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Hijioka S, Yamashige D, Esaki M, Honda G, Higuchi R, Masui T, Shimizu Y, Ohtsuka M, Kumamoto Y, Katanuma A, Gotohda N, Akita H, Unno M, Endo I, Yokoyama Y, Yamada S, Matsumoto I, Ohtsuka T, Hirano S, Yasuda H, Kawai M, Aoki T, Nakamura M, Hashimoto D, Rikiyama T, Horiguchi A, Fujii T, Mizuno S, Hanada K, Tani M, Hatori T, Ito T, Okuno M, Kagawa S, Tajima H, Ishii T, Sugimoto M, Onoe S, Takami H, Takada R, Miura T, Kurita Y, Kamei K, Mataki Y, Okazaki K, Takeyama Y, Yamaue H, Satoi S. Factors Affecting Nonfunctioning Small Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms and Proposed New Treatment Strategies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 22:1416-1426.e5. [PMID: 38615727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2024.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Despite previously reported treatment strategies for nonfunctioning small (≤20 mm) pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs), uncertainties persist. We aimed to evaluate the surgically resected cases of nonfunctioning small pNENs (NF-spNENs) in a large Japanese cohort to elucidate an optimal treatment strategy for NF-spNENs. METHODS In this Japanese multicenter study, data were retrospectively collected from patients who underwent pancreatectomy between January 1996 and December 2019, were pathologically diagnosed with pNEN, and were treated according to the World Health Organization 2019 classification. Overall, 1490 patients met the eligibility criteria, and 1014 were included in the analysis cohort. RESULTS In the analysis cohort, 606 patients (59.8%) had NF-spNENs, with 82% classified as grade 1 (NET-G1) and 18% as grade 2 (NET-G2) or higher. The incidence of lymph node metastasis (N1) by grade was significantly higher in NET-G2 (G1: 3.1% vs G2: 15.0%). Independent factors contributing to N1 were NET-G2 or higher and tumor diameter ≥15 mm. The predictive ability of tumor size for N1 was high. Independent factors contributing to recurrence included multiple lesions, NET-G2 or higher, tumor diameter ≥15 mm, and N1. However, the independent factor contributing to survival was tumor grade (NET-G2 or higher). The appropriate timing for surgical resection of NET-G1 and NET-G2 or higher was when tumors were >20 and >10 mm, respectively. For neoplasms with unknown preoperative grades, tumor size >15 mm was considered appropriate. CONCLUSIONS NF-spNENs are heterogeneous with varying levels of malignancy. Therefore, treatment strategies based on tumor size alone can be unreliable; personalized treatment strategies that consider tumor grading are preferable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Hijioka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Daiki Yamashige
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Esaki
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goro Honda
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Higuchi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Masui
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohtsuka
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kumamoto
- Department of General-Pediatric-Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Akio Katanuma
- Center for Gastroenterology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoto Gotohda
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yokoyama
- Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Suguru Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ippei Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Ohtsuka
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yasuda
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Kawai
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Taku Aoki
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Toshiki Rikiyama
- Department of Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Horiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fujita Health University School of Medicine Bantane Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujii
- Department of Surgery and Science, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shugo Mizuno
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Keiji Hanada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Onomichi General Hospital, Onomichi, Japan
| | - Masaji Tani
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Hatori
- Digestive Diseases Center, International University of Health and Welfare, Mita Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuhide Ito
- Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masataka Okuno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Kagawa
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tajima
- Department of General-Pediatric-Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishii
- Center for Gastroenterology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Motokazu Sugimoto
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Onoe
- Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Takami
- Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryoji Takada
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kurita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Kamei
- Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Mataki
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University Kori Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takeyama
- Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamaue
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Sohei Satoi
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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Franchina M, Cavalcoli F, Falco O, La Milia M, Elvevi A, Massironi S. Biochemical Markers for Neuroendocrine Tumors: Traditional Circulating Markers and Recent Development-A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1289. [PMID: 38928704 PMCID: PMC11203125 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14121289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms presenting unique challenges in diagnosis and management. Traditional markers such as chromogranin A (CgA), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) have limitations in terms of specificity and sensitivity. Specific circulating markers such as serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and various gastrointestinal hormones such as gastrin, glucagon, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) have a role in identifying functional NENs. Recent advances in molecular and biochemical markers, also accounting for novel genomic and proteomic markers, have significantly improved the landscape for the diagnosis and monitoring of NENs. This review discusses these developments, focusing on both traditional markers such as CgA and NSE, as well as specific hormones like gastrin, insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, and VIP. Additionally, it covers emerging genomic and proteomic markers that are shaping current research. The clinical applicability of these markers is highlighted, and their role in improving diagnostic accuracy, predicting surgical outcomes, and monitoring response to treatment is demonstrated. The review also highlights the need for further research, including validation of these markers in larger studies, development of standardized assays, and integration with imaging techniques. The evolving field of biochemical markers holds promise for improving patient outcomes in the treatment of NENs, although challenges in standardization and validation remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Franchina
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Federica Cavalcoli
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Olga Falco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta La Milia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Elvevi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Sara Massironi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
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Clift AK, Mahon H, Khan G, Boardman-Pretty F, Worker A, Marchini E, Buendia O, Fish P, Khan MS. Identifying patients with undiagnosed small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours in primary care using statistical and machine learning: model development and validation study. Br J Cancer 2024:10.1038/s41416-024-02736-1. [PMID: 38831012 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are increasing in incidence, often diagnosed at advanced stages, and individuals may experience years of diagnostic delay, particularly when arising from the small intestine (SI). Clinical prediction models could present novel opportunities for case finding in primary care. METHODS An open cohort of adults (18+ years) contributing data to the Optimum Patient Care Research Database between 1st Jan 2000 and 30th March 2023 was identified. This database collects de-identified data from general practices in the UK. Model development approaches comprised logistic regression, penalised regression, and XGBoost. Performance (discrimination and calibration) was assessed using internal-external cross-validation. Decision analysis curves compared clinical utility. RESULTS Of 11.7 million individuals, 382 had recorded SI NET diagnoses (0.003%). The XGBoost model had the highest AUC (0.869, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.841-0.898) but was mildly miscalibrated (slope 1.165, 95% CI: 1.088-1.243; calibration-in-the-large 0.010, 95% CI: -0.164 to 0.185). Clinical utility was similar across all models. DISCUSSION Multivariable prediction models may have clinical utility in identifying individuals with undiagnosed SI NETs using information in their primary care records. Further evaluation including external validation and health economics modelling may identify cost-effective strategies for case finding for this uncommon tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Fish
- Mendelian, The Trampery Old Street, London, UK
| | - Mohid S Khan
- South Wales Neuroendocrine Cancer Service, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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Hiltunen N, Kemi N, Väyrynen JP, Böhm J, Kauppila JH, Huhta H, Helminen O. Toll-like receptors 1-9 in small bowel neuroendocrine tumors-Clinical significance and prognosis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302813. [PMID: 38709790 PMCID: PMC11073674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immunity. TLRs are known to mediate both antitumor effects and tumorigenesis. TLRs are abundant in many cancers, but their expression in small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SB-NETs) is unknown. We aimed to characterize the expression of TLRs 1-9 in SB-NETs and lymph node metastases and evaluate their prognostic relevance. The present study included 125 patients with SB-NETs, of whom 95 had lymph node metastases, from two Finnish hospitals. Tissue samples were stained immunohistochemically for TLR expression, assessed based on cytoplasmic and nucleic staining intensity and percentage of positively stained cells. Statistical methods for survival analysis included Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression adjusted for confounding factors. Disease-specific survival (DSS) was the primary outcome. TLRs 1-2 and 4-9 were expressed in SB-NETs and lymph node metastases. TLR3 showed no positive staining. In primary SB-NETs, TLRs 1-9 were not associated with survival. For lymph node metastases, high cytoplasmic TLR7 intensity associated with worse DSS compared to low cytoplasmic intensity (26.4% vs. 84.9%, p = 0.028). Adjusted mortality hazard (HR) was 3.90 (95% CI 1.07-14.3). The expression of TLRs 1-6 and 8-9 in lymph node metastases were not associated with survival. SB-NETs and their lymph node metastases express cytoplasmic TLR 1-2 and 4-9 and nucleic TLR5. High TLR7 expression in SB-NET lymph node metastases was associated with worse prognosis. The current research has future perspective, as it can help create base for clinical drug trials to target specific TLRs with agonists or antagonists to treat neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hiltunen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Niko Kemi
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha P. Väyrynen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jan Böhm
- Department of Pathology, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Joonas H. Kauppila
- Surgery Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heikki Huhta
- Surgery Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli Helminen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Surgery Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Wang L, Zhang H, Wang D, Shen Q, Huang L, Liu T. Clinical features of intussusception in children secondary to small bowel tumours: a retrospective study of 31 cases. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:227. [PMID: 38561715 PMCID: PMC10983748 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Summarizing the clinical features of children with intussusception secondary to small bowel tumours and enhancing awareness of the disease. METHODS Retrospective summary of children with intussusception admitted to our emergency department from January 2016 to January 2022, who underwent surgery and were diagnosed with small bowel tumours. Summarize the types of tumours, clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis. RESULTS Thirty-one patients were included in our study, 24 males and 7 females, with an age of onset ranging from 1 m to 11y 5 m. Post-operative pathology revealed 4 types of small intestinal tumour, 17 lymphomas, 10 adenomas, 4 inflammatory myofibroblastomas and 1 lipoma. The majority of tumours in the small bowel occur in the ileum (83.9%, 26/31). Abdominal pain, vomiting and bloody stools were the most common clinical signs. Operative findings indicated that the small bowel (54.8%, 17/31) and ileocolic gut were the main sites of intussusception. Two types of procedure were applied: segmental bowel resection (28 cases) and wedge resection of mass in bowel wall (3 cases). All patients recovered well postoperatively, with no surgical complications observed. However, the primary diseases leading to intussusception showed slight differences in long-term prognosis due to variations in tumor types. CONCLUSIONS Lymphoma is the most common cause of intussusception in pediatric patients with small bowel tumours, followed by adenoma. Small bowel tumours in children tend to occur in the ileum. Therefore, the treatment of SBT patients not only requires surgeons to address symptoms through surgery and obtain tissue samples but also relies heavily on the expertise of pathologists for accurate diagnosis. This has a significant impact on the overall prognosis of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Qiulong Shen
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Liuming Huang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56, Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, PR China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56, Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, PR China.
