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Abdulelah M, Haider O, McAuliffe M, Al-Faris L, Paadam J, Medarametla V, Kleppel R, Joshi K. Do Decision Support Tools Decrease the Prevalence of Hospital-Acquired Venous Thromboembolisms When Compared to Clinical Judgement? A Single-Center Pre-Post Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3854. [PMID: 38999420 PMCID: PMC11242558 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hospital-acquired venous thromboembolisms (HA-VTEs) carry a significant health burden on patients and a financial burden on hospitals due to reimbursement penalties. VTE prophylaxis at our institute was performed through utilizing an order set based on healthcare professionals' perceived level of risk. However, the use of standardized risk assessment models is recommended by multiple professional societies. Furthermore, integrating decision support tools (DST) based on the standardized risk assessment models has been shown to increase the administration of appropriate deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis. Nonetheless, such scoring systems are not inherently flawless and their integration into EMR as a mandatory step can come at the risk of healthcare professional fatigue and burnout. We conducted a study to evaluate the incidence of HA-VTE and length of stay pre- and post implementation of a DST. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, pre-post-implementation observational study at a tertiary medical center after implementing a mandatory DST. The DST used Padua scores for medical patients and Caprini scores for surgical patients. Patients were identified through ICD-10 codes and outcomes were collected from electronic charts. Healthcare professionals were surveyed through an anonymous survey and stored securely. Statistical analysis was conducted by using R (version 3.4.3). Results: A total of 343 patients developed HA-VTE during the study period. Of these, 170 patients developed HA-VTE in the 9 months following the implementation of the DST, while 173 patients were identified in the 9 months preceding the implementation. There was no statistically significant difference in mean HA-VTE/1000 discharge/month pre- and post implementation (4.4 (SD 1.6) compared to 4.6 (SD 1.2), confidence interval [CI] -1.6 to 1.2, p = 0.8). The DST was used in 73% of all HA-VTE cases over the first 6 months of implementation. The hospital length of stay (LOS) was 14.2 (SD 1.9) days prior to implementation and 14.1 (SD 1.6) days afterwards. No statistically significant change in readmission rates was noted (8.8% (SD 2.6) prior to implementation and 15.53% (SD 9.6) afterwards, CI -14.27 to 0.74, p = 0.07). Of the 56 healthcare professionals who answered the survey, 84% (n = 47) reported to be dissatisfied or extremely dissatisfied with the DST, while 91% (n = 51) reported that it slowed them down. Conclusions: There were no apparent changes in the prevalence of HA-VTE, length of stay, or readmission rates when VTE prophylaxis was mandated through DST compared to a prior model which used order sets based on perceived risk. Further studies are needed to further evaluate the current risk assessment models and improve healthcare professionals' satisfaction with DST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdulelah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School—Baystate Regional Campus, Springfield, MA 01199, USA (R.K.)
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Baumann Kreuziger L, Kwon T, Kasthuri RS, Wahid L, Miller PJ, Enders K, Wahed AS, Anstrom KJ, Wang TY, Ortel TL. High-risk subgroups were not identified to benefit from thromboprophylaxis after hospitalization for COVID-19. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102417. [PMID: 38859949 PMCID: PMC11163164 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines-4c (ACTIV-4c) trial investigated prophylactic apixaban for 30 days following hospitalization for COVID-19. The overall incidence of early postdischarge death or thromboembolism was low, and the trial was closed early. Objectives To identify a high-risk patient population who might benefit from postdischarge thromboprophylaxis through subgroup analyses stratified by age, race/ethnicity, obesity, D-dimer elevation, World Health Organization score, and modified International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism score on 30-day composite outcome of all-cause death, arterial thromboembolism (ATE), and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Methods Cumulative incidences of all-cause death, ATE, and VTE within 30 days were described for each subgroup. Time to death, ATE, or VTE by 30 days was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models with interaction testing for each subgroup. Results Among 1217 patients randomized to apixaban or placebo group, 32% were >60 years old. Modified International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism score was ≥4 in 2% and 2 or 3 with an elevated D-dimer in an additional 9% of participants. The overall incidence of the primary endpoint was 2.13% in the apixaban group and 2.31% in the placebo group. At day 30, similar rates of the primary endpoint occurred within subgroups, except for participants aged >60 years. No benefit of thromboprophylaxis was seen in any subgroup. Conclusion The combined incidence of 30-day death, ATE, and VTE was low in patients who survived COVID-19 hospitalization, except in patients over age 60 years. Due to the limited number of events, the findings remain inconclusive; nonetheless, the study did not identify a high-risk subgroup that would derive benefits from extended thromboprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Baumann Kreuziger
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Taeim Kwon
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raj S. Kasthuri
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lana Wahid
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Tracy Y. Wang
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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Choffat D, Rossel JB, Aujesky D, Vollenweider P, Baumgartner C, Méan M. Association of pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis with clinically relevant bleeding and hospital-acquired anemia in medical inpatients: the risk stratification for hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism in medical patients study. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:765-774. [PMID: 38072378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis (pTPX) might exacerbate the risk of clinically relevant bleeding (CRB) and hospital-acquired anemia (HAA) in older multimorbid inpatients. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the association of pTPX use with CRB and HAA. METHODS We used data from a prospective cohort study conducted in 3 Swiss university hospitals. Adult patients admitted to internal medicine wards with no therapeutic anticoagulation were included. pTPX use was ascertained during hospitalization. Outcomes were in-hospital CRB and HAA. We calculated incidence rates by status of pTPX. We assessed the association of pTPX with CRB using survival analysis and with HAA using logistic regression, adjusted for infection, length of stay, and the International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism bleeding risk score. RESULTS Among 1305 patients (mean age, 63.7 years; 44% women, 90% at low risk of bleeding), 809 (62%) received pTPX. The incidence of CRB was 2.4 per 1000 patient-days and was not significantly higher in patients with pTPX than in those without. We found no significant association between pTPX and CRB. HAA was frequent (20.2%) and higher in patients with pTPX than in those without (23.2% vs 15.3%). The incidence of HAA was 21.2 per 1000 patient-days and did not significantly differ between patients with pTPX and those without. We found an association between pTPX and HAA (adjusted odds ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-2.1). CONCLUSION Our study confirmed the safety of pTPX in medical inpatients at low risk of bleeding but identified an association between pTPX and HAA. Adherence to guidelines that recommend administering pTPX to medical inpatients at increased venous thromboembolism risk and low bleeding risk is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Choffat
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [CHUV]), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Benoît Rossel
- Clinical Trial Unit of the Department of Clinical Research (CTU Bern), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Drahomir Aujesky
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [CHUV]), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Baumgartner
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marie Méan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [CHUV]), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lewis GK, Spaulding AC, Brennan E, Bakkum-Gamez JN, Dinh TA, Colibaseanu DT, Casler JD, Edwards MA. Caprini assessment utilization and impact on patient safety in gynecologic surgery. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023; 308:901-912. [PMID: 37072583 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) can potentially be associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The aim of this study was to determine the utilization of Caprini guideline indicated VTE in elective gynecologic surgery patients and its impact on postoperative VTE and bleeding complications. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of elective gynecologic surgical procedures performed between January 1, 2016, and May 31, 2021. Two study cohorts were generated: (1) those who received and (2) those who did not receive VTE prophylaxis based on Caprini score risk stratification. Outcome measures were then compared between the study cohorts and included the development of a VTE up to 90-days postoperatively. Secondary outcome measures included postoperative bleeding events. RESULTS A total of 5471 patients met inclusion criteria and the incidence of VTE up to 90 days postoperatively was 1.04%. Overall, 29.6% of gynecologic surgery patients received Caprini score-based guideline VTE prophylaxis. 39.2% of patients that met high-risk VTE criteria (Caprini > 5) received appropriate Caprini score-based prophylaxis. In multivariate regression analysis, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (OR 2.37, CI 1.27-4.45, p < 0.0001) and Caprini score (OR 1.13, CI 1.03-1.24, p = 0.008) predicted postoperatively VTE occurrence. Increasing Charlson comorbidity score (OR 1.39, CI 1.31-1.47, P < 0.001) ASA score (OR 1.36, CI 1.19-1.55, P < 0.001) and Caprini score (OR 1.10, CI 1.08-1.13, P < 0.001) were associated with increased odds of receiving appropriate inpatient VTE prophylaxis. CONCLUSION While the overall incidence of VTE was low in this cohort, enhanced adherence to risk-based practice guidelines may provide more patient benefit than harm to postoperative gynecologic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K Lewis
- Department of Surgical Gynecology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Mayo Alix School of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Aaron C Spaulding
- Mayo Clinic Florida, Division of Health Care Delivery Research, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Emily Brennan
- Mayo Clinic Florida, Division of Health Care Delivery Research, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Jamie N Bakkum-Gamez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tri A Dinh
- Department of Surgical Gynecology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Mayo Alix School of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Dorin T Colibaseanu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - John D Casler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Michael A Edwards
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, Mayo Alix School of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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Raskob GE, Ageno W, Albers G, Elliott CG, Halperin J, Maynard G, Steg PG, Weitz JI, Albanese J, Yuan Z, Levitan B, Lu W, Suh EY, Spiro T, Lipardi C, Barnathan ES, Spyropoulos AC. Benefit-Risk Assessment of Rivaroxaban for Extended Thromboprophylaxis After Hospitalization for Medical Illness. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e026229. [PMID: 36205248 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) often occurs after hospitalization in medically ill patients, but the population benefit-risk of extended thromboprophylaxis remains uncertain. Methods and Results The MARINER (Medically Ill Patient Assessment of Rivaroxaban Versus Placebo in Reducing Post-Discharge Venous Thrombo-Embolism Risk) study (NCT02111564) was a randomized double-blind trial that compared thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban 10 mg daily versus placebo for 45 days after hospital discharge in medically ill patients with a creatinine clearance ≥50 mL/min. The benefit-risk balance in this population was quantified by calculating the between-treatment rate differences in efficacy and safety end points per 10 000 patients treated. Clinical characteristics of the study population were consistent with a hospitalized medical population at risk for VTE. Treating 10 000 patients with rivaroxaban resulted in 32.5 fewer symptomatic VTE and VTE-related deaths but was associated with 8 additional major bleeding events. The treatment benefit was driven by the prevention of nonfatal symptomatic VTE (26 fewer events). There was no between-treatment difference in the composite of critical site or fatal bleeding. Conclusions Extending thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban for 45 days after hospitalization provides a positive benefit-risk balance in medically ill patients at risk for VTE who are not at high risk for bleeding. Registration URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/; Unique identifier: NCT02111564.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Raskob
