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Lupu VV, Lupu A, Jechel E, Starcea IM, Stoleriu G, Ioniuc I, Azoicai A, Danielescu C, Knieling A, Borka-Balas R, Salaru DL, Revenco N, Fotea S. The role of vitamin D in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus - a double pawn in the immune and microbial balance. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1373904. [PMID: 38715605 PMCID: PMC11074404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1373904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Having increased popularity during the Covid-19 pandemic, vitamin D3 is currently impressing thanks to the numerous researches aimed at its interactions with the body's homeostasis. At the same time, there is a peak in terms of recommendations for supplementation with it. Some of the studies focus on the link between autoimmune diseases and nutritional deficiencies, especially vitamin D3. Since the specialized literature aimed at children (patients between 0-18 years old) is far from equal to the informational diversity of the adult-centered branch, this review aims to bring up to date the relationship between the microbial and nutritional balance and the activity of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (pSLE). The desired practical purpose resides in a better understanding and an adequate, individualized management of the affected persons to reduce morbidity. The center of the summary is to establish the impact of hypovitaminosis D in the development and evolution of pediatric lupus erythematosus. We will address aspects related to the two entities of the impact played by vitamin D3 in the pathophysiological cascade of lupus, but also the risk of toxicity and its effects when the deficiency is over supplemented (hypervitaminosis D). We will debate the relationship of hypovitaminosis D with the modulation of immune function, the potentiation of inflammatory processes, the increase of oxidative stress, the perfusion of cognitive brain areas, the seasonal incidence of SLE and its severity. Finally, we review current knowledge, post-pandemic, regarding the hypovitaminosis D - pSLE relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Pediatrics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ancuta Lupu
- Pediatrics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Jechel
- Pediatrics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Gabriela Stoleriu
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Galati, Romania
| | - Ileana Ioniuc
- Pediatrics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Alice Azoicai
- Pediatrics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ciprian Danielescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Anton Knieling
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Reka Borka-Balas
- Pediatrics, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Delia Lidia Salaru
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ninel Revenco
- Pediatrics, “Nicolae Testemitanu” State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Silvia Fotea
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Galati, Romania
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Öner N, Çelikel E, Tekin ZE, Güngörer V, Tekgöz N, Sezer M, Karagöl C, Coşkun S, Kaplan MM, Polat MC, Acar BÇ. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on attacks in PFAPA syndrome patients with low vitamin D levels. Ir J Med Sci 2024; 193:823-830. [PMID: 37870706 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-023-03555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND-AIM To evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the frequency and duration of attacks in patients of PFAPA syndrome with low vitamin D levels. METHODS This retrospective study comprised PFAPA patients with vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency between 2018 and 2023. The frequency and duration of PFAPA attacks before and after vitamin D supplementation were noted. RESULTS Seventy-one patients were included. Of the 71 patients, 24 (33.8%) had vitamin D insufficiency, and 47 (66.2%) had vitamin D deficiency. In patients with vitamin D insufficiency, mean attack frequency and mean attack duration before vitamin D supplementation were 4.3 ± 1.9/year and 2.2 ± 1.6 days, respectively, while mean attack frequency and mean attack duration after vitamin D supplementation were 3.5 ± 2.7/year per year and 1.3 ± 0.9 days respectively (p = 0.2, p = 0.2, respectively). In patients with vitamin D deficiency, mean attack frequency and mean attack duration before vitamin D supplementation were 7.4 ± 2.1/year and 2.2 ± 1.6 days, respectively, while mean attack frequency and mean attack duration after vitamin D supplementation were 3.3 ± 2.4/year and 1.3 ± 0.9 days respectively (p < 0.01, p = 0.04, respectively). When the vitamin D level and the frequency of attacks were compared, the cut-off value of vitamin D was found to be 29.7 nmol/L. CONCLUSIONS In PFAPA patients with low vitamin D levels, the frequency and duration of PFAPA attacks were reduced with vitamin D supplementation. Especially at vitamin D level cut-off > 29.7 nmol/L, the frequency of attacks reduced significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimet Öner
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
| | - Elif Çelikel
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Zahide Ekici Tekin
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Vildan Güngörer
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Nilüfer Tekgöz
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Müge Sezer
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Karagöl
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Serkan Coşkun
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Melike Mehveş Kaplan
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Merve Cansu Polat
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Banu Çelikel Acar
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
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Rizzi M, Avellis V, Messina A, Germano C, Tavella E, Dodaro V, Vitale R, Revelli A, Zola P, Picone S, Paolillo PM, Mondì V, Masturzo B, Manzoni P, Sainaghi PP. Vitamin D Supplementation in Neonatal and Infant MIS-C Following COVID-19 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3712. [PMID: 38612523 PMCID: PMC11011671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still represents a great clinical challenge worldwide, and effective anti-COVID-19 drugs are limited. For this reason, nutritional supplements have been investigated as adjuvant therapeutic approaches in disease management. Among such supplements, vitamin D has gained great interest, due to its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions both in adult and pediatric populations. Even if there is conflicting evidence about its prevention and/or mitigation effectiveness in SARS-CoV-2 infection, several studies demonstrated a strict correlation between hypovitaminosis D and disease severity in acute COVID-19 and MIS-C (multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children). This narrative review offers a resume of the state of the art about vitamin D's role in immunity and its clinical use in the context of the current pandemic, specially focusing on pediatric manifestations and MIS-C. It seems biologically reasonable that interventions aimed at normalizing circulating vitamin D levels could be beneficial. To help clinicians in establishing the correct prophylaxis and/or supportive therapy with vitamin D, well-designed and adequately statistically powered clinical trials involving both adult and pediatric populations are needed. Moreover, this review will also discuss the few other nutraceuticals evaluated in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rizzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- IRCAD (Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Avellis
- School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Sant’Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (B.M.)
| | - Alessandro Messina
- School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Sant’Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (B.M.)
| | - Chiara Germano
- Sant’Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (B.M.)
- Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital “Degli Infermi”, 13875 Ponderano, Italy
| | - Elena Tavella
- School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Sant’Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (B.M.)
| | - Valentina Dodaro
- Sant’Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (B.M.)
| | - Raffaele Vitale
- School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Sant’Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (B.M.)
| | - Alberto Revelli
- School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Sant’Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (B.M.)
| | - Paolo Zola
- School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Sant’Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (B.M.)
| | - Simonetta Picone
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Policlinico Casilino, 00169 Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Michele Paolillo
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Policlinico Casilino, 00169 Rome, Italy
| | - Vito Mondì
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Policlinico Casilino, 00169 Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Masturzo
- Sant’Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (B.M.)
- Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital “Degli Infermi”, 13875 Ponderano, Italy
| | - Paolo Manzoni
- Sant’Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (B.M.)
- Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University Hospital “Degli Infermi”, 13875 Ponderano, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- IRCAD (Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
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Yang X, Chai M, Lin M. Proportion of vitamin D deficiency in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:192. [PMID: 38493103 PMCID: PMC10943883 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of vitamin D on type 1 diabetes has been a controversial topic in public health. Furthermore, significant differences in the proportion of vitamin D have been noted. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the overall proportion of vitamin D deficiency in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS Based on six electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Ovid Medline, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library), eligible studies since the databases' inception up to April 2022 were searched. Reference lists were also manually searched to identify additional studies. Overall, studies with statistical information on vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with T1D were included, and a random effects model was applied for the meta-analysis. In addition, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were carried out to evaluate heterogeneity, and publication bias was evaluated by using Egger's test. RESULTS A total of 45 studies involving 6,995 participants met the inclusion criteria; these included 25 countries covering Africa, Oceania, Europe, North America and Asia. The proportion of vitamin D deficiency in children/adolescents with T1D was 45% (95% confidence interval [CI] 37-54%, I2 = 97.94%). Subgroup analysis further revealed that the publication year, study design, vitamin D classification, season and geographical region significantly contributed to the variation in the reported incidence of vitamin D deficiency. CONCLUSIONS The results of the meta-analysis showed that the proportion of vitamin D deficiency among T1D children/adolescents was 45%. In addition, the proportion remains higher, which has important implications for adapting health and social care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism and Endocrinology Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1416, Section 1, Chenglong Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, No. 1416, Section 1, Chenglong Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Chai
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism and Endocrinology Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1416, Section 1, Chenglong Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, No. 1416, Section 1, Chenglong Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng Lin
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism and Endocrinology Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1416, Section 1, Chenglong Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, No. 1416, Section 1, Chenglong Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Raimann A, Misof BM, Fratzl P, Fratzl-Zelman N. Bone Material Properties in Bone Diseases Affecting Children. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:787-805. [PMID: 37897675 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metabolic and genetic bone disorders affect not only bone mass but often also the bone material, including degree of mineralization, matrix organization, and lacunar porosity. The quality of juvenile bone is moreover highly influenced by skeletal growth. This review aims to provide a compact summary of the present knowledge on the complex interplay between bone modeling and remodeling during skeletal growth and to alert the reader to the complexity of bone tissue characteristics in children with bone disorders. RECENT FINDINGS We describe cellular events together with the characteristics of the different tissues and organic matrix organization (cartilage, woven and lamellar bone) occurring during linear growth. Subsequently, we present typical alterations thereof in disorders leading to over-mineralized bone matrix compared to those associated with low or normal mineral content based on bone biopsy studies. Growth spurts or growth retardation might amplify or mask disease-related alterations in bone material, which makes the interpretation of bone tissue findings in children complex and challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalbert Raimann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara M Misof
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Center Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nadja Fratzl-Zelman
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Center Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
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Muskens JB, Ester WA, Klip H, Zinkstok J, van Dongen-Boomsma M, Staal WG. Novel Insights into Somatic Comorbidities in Children and Adolescents Across Psychiatric Diagnoses: An Explorative Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023:10.1007/s10578-023-01587-w. [PMID: 37656290 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Many children with psychiatric disorders display somatic symptoms, although these are frequently overlooked. As somatic morbidity early in life negatively influences long-term outcomes, it is relevant to assess comorbidity. However, studies of simultaneous psychiatric and somatic assessment in children are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of somatic comorbidities in a clinical sample of children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders in a naturalistic design. Data were assessed from 276 children with various psychiatric disorders (neurodevelopmental disorders, affective disorders, eating disorders and psychosis) aged 6-18 years. These data were collected as part of routine clinical assessment, including physical examination and retrospectively analyzed. For a subsample (n = 97), blood testing on vitamin D3, lipid spectrum, glucose and prolactin was available. Results of this cross-sectional study revealed that food intake problems (43%) and insomnia (66%) were common. On physical examination, 20% of the children were overweight, 12% displayed obesity and 38% had minor physical anomalies. Blood testing (n = 97) highlighted vitamin D3 deficiency (< 50 nmol/L) in 73% of the children. None of the predefined variables (gender, age, medication and socioeconomic factors) contributed significantly to the prevalence of somatic comorbidities. The main somatic comorbidities in this broad child- and adolescent psychiatric population consisted of (1) problems associated with food intake, including obesity and vitamin D3 deficiency and (2) sleeping problems, mainly insomnia. Child and adolescent psychiatrists need to be aware of potential somatic comorbidities and may promote a healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet B Muskens
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wietske A Ester
- Sarr Autism Rotterdam, Youz Child and Adolescence Psychiatry, Dynamostraat 18, Rotterdam, 3083 AK, The Netherlands
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Kiwistraat 30, The Hague, 2552 DH, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Curium-LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Endegeesterstraatweg 27, Oegstgeest, 2342 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Klip
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Zinkstok