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Xu J, Liang R, Cai Q, Liu Y, Ge X, Lai B, Mao S, Cao J, Wang J. Comparing surgical and endoscopic resection approaches for colorectal neuroendocrine tumors within the diameter range of 10-20mm: an inverse probability weighting analysis based on the SEER database. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1378968. [PMID: 38601205 PMCID: PMC11004372 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1378968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, the primary treatment modalities for colorectal neuroendocrine tumors (CRNET) with a diameter between 10mm and 20mm are surgical resection (SR) and endoscopic resection (ER). However, it remains unclear which surgical approach yields the greatest survival benefit for patients. Methods This study included data from patients diagnosed with CRNET with tumor diameters ranging from 10mm to 20mm between the years 2004 and 2019, obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Patients were categorized into ER and SR groups based on the respective surgical approaches. Inverse probability weighting (IPTW) was employed to mitigate selection bias. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests were utilized to estimate overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Cox regression analysis (univariate and multivariate) was performed to evaluate potential factors influencing survival. Results A total of 292 CRNET patients were included in this study (ER group: 108 individuals, SR group: 184 individuals). Prior to IPTW adjustment, Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis demonstrated that the OS and CSS of the SR group were inferior to those of the ER group. However, after IPTW adjustment, no statistically significant differences in prognosis were observed between the two groups. Subgroup analyses revealed that patients with muscular invasion, positive lymph nodes, or distant metastasis derived greater survival benefits from SR. Significant differences in OS and CSS between the two groups were also observed across different age groups. Conclusion For patients with mucosal-limited lesions and without local lymph node or distant metastasis, ER is the preferred surgical approach. However, for patients with muscular invasion or positive lymph nodes/distant metastasis, SR offers a better prognosis. The choice of surgical approach should be based on the specific clinical characteristics of patients within different subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ruikai Liang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qi Cai
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinyi Ge
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bin Lai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shengxun Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaqing Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Bonazzi N, Fortunati E, Zanoni L, Argalia G, Calabrò D, Tabacchi E, Allegri V, Campana D, Andrini E, Lamberti G, Di Franco M, Casadei R, Ricci C, Mosconi C, Fanti S, Ambrosini V. Real-Life Use of [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT in Confirmed and Suspected NETs from a Prospective 5-Year Electronic Archive at an ENETS Center of Excellence: More Than 2000 Scans in More Than 1500 Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:701. [PMID: 38398092 PMCID: PMC10886517 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent introduction of novel treatments for advanced neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and the well-established impact of clinical case discussion within dedicated multidisciplinary teams indicates the need to promote the centralization of rare diseases, such as NENs (neuroendocrine neoplasms). Data on the real-life use of and indications for [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT were collected from a prospective monocentric 5-year electronic archive including consecutive patients with confirmed and suspected NETs (September 2017 to May 2022). Overall, 2082 [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT scans (1685 confirmed NETs, 397 suspected NETs) were performed in 1537 patients. A high positivity rate was observed across different clinical settings (approximately 70%). Approximately 910/2082 scans were requested by the local oncology ward (851 confirmed NETs, 59 suspected NETs). The following observations were found: (i) the detection rate across all indications was 73.2% (higher for staging, peptide receptor radioligand therapy (PRRT) selection, and treatment response assessment); (ii) in suspected NETs, PET was more often positive when based on radiological findings. This systematic data collection in a high-volume diagnostic center represents a reliable cohort reflecting the global trends in the use of [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT for different clinical indications and primary tumor sites, but prompts the need for further multicenter data sharing in such a rare and slowly progressive disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Bonazzi
- Nuclear Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (D.C.); (M.D.F.); (S.F.); (V.A.)
| | - Emilia Fortunati
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.F.); (L.Z.); (E.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Lucia Zanoni
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.F.); (L.Z.); (E.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Giulia Argalia
- Nuclear Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (D.C.); (M.D.F.); (S.F.); (V.A.)
| | - Diletta Calabrò
- Nuclear Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (D.C.); (M.D.F.); (S.F.); (V.A.)
| | - Elena Tabacchi
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.F.); (L.Z.); (E.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Allegri
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.F.); (L.Z.); (E.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Davide Campana
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (E.A.); (G.L.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Elisa Andrini
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (E.A.); (G.L.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Lamberti
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (E.A.); (G.L.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Martina Di Franco
- Nuclear Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (D.C.); (M.D.F.); (S.F.); (V.A.)
| | - Riccardo Casadei
- Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.C.); (C.R.)
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Ricci
- Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.C.); (C.R.)
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Mosconi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Fanti
- Nuclear Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (D.C.); (M.D.F.); (S.F.); (V.A.)
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.F.); (L.Z.); (E.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Valentina Ambrosini
- Nuclear Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (D.C.); (M.D.F.); (S.F.); (V.A.)
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.F.); (L.Z.); (E.T.); (V.A.)
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8
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Gu D, Xue B, Zhu G, Xu Y, Yan L, Tang Q, Lu C. Serum Lipid Level in Evaluating Chinese Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Retrospective Study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2024; 132:98-106. [PMID: 38096919 PMCID: PMC10876382 DOI: 10.1055/a-2229-3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (p-NENs) are relatively rare and highly heterogeneous. Dyslipidemia may be related to the risk of developing p-NENs, although dyslipidemia in patients with p-NENs is rarely reported. In this study, the clinical characteristics of p-NENs patients with different lipid levels and their prognostic value in p-NENs patients were evaluated. METHODS Patients (n=211) with p-NENs hospitalized at Jiangsu Neuroendocrine Tumor Centre of Jiangsu Province Hospital from December 2018 to December 2022 were enrolled. Clinical data related to p-NENs were collected. Based on the EGA database, the related lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and high-density lipoprotein binding protein (HDLBP) mRNA in p-NENs and paratumoral tissues and the follow-up information of p-NENs were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 175 p-NENs patients ultimately met the inclusion criteria. The ki67 index was higher in p-NENs patients with elevated lipid with the proportion of≥5, and in those with AJCC stage III and stage IV than p-NENs patients with low-level lipid. In p-NENs patients, the expression of HDLBP mRNA was downregulated in p-NENs tissues compared to the paratumoral tissues. Survival analysis showed that serum lipids had no effect on the prognosis of p-NENs; however, high LDLR level p-NENs were at the risk of poor survival. CONCLUSION Serum lipid level in p-NENs can affect the grading and staging, but the correlation with the prognosis of p-NENs is not significant. However, dyslipidemia may be a potential predictor of p-NENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Gu
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center,
Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical
University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingyan Xue
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center,
Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical
University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqin Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center,
Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical
University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanling Xu
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center,
Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical
University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Yan
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center,
Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical
University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiyun Tang
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center,
Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical
University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing,
China
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9
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Møller S, Langer SW, Slott C, Krogh J, Hansen CP, Kjaer A, Holmager P, Klose M, Garbyal RS, Knigge U, Andreassen M. Recurrence-Free Survival and Disease-Specific Survival in Patients with Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Single-Center Retrospective Study of 413 Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:100. [PMID: 38201527 PMCID: PMC10777990 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prognosis and impact of different prognostic factors in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNEN) remain controversial. AIM To investigate prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival and disease-specific survival in patients with pNEN, divided into three groups: patients undergoing surveillance (tumor size < 2 cm, group 1), patients followed after curative-intended surgery (group 2), and patients with unresectable disease or residual tumors after resection (group 3). METHOD A single-center retrospective study including consecutive patients over a 20-year period. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors. RESULTS 413 patients were included, with a mean (SD) age of 62 ± 14 years. In group 1 (n = 51), median (IQR) follow-up was 29 (21-34) months, and tumor size was 1.0 (0.8-1.4) cm. One progressed and had a tumor resection. In group 2 (n = 165), follow-up 59 (31-102) months, median tumor size 2 (1.2-3.4) cm, median Ki-67 index 5 (3-10)%, the 5-year recurrence rate was 21%. Tumor size (p < 0.001), Ki-67 index (p = 0.02), and location in the pancreatic head (p < 0.001) were independent risk factors. In group 3 (n = 197), follow-up 19 (6-46) months, median tumor size 4.2 (2.6-7.0) cm, Ki-67 index 17 (9-64)%, the median disease-specific survival was 22 (6-75) months-99 in NET G1; 54 in NET G2; 14 in NET G3; and 6 months in neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC). Age (p = 0.029), plasma chromogranin A (p = 0.014), and proliferation, expressed by grade (p = 0.001) and Ki-67 index (p < 0.001), were risk factors. CONCLUSION Growth in pNET < 2 cm requiring surgery was observed in 1/51. Tumor size, Ki-67 index, and location in the head were prognostic factors for disease recurrence, while age, plasma chromogranin A, and proliferation predicted mortality in patients with unresectable disease or residual tumors after resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Møller
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.M.); (S.W.L.); (C.S.); (J.K.); (C.P.H.); (A.K.); (P.H.); (M.K.); (R.S.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism 7562, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seppo W. Langer
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.M.); (S.W.L.); (C.S.); (J.K.); (C.P.H.); (A.K.); (P.H.); (M.K.); (R.S.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Slott
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.M.); (S.W.L.); (C.S.); (J.K.); (C.P.H.); (A.K.); (P.H.); (M.K.); (R.S.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism 7562, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Krogh
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.M.); (S.W.L.); (C.S.); (J.K.); (C.P.H.); (A.K.); (P.H.); (M.K.); (R.S.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism 7562, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Palnæs Hansen
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.M.); (S.W.L.); (C.S.); (J.K.); (C.P.H.); (A.K.); (P.H.); (M.K.); (R.S.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.M.); (S.W.L.); (C.S.); (J.K.); (C.P.H.); (A.K.); (P.H.); (M.K.); (R.S.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine & Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Holmager
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.M.); (S.W.L.); (C.S.); (J.K.); (C.P.H.); (A.K.); (P.H.); (M.K.); (R.S.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism 7562, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Klose
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.M.); (S.W.L.); (C.S.); (J.K.); (C.P.H.); (A.K.); (P.H.); (M.K.); (R.S.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism 7562, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rajendra Singh Garbyal
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.M.); (S.W.L.); (C.S.); (J.K.); (C.P.H.); (A.K.); (P.H.); (M.K.); (R.S.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Knigge
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.M.); (S.W.L.); (C.S.); (J.K.); (C.P.H.); (A.K.); (P.H.); (M.K.); (R.S.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism 7562, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Andreassen
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.M.); (S.W.L.); (C.S.); (J.K.); (C.P.H.); (A.K.); (P.H.); (M.K.); (R.S.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism 7562, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Pietan L, Vaughn H, Howe JR, Bellizzi AM, Smith BJ, Darbro B, Braun T, Casavant T. Prioritization of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Probes for Differentiating Primary Sites of Neuroendocrine Tumors with Machine Learning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17401. [PMID: 38139230 PMCID: PMC10743810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining neuroendocrine tumor (NET) primary sites is pivotal for patient care as pancreatic NETs (pNETs) and small bowel NETs (sbNETs) have distinct treatment approaches. The diagnostic power and prioritization of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay biomarkers for establishing primary sites has not been thoroughly investigated using machine learning (ML) techniques. We trained ML models on FISH assay metrics from 85 sbNET and 59 pNET samples for primary site prediction. Exploring multiple methods for imputing missing data, the impute-by-median dataset coupled with a support vector machine model achieved the highest classification accuracy of 93.1% on a held-out test set, with the top importance variables originating from the ERBB2 FISH probe. Due to the greater interpretability of decision tree (DT) models, we fit DT models to ten dataset splits, achieving optimal performance with k-nearest neighbor (KNN) imputed data and a transformation to single categorical biomarker probe variables, with a mean accuracy of 81.4%, on held-out test sets. ERBB2 and MET variables ranked as top-performing features in 9 of 10 DT models and the full dataset model. These findings offer probabilistic guidance for FISH testing, emphasizing the prioritization of the ERBB2, SMAD4, and CDKN2A FISH probes in diagnosing NET primary sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Pietan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (L.P.); (H.V.); (T.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hayley Vaughn
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (L.P.); (H.V.); (T.B.)