- Hudson College of Public Health University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City OK
| | - Walter Ageno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Insubria Varese Italy
| | - Gregory Albers
- Stanford Stroke Center Stanford University Medical Center Stanford CA
| | - C Gregory Elliott
- Department of Medicine Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah Salt Lake City UT
| | | | | | - Philippe Gabriel Steg
- Universite Paris-Cite Assistance Publique-Hôpitauxde Paris, and INSERM U-1148 Paris France.,Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital London United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | | | - Zhong Yuan
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC Titusville NJ
| | | | - Wentao Lu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC Raritan NJ
| | | | - Theodore Spiro
- Clinical Development Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S. LLC Whippany NJ
| | | | | | - Alex C Spyropoulos
- The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services Northwell Health at Lennox Hill Hospital New York NY
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Ikesaka R, Kaur B, Crowther M, Rajasekhar A. Efficacy and safety of pre-operative insertion of inferior vena cava filter in patients undergoing bariatric surgery: a systematic review. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2022; 54:502-523. [PMID: 35960423 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-022-02689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic placement of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters prior to performing bariatric surgery is an intervention of unclear safety and efficacy with disagreement between current practice guidelines. To better characterize the risk and benefit of IVC filter insertion prior to bariatric surgery based on the current evidence. A systematic review of the literature of patients with prophylactic IVC filter insertion prior to bariatric surgery was performed and 32 studies were identified for inclusion into the review, of which none were randomized controlled trials. Meta-analysis was performed including the high-quality included studies. Seven high quality studies reported thrombotic events in patients undergoing bariatric surgery who had an IVCF and a control group which allowed for meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratio of venous thrombotic events in the IVC filter population versus the group without IVC filters was 1.57 (95%CI 0.89, 2.76). Among high quality studies 5 reported major bleeding with a rate of 0.76% and 6 reported on IVC filter complications with a rate of 0.67%. Overall no significant reduction in the rate of venous thrombosis was found with prophylactic IVC filter insertion. Use of IVC filters for prophylaxis remains a concern given the lack of clear efficacy in this setting and a small but present complication risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhagwanpreet Kaur
- Health Research Methodology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Anita Rajasekhar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Choffat D, Farhoumand PD, Jaccard E, de la Harpe R, Kraege V, Benmachiche M, Gerber C, Leuzinger S, Podmore C, Truong MK, Dumans-Louis C, Marti C, Reny JL, Aujesky D, Rakovic D, Limacher A, Rossel JB, Baumgartner C, Méan M. Risk stratification for hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism in medical patients (RISE): Protocol for a prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268833. [PMID: 35609087 PMCID: PMC9128957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism (VTE) is one of the leading preventable causes of in-hospital mortality. However, its risk assessment in medically ill inpatients is complicated due to the patients’ heterogeneity and complexity of currently available risk assessment models (RAMs). The simplified Geneva score provides simplicity but has not yet been prospectively validated. Immobility is an important predictor for VTE in RAMs, but its definition is inconsistent and based on subjective assessment by nurses or physicians. In this study, we aim to prospectively validate the simplified Geneva score and to examine the predictive performance of a novel and objective definition of in-hospital immobilization using accelerometry. Methods and analysis RISE is a multicenter prospective cohort study. The goal is to recruit 1350 adult inpatients admitted for medical illness in three Swiss tertiary care hospitals. We collect data on demographics, comorbidities, VTE risk and thromboprophylaxis. Mobility from admission to discharge is objectively measured using a wrist-worn accelerometer. Participants are followed for 90 days for the occurrence of symptomatic VTE (primary outcome). Secondary outcomes are the occurrence of clinically relevant bleeding, and mortality. The evolution of autonomy in the activities of daily living, the length of stay, and the occurrence of readmission are also recorded. Time-dependent area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values are calculated for each RAM (i.e. the simplified and original Geneva score, Padua, and IMPROVE score) with and without the objective mobility measures to assess their accuracy in predicting hospital-acquired VTE at 90 days. Ethics and expected impact The ethics committee approved the protocol and the study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT04439383. RISE has the potential to optimize VTE risk stratification, and thus to improve the quality of care of medically hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Choffat
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Pauline Darbellay Farhoumand
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Evrim Jaccard
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roxane de la Harpe
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Kraege
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Malik Benmachiche
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christel Gerber
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Salomé Leuzinger
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara Podmore
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Minh Khoa Truong
- Division of Pneumology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Dumans-Louis
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Marti
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Reny
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Drahomir Aujesky
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Damiana Rakovic
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Benoît Rossel
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- CTU Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christine Baumgartner
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marie Méan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Spyropoulos AC, Raskob GE, Cohen AT, Ageno W, Weitz JI, Spiro TE, Lu W, Lipardi C, Albers GW, Elliott CG, Halperin JL, Hiatt WR, Maynard G, Steg PG, Sugarmann C, Barnathan ES. Association of Bleeding Severity with Mortality in Extended Thromboprophylaxis of Medically Ill Patients in the MAGELLAN and MARINER Trials. Circulation 2022; 145:1471-1479. [PMID: 35389229 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Extended thromboprophylaxis has not been widely implemented in acutely ill medical patients due to bleeding concerns. The MAGELLAN and MARINER trials evaluated whether rivaroxaban compared with enoxaparin or placebo could prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) without increased bleeding. We hypothesized that patients with major bleeding (MB) but not those with non-major clinically relevant bleeding (NMCRB), would be at an increased risk of all-cause mortality (ACM). Methods: We evaluated all bleeding events in patients taking at least one dose of study drug and their association with ACM in 4 mutually exclusive groups: (1) no bleeding, or first event was (2) NMCRB, (3) MB, or (4) trivial bleeding. Using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for differences in baseline characteristics associated with ACM, we assessed the risk of ACM after such events. Results: Compared to patients with no bleeding, the risk of ACM for patients with NMCRB was not increased in MARINER (HR 0.43, p=0.235) but was increased in MAGELLAN (HR 1.74 p=0.021). MB was associated with a higher incidence of ACM in both studies, while trivial bleeding was not associated with ACM in either study. Conclusions: Patients with MB had an increased risk of ACM, while NMCRB was not consistently associated with an increased risk of death. These results inform the risk-benefit calculus of extended thromboprophylaxis in medically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Spyropoulos
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital, The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY
| | - Gary E Raskob
- Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Alexander T Cohen
- Department of Hematological Medicine, Guys and St Thomas/NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Walter Ageno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy and University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Wentao Lu
- Biostatistics Department, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Raritan, NJ
| | - Concetta Lipardi
- Cardiovascular Clinical Development, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ
| | - Gregory W Albers
- Director Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - C Gregory Elliott
- Departments of Medicine, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - William R Hiatt
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora, CO
| | | | - P Gabriel Steg
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-1148 F- 75018 Paris, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Sugarmann
- Cardiovascular Clinical Development, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ
| | - Elliot S Barnathan
- Cardiovascular Clinical Development, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ
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Nascimento DDC, Rolnick N, Neto IVDS, Severin R, Beal FLR. A Useful Blood Flow Restriction Training Risk Stratification for Exercise and Rehabilitation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:808622. [PMID: 35360229 PMCID: PMC8963452 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.808622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) is a modality with growing interest in the last decade and has been recognized as a critical tool in rehabilitation medicine, athletic and clinical populations. Besides its potential for positive benefits, BFRT has the capability to induce adverse responses. BFRT may evoke increased blood pressure, abnormal cardiovascular responses and impact vascular health. Furthermore, some important concerns with the use of BFRT exists for individuals with established cardiovascular disease (e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease patients). In addition, considering the potential risks of thrombosis promoted by BFRT in medically compromised populations, BFRT use warrants caution for patients that already display impaired blood coagulability, loss of antithrombotic mechanisms in the vessel wall, and stasis caused by immobility (e.g., COVID-19 patients, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, orthopedic post-surgery, anabolic steroid and ergogenic substance users, rheumatoid arthritis, and pregnant/postpartum women). To avoid untoward outcomes and ensure that BFRT is properly used, efficacy endpoints such as a questionnaire for risk stratification involving a review of the patient’s medical history, signs, and symptoms indicative of underlying pathology is strongly advised. Here we present a model for BFRT pre-participation screening to theoretically reduce risk by excluding people with comorbidities or medically complex histories that could unnecessarily heighten intra- and/or post-exercise occurrence of adverse events. We propose this risk stratification tool as a framework to allow clinicians to use their knowledge, skills and expertise to assess and manage any risks related to the delivery of an appropriate BFRT exercise program. The questionnaires for risk stratification are adapted to guide clinicians for the referral, assessment, and suggestion of other modalities/approaches if/when necessary. Finally, the risk stratification might serve as a guideline for clinical protocols and future randomized controlled trial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahan da Cunha Nascimento
- Department of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília (UCB), Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Gerontology, Catholic University of Brasília (UCB), Brasília, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Dahan da Cunha Nascimento,
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, Lehman College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Richard Severin
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Physical Therapy, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Fabiani Lage Rodrigues Beal
- Department of Gerontology, Catholic University of Brasília (UCB), Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Health and Medicine School, Catholic University of Brasília (UCB), Brasília, Brazil
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10