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martine van Dongen-Boomsma
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter G Staal
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Karagol C, Duyan Camurdan A. Evaluation of vitamin D levels and affecting factors of vitamin D deficiency in healthy children 0-18 years old. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:4123-4131. [PMID: 37428244 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of vitamin D deficiency in healthy children is relatively high. Moreover, vitamin D supplementation in children is under the requested levels. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of vitamin D deficiency and the factors that influence vitamin D levels in healthy children. During the study period, 3368 vitamin D levels of healthy children, aged 0-18 years, were evaluated retrospectively. Vitamin D levels were categorized as deficiency (< 12 ng/ml), insufficiency (12-20 ng/ml), and sufficiency (> 20 ng/ml). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was found to be 18-24.9% in healthy children, respectively. It was found that the frequency of vitamin D deficiency increased with age. In addition, the most severe and highest risk group for vitamin D deficiency were adolescent girls. Moreover, being in the winter or spring season and living in the north of the 40th parallel are the other risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. CONCLUSION This study showed that vitamin D deficiency still remains a major problem for healthy children and daily supplementation of vitamin D is mandatory. Prophylactic vitamin D supplementation and adequate sunlight exposure should be provided for all children, in particular healthy adolescents. In addition, future studies may focus on screening for vitamin D status in children who did not receive vitamin D supplementation. WHAT IS KNOWN • Vitamin D is an essential component in bone metabolism. Seasonality, age, sex, dark skin pigmentation, and limited exposure to sunlight are causes of vitamin D deficiency. • The World Health Organization has drawn attention to this increased frequency, recommending lifelong, regular vitamin D prophylaxis. WHAT IS NEW • The frequency of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was found to be 42.9% in healthy children and the frequency significantly increased with age. • There were almost no cases of prophylactic vitamin D usage in adolescent group which are at the highest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Karagol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Aysu Duyan Camurdan
- Department of Social Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Flores-Aldana M, Rivera-Pasquel M, García-Guerra A, Pérez-Cortés JG, Bárcena-Echegollén JE. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on (25(OH)D) Status in Children 12-30 Months of Age: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:2756. [PMID: 37375660 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) deficiency (serum 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L) affects 27.3% of preschool children in Mexico. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation at different doses on serum 25(OH)D concentrations in preschool children. In a randomized control trial, 222 children 12-30 months old were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: (1) Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) 400 IU/day (n = 56); (2) Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) 800 IU/day (n = 55); (3) Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) 1000 IU/day (n = 56); or (4) multiple micronutrients (MM) non-VD (n = 55). Supplements were given five days/wk for three months. Serum 25(OH)D was measured at baseline and after three months. At baseline, mean serum 25(OH)D was 58.9 ± 12.6 nmol/L and 23.4% were VD-deficient. There was a statistically significant increase in serum concentrations of 25(OH)D (range across groups: +8.2 to +17.3 nmol/L). Additionally, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency decreased after three months: for D2 400 IU, -9.0%; for D2 800 IU, -11.0%; for D3 1000 IU, -18.0%; and for MM non-VD, -2.8% (p < 0.05). No adverse effects were observed. VD supplementation for three months was effective for increasing serum 25(OH)D concentrations and for reducing VD deficiency in preschool children. The highest efficacy was observed by giving 1000 IU D3/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Flores-Aldana
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Avenida Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico
| | - Marta Rivera-Pasquel
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Avenida Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico
| | - Armando García-Guerra
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Avenida Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico
| | - Jesús Giovanni Pérez-Cortés
- Instituto de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Alimentaria, S.C. Comonfort No. 7, Colonia Centro, Cuernavaca 62000, Mexico
| | - Juan E Bárcena-Echegollén
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Avenida Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico
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9
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Van Haren KP, Cunanan K, Awani A, Gu M, Peña D, Chromik LC, Považan M, Rossi NC, Goodman J, Sundaram V, Winterbottom J, Raymond GV, Cowan T, Enns GM, Waubant E, Steinman L, Barker PB, Spielman D, Fatemi A. A Phase 1 Study of Oral Vitamin D 3in Boys and Young Men With X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. NEUROLOGY GENETICS 2023; 9:e200061. [PMID: 37090939 PMCID: PMC10117697 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and ObjectivesThere are no therapies for preventing cerebral demyelination in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Higher plasma vitamin D levels have been linked to lower risk of inflammatory brain lesions. We assessed the safety and pharmacokinetics of oral vitamin D dosing regimens in boys and young men with ALD.MethodsIn this open-label, multicenter, phase 1 study, we recruited boys and young men with ALD without brain lesions to a 12-month study of daily oral vitamin D3supplementation. Our primary outcome was attainment of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in target range (40–80 ng/mL) at 6 and 12 months. Secondary outcomes included safety and glutathione levels in the brain, measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and blood, measured via mass spectrometry. Participants were initially assigned to a fixed dosing regimen starting at 2,000 IU daily, regardless of weight. After a midstudy safety assessment, we modified the dosing regimen, so all subsequent participants were assigned to a weight-stratified dosing regimen starting as low as 1,000 IU daily.ResultsBetween October 2016 and June 2019, we enrolled 21 participants (n = 12, fixed-dose regimen; n = 9, weight-stratified regimen) with a median age of 6.7 years (range: 1.9–22 years) and median weight of 20 kg (range: 11.7–85.5 kg). The number of participants achieving target vitamin D levels was similar in both groups at 6 months (fixed dose: 92%; weight stratified: 78%) and 12 months (fixed dose: 67%; weight stratified: 67%). Among the 12 participants in the fixed-dose regimen, half had asymptomatic elevations in either urine calcium:creatinine or plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D; no laboratory deviations occurred with the weight-stratified regimen. Glutathione levels in the brain, but not the blood, increased significantly between baseline and 12 months.DiscussionOur vitamin D dosing regimens were well tolerated and achieved target 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in most participants. Brain glutathione levels warrant further study as a biomarker for vitamin D and ALD.Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class IV evidence that fixed or weight-stratified vitamin D supplementation achieved target levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in boys and young men with X-ALD without brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith P Van Haren
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kristen Cunanan
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Avni Awani
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dalia Peña
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lindsay C Chromik
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michal Považan
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nicole C Rossi
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jordan Goodman
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vandana Sundaram
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer Winterbottom
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gerald V Raymond
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tina Cowan
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gregory M Enns