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - James R. Howe
- Healthcare Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | | | - Brian J. Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Benjamin Darbro
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (L.P.); (H.V.); (T.B.)
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Terry Braun
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (L.P.); (H.V.); (T.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thomas Casavant
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (L.P.); (H.V.); (T.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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11
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Zhang C, Gudmundsdottir H, Takahashi H, Day C, Glasgow A, Wasif N, Starlinger P, Warner S, Grotz T, Smoot R, Truty M, Cleary S, Kendrick M, Nagorney D, Navin P, Halfdanarson TR, Thiels C. Accuracy of DOTATATE PET imaging in the preoperative planning of small bowel neuroendocrine tumor resection. J Surg Oncol 2023; 128:1072-1079. [PMID: 37529970 DOI: 10.1002/jso.27413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We assessed the accuracy of preoperative gallium-68 DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate (DOTATATE) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in estimating multifocality and nodal metastases of small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (sbNETs). METHODS A multicenter analysis was performed on patients with sbNETs who underwent preoperative DOTATATE PET imaging and surgical resection, with manual palpation of the entire length of the small bowel, between January 2016 and August 2022. Preoperative imaging reports and blinded secondary imaging reviews were compared to the final postoperative pathology reports. Descriptive statistics were applied. RESULTS One-hundred and four patients met inclusion criteria. Pathology showed 53 (51%) patients had multifocal sbNETs and 96 (92%) had nodal metastases. The original preoperative DOTATATE PET imaging identified multifocal sbNET in 28 (27%) patients and lymph node (LN) metastases in 80 (77%) patients. Based on original radiology reports, sensitivity for multifocal sbNET identification was 45%, specificity was 92%, positive predictive value (PPV) was 86%, and negative predictive value (NPV) was 62%. For the identification of LN metastases, sensitivity was 82%, specificity was 88%, PPV was 99%, and NPV was 29%. CONCLUSIONS Although DOTATATE PET imaging is specific and relatively accurate, sensitivity and NPV are insufficient to guide surgical planning. Preoperative use should not replace open palpation to identify additional synchronous lesions or to omit regional lymphadenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- The Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hallbera Gudmundsdottir
- The Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Courtney Day
- The Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amy Glasgow
- The Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nabil Wasif
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Susanne Warner
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Travis Grotz
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rory Smoot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark Truty
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sean Cleary
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - David Nagorney
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patrick Navin
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Cornelius Thiels
- The Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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12
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Draskacheva N, Saljamovski D, Gošić V, Trajkovski G, Ristovski G, Misimi S, Nikolovski A. When is surgery indicated in metastatic small intestine neuroendocrine tumor? J Surg Case Rep 2023; 2023:rjad580. [PMID: 37873052 PMCID: PMC10590655 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjad580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Small intestine neuroendocrine tumors are predominantly small but with high potential for distant metastases development. Diagnosis establishment in early-stage is often difficult and challenging. Small intestine neuroendocrine tumors often initially present with liver metastases. According to the Consensus Guidelines of the North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society, in patients with liver metastases from unknown origin of primary neuroendocrine tumor, surgical exploration should be performed in order to identify the primary location, prevent small intestine obstruction, and treat one if already present. We present a case of a 69-year-old male patient diagnosed with liver and peritoneal metastases due to small bowel neuroendocrine tumor treated with surgery due to the presence of small intestine obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadica Draskacheva
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delčev University of Štip, Štip 2000, North Macedonia
| | - Darko Saljamovski
- Medical Faculty in Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Violeta Gošić
- Medical Faculty in Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Gjorgji Trajkovski
- Medical Faculty in Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
- University Clinic for Digestive Surgery, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Gligor Ristovski
- Medical Faculty in Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Skopje, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Shqipe Misimi
- Medical Faculty in Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Andrej Nikolovski
- Medical Faculty in Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Surgery Hospital “St. Naum Ohridski”, Bul. 11 Oktomvri 53, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
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13
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Wang N, Shu L, Liu S, Yang L, Bai T, Shi Z, Liu X. Comparing endoscopic mucosal resection with endoscopic submucosal dissection in colorectal adenoma and tumors: Meta-analysis and system review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291916. [PMID: 37768914 PMCID: PMC10538725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and long-term outcomes of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for treating colorectal adenomas and tumors. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted using databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Parameters such as number of patients or lesions, histological diagnosis, lesion size, surgery time, en-bloc resection, R0 resection, severe postoperative complications, and local recurrence were extracted and pooled for analysis. RESULTS A total of 12 retrospective studies involving 1289 patients and 1850 lesions were included in the analysis. EMR was found to have a shorter operation time by 53.6 minutes (95% CI: 51.3, 55.9, P<0.001) and fewer incidences of severe postoperative complications such as perforation and delayed bleeding (OR = 0.40, 95%CI: 0.23, 0.71, P<0.001). On the other hand, ESD had higher rates of en-bloc resection (OR = 0.15, 95%CI: 0.07, 0.30, P<0.001) and R0 resection (OR = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.16, 0.65, P<0.001). Recurrence after EMR was found to be significantly higher than that after ESD surgery (OR = 5.88, 95%CI: 2.15, 16.07, P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that the choice of surgical method may have a greater impact on recurrence compared to the pathological type, and that ESD may be more suitable for the treatment of malignant lesions despite its higher rates of severe postoperative complications and longer operation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Shu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Bai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohong Shi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghuang Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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Clift AK, Drymousis P, von Roon A, Humphries A, Goldin R, Bomanji J, Leaman S, Wasan H, Habib N, Frilling A. Management of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumours: 10 Years' Experience at a Tertiary Referral Centre. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4438. [PMID: 37760408 PMCID: PMC10526159 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine tumours (NET) arising from the small bowel are clinically challenging and are often diagnosed at advanced stages. Disease control with surgery alone can be demanding. Multimodal treatment concepts integrating surgery and non-surgical modalities could be of benefit. METHOD Retrospective review of consecutive adult patients with SB NET treated at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019. Data regarding clinicopathological characteristics, treatments, and disease trajectory were extracted and summarised. Overall and progression/recurrence-free survival were estimated at 5 and 10 years. RESULTS 154 patients were identified, with a median age of 64 years (range 33-87); 135/154 (87.7%) had stage III/IV disease at diagnosis. Surgery was used in 125 individuals (81.2%), typically with either segmental small bowel resection (60.8%) or right hemicolectomy (33.6%) and mesenteric lymphadenectomy for the primary tumour. Systemic and/or liver-directed therapies were used in 126 (81.8%); 60 (47.6%) had more than one line of non-surgical treatment. Median follow-up was 67.2 months (range 3.1-310.4); overall survival at 5 and 10 years was 91.0% (95% CI: 84.9-94.7%) and 82.5% (95% CI: 72.9-88.9%), respectively. Imaging-based median progression-free survival was 42.7 months (95% CI: 24.7 to 72.4); 5-year progression-free survival was 63.4% (95% CI: 55.0-70.6%); 10-year progression-free survival was 18.7% (95% CI: 12.4-26.1). Nineteen patients (12.3%) reached 10 years follow-up without disease recurrence and therefore were considered cured. CONCLUSIONS Most patients with SB NET present in a metastasised stage. Multimodal treatment concepts may be associated with excellent clinical outcomes. Future work should explore optimal approaches to treatment sequencing and patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K. Clift
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK; (A.K.C.)
- CRUK Oxford Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Panagiotis Drymousis
- Department of Surgery, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Alexander von Roon
- Department of Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust London, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Adam Humphries
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Mark’s Hospital, London North West University Health Care NHS Trust, London HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Robert Goldin
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK; (A.K.C.)
| | - Jamshed Bomanji
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust London, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Sydney Leaman
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London SE1 8WA, UK
| | - Harpreet Wasan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK; (A.K.C.)
| | - Nagy Habib
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK; (A.K.C.)
| | - Andrea Frilling
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK; (A.K.C.)
