respiratory Viral and Fungal Coinfections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0009421. [PMID: 34788127 PMCID: PMC8597983 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00094-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals suffering from severe viral respiratory tract infections have recently emerged as "at risk" groups for developing invasive fungal infections. Influenza virus is one of the most common causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections worldwide. Fungal infections complicating influenza pneumonia are associated with increased disease severity and mortality, with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis being the most common manifestation. Strikingly, similar observations have been made during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The copathogenesis of respiratory viral and fungal coinfections is complex and involves a dynamic interplay between the host immune defenses and the virulence of the microbes involved that often results in failure to return to homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the main mechanisms underlying susceptibility to invasive fungal disease following respiratory viral infections. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions will aid the development of therapeutic modalities against newly identified targets to prevent and treat these emerging coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Salazar
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Bignell
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C. Cook
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Adilia Warris
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Zheng Q, Duan L, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang S, Wang H. A dynamically evolving war between autophagy and pathogenic microorganisms. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:19-41. [PMID: 35029086 PMCID: PMC8758936 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that maintains cellular homeostasis. It is essential for protecting organisms from environmental stress. Autophagy can help the host to eliminate invading pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to interfere with autophagic signaling pathways or inhibit the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes to form autolysosomes. Moreover, host cell matrix degradation by different types of autophagy can be used for the proliferation and reproduction of pathogens. Thus, determining the roles and mechanisms of autophagy during pathogen infections will promote understanding of the mechanisms of pathogen‒host interactions and provide new strategies for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Liangwei Duan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China. .,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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Assessment of Host Immune Responses to Fungal Pathogens. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83749-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Emergence and evolution of virulence in human pathogenic fungi. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:693-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Peng Y, Chen Y, Ma J, Zhou W, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zheng H, Shi W. Role and mechanism of the Dectin-1-mediated Syk/NF-κB signaling pathway in Talaromyces marneffei infection. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:84. [PMID: 34938366 PMCID: PMC8688926 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1 (Dectin-1), a C-type lectin receptor, serves a critical role in host antifungal immunity. However, the molecular mechanism and function of Dectin-1-mediated signaling in response to infection by the pathogenic fungus Talaromyces marneffei remains unclear. To understand the role of Dectin-1 signaling against T. marneffei infection, the phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, α (IκBα) and NF-κB were analyzed using western blotting, and the secretion of cytokines was detected using ELISA. Upon sporular or hyphal heat-killed T. marneffei stimulation, Dectin-1 in THP-1 macrophages recognized and induced the activation of Syk, and in turn triggered phosphorylation of downstream molecules IκBα and NF-κB, thus increasing the secretion of TNF-α and IL-8. Conversely, knockdown of Dectin-1 in THP-1 macrophages downregulated the phosphorylation of Syk, IκBα and NF-κB molecules, and significantly decreased the production of TNF-α and IL-8. These results indicated that Dectin-1 may have a crucial role in inducing the inflammatory response via increasing levels of TNF-α and IL-8 induced by T. marneffei, whereas NF-κB may be the key downstream molecule involved in the response to T. marneffei infection. Subsequently, THP-1 macrophages could orchestrate the innate immune system by releasing the cytokines TNF-α and IL-8. Therefore, it was hypothesized that regulation of the Dectin-1 signaling pathway may effectively interfere with the defense ability of the host against T. marneffei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Jinhong Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Yuyue Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
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31