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Emmanuelle Waubant
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter B Barker
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel Spielman
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Department of Neurology (K.P.V.H., A.A., D.P., L.C.C., N.C.R., J.W., L.S.), Department of Pediatrics (K.P.V.H., T.C., G.M.E., L.S.), Quantitative Sciences Unit (K.C., V.S.) and Department of Radiology (M.G., D.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (M.P., P.B.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Kennedy Krieger Institute (M.P., P.B.B., A.F.); Department of Genetic Medicine (G.V.R.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology (T.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology (E.W.), University of California at San Francisco, ; and Department of Neurology (A.F.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Corsello A, Spolidoro GCI, Milani GP, Agostoni C. Vitamin D in pediatric age: Current evidence, recommendations, and misunderstandings. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1107855. [PMID: 37007781 PMCID: PMC10060648 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1107855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years vitamin D has been in the spotlight of many researchers for its possible role in various disorders, including autoimmune and infectious diseases. Even if vitamin D deficiency remains a major public health problem, its symptomatic manifestations are less and less common in clinical practice, and pediatric age represents a “gray area” where vitamin D supplementation is often administered in the absence of an effective evaluation of its status. Moreover, a poor knowledge about different definitions of “deficiency,” “insufficiency,” and similar terms is spread among clinicians, while guidelines are not univocal, especially after the first year of life. The aim of this brief opinion paper is to sum up recent evidence about vitamin D status and its supplementation in pediatrics, in order to better clarify a common definition of its deficiency. The aim of this opinion article is to raise awareness on this topic among clinicians and encourage a discussion on the real need for routine 25-hydroxycholecalciferol serum evaluation and its supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Corsello
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gregorio P. Milani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gregorio P. Milani,
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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11
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Tarikere Satyanarayana P, Suryanarayana R, Theophilus Yesupatham S, Reddy S, Reddy N. Is Sunshine Vitamin Related to Adolescent Depression? A Cross-Sectional Study of Vitamin D Status and Depression Among Rural Adolescents. Cureus 2023; 15:e34639. [PMID: 36895546 PMCID: PMC9989901 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is the phase of rapid transition of the body. The requirement of all minerals and vitamins changes in this phase of life so does Vitamin D. Despite Vitamin D being abundantly available, its deficiency, which can cause innumerable side effects on the body, is extremely common among the general population. Material and methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study carried out from January 2021 to July 2022 for two years at various government rural high schools in Kolar, Karnataka, India. All adolescents who were aged 11-18 years and studying in 9th and 10th standards were included in the study after consent and assent. Adolescent boys and girls with any pre-existing mental health illness were excluded from the study. To assess depression, Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used. Vitamin D3 levels were assessed by using VITROS Immunodiagnostic products using a 25-OH Total reagent pack. All data were entered in a Microsoft Excel sheet (Redmond, USA) and analyzed using IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. To check for the association between factors, Chi-square was applied with a level of significance defined as a p-value less than 0.05. RESULTS Out of 451 students, 272 (60.3%) belonged to the 15-year age group, 224 (49.7%) were boys, 235 (52.1%) were studying in 10th standard, 323 (71.6 %) belonged to nuclear families, 379 (84%) were non-vegetarian by diet, 222 (49.2%) had sun exposure in the afternoon, and 156 (34.6%) had a sun exposure of fewer than 60 minutes, 133 (29.5%) had severe depression according to Beck's Depression Inventory-II. One hundred sixty-two (35.9%) had insufficient Vitamin D3 levels (12-20 ng/ml), and 66 (14.6%) had deficient levels of Vitamin D3 (less than 12 ng/dl). There was a statistically significant association between depression and Vitamin D3 levels. CONCLUSION There are innumerable causes of adolescent depression. The present study shows Vitamin D levels were statistically associated with depression among adolescents. Vitamin D supplementation of at least 600 international units, which is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), could be beneficial in tackling Vitamin D to sufficiency status (20-100 ng/ml) and also indirectly address Adolescent Depression. Better study designs, like randomized control trials showing Vitamin D intervention and its possible curative role in adolescent depression, are required to establish the causal association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Tarikere Satyanarayana
- Community Medicine, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College (SDUMC) Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (SDUAHER), Kolar, IND
| | - Ravishankar Suryanarayana
- Biostatistics, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College (SDUMC) Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (SDUAHER), Kolar, IND
| | - Susanna Theophilus Yesupatham
- Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College (SDUMC) Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (SDUAHER), Kolar, IND
| | - Sudha Reddy
- Pediatrics, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College (SDUMC) Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (SDUAHER), Kolar, IND
| | - Navya Reddy
- Psychiatry, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College (SDUMC) Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (SDUAHER), Kolar, IND
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12
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Luo X, Wu F, Wang C, Wen C. Analysis of hot trends in research on the association between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1073698. [PMID: 36712532 PMCID: PMC9881723 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1073698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Vitamin D deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency. Numerous studies suggest that vitamin D is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The objective is to visualize the research hotspots and evolution trends of the correlation between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease by using multivariate statistics and social network analysis techniques and to compare adult research with that of children in this field. Methods (Vitamin D [MeSH Major Topic]) AND (cardiovascular disease [MeSH Major Topic]) were retrieved from the PubMed database by time period. The bibliographic items co-occurrence matrix builder (BICOMB) was adopted to extract high-frequency subject terms and establish the core subject term co-occurrence matrix. With the Netdraw function of Ucinet 6.0 software, the social network of core subject terms was completed. Results Before 2010, there was a slow increase in the number of research papers covering all age groups in this field (157, 54, 84, and 211 papers were published in stages 1-4, respectively). From 2010 to 2020, there were 1,423 papers retrieved, showing a significantly increased research heat. The overall development trend of the research on the association between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease in children is similar to that in all age groups. From 2010 to 2020, 122 related papers were published (while before 2009, there were only 43 papers in all), presenting a good overall development trend. The social network analysis of core subject terms showed gradually increased correlations between research hotspots, from the early studies limited on the physiological function of vitamin D in cardiovascular diseases, to the role of vitamin D in the comorbidities of various cardiovascular diseases and its value as an intervention measure. Researches on the association between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease has a good overall development trend. Study of the mechanisms and the role of vitamin D in the common co-morbidities of cardiovascular disease and its therapeutic value will be the focus of future research.