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15
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Clift AK, Thomas R, Frilling A. Developments in interventional management of hepatic metastases from neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 37:101798. [PMID: 37468404 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumours commonly metastasise to the liver, particularly those arising from the intestinal tract and pancreas. Whilst surgery offers the only approach with intent to cure, the vast majority of patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases are ineligible. Liver-directed interventional therapies seek to exploit the patho-anatomy of the blood supply of hepatic metastases to deliver therapy to liver deposits. This may involve percutaneous ablation, bland embolization, or the selective infusion of chemotherapeutics, targeted agents or radiolabelled embolic material. Retrospective case series evidence has characterised objective response rates, disease control rates, and longer-term outcomes associated with each approach. Recent advances in this field include ongoing comparative trials of different techniques, but more importantly, combinations of interventional liver-directed therapies and other systemic therapy in multimodal treatment concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Kieran Clift
- Cancer Research UK Oxford Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert Thomas
- Department of Imaging, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrea Frilling
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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16
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Bai J, Song J, Zhang Y, Li X, Yan L, Hu P, Tang Q. Transcatheter arterial embolization in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms related to liver metastasis with different blood supplies. Cancer Med 2023; 12:18578-18587. [PMID: 37587855 PMCID: PMC10557847 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver metastasis is one of the most important factors affecting the prognosis of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). Transhepatic artery embolization (TAE) is the main local treatment of NENs with liver metastasis (NENLM). This study aimed to elucidate the differences between pancreatic and rectal NENLM with a discrepancy in blood supply. METHODS A total of 32 patients with NENLM of different primary sites received 102 TAE treatments at our hospital. Clinical features, such as age, sex, World Health Organization (WHO) tumour grade and progression-free survival (PFS), were compared between patients with pancreatic and rectal NENLM with different blood supplies. The total follow-up time is 1-5 years. RESULTS There were 12 cases with tumours originating from the rectum or pancreas, respectively. Other tumour-originated sites included the duodenum (two cases, 6.25%), the thymus and lung (four cases, 12.5%), and the unknown (two cases, 6.25%). The average age of patients was 51.59 years, and 17 (53.1%) were men. WHO grade 1, 2 or 3 tumours occurred in three (9.4%), 23 (71.9%) and six (18.7%) patients, respectively. Hepatic tumour burdens of low (<25%), middle (25%-50%) and high (>50%) levels were found in 13 (40.6%), eight (25%) and 11 (34.4%) patients, respectively. There were more patients with hypervascular pancreatic NENLM than with hypovascular rectal NENLM (p = 0.005). Tumour shrinkage in all cases with NENLM was 50% with an objective response rate of 37.5%, disease control rate of 75% and PFS of 12 months. Disease progression (p = 0.09), tumour shrinkage (p = 0.07) and death (p = 0.19) were more prominent in the pancreatic NENLM group than in the rectal NENLM group. Progression-free survival was not reached in the pancreatic NENLM group, which was more prominent than in the rectal NENLM group (7 months; hazard ration, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.76; p = 0.016). The main adverse events were abdominal pain (71.9%) and transaminase elevation (50%), which were more common in pancreatic NENLM than in rectal NENLM. CONCLUSIONS Transhepatic artery embolization treatment is markedly effective and safe for treating NENLM, especially pancreatic NENLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Bai
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jinhua Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lijun Yan
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qiyun Tang
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine TumorNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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17
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Navin PJ, Ehman EC, Liu JB, Halfdanarson TR, Gupta A, Laghi A, Yoo DC, Carucci LR, Schima W, Sheedy SP. Imaging of Small-Bowel Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2023; 221:289-301. [PMID: 36752369 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.22.28877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the small bowel are typically slow-growing lesions that remain asymptomatic until reaching an advanced stage. Imaging modalities for lesion detection, staging, and follow-up in patients with known or suspected NEN include CT enterography, MR enterography, and PET/CT using a somatostatin receptor analog. FDG PET/CT may have a role in the evaluation of poorly differentiated NENs. Liver MRI, ideally with a hepatocyte-specific contrast agent, should be used in the evaluation of hepatic metastases. Imaging informs decisions regarding both surgical approaches and systematic therapy (specifically, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy). This AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review describes the multimodality imaging features of small-bowel NENs; explores the optimal imaging modalities for their diagnosis, staging, and follow-up; and discusses how imaging may be used to guide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Navin
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Eric C Ehman
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Jason B Liu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Akshya Gupta
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Andrea Laghi
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, AOU Sant'Andrea, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Don C Yoo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Laura R Carucci
- Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Wolfgang Schima
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Goettlicher Heiland Krankenhaus, Barmherzige Schwestern Krankenhaus and Sankt Josef Krankenhaus, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shannon P Sheedy
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
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18
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Vlachou E, Koffas A, Toumpanakis C, Keuchel M. Updates in the diagnosis and management of small-bowel tumors. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2023; 64-65:101860. [PMID: 37652650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2023.101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Small-bowel tumors represent a rare entity comprising 0.6% of all new cancer cases in the US, and only 3% of all gastrointestinal neoplasms. They are a heterogenous group of neoplasms comprising of about forty different histological subtypes with the most common being adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, stromal tumors and lymphomas. Their incidence has been reportedly increasing over recent years, partly owing to the advances and developments in the diagnostic modalities. Small-bowel capsule endoscopy, device assisted enteroscopy and dedicated small-bowel cross-sectional imaging are complimentary tools, supplementing each other in the diagnostic process. Therapeutic management of small-bowel tumors largely depends on the histological type and staging at diagnosis. The aim of the present review article is to discuss relevant advances in the diagnosis and management of small-bowel tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmia Vlachou
- Evgenidion Clinic Agia Trias SA, Papadiamantopoulou 20, Athens, 11528, Greece.
| | - Apostolos Koffas
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Services, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel Rd, London, E1 1FR, UK.
| | - Christos Toumpanakis
- Centre for Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, Pond St, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
| | - Martin Keuchel
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Agaplesion Bethesda Krankenhaus Bergedorf, Glindersweg 80, 21029, Hamburg, Germany.
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19
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Aman MS, Das BC, Islam A, Arefin M, Gupta SN. Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Ampulla of Vater: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e38588. [PMID: 37284411 PMCID: PMC10239650 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the ampulla of Vater are extremely rare. Here, we discuss the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and treatment options of a recently experienced case of NET of the ampulla of Vater in light of the literature. A 56-year-old woman presented with recurrent upper abdominal pain. Ultrasonography (USG) of the whole abdomen showed multiple gallstones along with a dilated common bile duct (CBD). For evaluating the dilated CBD, a magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography was performed, which revealed the double-duct sign. Subsequently, an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a bulged-out ampulla of the Vater. Biopsy and histopathological examination of the growth yielded the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. A Whipple procedure was performed. Macroscopically, a 2 cm growth was noted involving the ampulla of Vater, and microscopic findings were consistent with a well-differentiated NET, grade 1 (low grade). The diagnosis was further confirmed by immunohistochemical staining (pan-cytokeratin positive, synaptophysin positive, and focally chromogranin positive). Her postoperative course was uneventful except for delayed gastric emptying. A detailed evaluation and a high index of suspicion are required for the diagnosis of this rare tumor. Treatment is relatively easier after a proper diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Aman
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, BGD
| | - Bidhan C Das
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, BGD
| | - Aminul Islam
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, BGD
| | - Murshidul Arefin
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, BGD
| | - Satya N Gupta
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, BGD
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20
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Watanabe A, Mckendry G, Yip L, Loree JM, Stuart HC. Association between surveillance imaging and survival outcomes in small bowel neuroendocrine tumors. J Surg Oncol 2023; 127:578-586. [PMID: 36537012 DOI: 10.1002/jso.27176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance guidelines following the resection of small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SB-NETs) are inconsistent. We evaluated the impact of surveillance imaging on SB-NET recurrence and overall survival (OS). METHODS Patients with completely resected SB-NETs referred to a provincial cancer center (2004-2015) were reviewed. Associations between imaging frequency, recurrence, post-recurrence treatment, and OS were determined using univariate and Cox-regression analyses. RESULTS Among 195 completely resected SB-NET patients, 31% were ≥70 years, 43% were female, and 80% had grade 1 disease. Imaging frequency was predictive of recurrence (hazard ratio 2.52, 95% confidence interval 1.84-3.46, p < 0.001). 72% underwent interventions for recurrent disease. Patients who were treated for the recurrent disease had comparable OS to those who did not recur (median 152 vs. 164 months; p = 0.25). Imaging frequency was not associated with OS in those with treated recurrent disease (p = 0.65). Patients who recurred underwent more computerized tomography (CT) scans than those who did not recur (CT: 1.47 ± 0.89 vs. 1.02 ± 0.81 scans/year, p < 0.001). Detection of disease recurrence was 5%-7% per year during the first 6 years of surveillance and peaked at 17% in Year 9. CONCLUSION Less frequent imaging over a longer duration should be emphasized to capture clinically relevant recurrences that can be treated to improve OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Mckendry
- Department of Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lily Yip
- Department of Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Loree
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heather C Stuart
- Department of Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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21
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Stiefel R, Lehmann K, Winder T, Siebenhüner AR. What have we learnt from the past - would treatment decisions for GEP-NET patients differ between 2012 to 2016 by the new recommendations in 2022? BMC Cancer 2023; 23:148. [PMID: 36782152 PMCID: PMC9926660 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors with a broad range of local and systemic treatment options. Still a lack of data regarding treatment sequences exists. The aim of this study was to analyse outcomes in GEP-NETs depending on stage and treatment steps and compare our treatment decisions to the latest treatment recommendations of European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) 2020 for GEP-NETs. METHODS Patients were included in this retrospective single-center analysis from 2012-2016. All patients suffering from a GEP-NET, who were screened, treated or evaluated at ENETS Center in Zurich, Switzerland were included in analysis. Patients with any other diagnosis of NET were not included. We used Kaplan Meier estimator as well as Cox regression to compare survival rates between different sites of localization, grades or stages and treatment sequences. RESULTS Overall, we identified 256 GEP-NETs, most in advanced stage (62%) and located in small intestine tract or pancreatic gland. Survival depended on stage, grade, primary site and duration of response for the early systemic treatment. On average patients underwent 2.6 different treatment modalities, mostly depending on stage and higher tumor grade. Surgery was performed early but also in advanced stages, usually followed by Somatostatine-Agonist modalities. In distant disease (Stage IV), we investigated a positive effect of PFS after treatment with Somatostatine Analogues (SSA) (hazard ratio [HR], 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21 - 0.97; p = 0.04) and systemic treatment (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.26 - 0.99; p = 0.047) if patients underwent prior surgery or endoscopic resection. Kaplan Meier distributions predict shorter OS in distant disease (Stage IV), (Figure. 1; HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.46 - 2.89; log-rank test, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This retrospective analysis presents a great overview of all patients', disease and treatment characteristics of GEP-NETs at ENETS Center in Zurich, Switzerland. We illustrated survival (PFS) depending on implemented therapies. According to these findings, we formed a suggested treatment algorithm for advanced GEP-NETs, which does not differ from the latest treatment recommendation by ESMO guidelines for GEP-NETs. The results of this project may define GEP-NET patients' selection for upcoming clinical prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Stiefel
- grid.414526.00000 0004 0518 665XMedical Oncology and Hematology, Triemli Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kuno Lehmann
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Winder