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Chindamo MC, Paiva EF, Carmo Jr PRD, Rocha ATC, Marques MA. Desafios da profilaxia estendida do tromboembolismo venoso em pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos. J Vasc Bras 2022; 21:e20210195. [PMID: 35836745 PMCID: PMC9250351 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.202101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients hospitalized for acute medical and surgical illnesses are at risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) during hospitalization and after discharge. Extended pharmacological prophylaxis beyond the hospital stay is recommended for patients undergoing surgeries at high risk for VTE and for selected groups of hospitalized medical patients. This practice involves several challenges, from identification of at-risk populations eligible for extended prophylaxis to choice of the most appropriate anticoagulant and definition of the ideal duration of use. This review will present the main VTE risk assessment models for hospitalized medical and surgical patients, the current recommendations for use of extended prophylaxis, and its limitations and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Arêas Marques
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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11
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Chindamo MC, Paiva EF, Carmo Jr PRD, Rocha ATC, Marques MA. Challenges of extended venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in medical and surgical patients. J Vasc Bras 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.202101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Patients hospitalized for acute medical and surgical illnesses are at risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) during hospitalization and after discharge. Extended pharmacological prophylaxis beyond the hospital stay is recommended for patients undergoing surgeries at high risk for VTE and for selected groups of hospitalized medical patients. This practice involves several challenges, from identification of at-risk populations eligible for extended prophylaxis to choice of the most appropriate anticoagulant and definition of the ideal duration of use. This review will present the main VTE risk assessment models for hospitalized medical and surgical patients, the current recommendations for use of extended prophylaxis, and its limitations and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Arêas Marques
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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12
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Sarkar M, Madabhavi IV, Quy PN, Govindagoudar MB. COVID-19 and coagulopathy. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2021; 15:1259-1274. [PMID: 34399021 PMCID: PMC8444678 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 disease and has caused the pandemic worldwide. A large number of cases have overwhelmed the healthcare system worldwide. The COVID-19 infection has been associated with a heightened risk of thromboembolic complications. Various mechanisms are leading to the high thrombotic risk in COVID-19 patients such as inflammation, endotheliitis, hyperviscosity, and hypercoagulability. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL from January 2020 to December 2020. We used the following search terms: COVID-19, coagulopathy, and thrombosis. We reviewed the epidemiology, clinical features, mechanisms, and treatment of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Sarkar
- Department of pulmonary medicineIndira Gandhi Medical CollegeShimlaHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Irappa V. Madabhavi
- Department of Medical and Pediatric OncologyKerudi Cancer HospitalBagalkotKarnatakaIndia
- Department of Medical OncologyJ N Medical CollegeBelagaviKarnatakaIndia
- Department of Medical OncologyNanjappa HospitalShimogaKarnatakaIndia
| | - Pham Nguyen Quy
- Department of Medical OncologyKyoto Miniren Central HospitalKyotoJapan
| | - Manjunath B. Govindagoudar
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical CarePt B D Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical SciencesRohtakHaryanaIndia
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13
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Lucijanic M, Piskac Zivkovic N, Ivic M, Sedinic M, Brkljacic B, Mutvar A, Atic A, Rudan D, Barsic B, Luksic I, Kusec R, Ivanac G. Asymptomatic deep vein thromboses in prolonged hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2021; 133:1281-1288. [PMID: 34821975 PMCID: PMC8614081 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-021-01973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High incidence of venous thromboembolic (VTE) events in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients has been reported despite pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. We performed prospective bilateral lower extremity ultrasound evaluation of prolonged hospitalized COVID-19 ward patients from our institution without clinical suspicion of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). A total of 102 patient were included in the study. All patients were receiving pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis, the majority in intermediate or therapeutic doses. Asymptomatic DVT was detected in 26/102 (25.5%) patients: 22 had distal and four had proximal DVT, six had bilateral leg involvement. Pulmonary embolism was highly prevalent (17/70, 24.3%) but similarly grouped among patients with and without asymptomatic DVT. In total 37.2% of patients included in the study were recognized as having VTE. Asymptomatic DVT events were more common in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors (60% in postmechanically ventilated ICU survivors, 21.2% in ward patients, 22% in high-flow oxygen treated patients; P = 0.031), in patients with higher modified International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism (IMPROVE) VTE risk-score (median 3 vs. 2 points with and without DVT; P = 0.021) and higher body temperature on admission (median 38.7 °C vs. 37.7 °C with and without DVT; P = 0.001). No clear associations with Padua VTE risk score, demographic and other clinical characteristics, intensity of thromboprophylaxis, severity of other COVID-19 symptoms, degree of systemic inflammation or D‑dimers on admission were found (P > 0.05 for all analyses). Systematic ultrasound assessment in prolonged hospitalized severe COVID-19 patients prior to hospital discharge is needed, especially in ICU survivors, to timely recognize and appropriately treat patients with asymptomatic DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Lucijanic
- Hematology Department, Dubrava University Hospital, Av. Gojka Suska 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Primary respiratory and intensive care center, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nevenka Piskac Zivkovic
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Pulmology Department, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Ivic
- Hematology Department, Dubrava University Hospital, Av. Gojka Suska 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Primary respiratory and intensive care center, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Sedinic
- Hematology Department, Dubrava University Hospital, Av. Gojka Suska 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Primary respiratory and intensive care center, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Boris Brkljacic
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Mutvar
- Primary respiratory and intensive care center, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Armin Atic
- Primary respiratory and intensive care center, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Diana Rudan
- Primary respiratory and intensive care center, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Cardiology Department, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- University North, University Centre Varazdin, Varazdin, Croatia
- Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bruno Barsic
- Primary respiratory and intensive care center, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Luksic
- Primary respiratory and intensive care center, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rajko Kusec
- Hematology Department, Dubrava University Hospital, Av. Gojka Suska 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Primary respiratory and intensive care center, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Ivanac
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Ageno W, Lopes RD, Goldin M, Yusen RD, Albers GW, Elliott GC, Halperin JL, Hiatt WR, Maynard G, Steg PG, Weitz JI, Suh E, Lu W, Barnathan ES, Raskob GE, Spyropoulos AC. Rivaroxaban for extended thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients 75 years of age or older. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2772-2780. [PMID: 34314574 PMCID: PMC9292378 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although older patients are at increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE), thromboprophylaxis is underused because of bleeding concerns. The MARINER trial evaluated whether rivaroxaban reduced symptomatic postdischarge VTE in acutely ill medical patients. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that rivaroxaban would have a favorable benefit/risk profile in patients ≥75 years of age. METHODS Patients were randomized in a double-blind manner at hospital discharge to rivaroxaban (10 mg/day for creatinine clearance ≥50 ml/min; 7.5 mg/day for ≥30-<50 ml/min) or placebo for 45 days. Using a Cox proportional hazard model including treatment as a covariate, we compared the risk of the primary efficacy outcome (symptomatic VTE plus VTE-related death in the intention-to-treat population) and safety outcome (International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis major bleeding in the safety population) in the prespecified subgroups of patients ≥ and <75 years of age. RESULTS The primary event rate in patients ≥75 years of age was 2-fold higher than that in those <75 years. The incidence of the primary efficacy outcomes in both age groups was numerically lower with rivaroxaban than with placebo (≥75: 1.2% and 1.6%, HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.43-1.22; <75 0.6% and 0.8%, HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.46-1.32; interaction p-value for age group = .85). The incidence of major bleeding was low and similar in the two age and treatment groups (interaction p value for age group = .35). CONCLUSION Symptomatic VTE and VTE-related death occur frequently in older patients with acute medical illness. The benefit/risk profile of rivaroxaban in patients ≥75 years of age appears consistent with that observed in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Ageno
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Renato D. Lopes
- Duke Clinical Research InstituteDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA
| | - Mark Goldin
- Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services Northwell Health at Lenox Hill HospitalThe Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Roger D. Yusen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Gregory W. Albers
- Director Stanford Stroke CenterStanford Medical CenterStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Gregory C. Elliott
- Departments of MedicineUniversity of Utah and Intermountain HealthcareSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | | | - William R. Hiatt
- Division of CardiologyUniversity of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical ResearchAuroraCOUSA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey I. Weitz
- McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research InstituteHamiltonONCanada
| | - Eunyoung Suh
- Cardiovascular Clinical DevelopmentJanssen Research and Development, LLCRaritan, NJUSA
| | - Wentao Lu
- Cardiovascular Clinical DevelopmentJanssen Research and Development, LLCRaritan, NJUSA
| | - Elliot S. Barnathan
- Cardiovascular Clinical DevelopmentJanssen Research and Development, LLCRaritan, NJUSA
| | - Gary E. Raskob
- Hudson College of Public HealthThe University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Alex C. Spyropoulos
- Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services Northwell Health at Lenox Hill HospitalThe Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussia
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15
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Lee JJ, Memar Montazerin S, Shojaei F, Chi G. Current Opinion on the use of Direct Oral Anticoagulants for the Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism among Medical Inpatients. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2021; 17:471-487. [PMID: 34079269 PMCID: PMC8165214 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s271439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a known cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among acutely ill medical patients. Although VTE prophylaxis is part of post-discharge clinical care in surgical patients, there is controversy regarding its use in acutely ill medical patients and the current guideline statements suggest against its routine use. Recent clinical trials (APEX, MAGELLAN and MARINER) compared the safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants (including betrixaban and rivaroxaban) with the standard of the care, enoxaparin, to identify the risk–benefit tradeoff. In this review, we summarized the key findings from these trials and substudies and recent updates in society guidelines regarding VTE prevention. In addition, we discussed the potential barriers, cost-effectiveness, and COVID-19 with respect to the implementation of extended-duration or post-discharge usage of direct oral anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane J Lee
- Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sahar Memar Montazerin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fahimehalsadat Shojaei