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Benson R, Unnikrishnan MK, Kurian SJ, Velladath SU, Rodrigues GS, Chandrashekar Hariharapura R, Muraleedharan A, Bangalore Venkateshiah D, Banerjee B, Mukhopadhyay C, Johnson AS, Munisamy M, Rao M, Kochikuzhyil BM, Sekhar Miraj S. Vitamin D attenuates biofilm-associated infections via immunomodulation and cathelicidin expression: a narrative review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:15-27. [PMID: 36440493 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2151439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infections are becoming more difficult to treat, at least partly on account of microbes that produce biofilms. Reports suggest that decreased levels of antimicrobial peptides like cathelicidin, elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, and biofilm formation are all associated with vitamin D deficiency, making vitamin D - deficient individuals more susceptible to infection. Infections attributable to biofilm-producing microbes can be managed by adjuvant therapy with vitamin D because of its immunomodulatory role, particularly because of the ability of vitamin D-pathway to induce the antimicrobial peptides like cathelicidin and decrease proinflammatory cytokines. AREAS COVERED This narrative review covers biofilm formation, infections associated with biofilm due to vitamin D deficiency, putative role of vitamin D in host protection and the effect of vitamin D supplementation in biofilm-associated infections. A comprehensive literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar utilizing suitable keywords at multiple time points extracted relevant articles. EXPERT OPINION Although vitamin D deficiency has been associated with infections by biofilm producing microbes, comprehensive clinical trials in various ethnicities are required to understand the likely relationships between vitamin D receptor gene expression, cathelicidin levels, and infection outcome. Current evidence hypothesizes that maintaining normal vitamin D level can help prevent and treat these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Benson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - Shilia Jacob Kurian
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Saleena Ummer Velladath
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar, Oman
| | | | - Raghu Chandrashekar Hariharapura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Anju Muraleedharan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Dinesh Bangalore Venkateshiah
- Department of General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College and Hospital, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Barnini Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College and Hospital, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College and Hospital, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Aieshel Serafin Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Murali Munisamy
- Department of Translational Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Mahadev Rao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Benson Mathai Kochikuzhyil
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Joseph Mar Thoma Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kattanam, India
| | - Sonal Sekhar Miraj
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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14
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Dietary Supplements among Children Ages 0-3 Years in Poland-Are They Necessary? Foods 2022; 12:foods12010016. [PMID: 36613232 PMCID: PMC9818416 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: One of the ways to prevent nutritional deficiencies may be supplementation. Experts have observed the increased use of dietary supplements, not only in adults but also in children. Considering controversies among dietary supplements and possible errors in children's feeding, the goal of our research was to evaluate use and reasons behind supplementation in terms of children's diet analysis. (2) Methods: Our research involved 507 legal guardians of the youngest children (up to 3 years of age) and was conducted via a questionnaire. (3) Results: 79% of all children received dietary supplements. The analysis of children's diets showed a need to implement omega-3 acids and vitamin D supplementation, which was very low in children. On the other hand, vitamin C, vitamin B, vitamin A, and copper levels were extremely high. (4) Conclusions: Popularity of dietary supplements in Polish children aged 0-3 years old is an omnipresent issue. Although the reasoning behind administering nutritional supplements to children seems justified, considering the supply of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids, it seems justified to increase parents' knowledge in this regard in terms of the use and means to choose the best supplement possible, as dietary supplementation should always be tailored to individual needs.
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15
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Arshad S, Zaidi SJA. Vitamin D levels among children, adolescents, adults, and elders in Pakistani population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2040. [PMID: 36348325 PMCID: PMC9641307 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D is not only an essential part of a healthy diet but it is also known as the sunshine hormone. It helps to absorb calcium and phosphate within the body and is essential for the development of teeth and bones in growing children. Deficiency in vitamin D causes weak bones, osteoporosis in older individuals, and osteomalacia in children. It also causes loss of alveolar bone around the teeth, increased dental cavities, and other problems associated with gum disease. It can cause depression, fatigue, and appetite loss. This study aims to observe vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency among children, adults, adolescents, and elders in the Pakistani population. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 27,880 individuals referred from the general out-patient-department (OPD) to Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference Laboratory (DDRRL) units at Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS) Karachi, Pakistan, for a period of three months from January to March 2017. They were examined for laboratory findings of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels to determine vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency among all age groups of both male and female genders. Results A total of 26,750 individuals with a mean age of 38 ± 18 years were statistically examined for laboratory findings of serum vitamin D levels. Vitamin D deficiency was observed in 56% of individuals with a mean log of 1.01 ± 0.18 ng/ml serum vitamin D levels, vitamin D insufficiency in 20% of individuals with a mean log of 1.38 ± 0.05 ng/ml serum vitamin D levels and vitamin D sufficiency in 24% individuals with a mean log of 1.63 ± 0.12 ng/ml serum vitamin D levels. The highest percentage of individuals deficient in vitamin D were children and adolescents of age ranging between 6 to 18 years. Conclusion The findings of vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents direct higher authorities in the public health sector to take immediate steps to screen, intervene and educate high-risk populations incorporating vitamin D supplements to establish preventive and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Arshad
- grid.412080.f0000 0000 9363 9292Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Ishrat-Ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences (DIKIOHS), Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Jaffar Abbas Zaidi
- grid.412080.f0000 0000 9363 9292Department of Oral Biology, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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16
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Vitamin D and Zinc are Interlinked but Affected by Different Growth Factors in Iranian Children and Adolescents: Vitamin D and Zinc in Iranian Children and Adolescents. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/ijp-127158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: Zinc and vitamin D are essential factors required for growth. Recently, studies have shown a possible link between serum zinc and vitamin D levels. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate this link and its possible affecting growth factors in children and adolescents in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on the data obtained from children aged 2 to 18 years old referring to a growth assessment clinic for routine growth follow-ups in the city of Shiraz from April to August 2019. A total of 454 children who were checked for 25-hydroxyvitamin D and zinc simultaneously were included. Results: Vitamin D was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) z-scores, while zinc was positively correlated with vitamin D and height z-scores. Subjects with vitamin D levels ≤ 8.6 ng/mL were 2.081 times more likely to have a zinc deficiency. Vitamin D insufficiency was significantly higher in overweight and obese children. Mean vitamin D and zinc levels were significantly lower, and vitamin D insufficiency was significantly higher in boys than girls. While mean zinc levels were significantly lower in short children, the prevalence of zinc deficiency was not statistically different between short and normal height statures. Conclusions: Very low vitamin D levels are likely to be accompanied by zinc deficiency, possibly caused by malnutrition and the modulatory effect of serum vitamin D on zinc absorption. Unlike zinc deficiency, vitamin D insufficiency is much more prevalent in Iranian children than in children from other countries. Vitamin D and zinc are associated with BMI and height z-scores, respectively.