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The human fungal pathogen Malassezia and its role in cancer. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Ghosh A, Sarkar A, Paul P, Patel P. The rise in cases of mucormycosis, candidiasis and aspergillosis amidst COVID19. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021; 38:67-91. [PMID: 34548877 PMCID: PMC8445778 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus outbreak globally has changed the medical system and also led to a shortage of medical facilities in both developing and underdeveloped countries. The COVID19 disease, being novel in nature along with high infectivity and frequent mutational rate, has been termed to be fatal across the globe. The advent of infection by SARS-CoV-2 has brought a myriad of secondary complications and comorbidities resulting in additional challenges to the health care system induced by novel therapeutic procedures. The emerging variant with respect to the Indian subcontinent and the associated genetic mutations have worsened the situation at hand. Proper clinical management along with epidemiological studies and clinical presentations in scientific studies and trials is necessary in order to combat the simultaneous waves of emerging strains. This article summarizes three of the major fungal outbreaks in India namely mucormycosis, candidiasis and aspergillosis, and elaborates their subtypes, pathogenesis, symptoms and treatment and detection techniques. A detail of future therapeutics under consideration are also elaborated along with a general hypothesis on how COVID19 is related to immunological advances leading to major widespread fungal infection in the country. The factors that contribute in promoting virus proliferation and invasive fungal infections include cell-mediated immunity, associated immunocompromised conditions and treatment protocols that slows down immune mechanisms. To better comprehend a fungal or bacterial outbreak, it is very important to conduct audits mediated through multicenter national and state research teams for recognizing patterns and studying current cases of fungal infection in both healthy and comorbid groups of COVID19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata 700107, West Bengal, India
| | - Anusua Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata 700107, West Bengal, India
| | - Pubali Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata 700107, West Bengal, India
| | - Parth Patel
- H. K. College of Pharmacy, Jogeshwari West, Mumbai 400102, Maharashtra, India
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Impeding Virulence of Candida albicans by Candesartan and Domperidone. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3957-3967. [PMID: 34550434 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen that has developed extensive virulence factors which allows successful colonization and infection of the host. Anti-virulence agents can alleviate the pathogenesis of fungi and help the immune system to eradicate them easily. This study aimed to explore the anti-virulence effect of domperidone and candesartan against C. albicans standard strain. Sub-inhibitory concentrations (1/4 and 1/8 of minimum inhibitory concentration) of domperidone and candesartan significantly inhibited the virulence factors hemolysin, lipase, protease, phospholipase, and bioflim formation. It was found that candesartan inhibited biofilm formation by 60.48-67.91%, hemolysin activity (61.21-74.14%), phospholipase activity (40-49.67%), lipase activity (58.97-73%), and protease activity (52.63%), while domperidone was found to inhibit biofilm formation by 70.54-77.49%, hemolysin activity (64.84-69.84%), phospholipase activity (49.67-60%), lipase activity (50-54.87%), and protease activity (52.63-57.9%). Quantitative real time-PCR confirmed the anti-virulence activity of domperidone and candesartan as both drugs significantly reduce the expression of the virulence genes SAP2, SAP6, PLB1, PLB2, LIP4, LIP5. In conclusion, domperidone and candesartan could serve as anti-virulence agents for treatment of C. albicans infections.
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Santos LA, Rosalen PL, Dias NA, Grisolia JC, Nascimento Gomes BJ, Blosfeld-Lopes L, Ikegaki M, Alencar SMD, Burger E. Brazilian Red Propolis shows antifungal and immunomodulatory activities against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 277:114181. [PMID: 33991639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis with high prevalence in South America and especially in Brazil with severe clinical consequences that need broadened therapeutic options. Propolis is a natural resin from bees used in folk medicine for centuries with the first report in the ancient history of Egypt by Eberly papyrus, in Middle-Ages used to wash the newborn's umbilical cord and World War II as antiseptic or antibiotics. Nowadays it is a natural product worldwide consumed as food and traditionally used for oral and systemic diseases as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, and other diseases. Brazilian red propolis (BRP) is a new type of propolis with a distinguished chemical profile and biological activities from propolis (green) with pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and others. AIM OF STUDY Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the direct in vitro and ex vivo effect of BRP on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Antifungal activity of different concentrations of BRP on a virulent P. brasiliensis isolate (Pb18) was evaluated using the microdilution technique. Also, mice splenic cells co-cultured with Pb18 were treated with BRP at different times and concentrations (only Pb18 = negative control). Mice were inoculated with Pb18 and treated with different concentrations of BRP (50-500 mg/mL) in a subcutaneous air pouch. In this later experimental model, macroscopic characteristics of the air pouch were evaluated, and cellular exudate was collected and analyzed for cellular composition, mitochondrial activity, total protein reactive oxygen specimens (ROS), and nitric oxide production, as well as the number of viable fungal cells. RESULTS The in