- grid.413250.10000 0000 9585 4754Internal Medicine II, Hematology, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander R. Siebenhüner
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,Clinic of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Cantonal Hospital Schaffhausen, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
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22
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Fernandes EDSM, Kyt CVG, de Mello FPT, Pimentel LS, Andrade RDO, Girão C, César C, Siqueira M, Monachesi ME, Brito A, Tavares de Sousa CC, Andraus W, Torres OJM. Liver transplantation in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1001163. [PMID: 36844922 PMCID: PMC9947829 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1001163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors are part of a heterogeneous group of tumors located in organs such as the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), lungs, thymus, thyroid, and adrenal glands. The most prevalent sites are the small intestine, cecal appendix, and pancreas. More than 50% of these tumors are associated with metastases at the time of diagnosis. Neuroendocrine tumors are classified according to the degree of cell differentiation and the histopathological proliferation index of the lesion. Neuroendocrine tumors can be well differentiated or poorly differentiated. G3 tumors are characterized by Ki-67 expression greater than 20% and can be either well differentiated (G3 NET) or poorly differentiated (G3 NEC). Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC G3) is subdivided into small-cell and large-cell types. When neuroendocrine tumors present clinical and compressive symptoms, carcinoid syndrome is evident. Carcinoid syndrome occurs when the tumor produces neuroendocrine mediators that cannot be metabolized by the liver due to either the size of the tumor or their secretion by the liver itself. Several therapeutic strategies have been described for the treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors, including curative or palliative surgical approaches, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, percutaneous therapy, systemic chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Liver surgery is the only approach that can offer a cure for metastatic patients. Liver metastases must be completely resected, and in this context, orthotopic liver transplantation has gained prominence for yielding very promising outcomes in selected cases. The aim of this study is to review the literature on OLT as a form of treatment with curative intent for patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo de Souza M. Fernandes
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, São Lucas-Rede Dasa Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, Adventista Silvestre Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Department of Surgery, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Department of Hepatology, São Lucas-Rede Dasa Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,*Correspondence: Eduardo de Souza M. Fernandes,
| | - Camila V. Garcia Kyt
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, São Lucas-Rede Dasa Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, Adventista Silvestre Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pedreira Tavares de Mello
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, São Lucas-Rede Dasa Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, Adventista Silvestre Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro Savattone Pimentel
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, São Lucas-Rede Dasa Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, Adventista Silvestre Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo de Oliveira Andrade
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, São Lucas-Rede Dasa Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, Adventista Silvestre Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila Girão
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, São Lucas-Rede Dasa Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, Adventista Silvestre Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camilla César
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, São Lucas-Rede Dasa Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, Adventista Silvestre Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Munique Siqueira
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, São Lucas-Rede Dasa Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, Adventista Silvestre Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Monachesi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, São Lucas-Rede Dasa Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, Adventista Silvestre Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson Brito
- Department of Hepatology, São Lucas-Rede Dasa Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Wellington Andraus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal and Transplant, São Paulo University Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Orlando Jorge M. Torres
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hospital São Domingos-Rede Dasa Hospital, São Luís, MA, Brazil,Department of Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, Hospital Presidente Dutra, São Luis, MA, Brazil
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23
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Knapp TG, Duan S, Merchant JL, Sawyer TW. Quantitative characterization of duodenal gastrinoma autofluorescence using multiphoton microscopy. Lasers Surg Med 2023; 55:208-225. [PMID: 36515355 PMCID: PMC9957894 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duodenal gastrinomas (DGASTs) are neuroendocrine tumors that develop in the submucosa of the duodenum and produce the hormone gastrin. Surgical resection of DGASTs is complicated by the small size of these tumors and the tendency for them to develop diffusely in the duodenum. Endoscopic mucosal resection of DGASTs is an increasingly popular method for treating this disease due to its low complication rate but suffers from poor rates of pathologically negative margins. Multiphoton microscopy can capture high-resolution images of biological tissue with contrast generated from endogenous fluorescence (autofluorescence [AF]) through two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF). Second harmonic generation is another popular method of generating image contrast with multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and is a light-scattering phenomenon that occurs predominantly from structures such as collagen in biological samples. Some molecules that contribute to AF change in abundance from processes related to the cancer disease process (e.g., metabolic changes, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis). STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS MPM was used to image 12 separate patient samples of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded duodenal gastrinoma slides with a second-harmonic generation (SHG) channel and four 2PEF channels. The excitation and emission profiles of each 2PEF channel were tuned to capture signal dominated by distinct fluorophores with well-characterized fluorescent spectra and known connections to the physiologic changes that arise in cancerous tissue. RESULTS We found that there was a significant difference in the relative abundance of signal generated in the 2PEF channels for regions of DGASTs in comparison to the neighboring tissues of the duodenum. Data generated from texture feature extraction of the MPM images were used in linear discriminant analysis models to create classifiers for tumor versus all other tissue types before and after principal component analysis (PCA). PCA improved the classifier accuracy and reduced the number of features required to achieve maximum accuracy. The linear discriminant classifier after PCA distinguished between tumor and other tissue types with an accuracy of 90.6%-93.8%. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that multiphoton microscopy 2PEF and SHG imaging is a promising label-free method for discriminating between DGASTs and normal duodenal tissue which has implications for future applications of in vivo assessment of resection margins with endoscopic MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Knapp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Suzann Duan
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Travis W. Sawyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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24
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Umrigar N, Kotecha K, Gill AJ, Mittal A, Samra J. A sheep in wolf's clothing: Castleman disease masquerading as a neuroendocrine tumour. ANZ J Surg 2023; 93:1423-1424. [PMID: 36602086 DOI: 10.1111/ans.18260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Umrigar
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Krishna Kotecha
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anubhav Mittal
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jaswinder Samra
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Abu-Jeyyab M, Kakish R, Alkatib M, Alshawabkeh L, Bani Hamad R, Almadani M, Santarisi M, Al-Jafari M, Nashwan AJ. An Intestinal Type Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumor: A Case Report. Case Rep Oncol 2023; 16:1113-1120. [PMID: 37900795 PMCID: PMC10601806 DOI: 10.1159/000533761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) represent a diverse set of malignancies, originating from the neuroendocrine cells dispersed throughout the body. Their symptoms are associated with the secretion of bioactive peptides by tumor cells. Five-year survival rates depend on the disease stage: 93% for local, 74% for regional, and 19% for metastatic disease. This report describes a case involving a 64-year-old male patient, who was enduring high blood pressure and anemia. His symptomatology included frequent fainting and bloody vomiting without prior bleeding, coupled with persistent abdominal pain and weight loss. A complete blood count revealed microcytic anemia. His condition improved postoperatively after the transfusion of two units of packed red blood cells, normalizing all parameters. Further biochemistry and serology tests did not provide significant insights. However, an upper endoscopy unveiled a deep ulcer below the gastroesophageal junction with ulcer desquamation. A combination of clinical, laboratory, and radiographic data initially indicated a gastric carcinoma of the intestinal type, characterized by extensive extracellular mucin secretion. The surgical intervention led to the extraction of multiple tumors from lymph nodes, culminating in a postoperative diagnosis of a gastrointestinal (GI) mesenchymal tumor. NETs predominantly manifest in the GI tract, initiating primarily in the small intestine but can also originate in the stomach, appendix, colon, and other parts of the GI tract. Their development from neuroendocrine cells enables them to produce high concentrations of hormone-like substances such as neuropeptides and amines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Kakish
- School of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Malak Alkatib
- School of Medicine, Mutah University, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | | | | | - Mary Almadani
- School of Medicine, Mutah University, Al-Karak, Jordan
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Smolkova B, Kataki A, Earl J, Ruz-Caracuel I, Cihova M, Urbanova M, Buocikova V, Tamargo S, Rovite V, Niedra H, Schrader J, Kohl Y. Liquid biopsy and preclinical tools for advancing diagnosis and treatment of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 180:103865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Gonzáles-Yovera JG, Roseboom PJ, Concepción-Zavaleta M, Gutiérrez-Córdova I, Plasencia-Dueñas E, Quispe-Flores M, Ramos-Yataco A, Alcalde-Loyola C, Massucco-Revoredo F, Paz-Ibarra J, Concepción-Urteaga L. Diagnosis and management of small bowel neuroendocrine tumors: A state-of-the-art. World J Methodol 2022; 12:381-391. [PMID: 36186753 PMCID: PMC9516545 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an update on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the small bowel (SB). These NENs are defined as a group of neoplasms deriving from neuroendocrine cells. NENs are currently the most common primary tumors of the SB, mainly involving the ileum, making the SB the most frequently affected part of the gastrointestinal tract. SB NENs by definition are located between the ligament of Treitz and the ileocecal valve. They are characterized by small size and induce an extensive fibrotic reaction in the small intestine including the mesentery, resulting in narrowing or twisting of the intestine. Clinical manifestations of bowel functionality are related to the precise location of the primary tumor. The majority of them are non-functional NENs and generally asymptomatic; in an advanced stage, NENs present symptoms of mass effect by non-specific abdominal pain or carcinoid syndrome which appears in patients with liver metastasis (around 10%). The main manifestations of the carcinoid syndrome are facial flushing (94%), diarrhea (78%), abdominal cramps (50%), heart valve disease (50%), telangiectasia (25%), wheezing (15%) and edema (19%). Diagnosis is made by imaging or biochemical tests, and the order of request will depend on the initial diagnostic hypothesis, while confirmation will always be histological. All patients with a localized SB NEN with or without near metastasis in the mesentery are recommended for curative resection. Locoregional and distant spread may be susceptible to several therapeutic strategies, such as chemotherapy, somatostatin analogs and palliative resection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pela J Roseboom
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Regional Academic Hospital of Trujillo, Trujillo 13011, Peru
| | | | | | | | - María Quispe-Flores
- Division of Endocrinology, Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen National Hospital, Lima 12590, Peru
| | - Anthony Ramos-Yataco
- Division of Internal Medicine, Ricardo Cruzado Rivarola Hospital, Ica 110301, Peru
| | | | | | - José Paz-Ibarra
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Luis Concepción-Urteaga
- Division of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo 13011, Peru
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Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer: From Molecular to Clinical Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710132. [PMID: 36077529 PMCID: PMC9456549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although pancreatic cancer (PC) was considered in the past an orphan cancer type due to its low incidence, it may become in the future one of the leading causes of cancer death. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most frequent type of PC, being a highly aggressive malignancy and having a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Non-modifiable (family history, age, genetic susceptibility) and modifiable (smoking, alcohol, acute and chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, intestinal microbiota) risk factors are involved in PC pathogenesis. Chronic inflammation induced by various factors plays crucial roles in PC development from initiation to metastasis. In multiple malignant conditions such as PC, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors activate the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway, which plays key roles in cell growth, survival, proliferation, metabolism, and motility. Currently, mTOR, AKT, and PI3K inhibitors are used in clinical studies. Moreover, PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors are being tested in vitro and in vivo with promising results for PC patients. The main aim of this review is to present PC incidence, risk factors, tumor microenvironment development, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR dysregulation and inhibitors used in clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies.