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerald Chi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Post-Discharge Prophylaxis With Rivaroxaban Reduces Fatal and Major Thromboembolic Events in Medically Ill Patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 75:3140-3147. [PMID: 32586587 PMCID: PMC7308003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Hospitalized acutely ill medical patients are at risk for fatal and major thromboembolic events. Whether use of extended-duration primary thromboprophylaxis can prevent such events is unknown. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether extended-duration rivaroxaban reduces the risk of venous and arterial fatal and major thromboembolic events without significantly increasing major bleeding in acutely ill medical patients after discharge. Methods MARINER (A Study of Rivaroxaban [JNJ-39039039] on the Venous Thromboembolic Risk in Post-Hospital Discharge Patients) studied acutely ill medical patients with additional risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Medically ill patients with a baseline creatinine clearance ≥50 ml/min were randomized in a double-blind fashion to rivaroxaban 10 mg or placebo daily at hospital discharge for 45 days. Exploratory efficacy analyses were performed with the intent-to-treat population including all data through day 45. Time-to-event curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. A blinded independent committee adjudicated all clinical events. Results In total, 4,909 patients were assigned to rivaroxaban and 4,913 patients to placebo. The mean age was 67.8 years, 55.5% were men, mean baseline creatinine clearance was 87.8 ml/min, and mean duration of hospitalization was 6.7 days. The pre-specified composite efficacy endpoint (symptomatic VTE, myocardial infarction, nonhemorrhagic stroke, and cardiovascular death) occurred in 1.28% and 1.77% of patients in the rivaroxaban and placebo groups, respectively (hazard ratio: 0.72; 95% confidence interval: 0.52 to 1.00; p = 0.049), whereas major bleeding occurred in 0.27% and 0.18% of patients in the rivaroxaban and placebo groups, respectively (hazard ratio: 1.44; 95% confidence interval: 0.62 to 3.37; p = 0.398). Conclusions Extended-duration rivaroxaban in hospitalized medically ill patients resulted in a 28% reduction in fatal and major thromboembolic events without a significant increase in major bleeding. (A Study of Rivaroxaban [JNJ-39039039] on the Venous Thromboembolic Risk in Post-Hospital Discharge Patients [MARINER]; NCT02111564)
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17
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Baumgartner C, Klok FA, Carrier M, Limacher A, Moor J, Righini M, Beer JH, Peluso M, Rakovic D, Huisman MV, Aujesky D. Clinical Surveillance vs. Anticoagulation For low-risk patiEnts with isolated SubSegmental Pulmonary Embolism: protocol for a multicentre randomised placebo-controlled non-inferiority trial (SAFE-SSPE). BMJ Open 2020; 10:e040151. [PMID: 33444199 PMCID: PMC7678381 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical significance of subsegmental pulmonary embolism (SSPE) is currently unclear. Although growing evidence from observational studies suggests that withholding anticoagulant treatment may be a safe option in selected patients with isolated SSPE, most patients with this condition receive anticoagulant treatment, which is associated with a 90-day risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) of 0.8% and major bleeding of up to 5%. Given the ongoing controversy concerning the risk-benefit ratio of anticoagulation for isolated SSPE and the lack of evidence from randomised-controlled studies, the aim of this clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of clinical surveillance without anticoagulation in low-risk patients with isolated SSPE. METHODS AND ANALYSIS SAFE-SSPE (Surveillance vs. Anticoagulation For low-risk patiEnts with isolated SubSegmental Pulmonary Embolism, a multicentre randomised placebo-controlled non-inferiority trial) is an international, multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group non-inferiority trial conducted in Switzerland, the Netherlands and Canada. Low-risk patients with isolated SSPE are randomised to receive clinical surveillance with either placebo (no anticoagulation) or anticoagulant treatment with rivaroxaban. All patients undergo bilateral whole-leg compression ultrasonography to exclude concomitant deep vein thrombosis before enrolment. Patients are followed for 90 days. The primary outcome is symptomatic recurrent VTE (efficacy). The secondary outcomes include clinically significant bleeding and all-cause mortality (safety). The ancillary outcomes are health-related quality of life, functional status and medical resource utilisation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The local ethics committees in Switzerland have approved this protocol. Submission to the Ethical Committees in the Netherlands and Canada is underway. The results of this trial will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04263038.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Baumgartner
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frederikus A Klok
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Carrier
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jeanne Moor
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Righini
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Geneva University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jürg-Hans Beer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Martina Peluso
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Damiana Rakovic
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Menno V Huisman
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Drahomir Aujesky
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Costa A, Weinstein ES, Sahoo DR, Thompson SC, Faccincani R, Ragazzoni L. How to Build the Plane While Flying: VTE/PE Thromboprophylaxis Clinical Guidelines for COVID-19 Patients. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 14:391-405. [PMID: 32613929 PMCID: PMC7338398 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, the practice of medicine has evolved from authority-based to experience-based to evidence-based with the introduction of the scientific process, clinical trials, and outcomes-based data analysis (Tebala GD. Int J Med Sci. 2018;15(12):1397-1405). The time required to perform the necessary randomized controlled trials, a systematic literature review, and meta-analysis of these trials to then create, accept, promulgate, and educate the practicing clinicians to use the evidence-based clinical guidelines is typically measured in years. When the severe acute respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus-2 (SARS-nCoV-2) pandemic commenced in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019, there were few available clinical guidelines to deploy, let alone adapt and adopt to treat the surge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The aim of this study is to first explain how clinical guidelines, on which bedside clinicians have grown accustomed, can be created in the midst of a pandemic, with an evolving scientific understanding of the pathophysiology of the hypercoagulable state. The second is to adapt and adopt current venous thromboembolism diagnostic and treatment guidelines, while relying on the limited available observational reporting of COVID-19 patients to create a comprehensive clinical guideline to treat COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Costa
- CRIMEDIM, Research Center in Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Novara, NO, Italy
| | - Eric S. Weinstein
- CRIMEDIM, Research Center in Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Novara, NO, Italy
| | - D. Ruby Sahoo
- TEAMHealth Hospitalist Services, Grand Strand Medical Center, Clinical Faculty, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine, Grand Strand Medical Center, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
| | | | | | - Luca Ragazzoni
- CRIMEDIM, Research Center in Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Novara, NO, Italy
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19
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Henke PK, Kahn SR, Pannucci CJ, Secemksy EA, Evans NS, Khorana AA, Creager MA, Pradhan AD. Call to Action to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020; 141:e914-e931. [PMID: 32375490 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major preventable disease that affects hospitalized inpatients. Risk stratification and prophylactic measures have good evidence supporting their use, but multiple reasons exist that prevent full adoption, compliance, and efficacy that may underlie the persistence of VTE over the past several decades. This policy statement provides a focused review of VTE, risk scoring systems, prophylaxis, and tracking methods. From this summary, 5 major areas of policy guidance are presented that the American Heart Association believes will lead to better implementation, tracking, and prevention of VTE events. They include performing VTE risk assessment and reporting the level of VTE risk in all hospitalized patients, integrating preventable VTE as a benchmark for hospital comparison and pay-for-performance programs, supporting appropriations to improve public awareness of VTE, tracking VTE nationwide with the use of standardized definitions, and developing a centralized data steward for data tracking on VTE risk assessment, prophylaxis, and rates.
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20
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Spyropoulos AC, Lipardi C, Xu J, Lu W, Suh E, Yuan Z, Levitan B, Sugarmann C, De Sanctis Y, Spiro TE, Barnathan ES, Raskob GE. Improved Benefit Risk Profile of Rivaroxaban in a Subpopulation of the MAGELLAN Study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2020; 25:1076029619886022. [PMID: 31746218 PMCID: PMC7019408 DOI: 10.1177/1076029619886022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acutely ill medical patients are at risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and VTE-related
mortality during hospitalization and posthospital discharge, but widespread adoption of
extended thromboprophylaxis has not occurred. We analyzed a subpopulation within the
MAGELLAN study of extended thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban to reevaluate the benefit
risk profile. We identified 5 risk factors for major and fatal bleeding after a clinical
analysis of the MAGELLAN study and analyzed efficacy and safety with these patients
excluded (n = 1551). Risk factors included: active cancer, dual antiplatelet therapy at
baseline, bronchiectasis/pulmonary cavitation, gastroduodenal ulcer, or bleeding within 3
months before randomization. We evaluated efficacy, safety, and benefit risk using
clinically comparable endpoints in the subpopulation. At day 10, rivaroxaban was
noninferior to enoxaparin (relative risk [RR] = 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] =
0.58-1.15) and at day 35 rivaroxaban was significantly better than enoxaparin/placebo (RR
= 0.68, 95% CI = 0.53-0.88) in reducing VTE and VTE-related death. Major bleeding was
reduced at day 10 (RR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.07-4.44 vs 1.19, 95% CI = 0.54-2.65) and at day
35 (2.87, 95% CI = 1.60-5.15 vs 1.48, 95% CI = 0.77-2.84) for MAGELLAN versus this
subpopulation, respectively. The benefit risk profile was favorable in this subpopulation
treated for 35 days, with the number needed to treat ranging from 55 to 481 and number
needed to harm from 455 to 1067 for all pairwise evaluations. Five exclusionary criteria
defined a subpopulation of acutely ill medical patients with a positive benefit risk
profile for in-hospital and extended thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Spyropoulos
- The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital, NY, USA
| | | | - Jianfeng Xu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Wentao Lu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Eunyoung Suh
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Zhong Yuan
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Yoriko De Sanctis
- Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S. LLC, Whippany, NJ, USA
| | - Theodore E Spiro
- Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S. LLC, Whippany, NJ, USA
| | | | - Gary E Raskob
- College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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New Paradigms of Extended Thromboprophylaxis in Medically Ill Patients. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041002. [PMID: 32252423 PMCID: PMC7230788 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended thromboprophylaxis given to medically ill patients for up to 45 days following an acute hospitalization remains an emerging topic among many hospital-based health care providers. Recent advancements in the field of extended thromboprophylaxis using risk stratification and careful patient selection criteria have led to an improved safety profile of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and established net clinical benefit when given to key patient subgroups at high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and low risk of bleeding. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has now approved the DOACs betrixaban and rivaroxaban for both in-hospital and extended thromboprophylaxis in medically ill patients in these key subgroups, which represents more than one-quarter of hospitalized medically ill patients. This has potential to significantly reduce VTE-related morbidity and mortality for these patients. Emerging data also supports reductions in the risk of arterial thromboembolism in medically ill patients with extended thromboprophylaxis post-hospital discharge using DOACs. This article aims to review the most recent concepts of predicting and preventing VTE and to discuss emerging paradigms of extended thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized medically ill patients utilizing an individualized, risk-adapted approach.