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17
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Akter R, Afrose A, Sharmin S, Rezwan R, Rahman MR, Neelotpol S. A comprehensive look into the association of vitamin D levels and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with obesity in children. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113285. [PMID: 35728355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity accounts for several psychosocial and clinical consequences. Psychosocial consequences include lower self-esteem, social isolation, poor academic achievement, peer problems, and depression, whereas clinical consequences are cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cancer, autoimmune diseases, girls early polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), asthma, bone deformities, etc. A growing number of studies have uncovered the association of childhood obesity and its consequences with vitamin-D (vit-D) deficiency and vitamin-D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), e.g., TaqI, BsmI, ApaI, FokI, and Cdx2. Considering the impact of vit-D deficiency and VDR gene polymorphisms, identifying associated factors and risk groups linked to lower serum vit-D levels and prevention of obesity-related syndromes in children is of utmost importance. Previously published review articles mainly focused on the association of vit-D deficiency with obesity or other non-communicable diseases in children. The nature of the correlation between vit-D deficiency and VDR gene polymorphisms with obesity in children is yet to be clarified. Therefore, this review attempts to delineate the association of obesity with these two factors by identifying the molecular mechanism of the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raushanara Akter
- School of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afrina Afrose
- School of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahana Sharmin
- School of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rifat Rezwan
- School of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rashidur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
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18
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25(OH)Vitamin D Deficiency and Calcifediol Treatment in Pediatrics. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091854. [PMID: 35565821 PMCID: PMC9101124 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is essential for the normal mineralization of bones during childhood. Although diet and adequate sun exposure should provide enough of this nutrient, there is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency rickets worldwide. Children with certain conditions that lead to decreased vitamin D production and/or absorption are at the greatest risk of nutritional rickets. In addition, several rare genetic alterations are also associated with severe forms of vitamin-D-resistant or -dependent rickets. Although vitamin D3 is the threshold nutrient for the vitamin D endocrine system (VDES), direct measurement of circulating vitamin D3 itself is not a good marker of the nutritional status of the system. Calcifediol (or 25(OH)D) serum levels are used to assess VDES status. While there is no clear consensus among the different scientific associations on calcifediol status, many clinical trials have demonstrated the benefit of ensuring normal 25(OH)D serum levels and calcium intake for the prevention or treatment of nutritional rickets in childhood. Therefore, during the first year of life, infants should receive vitamin D treatment with at least 400 IU/day. In addition, a diet should ensure a normal calcium intake. Healthy lifestyle habits to prevent vitamin D deficiency should be encouraged during childhood. In children who develop clinical signs of rickets, adequate treatment with vitamin D and calcium should be guaranteed. Children with additional risk factors for 25(OH)D deficiency and nutritional rickets should be assessed periodically and treated promptly to prevent further bone damage.
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19
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How Much Does Serum 25(OH)D Improve by Vitamin D Supplement and Fortified Food in Children? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 74:e87-e97. [PMID: 34520402 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to respond certain important questions regarding the efficacy of vitamin D fortification and supplementation in children using a meta-analytical approach. METHODS MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched, and 2341 studies were found in a preliminary search. After screening of titles and abstracts, 31 studies were selected. RESULTS Significant raises in circulating 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were observed in both groups that took vitamin D supplement (mean difference [MD] 28.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 22.5-34.9) and vitamin D-fortified foods (MD 20.29, 95% CI 13.3-27.2). The meta-regression revealed a significant association between age of participants (B -1.4, 95% CI -2.8, -0.02, P = 0.047) and dose of vitamin D (B 0.007, 95% CI 0.003, 0.01, P < 0.001), with the effect on serum 25(OH)D concentrations. The analysis showed that serum 25(OH)D concentration increases by 0.7 nmol/L for every 100 IU of vitamin D intake after adjustment for age, baseline serum 25(OH)D and latitude which is far less than the reported amount in adults. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these findings indicate that in a mass vitamin D fortification program, circulating 25(OH)D concentration response in children may be lower in children than in adults and vitamin D supplementation may still be needed in this subpopulation.
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20
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Alenazi KA. Vitamin D deficiency in children with cerebral palsy: A narrative review of epidemiology, contributing factors, clinical consequences and interventions. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2007-2013. [PMID: 35531196 PMCID: PMC9072905 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sufficient vitamin D levels are necessary, not only for mineralization, normal growth and development of bones, but also for the prevention of fatal chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and cancer. This is of particular importance in children with neuro- and musculoskeletal disorders, especially cerebral palsy (CP). CP is a heterogeneous group of childhood developmental disability disorders described by uncharacteristic posture, balance, and movement. Patients with CP are at an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency and as a result reduced bone mineral density, bone fragility, osteopenia, and rickets. The present review aims to combine and summarize available evidence, regarding the epidemiology, underlying contributing factors, clinical consequences, and treatment interventions of vitamin D deficiency in children with CP.