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Agarwal P, Mohamed A. Systemic Therapy of Advanced Well-differentiated Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors Progressive on Somatostatin Analogues. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:1233-1246. [PMID: 35939200 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors whose management requires a nuanced and multi-disciplinary approach in order to control symptoms, halt tumor growth, and improve survival outcomes. Of late, the treatment landscape of NENs has advanced considerably as a result of several pivotal clinical trials, which have established somatostatin analogues as first-line therapy for advanced, metastatic, well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). However, an evolving classification system as well as an increased understanding of distinct clinical, molecular, and biologic features contribute to complexity in management. In particular, there remains limited randomized prospective data in the somatostatin analogue (SSA)-refractory setting for patients with primary tumors that originate in the small bowel. For well-differentiated small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs), treatment beyond SSAs includes radionuclide therapy, targeted agents, liver-directed therapy, and to a lesser extent, cytotoxic chemotherapy. In the current era, selection of these agents is largely based on expert opinion in the context of patient and tumor characteristics without definitive data on the preferred order of agents to administer. In this review, we aim to describe the treatment landscape of metastatic SBNETs beyond SSAs and provide an overview of novel treatments which are currently under clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Agarwal
- Hematology/Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PCAM 10 South Pavilion, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Yang Z, Liang J, Leng K, Shi G. Survival Benefit of Surgical Resection for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors With Oligometastatic Liver Metastasis: A Retrospective and Propensity Score-Matching Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:903560. [PMID: 35847865 PMCID: PMC9279685 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.903560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are a heterogeneous group of pancreatic malignancies. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment option for patients with localized PanNETs, yet the role of cancer-directed surgery (CDS) in the setting of oligometastatic liver metastasis remains a controversy. Methods All patients diagnosed with PanNETs and liver-only metastasis from 2010 to 2018 were identified from the SEER database. The biases of baseline characteristics between CDS and no-CDS cohorts were reduced by the propensity score-matching (PSM) method, and the prognostic role of CDS was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression models. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to identify factors associated with patients who underwent CDS. Results A total of 1,270 PanNET patients with oligometastatic liver metastasis were included and analyzed. Of these patients, 283 (22.3%) patients underwent CDS of the primary tumor, while the remaining 987 (77.7%) did not. The OS and CSS were significantly better in the CDS cohort regardless of the propensity score analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that age, tumor differentiation, tumor location, and lymph node status were significantly associated with patients who were more likely to receive CDS. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that CDS was associated with survival benefits in selected patients with PanNETs and liver-only metastasis based on a large population database.
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The Increasing Incidence of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Worldwide: Current Knowledge and Open Issues. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133794. [PMID: 35807078 PMCID: PMC9267138 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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KIROV KG. Central pancreatectomy with common hepatic artery resection for a giant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Chirurgia (Bucur) 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0394-9508.21.05294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Canakis A, Lee LS. Current updates and future directions in diagnosis and management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 14:267-290. [PMID: 35719897 PMCID: PMC9157694 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v14.i5.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms are a heterogenous group of rare neoplasms that are increasingly being discovered, often incidentally, throughout the gastrointestinal tract with varying degrees of activity and malignant potential. Confusing nomenclature has added to the complexity of managing these lesions. The term carcinoid tumor and embryonic classification have been replaced with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm, which includes gastrointestinal neuroendocrine and pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach is important for clinicians to diagnose, stage and manage these lesions. While histological diagnosis is the gold standard, recent advancements in endoscopy, conventional imaging, functional imaging, and serum biomarkers complement histology for tailoring specific treatment options. In light of developing technology, our review sets out to characterize diagnostic and therapeutic advancements for managing gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, including innovations in radiolabeled peptide imaging, circulating biomarkers, and endoscopic treatment approaches adapted to different locations throughout the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Canakis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Linda S Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Stankiewicz R, Grąt M. Current status of surgical management of patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. World J Gastrointest Surg 2022; 14:276-285. [PMID: 35664363 PMCID: PMC9131835 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v14.i4.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the gastroenteropancreatic system are rare and heterogeneous tumours, yet with increasing prevalence. The most frequent primary sites are the small intestine, rectum, pancreas, and stomach. For a localized disease, surgical resection with local lymph nodes is usually curative with good overall and disease free survival. More complex situation is the treatment of locally advanced lesions, liver metastases, and, surprisingly, small asymptomatic tumours of the rectum and pancreas. In this review, we focus on the current role of surgical management of gastroenteropancreatic NENs. We present surgical approach for the most frequent primary sites. We highlight the role of endoscopic surgery and the watch-and-wait strategy for selected cases. As liver metastases pose an important clinical challenge, we present current indications and contraindications for liver resection and a role of liver transplantation for metastatic NENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Stankiewicz
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Michał Grąt
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
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35
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Billmann F, Nießen A, Hackert T. [Importance of surgery in distant metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms]. Chirurg 2022; 93:758-764. [PMID: 35403909 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-022-01630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The majority of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNEN) already present with distant metastases at diagnosis. The heterogeneity of pNEN and the broad spectrum of treatment options make adequate patient selection and an evidence-based strategy essential. In metastatic pNEN both primary resection and resection of liver metastases have been shown to improve overall survival. Surgical treatment of liver metastases can also be carried out with palliative intent, especially for symptomatic pNEN and can have a positive effect on disease-free survival and overall survival. Classical hepatectomy techniques and innovative techniques (two-stage resections, liver transplantation) are available to the surgeon. In complex growth types of liver metastases, there is increasing evidence for a combination of surgery and ablative methods. Due to a relevant risk of recurrence following liver resection, pNEN patients need to be included in multimodal treatment concepts. Current areas of interest in the treatment of metastatic pNEN are the use of adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery in G3-NEN and G3-NEC patients. The aim of this review is to give an overview on the impact of surgery in the situation of distant metastatic NEN of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Billmann
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
| | - A Nießen
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - T Hackert
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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36
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Weber HC. Gastrointestinal regulatory peptides. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2022; 29:167-168. [PMID: 35197424 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Christian Weber
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Pantelis AG, Panagopoulou PA, Lapatsanis DP. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms—A Scoping Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040874. [PMID: 35453922 PMCID: PMC9027316 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) and tumors (NETs) are rare neoplasms that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal system. In this scoping review, we attempt to map existing evidence on the role of artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning in the diagnosis and management of NENs of the gastrointestinal system. After implementation of inclusion and exclusion criteria, we retrieved 44 studies with 53 outcome analyses. We then classified the papers according to the type of studied NET (26 Pan-NETs, 59.1%; 3 metastatic liver NETs (6.8%), 2 small intestinal NETs, 4.5%; colorectal, rectal, non-specified gastroenteropancreatic and non-specified gastrointestinal NETs had from 1 study each, 2.3%). The most frequently used AI algorithms were Supporting Vector Classification/Machine (14 analyses, 29.8%), Convolutional Neural Network and Random Forest (10 analyses each, 21.3%), Random Forest (9 analyses, 19.1%), Logistic Regression (8 analyses, 17.0%), and Decision Tree (6 analyses, 12.8%). There was high heterogeneity on the description of the prediction model, structure of datasets, and performance metrics, whereas the majority of studies did not report any external validation set. Future studies should aim at incorporating a uniform structure in accordance with existing guidelines for purposes of reproducibility and research quality, which are prerequisites for integration into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios G. Pantelis
- 4th Department of Surgery, Evaggelismos General Hospital of Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Dimitris P. Lapatsanis
- 4th Department of Surgery, Evaggelismos General Hospital of Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece;
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Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Updates on Genomic Changes in Inherited Tumour Syndromes and Sporadic Tumours Based on WHO Classification. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 172:103648. [PMID: 35248713 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) are the neuroendocrine neoplasms with greatest rate of increase in incidence. Approximately 10% of PanNENs arise as inherited tumour syndromes which include multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, neurofibromatosis type1, tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2, Cowden syndrome, and Glucagon cell hyperplasia and neoplasia as well as familial insulinomatosis. In sporadic PanNENs, driver mutations in MEN1, DAXX/ATRX and mTOR pathway genes are associated with development and progression in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. The other changes are in VEGF pathway, Notch pathway, germline mutations in MUTYH, CHEK2, BRCA2, PHLDA3 as well as other genetic alterations. On the other hand, pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas share similar genetic alterations with ductal adenocarcinomas, e.g., TP53, RB1 or KRAS. In addition, microRNA and changes in immune microenvironment were noted in PanNENs. Updates on these genetic knowledges contribute to the development of management strategies for patients with PanNENs.
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Hajjar R, Mercier F, Passot G, Pasquer A, Gelli M, Levine EA, Villeneuve L, Poncet G, Walter T, Glehen O. Cytoreductive surgery with or without hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for small bowel neuroendocrine tumors with peritoneal metastasis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2022; 48:1626-1630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Havasi A, Sur D, Cainap SS, Lungulescu CV, Gavrilas LI, Cainap C, Vlad C, Balacescu O. Current and New Challenges in the Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: The Role of miRNA-Based Approaches as New Reliable Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1109. [PMID: 35163032 PMCID: PMC8834851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are rare tumors; however, their incidence greatly increases with age, and they occur more frequently among the elderly. They represent 5% of all pancreatic tumors, and despite the fact that low-grade tumors often have an indolent evolution, they portend a poor prognosis in an advanced stages and undifferentiated tumors. Additionally, functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors greatly impact quality of life due to the various clinical syndromes that result from abnormal hormonal secretion. With limited therapeutic and diagnostic options, patient stratification and selection of optimal therapeutic strategies should be the main focus. Modest improvements in the management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors have been achieved in the last years. Therefore, it is imperative to find new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to improve patient survival and quality of life, limiting the disease burden. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous molecules that modulate the expression of thousands of genes and control numerous critical processes involved in tumor development and progression. New data also suggest the implication of miRNAs in treatment resistance and their potential as prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this review, we discusses the current and new challenges in the management of PanNETs, including genetic and epigenetic approaches. Furthermore, we summarize the available data on miRNAs as potential prognostic, predictive, or diagnostic biomarkers and discuss their function as future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Havasi
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.H.); (C.C.)