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Spyropoulos AC, Lipardi C, Xu J, Peluso C, Spiro TE, De Sanctis Y, Barnathan ES, Raskob GE. Modified IMPROVE VTE Risk Score and Elevated D-Dimer Identify a High Venous Thromboembolism Risk in Acutely Ill Medical Population for Extended Thromboprophylaxis. TH OPEN 2020; 4:e59-e65. [PMID: 32190813 PMCID: PMC7069762 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An individualized approach to identify acutely ill medical patients at increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and a low risk of bleeding to optimize the benefit and risk of extended thromboprophylaxis (ET) is needed. The International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism (IMPROVE) VTE risk score has undergone extensive external validation in medically ill patients for in-hospital use and a modified model was used in the MARINER trial of ET also incorporating an elevated D-dimer. The MAGELLAN study demonstrated efficacy with rivaroxaban but had excess bleeding. This retrospective analysis investigated whether the modified IMPROVE VTE model with an elevated D-dimer could identify a high VTE risk subgroup of patients for ET from a subpopulation of the MAGELLAN study, which was previously identified as having a lower risk of bleeding. We incorporated the modified IMPROVE VTE score using a cutoff score of 4 or more or 2 and 3 with an elevated D-dimer (>2 times the upper limit of normal) to the MAGELLAN subpopulation. In total, 56% of the patients met the high-risk criteria. In the placebo group, the total VTE event rate at Day 35 was 7.94% in the high-risk group and 2.83% for patients in the lower-risk group. A reduction in VTE was observed with rivaroxaban in the high-risk group (relative risk [RR]: 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.51-0.91, p = 0.008) and in the lower-risk group (RR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.40 -1.20, p = 0.187). The modified IMPROVE VTE score with an elevated D-dimer identified a nearly threefold higher VTE risk subpopulation of patients where a significant benefit exists for ET using rivaroxaban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C. Spyropoulos
- The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York, United States
| | - Concetta Lipardi
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, United States
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, United States
| | - Colleen Peluso
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, United States
| | - Theodore E. Spiro
- Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S. LLC, Whippany, New Jersey, United States
| | - Yoriko De Sanctis
- Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S. LLC, Whippany, New Jersey, United States
| | | | - Gary E. Raskob
- College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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Knotts TL, Mousa SA. Anticoagulation in Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Medically Ill Patients: Potential Impact of NOACs. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2019; 19:365-376. [PMID: 30809772 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-019-00329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While substantial evidence supports the use of standard-duration injectable anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis, consensus is mixed about which agents may be preferred in acutely ill patients with ongoing need of VTE prophylaxis past the first 10-day duration of hospital stay and post-discharge. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) provide Factor Xa inhibition to prevent the thrombin generation essential in thromboembolism development, but evidence for the efficacy and safety of most NOACs is conflicting regarding extended-duration prophylaxis. Enoxaparin, a preferred injectable anticoagulant in standard-duration VTE prophylaxis, has shown an increased risk of major bleeding events when used in extended-duration prophylaxis, which outweighs its benefit. Rivaroxaban has demonstrated efficacy in extended-duration prophylaxis, but both rivaroxaban and apixaban have shown increased risks of major bleeding. Betrixaban remains the only NOAC approved in the USA for extended-duration VTE prophylaxis, and it demonstrates efficacy, with fewer adverse effects than other NOACs. This review evaluates the appropriateness of different NOAC agents compared with current therapies for the extended-duration VTE prophylaxis setting in medically ill populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Knotts
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.
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24
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Chindamo MC, Marques MA. Role of ambulation to prevent venous thromboembolism in medical patients: where do we stand? J Vasc Bras 2019; 18:e20180107. [PMID: 31360151 PMCID: PMC6636813 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.180107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) encompasses the spectrum of manifestations of deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism and is a common, serious, and preventable complication in hospitalized patients. Although immobility plays an important role in determining VTE risk in medical patients, no clear and uniform criteria exist to guide clinicians in assessing immobility. The variation in the descriptions that do exist makes it difficult to interpret and compare the results of randomized clinical trials with respect to the influence of different levels of immobility on the magnitude of VTE risk and the role that early ambulation as an isolated factor plays in prevention of such events. Understanding these limitations is a prerequisite for the proper use and interpretation of VTE risk assessment tools and for indicating the best strategy for preventing venous thrombosis in hospitalized medical patients. The objective of this study was to review the main evidence reported in the literature on the role of ambulation in prevention of VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Chindamo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
- Rede D’Or São Luiz, Hospital Barra D’Or, Serviço de Clínica Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Marcos Arêas Marques
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UERJ, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UNIRIO, Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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25
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Chi G, Gibson CM, Kalayci A, Cohen AT, Hernandez AF, Hull RD, Kahe F, Jafarizade M, Sharfaei S, Liu Y, Harrington RA, Goldhaber SZ. Extended-duration betrixaban versus shorter-duration enoxaparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in critically ill medical patients: an APEX trial substudy. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45:477-487. [PMID: 30778649 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the efficacy and safety of betrixaban for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis among critically ill patients. METHODS The APEX trial randomized 7513 acutely ill hospitalized patients to betrixaban for 35-42 days or enoxaparin for 10 ± 4 days. Among those, 703 critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit were included in the analysis, and 547 patients who had no severe renal insufficiency or P-glycoprotein inhibitor use were included in the full-dose stratum. The risk of VTE, bleeding, net clinical benefit (composite of VTE and major bleeding), and mortality was compared at 35-42 days and at 77 days. RESULTS At 35-42 days, extended betrixaban reduced the risk of VTE (4.27% vs 7.95%, P = 0.042) without causing excess major bleeding (1.14% vs 3.13%, P = 0.07). Both VTE (3.32% vs 8.33%, P = 0.013) and major bleeding (0.00% vs 3.26%, P = 0.003) were decreased in the full-dose stratum. Patients who received betrixaban had more non-major bleeding than enoxaparin (overall population: 2.56% vs 0.28%, P = 0.011; full-dose stratum: 3.32% vs 0.36%, P = 0.010). Mortality was similar at the end of study (overall population: 13.39% vs 16.19%, P = 0.30; full-dose stratum: 13.65% vs 16.30%, P = 0.39). CONCLUSIONS Compared with shorter-duration enoxaparin, critically ill medical patients who received extended-duration betrixaban had fewer VTE without more major bleeding events. The benefit of betrixaban was driven by preventing asymptomatic thrombosis and offset by an elevated risk of non-major bleeding. The APEX trial did not stratify by intensive care unit admission and the present study included a highly selected population of critically ill patients. These hypothesis-generating findings need to be validated in future studies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01583218.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Chi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Arzu Kalayci
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander T Cohen
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Russell D Hull
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Farima Kahe
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mehrian Jafarizade
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sadaf Sharfaei
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuyin Liu
- Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert A Harrington
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Z Goldhaber
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Scarpa D, Denas G, Babuin L, Pengo V. The benefit of betrixaban for the extended thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:261-268. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1558209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Scarpa
- Cardiology Clinic, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gentian Denas
- Cardiology Clinic, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luciano Babuin
- Cardiology Clinic, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Vittorio Pengo
- Cardiology Clinic, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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27
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Schünemann HJ, Cushman M, Burnett AE, Kahn SR, Beyer-Westendorf J, Spencer FA, Rezende SM, Zakai NA, Bauer KA, Dentali F, Lansing J, Balduzzi S, Darzi A, Morgano GP, Neumann I, Nieuwlaat R, Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Zhang Y, Wiercioch W. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients. Blood Adv 2018; 2:3198-3225. [PMID: 30482763 PMCID: PMC6258910 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018022954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most common vascular disease. Medical inpatients, long-term care residents, persons with minor injuries, and long-distance travelers are at increased risk. OBJECTIVE These evidence-based guidelines from the American Society of Hematology (ASH) intend to support patients, clinicians, and others in decisions about preventing VTE in these groups. METHODS ASH formed a multidisciplinary guideline panel balanced to minimize potential bias from conflicts of interest. The McMaster University GRADE Centre supported the guideline-development process, including updating or performing systematic evidence reviews. The panel prioritized clinical questions and outcomes according to their importance for clinicians and adult patients. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was used to assess evidence and make recommendations, which were subject to public comment. RESULTS The panel agreed on 19 recommendations for acutely ill and critically ill medical inpatients, people in long-term care facilities, outpatients with minor injuries, and long-distance travelers. CONCLUSIONS Strong recommendations included provision of pharmacological VTE prophylaxis in acutely or critically ill inpatients at acceptable bleeding risk, use of mechanical prophylaxis when bleeding risk is unacceptable, against the use of direct oral anticoagulants during hospitalization, and against extending pharmacological prophylaxis after hospital discharge. Conditional recommendations included not to use VTE prophylaxis routinely in long-term care patients or outpatients with minor VTE risk factors. The panel conditionally recommended use of graduated compression stockings or low-molecular-weight heparin in long-distance travelers only if they are at high risk for VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger J Schünemann
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine and University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT
| | - Allison E Burnett
- Inpatient Antithrombosis Service, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Susan R Kahn
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jan Beyer-Westendorf
- Thrombosis Research Unit, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus," Dresden, Germany
- Kings Thrombosis Service, Department of Hematology, Kings College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Suely M Rezende
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Neil A Zakai
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine and University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT
| | - Kenneth A Bauer
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Francesco Dentali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Insubria University, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Sara Balduzzi
- Cochrane Italy, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; and
| | - Andrea Darzi
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gian Paolo Morgano
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ignacio Neumann
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Robby Nieuwlaat
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Juan J Yepes-Nuñez
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Wojtek Wiercioch
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Sylvester KW, Connors JM. Betrixaban in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in medically ill patients. Future Cardiol 2018; 14:455-470. [PMID: 30353749 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2018-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in strategies and compliance with venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis, hospital-acquired VTE remains a leading cause of preventable deaths in acute medically ill patients. A majority of venous thromboembolic events occur posthospital discharge when risk factors persist and pharmacoprophylactic regimens have been completed. Until recently, there has been an unmet need for safe and effective extended-duration VTE prevention. Three major trials evaluated this concept, but excess bleeding outweighed the benefit of reduced thromboembolic events. Betrixaban is an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor recently approved for extended-duration VTE prophylaxis in acute medically ill patients at risk for thromboembolism based on results from the Phase III APEX study. This article reviews the pharmacology and supporting data for betrixaban.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean M Connors
- Department of Hematology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Ageno W. Has time come for the use of direct oral anticoagulants in the extended prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients? Yes. Intern Emerg Med 2018; 13:1009-1013. [PMID: 28808888 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-017-1723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Betrixaban is a direct factor Xa inhibitor with a renal excretion of only approximately 5-7%. On June 23rd 2017, it became the first direct oral anticoagulant to receive Food and Drug Administration approval for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients, and the first anticoagulant agent to be approved for extended-duration thromboprophylaxis after hospital discharge in this setting. Approval followed the results of the APEX trial, a phase III clinical trial comparing betrixaban (80 mg) administered for 35-42 days with enoxaparin (40 mg) administered for 10 ± 4 days. This study for the first time applied a risk assessment model, integrating clinical factors and a laboratory marker to identify high risk patients. To improve safety, a dose reduction was used for patients with creatinine clearance between 15 and 30 mL/min (betrixaban 40 mg and enoxaparin 20 mg) and for patients receiving concomitant treatment with potent P-glycoprotein inhibitors (betrixaban 40 mg). The primary prespecified analysis tested the hypothesis that the benefit of extended thromboprophylaxis with betrixaban was greatest in patients with elevated D-dimer, but the 21% relative risk reduction failed to meet the prespecified threshold for statistical significance. However, the analysis of the overall study population showed a favorable net clinical benefit with betrixaban, with a statistically significant reduction in all efficacy outcomes and no increase in major bleeding rates. An ongoing trial, MARINER, is also assessing a combined approach for risk stratification comparing extended-duration rivaroxaban with standard duration low molecular weight heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Ageno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
- Short Medical Stay Unit and Thrombosis Center, Ospedale di Circolo Fondazione Macchi, Via Guicciardini 9, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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30
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Piovella F, Iosub DI. Has time come for the use of direct oral anticoagulants in the extended prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients? Intern Emerg Med 2018; 13:993-995. [PMID: 30259340 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-018-1953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Piovella
- Thrombosis Unit, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy.