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21
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Muskens J, Klip H, Zinkstok JR, van Dongen-Boomsma M, Staal WG. Vitamin D status in children with a psychiatric diagnosis, autism spectrum disorders, or internalizing disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:958556. [PMID: 36186854 PMCID: PMC9515420 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.958556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Multiple studies suggest that children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have significantly lower vitamin D3 levels than typically developing children. However, whether vitamin D3 deficiency is more common in children with ASD than in children with other psychiatric disorders remains unclear. This study was conducted to explore the prevalence of vitamin D3 in children with a psychiatric diagnosis including children with ASD or with internalizing disorders (mood and anxiety disorders). In addition, this study investigated the potential associations between vitamin D3 and Body Mass Index (BMI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical data, including BMI and vitamin D3 levels, of 93 children (6-18 years; n = 47; 51% female) with ASD (n = 58) and internalizing disorders (n = 37) were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS In the overall sample, the prevalence of vitamin D3 deficiency (<50 nmol/L) was 77.4%. Additionally, 75.9% of the children with ASD and 79.5% with internalizing disorders had vitamin D3 deficiency. BMI was inversely related to vitamin D3 in the total group (p = 0.016). The multiple regression model for the total group significantly predicted vitamin D3 (p = 0.022). Age contributed significantly to the prediction. Stratified for sex and primary diagnosis, multiple regression models showed that for boys with ASD, higher BMI levels were associated with lower vitamin D3 levels (p = 0.031); in boys with internalizing disorders and in girls, no relation was found between BMI and vitamin D3 levels. CONCLUSION In this this cross-sectional, explorative study high rates of vitamin D3 deficiency in children with different psychiatric disorders were found. The results showed an inverse relation between BMI and vitamin D3 levels in the total group. Vitamin D3 deficiency was particularly common in boys with ASD and obesity. Lifestyle factors may contribute to the association between high BMI and low vitamin D3 levels in boys with ASD. Vitamin D3 deficiency is common in patients with psychiatric disorders and it is highly recommended to increase clinicians' awareness of this common and remediable risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet Muskens
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Helen Klip
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Janneke R Zinkstok
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martine van Dongen-Boomsma
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter G Staal
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, Netherlands
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22
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El Wakeel MA, El-Kassas GM, Hashem SA, Hasanin HM, Ali WH, Elkhatib AA, Sibaii H, Fadl NN. Serum Biomarkers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction and Growth Perspective in Egyptian Children. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a chronic subclinical condition, contributed to limited sources and poor countries. EED pathology is concerned with small intestine structure and function, which affect the macronutrients and micronutrients absorption with consequent growth faltering.
AIM: This study aimed to evaluate some serum biomarkers involved in EED and determine their association with stunting and faltering growth in children; zonulin, endotoxin core antibody (EndoCAb), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), serum iron, and Vitamins A and D.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: This case–control study enrolled 105 children aged from 1 to 10 years old, having weight-for-age z-scores and height-for-age z-scores (WAZ or HAZ) ranging from −1.5 to −2. They were compared with control group consisted of 100 children having WAZ or HAZ > −1 of matched age and sex. Assessment of serum markers levels of enteric dysfunction (zonulin and EndoCAb), markers of systemic inflammation (Hs CRP and AGP), along with serum micronutrients (vitamin A, vitamin D and iron) in children with malnutrition in comparison to controls.
RESULTS: There was a highly significant decrease as regarding the anthropometric measurements; weight, height, BMI, and arm circumference. Moreover, significant increase in serum zonulin, EndoCAb, HsCRP, and AGP and highly significant decrease of serum Vitamin D and iron in cases group as compared to control group. Height Z score showed negative correlation with zonulin, HsCRP, and AGP and positive correlation with Vitamin D. Weight Z score showed negative correlation with zonulin, HsCRP, and AGP and positive correlation with Vitamin D and Vitamin A. Regression analysis noted increase of zonulin and α1AGP as high associative markers with height Z score affection, however, increase of zonulin was high associative markers with weight Z score affection.
CONCLUSION: Faltering growth is associated with elevated serum systemic markers of intestinal inflammation (HsCRP and α1AGP). EED may be a cause of faltering growth.
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Chee WSS, Chang CY, Arasu K, Wong SY, Ong SH, Yang WY, Chong MHZ, Mavinkurve M, Khoo EJ, Chinna K, Weaver CM. Vitamin D Status Is Associated with Modifiable Lifestyle Factors in Pre-Adolescent Children Living in Urban Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Nutrients 2021; 13:2175. [PMID: 34202743 PMCID: PMC8308301 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on vitamin D status and its determinants in growing children in countries with ample sunshine such as Malaysia have been limited. The aim of our study was to determine factors associated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations such as lifestyle, dietary intake, anthropometry, and body composition in 243 pre-adolescent Malaysian children from low-income families living in Kuala Lumpur. This cross-sectional study measured bone density and body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), while serum 25(OH)D was measured using LC-MS/MS. Time spent outdoors, body surface area exposed to sunlight, dietary intake, and physical activity level were assessed using questionnaires. Multiple linear regression and stepwise analysis were performed to identify significant predictors for serum 25(OH)D. About 69.4% had 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L, and 18.9% were vitamin-D-deficient with 25(OH)D < 30 nmol/L. Girls had a nine-fold higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency than boys. Body surface area exposed to sunlight, Sun Index, and fat mass were significant predictors of 25(OH)D concentrations in this population. Modifiable lifestyle factors such as sun exposure and reducing obesity are important public health guidance to ensure optimal vitamin D status in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Siew Swee Chee
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (K.A.); (S.Y.W.); (S.H.O.); (W.Y.Y.); (M.H.Z.C.)
| | - Chung Yuan Chang
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (K.A.); (S.Y.W.); (S.H.O.); (W.Y.Y.); (M.H.Z.C.)
| | - Kanimolli Arasu
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (K.A.); (S.Y.W.); (S.H.O.); (W.Y.Y.); (M.H.Z.C.)
| | - Soon Yee Wong
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (K.A.); (S.Y.W.); (S.H.O.); (W.Y.Y.); (M.H.Z.C.)
| | - Shu Hwa Ong
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (K.A.); (S.Y.W.); (S.H.O.); (W.Y.Y.); (M.H.Z.C.)
| | - Wai Yew Yang
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (K.A.); (S.Y.W.); (S.H.O.); (W.Y.Y.); (M.H.Z.C.)
| | - Megan Hueh Zan Chong
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (K.A.); (S.Y.W.); (S.H.O.); (W.Y.Y.); (M.H.Z.C.)