- 11th Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- MedEuropa Radiotherapy Center, 410191 Oradea, Romania
| | - Daniel Sur
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.H.); (C.C.)
- 11th Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Simona Sorana Cainap
- Department of Mother and Child, Pediatric Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | | | - Laura-Ioana Gavrilas
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Calin Cainap
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.H.); (C.C.)
- 11th Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Catalin Vlad
- Department of Surgery, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, 34–36, Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Oncology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8, Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Balacescu
- 11th Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta’’, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Kraft A, Croitoru A, Moldovan C, Lupescu I, Tomescu D, Purnichescu-Purtan R, Herlea V, Popescu I, Botea F. Is Long-Term Survival in Metastases from Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Improved by Liver Resection? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 58:medicina58010022. [PMID: 35056330 PMCID: PMC8778622 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Although many of the neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) have a typically prolonged natural history compared with other gastrointestinal tract cancers, at least 40% of patients develop liver metastases. This study aims to identify whether liver resection improves the overall survival of patients with liver metastases from NEN. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study at “Fundeni” Clinical Institute over a time period of 15 years; we thereby identified a series of 93 patients treated for NEN with liver metastases, which we further divided into 2 groups as follows: A (45 patients) had been subjected to liver resection complemented by systemic therapies, and B (48 patients) underwent systemic therapy alone. To reduce the patient selection bias we performed at first a propensity score matching. This was followed by a bootstrapping selection with Jackknife error correction, with the purpose of getting a statistically illustrative sample. Results: The overall survival of the matched virtual cohort under study was 41 months (95% CI 37–45). Group A virtual matched patients showed a higher survival rate (52 mo., 95% CI: 45–59) than B (31 mo., 95% CI: 27–35), (p < 0.001, Log-Rank test). Upon multivariate analysis, seven independent factors were identified to have an influence on survival: location (midgut) and primary tumor grading (G3), absence of concomitant LM, number (2–4), location (unilobar), grading (G3) of LM, and 25–50% hepatic involvement at the time of the metastatic disease diagnosis. Conclusions: Hepatic resection is nowadays the main treatment providing potential cure and prolonged survival, for patients with NEN when integrated in a multimodal strategy based on systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Kraft
- Doctoral School in Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 040441 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of General Surgery, “Regina Maria” Military Emergency Hospital, 500007 Brașov, Romania
| | - Adina Croitoru
- Department of Oncology, “Fundeni” Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (V.H.); (I.P.)
| | - Cosmin Moldovan
- Faculty of Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (V.H.); (I.P.)
| | - Ioana Lupescu
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, Fundeni Clinical Institute, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.L.); (D.T.)
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, “Fundeni” Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Tomescu
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, Fundeni Clinical Institute, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.L.); (D.T.)
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, “Fundeni” Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Purnichescu-Purtan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Mathematical Methods and Models, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Vlad Herlea
- Faculty of Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (V.H.); (I.P.)
- Department of Pathology, “Fundeni” Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irinel Popescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (V.H.); (I.P.)
- “Dan Setlacec” Center for General Surgery and Liver Transplant, “Fundeni” Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Botea
- Faculty of Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (V.H.); (I.P.)
- “Dan Setlacec” Center for General Surgery and Liver Transplant, “Fundeni” Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
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Tong D, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Bi G. Identification of a VHL gene mutation in atypical Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome: genotype-phenotype correlation and gene therapy perspective. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:685. [PMID: 34923986 PMCID: PMC8684656 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical von Hippel Lindau (VHL) disease/syndrome includes CNS hemangioblastoma, renal or pancreatic cysts, pheochromocytoma, renal carcinoma and exodermic cystadenoma. The syndrome is caused by mutation of VHL tumor suppressor gene. The most prevalent mutations are present in VHL syndrome. To date, > 500 mutations of gene related to the progression of VHL syndrome have been reported. VHL gene mutation presented in single lung or pancreatic tumor has been reported occasionally, but there is no report of both. Methods In this paper, we used CT scan, pathological and genetic examination methods to diagnose a rare atypical VHL syndrome. Results We reported a rare case of atypical VHL syndrome with authenticated VHL mutation at p.Arg167Gln, that was associated with not only bilateral pheochromocytoma but also lung carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumor of pancreas. Based on literature reviews, the patient was recommended to be further subjected to octreotide-based radionuclide therapy. Conclusions Combined with gene detection and clinical diagnosis, we found the inherent relationship between VHL genotype and phenotype, and constructed the standard diagnosis and treatment process of disease with rare VHL mutation from the perspective of gene therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02386-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Tong
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Bi
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
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Walter MA, Nesti C, Spanjol M, Kollár A, Bütikofer L, Gloy VL, Dumont RA, Seiler CA, Christ ER, Radojewski P, Briel M, Kaderli RM. Treatment for gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 11:CD013700. [PMID: 34822169 PMCID: PMC8614639 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013700.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several available therapies for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) have demonstrated efficacy in randomised controlled trials. However, translation of these results into improved care faces several challenges, as a direct comparison of the most pertinent therapies is incomplete. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the safety and efficacy of therapies for NETs, to guide clinical decision-making, and to provide estimates of relative efficiency of the different treatment options (including placebo) and rank the treatments according to their efficiency based on a network meta-analysis. SEARCH METHODS We identified studies through systematic searches of the following bibliographic databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE (Ovid); and Embase from January 1947 to December 2020. In addition, we checked trial registries for ongoing or unpublished eligible trials and manually searched for abstracts from scientific and clinical meetings. SELECTION CRITERIA We evaluated randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing two or more therapies in people with NETs (primarily gastrointestinal and pancreatic). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies and extracted data to a pre-designed data extraction form. Multi-arm studies were included in the network meta-analysis using the R-package netmeta. We separately analysed two different outcomes (disease control and progression-free survival) and two types of NET (gastrointestinal and pancreatic NET) in four network meta-analyses. A frequentist approach was used to compare the efficacy of therapies. MAIN RESULTS We identified 55 studies in 90 records in the qualitative analysis, reporting 39 primary RCTs and 16 subgroup analyses. We included 22 RCTs, with 4299 participants, that reported disease control and/or progression-free survival in the network meta-analysis. Precision-of-treatment estimates and estimated heterogeneity were limited, although the risk of bias was predominantly low. The network meta-analysis of progression-free survival found nine therapies for pancreatic NETs: everolimus (hazard ratio [HR], 0.36 [95% CI, 0.28 to 0.46]), interferon plus somatostatin analogue (HR, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.14 to 0.80]), everolimus plus somatostatin analogue (HR, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.26 to 0.57]), bevacizumab plus somatostatin analogue (HR, 0.36 [95% CI, 0.15 to 0.89]), interferon (HR, 0.41 [95% CI, 0.18 to 0.94]), sunitinib (HR, 0.42 [95% CI, 0.26 to 0.67]), everolimus plus bevacizumab plus somatostatin analogue (HR, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.28 to 0.83]), surufatinib (HR, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.32 to 0.76]), and somatostatin analogue (HR, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.34 to 0.77]); and six therapies for gastrointestinal NETs: 177-Lu-DOTATATE plus somatostatin analogue (HR, 0.07 [95% CI, 0.02 to 0.26]), everolimus plus somatostatin analogue (HR, 0.12 [95%CI, 0.03 to 0.54]), bevacizumab plus somatostatin analogue (HR, 0.18 [95% CI, 0.04 to 0.94]), interferon plus somatostatin analogue (HR, 0.23 [95% CI, 0.06 to 0.93]), surufatinib (HR, 0.33 [95%CI, 0.12 to 0.88]), and somatostatin analogue (HR, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.16 to 0.76]), with higher efficacy than placebo. Besides everolimus for pancreatic NETs, the results suggested an overall superiority of combination therapies, including somatostatin analogues. The results indicate that NET therapies have a broad range of risk for adverse events and effects on quality of life, but these were reported inconsistently. Evidence from this network meta-analysis (and underlying RCTs) does not support any particular therapy (or combinations of therapies) with respect to patient-centred outcomes (e.g. overall survival and quality of life). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study suggest that a range of efficient therapies with different safety profiles is available for people with NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Walter
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals Geneva (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Nesti
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marko Spanjol
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals Geneva (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Attila Kollár
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Bütikofer
- Clinical Trials Unit, Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Viktoria L Gloy
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca A Dumont
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals Geneva (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian A Seiler
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel R Christ
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Basel University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Radojewski
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals Geneva (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Briel
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto M Kaderli
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Kalligeros M, Diamantopoulos L, Toumpanakis C. Biomarkers in Small Intestine NETs and Carcinoid Heart Disease: A Comprehensive Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100950. [PMID: 34681049 PMCID: PMC8533230 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Neuroendocrine tumors (NET), a heterogeneous group of tumors arising from neuroendocrine cells, often pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the clinician. Biomarkers can serve as a useful diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive tool in the management of these rare tumors. For years the field of NET biomarkers was mainly based on products se-creted by neuroendocrine tumor cells, however, during the last decade the development of nov-el multianalyte biomarkers has rapidly evolved the field. The aim of this review is to summa-rize the literature on the use and limitations of available NET biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of small intestine neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) and carcinoid heart disease. Abstract Biomarkers remain a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Traditional monoanalyte biomarkers such as Chromogranin A (CgA) and 5-Hydrocyondoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) have been widely used for many years as diagnostic, predictive and prognostic biomarkers in the field of NETs. However, the clinical utility of these molecules often has limitations, mainly inherent to the heterogeneity of NETs and the fact that these tumors can often be non-secretory. The development of new molecular multianalyte biomarkers, especially the mRNA transcript based “NETest”, has rapidly evolve the field and gives the ability for a “liquid biopsy” which can reliably assess disease status in real time. In this review we discuss the use of established and novel biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of small intestine NETs and carcinoid heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Kalligeros
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | | | - Christos Toumpanakis
- Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Centre for Gastroenterology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Correspondence:
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Identifying symptoms associated with diagnosis of pancreatic exocrine and neuroendocrine neoplasms: a nested case-control study of the UK primary care population. Br J Gen Pract 2021; 71:e836-e845. [PMID: 34544691 PMCID: PMC8463137 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp.2021.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer has the worst survival rate among all cancers. Almost 70% of patients in the UK were diagnosed at Stage IV. Aim This study aimed to investigate the symptoms associated with the diagnoses of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNEN), and comparatively characterise the symptomatology between the two tumour types to inform earlier diagnosis. Design and setting A nested case-control study in primary care was conducted using data from the QResearch® database. Patients aged ≥25 years and diagnosed with PDAC or PNEN during 2000 to 2019 were included as cases. Up to 10 controls from the same general practice were matched with each case by age, sex, and calendar year using incidence density sampling. Method Conditional logistic regression was used to investigate the association between the 42 shortlisted symptoms and the diagnoses of PDAC and (or) PNEN in different timeframes relative to the index date, adjusting for patients’ sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and relevant comorbidities. Results A total of 23 640 patients were identified as diagnosed with PDAC and 596 with PNEN. Of the symptoms identified, 23 were significantly associated with PDAC, and nine symptoms with PNEN. The two alarm symptoms for both tumours were jaundice and gastrointestinal bleeding. The two newly identified symptoms for PDAC were thirst and dark urine. The risk of unintentional weight loss may be longer than 2 years before the diagnosis of PNEN. Conclusion PDAC and PNEN have overlapping symptom profiles. The QCancer® (pancreas) risk prediction model could be updated by including the newly identified symptoms and comorbidities, which could help GPs identify high-risk patients for timely investigation in primary care.