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31
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Spyropoulos AC, Ageno W, Albers GW, Elliott CG, Halperin JL, Hiatt WR, Maynard GA, Steg PG, Weitz JI, Suh E, Spiro TE, Barnathan ES, Raskob GE. Rivaroxaban for Thromboprophylaxis after Hospitalization for Medical Illness. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1118-1127. [PMID: 30145946 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1805090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients who are hospitalized for medical illness remain at risk for venous thromboembolism after discharge, but the role of extended thromboprophylaxis in the treatment of such patients is a subject of controversy. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind trial, medically ill patients who were at increased risk for venous thromboembolism on the basis of a modified International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism (IMPROVE) score of 4 or higher (scores range from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating a higher risk of venous thromboembolism) or a score of 2 or 3 plus a plasma d-dimer level of more than twice the upper limit of the normal range (defined according to local laboratory criteria) were assigned at hospital discharge to either once-daily rivaroxaban at a dose of 10 mg (with the dose adjusted for renal insufficiency) or placebo for 45 days. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of symptomatic venous thromboembolism or death due to venous thromboembolism. The principal safety outcome was major bleeding. RESULTS Of the 12,024 patients who underwent randomization, 12,019 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The primary efficacy outcome occurred in 50 of 6007 patients (0.83%) who were given rivaroxaban and in 66 of 6012 patients (1.10%) who were given placebo (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52 to 1.09; P=0.14). The prespecified secondary outcome of symptomatic nonfatal venous thromboembolism occurred in 0.18% of patients in the rivaroxaban group and 0.42% of patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.89). Major bleeding occurred in 17 of 5982 patients (0.28%) in the rivaroxaban group and in 9 of 5980 patients (0.15%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.88; 95% CI, 0.84 to 4.23). CONCLUSIONS Rivaroxaban, given to medical patients for 45 days after hospital discharge, was not associated with a significantly lower risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism and death due to venous thromboembolism than placebo. The incidence of major bleeding was low. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; MARINER ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02111564 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Spyropoulos
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital (A.C.S.), and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center (J.L.H.) - all in New York; the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (W.A.); the Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (G.W.A.), and the University of California at Davis, Sacramento (G.A.M.) - both in California; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.G.E.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (W.R.H.); Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage), University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.); McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.I.W.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan (E.S., E.S.B.), and the Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S., Whippany (T.E.S.) - both in New Jersey; and the College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (G.E.R.)
| | - Walter Ageno
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital (A.C.S.), and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center (J.L.H.) - all in New York; the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (W.A.); the Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (G.W.A.), and the University of California at Davis, Sacramento (G.A.M.) - both in California; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.G.E.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (W.R.H.); Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage), University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.); McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.I.W.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan (E.S., E.S.B.), and the Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S., Whippany (T.E.S.) - both in New Jersey; and the College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (G.E.R.)
| | - Gregory W Albers
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital (A.C.S.), and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center (J.L.H.) - all in New York; the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (W.A.); the Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (G.W.A.), and the University of California at Davis, Sacramento (G.A.M.) - both in California; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.G.E.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (W.R.H.); Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage), University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.); McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.I.W.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan (E.S., E.S.B.), and the Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S., Whippany (T.E.S.) - both in New Jersey; and the College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (G.E.R.)
| | - C Gregory Elliott
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital (A.C.S.), and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center (J.L.H.) - all in New York; the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (W.A.); the Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (G.W.A.), and the University of California at Davis, Sacramento (G.A.M.) - both in California; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.G.E.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (W.R.H.); Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage), University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.); McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.I.W.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan (E.S., E.S.B.), and the Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S., Whippany (T.E.S.) - both in New Jersey; and the College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (G.E.R.)
| | - Jonathan L Halperin
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital (A.C.S.), and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center (J.L.H.) - all in New York; the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (W.A.); the Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (G.W.A.), and the University of California at Davis, Sacramento (G.A.M.) - both in California; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.G.E.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (W.R.H.); Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage), University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.); McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.I.W.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan (E.S., E.S.B.), and the Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S., Whippany (T.E.S.) - both in New Jersey; and the College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (G.E.R.)
| | - William R Hiatt
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital (A.C.S.), and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center (J.L.H.) - all in New York; the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (W.A.); the Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (G.W.A.), and the University of California at Davis, Sacramento (G.A.M.) - both in California; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.G.E.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (W.R.H.); Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage), University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.); McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.I.W.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan (E.S., E.S.B.), and the Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S., Whippany (T.E.S.) - both in New Jersey; and the College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (G.E.R.)
| | - Gregory A Maynard
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital (A.C.S.), and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center (J.L.H.) - all in New York; the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (W.A.); the Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (G.W.A.), and the University of California at Davis, Sacramento (G.A.M.) - both in California; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.G.E.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (W.R.H.); Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage), University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.); McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.I.W.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan (E.S., E.S.B.), and the Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S., Whippany (T.E.S.) - both in New Jersey; and the College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (G.E.R.)
| | - P Gabriel Steg
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital (A.C.S.), and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center (J.L.H.) - all in New York; the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (W.A.); the Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (G.W.A.), and the University of California at Davis, Sacramento (G.A.M.) - both in California; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.G.E.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (W.R.H.); Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage), University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.); McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.I.W.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan (E.S., E.S.B.), and the Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S., Whippany (T.E.S.) - both in New Jersey; and the College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (G.E.R.)
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital (A.C.S.), and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center (J.L.H.) - all in New York; the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (W.A.); the Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (G.W.A.), and the University of California at Davis, Sacramento (G.A.M.) - both in California; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.G.E.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (W.R.H.); Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage), University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.); McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.I.W.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan (E.S., E.S.B.), and the Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S., Whippany (T.E.S.) - both in New Jersey; and the College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (G.E.R.)
| | - Eunyoung Suh
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital (A.C.S.), and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center (J.L.H.) - all in New York; the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (W.A.); the Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (G.W.A.), and the University of California at Davis, Sacramento (G.A.M.) - both in California; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.G.E.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (W.R.H.); Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage), University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.); McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.I.W.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan (E.S., E.S.B.), and the Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S., Whippany (T.E.S.) - both in New Jersey; and the College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (G.E.R.)
| | - Theodore E Spiro
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital (A.C.S.), and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center (J.L.H.) - all in New York; the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (W.A.); the Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (G.W.A.), and the University of California at Davis, Sacramento (G.A.M.) - both in California; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.G.E.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (W.R.H.); Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage), University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.); McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.I.W.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan (E.S., E.S.B.), and the Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S., Whippany (T.E.S.) - both in New Jersey; and the College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (G.E.R.)
| | - Elliot S Barnathan
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital (A.C.S.), and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center (J.L.H.) - all in New York; the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (W.A.); the Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (G.W.A.), and the University of California at Davis, Sacramento (G.A.M.) - both in California; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.G.E.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (W.R.H.); Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage), University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.); McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.I.W.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan (E.S., E.S.B.), and the Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S., Whippany (T.E.S.) - both in New Jersey; and the College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (G.E.R.)
| | - Gary E Raskob
- From the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital (A.C.S.), and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center (J.L.H.) - all in New York; the Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (W.A.); the Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (G.W.A.), and the University of California at Davis, Sacramento (G.A.M.) - both in California; the Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C.G.E.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and CPC Clinical Research, Aurora (W.R.H.); Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage), University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and INSERM Unité 1148, Paris (P.G.S.); Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.); McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.I.W.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan (E.S., E.S.B.), and the Thrombosis and Hematology Therapeutic Area, Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer U.S., Whippany (T.E.S.) - both in New Jersey; and the College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (G.E.R.)