| | - Meenal Mavinkurve
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Jalan Rasah, Seremban 70300, Malaysia; (M.M.); (E.J.K.)
| | - Erwin Jiayuan Khoo
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Jalan Rasah, Seremban 70300, Malaysia; (M.M.); (E.J.K.)
| | - Karuthan Chinna
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Taylor’s University, No. 1, Jalan Taylor’s, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Connie M. Weaver
- Distinguished Professor Emerita, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
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Chen Z, Lv X, Hu W, Qian X, Wu T, Zhu Y. Vitamin D Status and Its Influence on the Health of Preschool Children in Hangzhou. Front Public Health 2021; 9:675403. [PMID: 34079788 PMCID: PMC8165265 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.675403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in children are global public health problems. However, few studies have focused on vitamin D status in healthy preschool children, especially in Asia. This study aimed to investigate vitamin D status and host-related factors in healthy preschool children in Hangzhou to analyze the impact of low vitamin D levels (<30 ng/mL) on health outcomes (obesity, early childhood caries, and respiratory tract infections). Methods: A total of 1,510 healthy children aged 24–72 months from 15 kindergartens in Hangzhou were included. Data on the children's gender, age, body mass index (BMI), caries, and blood samples available for vitamin D analysis were collected from June to August 2018. A total of 325 children aged 36–48 months took part in a survey on the frequency of respiratory tract infections in the last year. Results: The children's mean 25(OH)D level was 28.01 ± 7.29 ng/mL. A total of 11.4% of the children had vitamin D deficiency, and 52.6% had vitamin D insufficiency. Only 36.0% had vitamin D sufficiency. No significant difference was found by gender or BMI group. However, children in the obesity group had the highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and the lowest 25(OH)D levels. A significant negative correlation was found between the 25(OH)D level and child age (r = −0.144, p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that the children’s 25(OH)D levels decreased by 0.17 ng/mL per month with age. In addition, children with low vitamin D levels might increase the risk of obesity and early childhood caries. Multiple linear regression indicated that the number of caries in children increased by 0.08 per 1-ng/mL decrease in the 25(OH)D level (β = −0.08, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency is a serious problem among healthy preschool children in Hangzhou. Public health policies or interventions should be implemented to ensure that preschool children have adequate vitamin D to reduce the risk of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Chen
- Department of Child Health Care, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Care Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Lv
- Department of Teaching Office, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wensheng Hu
- Department of Child Health Care, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Care Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Qian
- Department of Child Health Care, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Care Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Child Health Care, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Care Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- Department of Child Health Care, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Care Hospital), Hangzhou, China
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25
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Choy O, Raine A. Vitamin D sufficiency attenuates the effect of early social adversity on child antisocial behavior. Psychol Med 2021; 52:1-10. [PMID: 33762031 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D insufficiency and child antisocial behavior are public health concerns. It is unknown whether vitamin D plays a role in antisocial outcomes. This study examines whether higher levels of vitamin D can act as a protective factor against antisocial behavior for children who are exposed to early social adversity. METHODS In a community sample of 300 children aged 11-12 years (151 females, 149 males), serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were assessed alongside early social adversity, and both parent and child-reported antisocial behavior. RESULTS Vitamin D moderated the association between early social adversity and multiple antisocial outcomes. Higher social adversity was associated with greater antisocial behavior among vitamin D-insufficient [25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL], but not vitamin D-sufficient children [25(OH)D ⩾ 30 ng/mL], after adjusting for other variables. Results from child reports of antisocial behavior were replicated with parent reports, providing support for the robustness of the findings. At serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 27.16-30.69 ng/mL (close to 30 ng/mL, the recommended optimal vitamin D level for pediatric populations), the effect of social adversity on antisocial behavior outcomes was nullified. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to document that a nutritional factor, vitamin D, can potentially confer resilience to antisocial behavior. Our findings in a pediatric population suggest a possible role of vitamin D supplementation in interventions to reduce antisocial behavior, which may be further investigated in future randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Choy
- Department of Psychology, Nanyang Technological University, 48 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639818, Singapore
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, McNeil Building, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
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El Wakeel M, El-Kassas G, Hashem S, Mohamed H, Ali W, Elkhatib AA, Sibaii H, Fadl NN. Serum Biomarkers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction and Growth Perspective in Egyptian Children. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2020.7023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a chronic subclinical condition, contributed to limited sources and poor countries. EED pathology is concerned with small intestine structure and function, which affect the macronutrients and micronutrients absorption with consequent growth faltering.
AIM: This study aimed to evaluate some serum biomarkers involved in EED and determine their association with stunting and faltering growth in children; zonulin, endotoxin core antibody (EndoCAb), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), serum iron, and Vitamins A and D.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: This case–control study enrolled 105 children aged from 1 to 10 years old, having weight-for-age z-scores and height-for-age z-scores (WAZ or HAZ) ranging from −1.5 to −2. They were compared with control group consisted of 100 children having WAZ or HAZ > −1 of matched age and sex. Assessment of serum markers levels of enteric dysfunction (zonulin and EndoCAb), markers of systemic inflammation (Hs CRP and AGP), along with serum micronutrients (vitamin A, vitamin D and iron) in children with malnutrition in comparison to controls.
RESULTS: There was a highly significant decrease as regarding the anthropometric measurements; weight, height, BMI, and arm circumference. Moreover, significant increase in serum zonulin, EndoCAb, HsCRP, and AGP and highly significant decrease of serum Vitamin D and iron in cases group as compared to control group. Height Z score showed negative correlation with zonulin, HsCRP, and AGP and positive correlation with Vitamin D. Weight Z score showed negative correlation with zonulin, HsCRP, and AGP and positive correlation with Vitamin D and Vitamin A. Regression analysis noted increase of zonulin and α1AGP as high associative markers with height Z score affection, however, increase of zonulin was high associative markers with weight Z score affection.
CONCLUSION: Faltering growth is associated with elevated serum systemic markers of intestinal inflammation (HsCRP and α1AGP). EED may be a cause of faltering growth.
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