vitro experiments showed remarkable direct antifungal activity of BRP, mainly with the highest concentration employed (500 mg/mL), reducing the number of viable cells to 10% of the original inoculum after 72 h incubation. The splenocytes co-cultivation assays showed that BRP had no cytotoxic effect on these cells, on the contrary, exerted a stimulatory effect. This stimulation was also observed on the PMNs at the air pouch, as verified by production of ROS and total proteins and mitochondrial activity. This activation resulted in enhanced fungicidal activity, mainly with the 500 mg/mL concentration of BRP. An anti-inflammatory effect was also detected, as verified by the smaller volume of the BRP-treated air pouch as well as by an earlier shift from neutrophils to mononuclear cells present in the infection site. CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest, for the first time in the literature, that Brazilian Red propolis has four protective mechanisms in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis: activating neutrophils, exerting a direct antifungal effect, preventing fungal dissemination, and controlling excessive inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Severino Matias de Alencar
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo - USP. Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eva Burger
- Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL. Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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Naik B, Ahmed SMQ, Laha S, Das SP. Genetic Susceptibility to Fungal Infections and Links to Human Ancestry. Front Genet 2021; 12:709315. [PMID: 34490039 PMCID: PMC8417537 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.709315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the ages, fungi have associated with different parts of the human body and established symbiotic associations with their host. They are mostly commensal unless there are certain not so well-defined factors that trigger the conversion to a pathogenic state. Some of the factors that induce such transition can be dependent on the fungal species, environment, immunological status of the individual, and most importantly host genetics. In this review, we discuss the different aspects of how host genetics play a role in fungal infection since mutations in several genes make hosts susceptible to such infections. We evaluate how mutations modulate the key recognition between the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and the host pattern recognition receptor (PRR) molecules. We discuss the polymorphisms in the genes of the immune system, the way it contributes toward some common fungal infections, and highlight how the immunological status of the host determines fungal recognition and cross-reactivity of some fungal antigens against human proteins that mimic them. We highlight the importance of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with several of the receptor coding genes and discuss how it affects the signaling cascade post-infection, immune evasion, and autoimmune disorders. As part of personalized medicine, we need the application of next-generation techniques as a feasible option to incorporate an individual’s susceptibility toward invasive fungal infections based on predisposing factors. Finally, we discuss the importance of studying genomic ancestry and reveal how genetic differences between the human race are linked to variation in fungal disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Naik
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sumayyah M Q Ahmed
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Suparna Laha
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Shankar Prasad Das
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
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Zajta E, Csonka K, Tóth A, Tiszlavicz L, Németh T, Orosz A, Novák Á, Csikós M, Vágvölgyi C, Mócsai A, Gácser A. Signaling through Syk or CARD9 Mediates Species-Specific Anti- Candida Protection in Bone Marrow Chimeric Mice. mBio 2021; 12:e0160821. [PMID: 34465030 PMCID: PMC8406149 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01608-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and the downstream adaptor protein CARD9 are crucial signaling molecules in antimicrobial immunity. Candida parapsilosis is an emerging fungal pathogen with a high incidence in neonates, while Candida albicans is the most common agent of candidiasis. While signaling through Syk/CARD9 promotes protective host mechanisms in response to C. albicans, its function in immunity against C. parapsilosis remains unclear. Here, we generated Syk-/- and CARD9-/- bone marrow chimeric mice to study the role of Syk/CARD9 signaling in immune responses to C. parapsilosis compared to C. albicans. We demonstrate various functions of this pathway (e.g., phagocytosis, phagosome acidification, and killing) in Candida-challenged, bone marrow-derived macrophages with differential involvement of Syk and CARD9 along with species-specific differences in cytokine production. We report that Syk-/- or CARD9-/- chimeras rapidly display high susceptibility to C. albicans, while C. parapsilosis infection exacerbates over a prolonged period in these animals. Thus, our results establish that Syk and CARD9 contribute to systemic resistance to C. parapsilosis and C. albicans differently. Additionally, we confirm prior studies but also detail new insights into the fundamental roles of both proteins in immunity against C. albicans. Our data further suggest that Syk has a more prominent influence on anti-Candida immunity than CARD9. Therefore, this study reinforces the Syk/CARD9 pathway as a potential target for anti-Candida immune