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Sex differences in risk of incident venous thromboembolism in heart failure patients. Clin Res Cardiol 2018; 108:101-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s00392-018-1329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Seoane L, Cortés M, Aris Cancela ME, Furmento J, Baranchuk A, Conde D. Rivaroxaban in the cardiovascular world: a direct anticoagulant useful to prevent stroke and venous and arterial thromboembolism. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2018; 16:501-514. [PMID: 29862875 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2018.1484281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Until recently, vitamin K antagonists (VKA) were the only drugs available for long-term anticoagulation. The use of these drugs is laborious due to their variable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The advent of direct oral anticoagulants has produced a paradigm shift due to their low incidence of drug interactions, their stable plasma levels, and their lack of monitoring. Rivaroxaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, has been tested in different clinical scenarios and has proved to be effective and safe, even increasing the scope of the old VKA. Areas covered: A non-systematic review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed and Cochrane databases, focusing on randomized clinical trials and real-world observational studies that evaluated rivaroxaban in patients with atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, and atherosclerotic coronary and peripheral vascular disease. Expert commentary: The role of rivaroxaban keeps expanding into areas that were unimaginable few years ago, in the light of solid evidence that has eliminated old strict paradigms. Nonetheless, it will be necessary to adjust costs and better understand the perceived barriers to its widespread implementation, to get fully acceptation of rivaroxaban for the different clinical conditions that have been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Seoane
- a Department of Cardiology , Instituto cardiovascular de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Marcia Cortés
- a Department of Cardiology , Instituto cardiovascular de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | - Juan Furmento
- a Department of Cardiology , Instituto cardiovascular de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Adrián Baranchuk
- b Department of Cardiology , Kingston General Hospital, Heart Rhythm Service , Kingston , Canada
| | - Diego Conde
- a Department of Cardiology , Instituto cardiovascular de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Cave B, Hough A, Dobesh PP. Extended Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Medically Ill Patients. Pharmacotherapy 2018. [PMID: 29543384 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Cave
- Fort Loudoun Medical Center; Lenoir City Tennessee
| | - Augustus Hough
- West Palm Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Center; West Palm Beach Florida
| | - Paul P. Dobesh
- College of Pharmacy; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
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Chi G, Jamil A, Jamil U, Balouch MA, Marszalek J, Kahe F, Habibi S, Radulovic M. Effect of intensive versus standard blood pressure control on major adverse cardiac events and serious adverse events: A bivariate analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Exp Hypertens 2018; 41:1-8. [PMID: 29634378 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2018.1462373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive blood pressure (BP) lowering may offer protective effects against major adverse cardiac event (MACE) but is also associated with a greater risk of a serious adverse event (SAE). The risk-benefit profile of intensive versus standard BP control has not been comprehensively assessed. METHODS Four studies were identified from a systematic literature search for randomized controlled trials comparing intensive versus standard BP lowering that reported both MACE and SAE endpoints. A previously described statistical approach was applied to characterize the efficacy-safety tradeoff of BP control. The bivariate outcome was computed to quantitatively assess the net clinical benefit (NCB) of intensive BP lowering as compared to standard treatment, with positive values indicating increased risks and negative values indicating decreased risks. RESULTS Data from the SPRINT trial demonstrated that intensive strategy was superior in MACE but inferior in SAE, thereby eroding the NCB (bivariate outcome: 0.33% [-0.50% to 1.21%]). Intensive strategy from the SPS3 trial fulfilled non-inferiority in both MACE and SAE but did not reach a favorable NCB (-1.31% [-2.25% to 0.01%]). The ACCORD trial suggested that intensive strategy was non-inferior in MACE but inferior in SAE (-0.19% [-0.79% to 1.37%]). Results from the VALISH trial were inconclusive for SAE but suggested non-inferiority in MACE (-1.19% [-3.24% to 0.68%]). CONCLUSIONS Compared to the standard blood pressure target, pooled data from randomized controlled trials suggest that intensive strategy did not achieve a net clinical benefit when weighing the benefit of MACE reduction against the risk of SAE under the bivariate framework. ABBREVIATIONS Blood pressure (BP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), major adverse cardiac event (MACE), net clinical benefit (NCB), serious adverse event (SAE), systolic blood pressure (SBP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Chi
- a Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Adeel Jamil
- b Department of Medicine , James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Icahn School of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Umer Jamil
- c Department of Medicine , MedStar Union Memorial Hospital , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Muhammad A Balouch
- d Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Jolanta Marszalek
- e Department of Neurology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Farima Kahe
- a Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Shaghayegh Habibi
- a Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Miroslav Radulovic
- b Department of Medicine , James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Icahn School of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
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Salazar Adum JP, Golemi I, Paz LH, Diaz Quintero L, Tafur AJ, Caprini JA. Venous thromboembolism controversies. Dis Mon 2018; 64:408-444. [PMID: 29631864 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iva Golemi
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Luis H Paz
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Luis Diaz Quintero
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Alfonso J Tafur
- Cardiovascular Section, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Ave, Evanston, IL 60201.
| | - Joseph A Caprini
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Epstein D, Berger G, Barda N, Marcusohn E, Barak-Corren Y, Muhsen K, Balicer RD, Azzam ZS. The incidence of acute pulmonary embolism following syncope in anticoagulant-naïve patients: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193725. [PMID: 29513729 PMCID: PMC5841762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recently published, large prospective study showed unexpectedly high prevalence of acute pulmonary embolism (APE) among patients hospitalized for syncope. In such a case, a high incidence of recurrent pulmonary embolism is expected among patients who were discharged without APE workup. OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence of symptomatic APE among patients hospitalized for a first episode of syncope and discharged without APE workup or anticoagulation. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included patients hospitalized at Rambam Health Care Campus between January 2006 and February 2017 with a primary admission diagnosis of syncope, who were not investigated for APE and were not taking anticoagulants. The patients were followed up for up to three years after discharge. The occurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) during the follow-up period was documented. RESULTS The median follow-up duration was 33 months. 1,126 subjects completed a three-year follow-up. During this period, 38 patients (3.38%) developed VTE, 17 (1.51%) of them had APE. The cumulative incidence of VTE and APE was 1.9% (95% CI 1.3%-2.5%) and 0.9% (95% CI 0.4%-1.3%) respectively. Only seven subjects developed APE during the first year of follow-up. The median times from the event of syncope to the development of APE and VTE were 18 and 19 months respectively. CONCLUSIONS The cumulative incidence of VTE during a three-year follow-up period after an episode of syncope is low. In the absence of clinical suspicion, a routine diagnostic workup for APE in patients with syncope cannot be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Epstein
- Department of Internal Medicine "B", Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gidon Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine "B", Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noam Barda
- Clalit Research Institute, Chief Physician’s Office, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Erez Marcusohn
- Department of Internal Medicine "B", Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuval Barak-Corren
- Predictive Medicine Group, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States of America
- Shaare Tzedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Khitam Muhsen
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ran D. Balicer
- Clalit Research Institute, Chief Physician’s Office, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Epidemiology Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheba, Israel
| | - Zaher S. Azzam
- Department of Internal Medicine "B", Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- The Rappaport's Faculty of Medicine, The Technion Institute, Haifa, Israel
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Siliste R, Antohi E, Pepoyan S, Nakou E, Vardas P. Anticoagulation in heart failure without atrial fibrillation: gaps and dilemmas in current clinical practice. Eur J Heart Fail 2018; 20:978-988. [DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena‐Laura Antohi
- Department of Cardiology Emergency Cardiovascular Disease Institute ‘Prof. Dr. C.C. Iliescu’ Bucharest Romania
| | - Sergey Pepoyan
- Department of Cardiology Yerevan State Medical University (YSMU), University Clinical Hospital Yerevan Armenia
| | - Eleni Nakou
- Department of Cardiology Heraklion University Hospital Crete Greece
| | - Panos Vardas
- Department of Cardiology Heraklion University Hospital Crete Greece
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Chan NC, Gross PL, Weitz JI. Addressing the burden of hospital-related venous thromboembolism: the role of extended anticoagulant prophylaxis. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:413-417. [PMID: 29480565 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N C Chan
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - P L Gross
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J I Weitz
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Al Yami MS, Kurdi S, Abraham I. Direct oral anticoagulants for extended thromboprophylaxis in medically ill patients: meta-analysis and risk/benefit assessment. J Blood Med 2018; 9:25-34. [PMID: 29503590 PMCID: PMC5826205 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s149202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Standard-duration (7–10 days) thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin, low dose unfractionated heparin, or fondaparinux in hospitalized medically ill patients is associated with ~50% reduction in venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk. However, these patients remain at high risk for VTE post-discharge. The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) apixaban, rivaroxaban and betrixaban have been evaluated for extended-duration (30–42 days) thromboprophylaxis in this population. Methods We review the efficacy and safety results from the 3 pivotal trials of extended-duration DOAC thromboprophylaxis in medically ill patients. We performed a meta-analysis of these pivotal trials focusing on 6 VTE (efficacy) and three bleeding outcomes (safety). These results were integrated into a quantitative risk/benefit assessment. Results The trials evaluating extended-duration DOAC thromboprophylaxis in medically ill patients failed to establish clear efficacy and/or safety signals for each agent. Our meta-analysis shows that, as a class, DOACs have selective and partial extended-duration prophylactic activity in preventing VTE events. However, this is associated with a marked increase in the risk of various bleeding events. The risk/benefit analyses fail to show a consistent net clinical benefit of extended-duration DOAC prophylaxis in medically ill patients. Conclusion At this time, the evidence of safe and effective extended-duration thromboprophylaxis with DOACs in this population is inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed S Al Yami
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sawsan Kurdi
- Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivo Abraham
- Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Abstract
Anticoagulation pharmacy has been dramatically altered with US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of 5 direct oral anticoagulants, 1 novel reversal agent and, a second designated for fast-track approval. Trial data surrounding current trends in anticoagulant choice for VTE, reversal, and bridging are constantly redefining practice. Extended therapy for unprovoked VTE has expanded to include low-dose direct oral anticoagulants, aspirin, and the use of the HERDOO2 system to identify women who can stop anticoagulant therapy without increased risk of recurrent VTE. Trends in thromboprophylaxis include extended duration low-dose direct oral anticoagulants to prevent VTE in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Smith
- General Surgery Residency, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 2207 Taubman Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5867, USA
| | - Glenn Wakam
- General Surgery Residency, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 2207 Taubman Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5867, USA
| | - Thomas Wakefield
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 5463 Cardiovascular Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5867, USA
| | - Andrea Obi
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 5372 Cardiovascular Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5867, USA.