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Yu F, Fu J, Zhang C, Wu W, Ai S, Yao X, Meng Q, Huang Y, Lu G, Wang F, Qu W. Use of Chromogranin A for Monitoring Patients With Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Pancreas 2021; 50:882-889. [PMID: 34347728 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the role of serum chromogranin A (CgA) in monitoring disease status and treatment response in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs). METHODS We included posttherapy pNENs patients with measured serum CgA levels who underwent 68Ga-labeled tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid-peptide positron emission tomography (PET) imaging between April 2017 and January 2020. Serum CgA levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tumor response was assessed according to the PET response evaluation criteria in solid tumors. RESULTS Seventy-seven patients with 101 events were included in this study. Serum CgA levels were significantly higher in patients with active disease and metastasis. The optimal cutoff values for CgA for active and metastatic pNENs diagnosis after treatment were 52.39 (77.8% sensitivity, 80.7% specificity) and 60.18 ng/mL (73.9% sensitivity, 73.1% specificity), respectively. Based on 18 patients with serial CgA measurements and PET imaging, the optimal changes in CgA levels for predicting disease remission and progression were a 28.5% decrease (71.4% sensitivity, 88.2% specificity) and a 21.0% increase (100.0% sensitivity, 75.0% specificity), respectively. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that serum CgA levels are associated with disease status and treatment response and may thus provide a helpful biomarker for the monitoring and clinical management of patients with pNENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine
| | | | | | - Wenyu Wu
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine
| | - Shuyue Ai
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine
| | | | | | - Yue Huang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine
| | - Wei Qu
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine
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Dawod M, Gordoa TA, Cives M, De Mestier L, Crona J, Spada F, Oberg K, Pavel M, Lamarca A. Antiproliferative Systemic Therapies for Metastatic Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumours. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2021; 22:73. [PMID: 34185197 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-021-00863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies with rising incidence and prevalence. Outcome and therapy of small bowel neuroendocrine tumours (SBNETs) is variable, depending on the grade, differentiation, tumour burden, as well as the site of the tumour origin. Because of this, multidisciplinary approach is essential. Large randomized clinical trials, with somatostatin analogues (PROMID, CLARINET) or with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with 177-lutetium (NETTER-1 trial) as well as the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTOR) everolimus (RADIANT trials), represent milestones for the medical management of unresectable grade 1 and 2 SBNETS over the last decade. Novel therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), are on the cutting edge. However, multiple unsolved questions remain. This review provides a comprehensive review of the main systemic therapeutic options for advanced SBNETs and discusses the latest guideline recommendations for palliative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Dawod
- Department of Medical Oncology, ENETs, Centre of Excellence, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Teresa Alonso Gordoa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauro Cives
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Louis De Mestier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Université de Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Joakim Crona
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Francesca Spada
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors Unit, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Kjel Oberg
- Department of Endocrinology, Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marianne Pavel
- Department of Medical Oncology, ENETs, Centre of Excellence, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Angela Lamarca
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK.
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Niederle B, Selberherr A, Niederle MB. How to Manage Small Intestine (Jejunal and Ileal) Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Presenting with Liver Metastases? Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:85. [PMID: 34018081 PMCID: PMC8137632 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Small intestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (siNENs) are slowly growing tumours with a low malignant potential. However, more than half of the patients present with distant metastases (stage IV) and nearly all with locoregional lymph node (LN) metastases at the time of surgery. The value of locoregional treatment is discussed controversially. RECENT FINDINGS In stage I to III disease, locoregional surgery was currently shown to be curative prolonging survival. In stage IV disease, surgery may prolong survival in selected patients with the chance to cure locoregional disease besides radical/debulking liver surgery. It may improve the quality of life and may prevent severe local complications resulting in a state of chronic malnutrition and severe intestinal ischaemia or bowel obstruction. Locoregional tumour resection offers the opportunity to be curative or to focus therapeutically on liver metastasis, facilitating various other therapeutic modalities. Risks and benefits of the surgical intervention need to be balanced individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Niederle
- Department of General Surgery, Divison of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Selberherr
- Department of General Surgery, Divison of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin B. Niederle
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Modlin IM, Kidd M, Oberg K, Falconi M, Filosso PL, Frilling A, Malczewska A, Salem R, Toumpanakis C, Laskaratos FM, Partelli S, Roffinella M, von Arx C, Kudla BK, Bodei L, Drozdov IA, Kitz A. Early Identification of Residual Disease After Neuroendocrine Tumor Resection Using a Liquid Biopsy Multigenomic mRNA Signature (NETest). Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:7506-7517. [PMID: 34008138 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-10021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgery is the only cure for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), with R0 resection being critical for successful tumor removal. Early detection of residual disease is key for optimal management, but both imaging and current biomarkers are ineffective post-surgery. NETest, a multigene blood biomarker, identifies NETs with >90% accuracy. We hypothesized that surgery would decrease NETest levels and that elevated scores post-surgery would predict recurrence. METHODS This was a multicenter evaluation of surgically treated primary NETs (n = 153). Blood sampling was performed at day 0 and postoperative day (POD) 30. Follow-up included computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI), and messenger RNA (mRNA) quantification was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR; NETest score: 0-100; normal ≤20). Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test, Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier survival, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), as appropriate. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. RESULTS The NET cohort (n = 153) included 57 patients with pancreatic cancer, 62 patients with small bowel cancer, 27 patients with lung cancer, 4 patients with duodenal cancer, and 3 patients with gastric cancer, while the surgical cohort comprised patients with R0 (n = 102) and R1 and R2 (n = 51) resection. The mean follow-up time was 14 months (range 3-68). The NETest was positive in 153/153 (100%) samples preoperatively (mean levels of 68 ± 28). In the R0 cohort, POD30 levels decreased from 62 ± 28 to 22 ± 20 (p < 0.0001), but remained elevated in 30% (31/102) of patients: 28% lung, 29% pancreas, 27% small bowel, and 33% gastric. By 18 months, 25/31 (81%) patients with a POD30 NETest >20 had image-identifiable recurrence. An NETest score of >20 predicted recurrence with 100% sensitivity and correlated with residual disease (Chi-square 17.1, p < 0.0001). AUROC analysis identified an AUC of 0.97 (p < 0.0001) for recurrence-prediction. In the R1 (n = 29) and R2 (n = 22) cohorts, the score decreased (R1: 74 ± 28 to 45 ± 24, p = 0.0012; R2: 72 ± 24 to 60 ± 28, p = non-significant). At POD30, 100% of NETest scores were elevated despite surgery (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The preoperative NETest accurately identified all NETs (100%). All resections decreased NETest levels and a POD30 NETest score >20 predicted radiologically recurrent disease with 94% accuracy and 100% sensitivity. R0 resection appears to be ineffective in approximately 30% of patients. NET mRNA blood levels provide early objective genomic identification of residual disease and may facilitate management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Kidd
- Wren Laboratories, Branford, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ronald Salem
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Bodei
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Roll W, Weckesser M, Seifert R, Bodei L, Rahbar K. Imaging and liquid biopsy in the prediction and evaluation of response to PRRT in neuroendocrine tumors: implications for patient management. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:4016-4027. [PMID: 33903926 PMCID: PMC8484222 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this narrative review is to give an overview on current and emerging imaging methods and liquid biopsy for prediction and evaluation of response to PRRT. Current limitations and new perspectives, including artificial intelligence, are discussed. Methods A literature review of PubMed/Medline was performed with representative keywords. The search included articles published online through August 31, 2020. All searches were restricted to English language manuscripts. Results Peptide radio receptor therapy (PRRT) is a prospectively evaluated and approved therapy option in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Different ligands targeting the somatostatin receptor (SSTR) are used as theranostic pairs for imaging NET and for PRRT. Response assessment in prospective trials often relies on the morphological RECIST 1.1 criteria, based on lesion size in CT or MRI. The role of SSTR-PET and quantitative uptake parameters and volumetric data is still not defined. Monoanalyte tumor marker chromogranin A has a limited value for response assessment after PRRT. New emerging liquid biopsy techniques are offering prediction of response to PRRT and prognostic value. Conclusions New response criteria for NET patients undergoing PRRT will comprise multiparametric hybrid imaging and blood-based multianalyte markers. This represents tumor biology and heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Roll
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,West German Cancer Center, Muenster and Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weckesser
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,West German Cancer Center, Muenster and Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Robert Seifert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,West German Cancer Center, Muenster and Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Bodei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Kambiz Rahbar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,West German Cancer Center, Muenster and Essen, Essen, Germany.
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