therapy. IMPORTANCE While C. albicans remains the most clinically significant Candida species, C. parapsilosis is an emerging pathogen with increased affinity to neonates. Syk/CARD9 signaling is crucial in immunity to C. albicans, but its role in in vivo responses to other pathogenic Candida species is largely unexplored. We used mice with hematopoietic systems deficient in Syk or CARD9 to comparatively study the function of these proteins in anti-Candida immunity. We demonstrate that Syk/CARD9 signaling has a protective role against C. parapsilosis differently than against C. albicans. Thus, this study is the first to reveal that Syk can exert immune responses during systemic Candida infections species specifically. Additionally, Syk-dependent immunity to a nonalbicans Candida species in an in vivo murine model has not been reported previously. We highlight that the contribution of Syk and CARD9 to fungal infections are not identical and underline this pathway as a promising immune-therapeutic target to fight Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Zajta
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Csonka
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adél Tóth
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Németh
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Orosz
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Novák
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Máté Csikós
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Gácser
- HCEMM-USZ Fungal Pathogens Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE “Lendület” Mycobiome Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Elaskandrany M, Patel R, Patel M, Miller G, Saxena D, Saxena A. Fungi, host immune response, and tumorigenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G213-G222. [PMID: 34231392 PMCID: PMC8410104 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00025.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Advances in -omics analyses have tremendously enhanced our understanding of the role of the microbiome in human health and disease. Most research is focused on the bacteriome, but scientists have now realized the significance of the virome and microbial dysbiosis as well, particularly in noninfectious diseases such as cancer. In this review, we summarize the role of mycobiome in tumorigenesis, with a dismal prognosis, and attention to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We also discuss bacterial and mycobial interactions to the host's immune response that is prevalently responsible for resistance to cancer therapy, including immunotherapy. We reported that the Malassezia species associated with scalp and skin infections, colonize in human PDAC tumors and accelerate tumorigenesis via activating the C3 complement-mannose-binding lectin (MBL) pathway. PDAC tumors thrive in an immunosuppressive microenvironment with desmoplastic stroma and a dysbiotic microbiome. Host-microbiome interactions in the tumor milieu pose a significant threat in driving the indolent immune behavior of the tumor. Microbial intervention in multimodal cancer therapy is a promising novel approach to modify an immunotolerant ("cold") tumor microenvironment to an immunocompetent ("hot") milieu that is effective in eliminating tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miar Elaskandrany
- 1Biology Department, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, New York, New York,2Macaulay Honors Academy, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Rohin Patel
- 1Biology Department, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Mintoo Patel
- 3Natural Sciences, South Florida State College, Avon Park, Florida
| | - George Miller
- 4New York City Health & Hospitals (Woodhull), New York, New York
| | - Deepak Saxena
- 5Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York,6Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Anjana Saxena
- 1Biology Department, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, New York, New York,7Biology and Biochemistry Programs, Graduate Center, City
University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York
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Challenges and Opportunities in Understanding Genetics of Fungal Diseases: Towards a Functional Genomics Approach. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0000521. [PMID: 34031131 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00005-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and human pathogens have long been recognized as one of the main sources of evolutionary pressure, resulting in a high variable genetic background in immune-related genes. The study of the genetic contribution to infectious diseases has undergone tremendous advances over the last decades. Here, focusing on genetic predisposition to fungal diseases, we provide an overview of the available approaches for studying human genetic susceptibility to infections, reviewing current methodological and practical limitations. We describe how the classical methods available, such as family-based studies and candidate gene studies, have contributed to the discovery of crucial susceptibility factors for fungal infections. We will also discuss the contribution of novel unbiased approaches to the field, highlighting their success but also their limitations for the fungal immunology field. Finally, we show how a systems genomics approach can overcome those limitations and can lead to efficient prioritization and identification of genes and pathways with a critical role in susceptibility to fungal diseases. This knowledge will help to stratify at-risk patient groups and, subsequently, develop early appropriate prophylactic and treatment strategies.
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Zhou Y, Cheng L, Lei YL, Ren B, Zhou X. The Interactions Between Candida albicans and Mucosal Immunity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:652725. [PMID: 34234752 PMCID: PMC8255368 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.652725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa protects the body against external pathogen invasion. However, pathogen colonies on the mucosa can invade the mucosa when the immunosurveillance is compromised, causing mucosal infection and subsequent diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to timely and effectively monitor and control pathogenic microorganisms through mucosal immunity. Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungi on the mucosa. The C. albicans colonies proliferate and increase their virulence, causing severe infectious diseases and even death, especially in immunocompromised patients. The normal host mucosal immune defense inhibits pathogenic C. albicans through stepwise processes, such as pathogen recognition, cytokine production, and immune cell phagocytosis. Herein, the current advances in the interactions between C. albicans and host mucosal immune defenses have been summarized to improve understanding on the immune mechanisms against fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu L. Lei
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Mok AC, Mody CH, Li SS. Immune Cell Degranulation in Fungal Host Defence. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:484. [PMID: 34208679 PMCID: PMC8234259 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have developed complex immune systems that defend against invading microbes, including fungal pathogens. Many highly specialized cells of the immune system share the ability to store antimicrobial compounds in membrane bound organelles that can be immediately deployed to eradicate or inhibit growth of invading pathogens. These membrane-bound organelles consist of secretory vesicles or granules, which move to the surface of the cell, where they fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents in the process of degranulation. Lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils all degranulate in fungal host defence. While anti-microbial secretory vesicles are shared among different immune cell types, information about each cell type has emerged independently leading to an uncoordinated and confusing classification of granules and incomplete description of the mechanism by which they are deployed. While there are important differences, there are many similarities in granule morphology, granule content, stimulus for degranulation, granule trafficking, and release of granules against fungal pathogens. In this review, we describe the similarities and differences in an attempt to translate knowledge from one immune cell to another that may facilitate further studies in the context of fungal host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adley Ch Mok
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shu Shun Li
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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41
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Ankrah AO, Sathekge MM, Dierckx RAJO, Glaudemans AWJM. Radionuclide Imaging of Fungal Infections and Correlation with the Host Defense Response. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060407. [PMID: 34067410 PMCID: PMC8224611 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human response to invading fungi includes a series of events that detect, kill, or clear the fungi. If the metabolic host response is unable to eliminate the fungi, an infection ensues. Some of the host response’s metabolic events to fungi can be imaged with molecules labelled with radionuclides. Several important clinical applications have been found with radiolabelled biomolecules of inflammation. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose is the tracer that has been most widely investigated in the host defence of fungi. This tracer has added value in the early detection of infection, in staging and visualising dissemination of infection, and in monitoring antifungal treatment. Radiolabelled antimicrobial peptides showed promising results, but large prospective studies in fungal infection are lacking. Other tracers have also been used in imaging events of the host response, such as the migration of white blood cells at sites of infection, nutritional immunity in iron metabolism, and radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies. Many tracers are still at the preclinical stage. Some tracers require further studies before translation into clinical use. The application of therapeutic radionuclides offers a very promising clinical application of these tracers in managing drug-resistant fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred O. Ankrah
- National Centre for Radiotherapy Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra GA-222 7974, Ghana;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Mike M. Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx
- Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans
- Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
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42
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Dunne MR, Wagener J, Loeffler J, Doherty DG, Rogers TR. Unconventional T cells - New players in antifungal immunity. Clin Immunol 2021; 227:108734. [PMID: 33895356 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Life-threatening invasive fungal diseases (IFD) are increasing in incidence, especially in immunocompromised patients and successful resolution of IFD requires a variety of different immune cells. With the limited repertoire of available antifungal drugs there is a need for more effective therapeutic strategies. This review interrogates the evidence on the human immune response to the main pathogens driving IFD, with a focus on the role of unconventional lymphocytes e.g. natural killer (NK) cells, gamma/delta (γδ) T cells, mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILC). Recent discoveries and new insights into the roles of these novel lymphocyte groups in antifungal immunity will be discussed, and we will explore how an improved understanding of antifungal action by lymphocytes can inform efforts to improve antifungal treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Dunne
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Johannes Wagener
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Juergen Loeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, WÜ4i, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Thomas R Rogers
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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43
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Strickland AB, Shi M. Mechanisms of fungal dissemination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3219-3238. [PMID: 33449153 PMCID: PMC8044058 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections are an increasing threat to global public health. There are more than six million fungal species worldwide, but less than 1% are known to infect humans. Most of these fungal infections are superficial, affecting the hair, skin and nails, but some species are capable of causing life-threatening diseases. The most common of these include Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. These fungi are typically innocuous and even constitute a part of the human microbiome, but if these pathogens disseminate throughout the body, they can cause fatal infections which account for more than one million deaths worldwide each year. Thus, systemic dissemination of fungi is a critical step in the development of these deadly infections. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of how fungi disseminate from the initial infection sites to the bloodstream, how immune cells eliminate fungi from circulation and how fungi leave the blood and enter distant organs, highlighting some recent advances and offering some perspectives on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B Strickland
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Meiqing Shi
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Rezende CP, Martins Oliveira Brito PK, Pessoni AM, Da Silva TA, Goldman GH, Almeida F. Altered expression of genes related to innate antifungal immunity in the absence of galectin-3. Virulence 2021; 12:981-988. [PMID: 33779504 PMCID: PMC8009118 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1903212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is the most studied member of the animal galectin family, which comprises β-galactoside-binding lectins and participates in several cellular events. Its expression in cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity is related to anti- and proinflammatory functions, signaling an important role in inflammatory, infectious, and tumorigenesis processes. Mice deficient in Gal-3 exhibit important phenotypes, but it is unclear whether these phenotypes reflect an impairment of the functions of this protein. Gal-3 plays an important role in modulating the immune response to different pathogenic microorganisms. However, the role of Gal-3 in immunity to infection is still poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of Gal-3 deletion on the expression of genes involved in the innate immune response in the lungs, spleens, and brains of Gal-3 KO mice. Gene profiling expression analysis suggested that Gal-3 deletion resulted in differentially modulated expression of the genes encoding beta-glucan, mannose and chitin-responsive pattern recognition receptors, signal transduction, inflammation, and phagocytosis. Our data thus suggest the importance of Gal-3 expression in the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Patini Rezende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andre Moreira Pessoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Aparecido Da Silva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Departamento De Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Faculdade De Ciencias Farmaceuticas De Ribeirao Preto, Universidade De Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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Crossing Kingdoms: How the Mycobiota and Fungal-Bacterial Interactions Impact Host Health and Disease. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00648-20. [PMID: 33526565 PMCID: PMC8090948 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00648-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term “microbiota” invokes images of mucosal surfaces densely populated with bacteria. These surfaces and the luminal compartments they form indeed predominantly harbor bacteria. The term “microbiota” invokes images of mucosal surfaces densely populated with bacteria. These surfaces and the luminal compartments they form indeed predominantly harbor bacteria. However, research from this past decade has started to complete the picture by focusing on important but largely neglected constituents of the microbiota: fungi, viruses, and archaea. The community of commensal fungi, also called the mycobiota, interacts with commensal bacteria and the host. It is thus not surprising that changes in the mycobiota have significant impact on host health and are associated with pathological conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this review we will give an overview of why the mycobiota is an important research area and different mycobiota research tools. We will specifically focus on distinguishing transient and actively colonizing fungi of the oral and gut mycobiota and their roles in health and disease. In addition to correlative and observational studies, we will discuss mechanistic studies on specific cross-kingdom interactions of fungi, bacteria, and the host.
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46
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Burger E. Paracoccidioidomycosis Protective Immunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020137. [PMID: 33668671 PMCID: PMC7918802 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity against Paracoccidioides consists of a stepwise activation of numerous effector mechanisms that comprise many cellular and soluble components. At the initial phase of non-specific innate immunity, resistance against Paracoccidioides comes from phagocytic polymorphonuclear neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes, supplemented by soluble factors such as cytokines and complement system components. Invariant receptors (Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Dectins) which are present in cells of the immune system, detect patterns present in Paracoccidioides (but not in the host) informing the hosts cells that there is an infection in progress, and that the acquired immunity must be activated. The role of components involved in the innate immunity of paracoccidioidomycosis is herein presented. Humoral immunity, represented by specific antibodies which control the fungi in the blood and body fluids, and its role in paracoccidioidomycosis (which was previously considered controversial) is also discussed. The protective mechanisms (involving various components) of cellular immunity are also discussed, covering topics such as: lysis by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, the participation of lytic products, and the role of cytokines secreted by T helper lymphocytes in increasing the efficiency of Paracoccidioides, lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Hatinguais
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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48
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Verma G, Kumar B, Sharma AK, Yadav AN. Fungicide as Potential Vaccine: Current Research and Future Challenges. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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49
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Velasco-de Andrés M, Català C, Casadó-Llombart S, Martínez-Florensa M, Simões I, García-Luna J, Mourglia-Ettlin G, Zaragoza Ó, Carreras E, Lozano F. The Lymphocytic Scavenger Receptor CD5 Shows Therapeutic Potential in Mouse Models of Fungal Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:e01103-20. [PMID: 33046489 PMCID: PMC7927855 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01103-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases represent an unmet clinical need that could benefit from novel immunotherapeutic approaches. Host pattern recognition receptors (e.g., Toll-like receptors, C-type lectins, or scavenger receptors) that sense conserved fungal cell wall constituents may provide suitable immunotherapeutic antifungal agents. Thus, we explored the therapeutic potential of the lymphocyte class I scavenger receptor CD5, a nonredundant component of the antifungal host immune response that binds to fungal β-glucans. Antifungal properties of the soluble ectodomain of human CD5 (shCD5) were assessed in vivo in experimental models of systemic fungal infection induced by pathogenic species (Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans). In vitro mechanistic studies were performed by means of fungus-spleen cell cocultures. shCD5-induced survival of lethally infected mice was dose and time dependent and concomitant with reduced fungal load and increased leukocyte infiltration in the primary target organ. Additive effects were observed in vivo after shCD5 was combined with suboptimal doses of fluconazole. Ex vivo addition of shCD5 to fungus-spleen cell cocultures increased the release of proinflammatory cytokines involved in antifungal defense (tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon) and reduced the number of viable C. albicans organisms. The results prompt further exploration of the adjunctive therapeutic potential of shCD5 in severe invasive fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Velasco-de Andrés
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Català
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Casadó-Llombart
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Florensa
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inês Simões
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín García-Luna
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Óscar Zaragoza
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Esther Carreras
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d'Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Burstein VL, Beccacece I, Guasconi L, Mena CJ, Cervi L, Chiapello LS. Skin Immunity to Dermatophytes: From Experimental Infection Models to Human Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605644. [PMID: 33343578 PMCID: PMC7738607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytoses (ringworms) are among the most frequent skin infections and are a highly prevalent cause of human disease worldwide. Despite the incidence of these superficial mycoses in healthy people and the compelling evidence on chronic and deep infections in immunocompromised individuals, the mechanisms controlling dermatophyte invasion in the skin are scarcely known. In the last years, the association between certain primary immunodeficiencies and the susceptibility to severe dermatophytosis as well as the evidence provided by novel experimental models mimicking human disease have significantly contributed to deciphering the basic immunological mechanisms against dermatophytes. In this review, we outline the current knowledge on fungal virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of dermatophytoses and recent evidence from human infections and experimental models that shed light on the cells and molecules involved in the antifungal cutaneous immune response. The latest highlights emphasize the contribution of C-type lectin receptors signaling and the cellular immune response mediated by IL-17 and IFN-γ in the anti-dermatophytic defense and skin inflammation control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica L. Burstein
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Beccacece
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lorena Guasconi
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristian J. Mena
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Cervi
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura S. Chiapello
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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