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Gibson CM, Jennings LK, Chi G, Yee MK, Halaby R, Nafee T, AlKhalfan F, Kerneis M, Korjian S, Daaboul Y, Goldhaber SZ, Hull RD, Hernandez AF, Cohen AT, Harrington RA. Association of D-dimer Levels with Clinical Event Rates and the Efficacy of Betrixaban versus Enoxaparin in the APEX Trial. TH OPEN 2018; 2:e16-e24. [PMID: 31249924 PMCID: PMC6524856 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1615288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated D-dimer concentrations are associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, they may also provide prognostic value. The present analysis sought to study the association of D-dimer levels with VTE event rates and the efficacy of betrixaban versus enoxaparin in the APEX trial. Methods Hospitalized acutely medically ill subjects ( n = 7,513) were randomized in a double-dummy double-blind fashion to either extended-duration oral betrixaban (80 mg once daily for 35-42 days) or standard dose subcutaneous enoxaparin (40 mg once daily for 10 ± 4 days) for venous thromboprophylaxis. D-dimer was assessed using a central core laboratory measurement. Results For every 0.25 µg/mL increase in D-dimer concentration, there was a 2% increase in the relative risk of experiencing the primary efficacy endpoint (asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis [DVT], symptomatic DVT, nonfatal pulmonary embolism, or VTE-related death) in both the betrixaban ( p < 0.001) and enoxaparin ( p < 0.001) treatment arms. Among D-dimer-positive (≥ 2 × upper limit of normal; corresponding to ≥ 1.00 µg/mL) subjects, extended-duration betrixaban reduced the risk of experiencing the primary efficacy outcome (5.4% [ n = 124] vs. 7.6% [ n = 170]; odds ratio = 0.69; 95% confidence interval: 0.55-0.88; absolute risk reduction = 2.2%, number needed to treat = 46, p = 0.003). There was no interaction between D-dimer and the treatment effect ( p int = 0.53). Conclusion Extended-duration betrixaban was superior to standard-duration enoxaparin, irrespective of D-dimer level at baseline. To prevent one VTE event, 46 D-dimer-positive patients would need to be treated with betrixaban.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Michael Gibson
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lisa K. Jennings
- CirQuest Labs, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Gerald Chi
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Megan K. Yee
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Rim Halaby
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tarek Nafee
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Fahad AlKhalfan
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mathieu Kerneis
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Serge Korjian
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yazan Daaboul
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Samuel Z. Goldhaber
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Russel D. Hull
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adrian F. Hernandez
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Alexander T. Cohen
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Harrington
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
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Mahan CE, Burnett AE, Fletcher ML, Spyropoulos AC. Extended thromboprophylaxis in the acutely ill medical patient after hospitalization - a paradigm shift in post-discharge thromboprophylaxis. Hosp Pract (1995) 2017; 46:5-15. [PMID: 29171776 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2018.1410053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant healthcare burden with approximately 900,000 events annually in the United States, over half of which are healthcare-associated. This number is anticipated to double by 2050. Group prophylaxis strategies confined to the inpatient setting appear to have minimal impact on the reduction of post-discharge VTE in medically ill patients due to shortened lengths of stay and a heterogenous population that includes patients at low risk for VTE. In accordance with current guideline recommendations, very few (<5%) medically ill patients are discharged with extended prophylaxis, which potentially creates a clinical gap for at-risk patients as VTE risk has been shown to persist for up to 90 days. Initial studies of extended thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients with enoxaparin, rivaroxaban and apixaban showed little to no benefit towards VTE reduction that was consistently outweighed by increased bleeding. The more recent APEX study that compared betrixaban to enoxaparin in an enriched patient population at high-risk for VTE was the first study of extended thromboprophylaxis that showed similar efficacy in VTE prevention without an increase in major bleeding. Based on the APEX results, betrixaban recently gained FDA approval for extended thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients. Recognition that up to half of medically ill patients are not at sufficient risk to warrant thromboprophylaxis has driven extensive research towards development of scientifically derived and validated VTE risk assessment models intended to identify patients who do not warrant prophylaxis, as well as those at high risk who may derive benefit from extended thromboprophylaxis. This article will review prior and ongoing extended thromboprophylaxis studies, VTE and bleed risk assessment models, incorporation of biomarkers in VTE risk assessment and key issues in the paradigm shift towards individualized VTE prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Mahan
- a Hospital Pharmacy , Presbyterian Healthcare Services, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Allison E Burnett
- b Hospital Pharmacy , University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Meghan L Fletcher
- b Hospital Pharmacy , University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Alex C Spyropoulos
- c Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Department of Medicine , Northwell Health System at Lenox Hill Hospital , New York , NY , USA
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Castro G. Venous thromboembolism in Portuguese hospitals: Where we stand and how we can improve. Rev Port Cardiol 2017; 36:831-832. [PMID: 29150324 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Graça Castro
- Serviço de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Venous thromboembolism in Portuguese hospitals: Where we stand and how we can improve. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Chi G, Goldhaber SZ, Kittelson JM, Turpie AGG, Hernandez AF, Hull RD, Gold A, Curnutte JT, Cohen AT, Harrington RA, Gibson CM. Effect of extended-duration thromboprophylaxis on venous thromboembolism and major bleeding among acutely ill hospitalized medical patients: a bivariate analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1913-1922. [PMID: 28762617 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Anticoagulants prevent venous thromboembolism but may be associated with greater bleeding risks. Bivariate analysis assumes a non-linear relationship between efficacy and safety outcomes. Extended full-dose betrixaban is favorable over standard enoxaparin in bivariate endpoint. Clinicians must weigh efficacy and safety outcomes in decision-making on thromboprophylaxis. SUMMARY Background Among acutely ill hospitalized medical patients, extended-duration thromboprophylaxis reduces the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), but some pharmacologic strategies have been associated with greater risks of major bleeding, thereby offsetting the net clinical benefit (NCB). Methods To assess the risk-benefit profile of anticoagulation regimens, a previously described bivariate method that does not assume a linear risk-benefit tradeoff and can accommodate different margins for efficacy and safety was performed to simultaneously assess efficacy (symptomatic VTE) and safety (major bleeding) on the basis of data from four randomized controlled trials of extended-duration (30-46 days) versus standard-duration (6-14 days) thromboprophylaxis among 28 227 patients (EXCLAIM, ADOPT, MAGELLAN and APEX trials). Results Extended thromboprophylaxis with full-dose betrixaban (80 mg once daily) was superior in efficacy and non-inferior in safety to standard-duration enoxaparin, and showed a significantly favorable NCB, with a risk difference of - 0.51% (- 0.89% to - 0.10%) in the bivariate outcome. Extended enoxaparin was superior in efficacy and inferior in safety (bivariate outcome: 0.03% [- 0.37% to 0.43%]), whereas apixaban and rivaroxaban were non-inferior in efficacy and inferior in safety (- 0.20% [- 0.49% to 0.17%] and 0.23% [- 0.16% to 0.69%], respectively). Reduced-dose betrixaban did not show a significant difference in either efficacy or safety (0.41% [- 0.85% to 1.94%]). Conclusions In a bivariate analysis that assumes non-linear risk-benefit tradeoffs, extended prophylaxis with full-dose betrixaban was superior to standard-duration enoxaparin, whereas other regimens failed to simultaneously achieve both superiority and non-inferiority with respect to symptomatic VTE and major bleeding in the management of acutely ill hospitalized medical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chi
- Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Z Goldhaber
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J M Kittelson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - A G G Turpie
- Department of Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences, General Division, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - A F Hernandez
- Duke University and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - R D Hull
- Division of Cardiology, R. A. H. Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - A Gold
- Portola Pharmaceuticals Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J T Curnutte
- Portola Pharmaceuticals Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A T Cohen
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, King's College, London, UK
| | - R A Harrington
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - C M Gibson
- Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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The challenge of hospital-related thrombosis. Blood 2017; 130:97-98. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-06-786251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Acutelly-ill hospitalised medical patients are at risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), both in-hospital and in the immediate post-discharge period, and mortality from VTE is thought to be particularly high in this patient population. However, despite previous mandates from international antithrombotic guidelines such as those of the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) for the "universal" use of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalised medical patients, global audits suggest that implementation of thromboprophylaxis continues to be challenging because of the perceived higher risk of bleeding and lower risk of VTE than that reported in clinical trials. Recent population-based studies also reveal that a "universal" hospital-only thromboprophylactic strategy does not reduce the community burden of VTE from this population, which may constitute nearly one quarter of the attributable risk of VTE. Lastly, four large randomised placebo-controlled trials of extended thromboprophylaxis have failed to show a definitive net clinical benefit in hospitalised medical patients. Recent large-scale efforts in deriving and validating scored VTE and bleed risk assessment models (RAMs) have been completed in the medically-ill population. In addition, an elevated D-dimer as a new biomarker to identify at-VTE risk medically ill patients has also undergone prospective evaluation. This paper will review current concepts of VTE and bleed risk in hospitalised medical patients, both in the hospital as well as the post-hospital discharge period, and will discuss new paradigms of thromboprophylaxis in this population using an individualised, patient-centered approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Spyropoulos
- Alex C. Spyropoulos, MD, FACP, FCCP, FRCPC, Professor of Medicine - Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Professor - The Merinoff Center for Patient-Oriented Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, System Director - Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Northwell Health at Lenox Hill Hospital, 130 E 77th St, New York, NY 10075, USA, Tel.: +1 212 434 6776, Fax: +1 212 434 6781, E-mail:
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Schulman S, Ageno W, Konstantinides SV. Venous thromboembolism: Past, present and future. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1219-1229. [PMID: 28594049 DOI: 10.1160/th16-10-0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), the third most frequent acute cardiovascular syndrome, is associated with a considerable disease burden which continues to grow along with the longer life expectancy of the population worldwide. In the past century, parenteral heparin prophylaxis was established for hospitalised patients at elevated risk of VTE. More recently, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) with a direct inhibiting effect on factor Xa or thrombin, underwent extensive testing in clinical trials and have been approved for patients undergoing hip or knee replacement. Clinical investigation is ongoing in further areas of thromboprophylaxis, including medical prophylaxis in patients and high-risk situations in the outpatient setting. The diagnostic approach to suspected VTE is now based on advanced imaging techniques and robust diagnostic algorithms which ensure high sensitivity and specificity. Nevertheless, the role of clinical, or pre-test, probability assessment remains crucial to avoid overdiagnosis and treatment errors. Advances in reperfusion strategies, along progressive establishment of the NOACs as the new standard of anticoagulation treatment, have simplified the management of VTE, improving outcomes and particularly safety. While new molecular targets for anticoagulation are being investigated in the quest to further reduce bleeding risk, adjusting the initial regimen to the patient's risk and finding the optimal duration of anticoagulation after an index VTE event will be some of the top priorities in the years to come. Importantly, and in parallel to new drugs and technical advances in imaging, incentives such as hospital accreditation and funding based on evidence-based practice need to be implemented to increase guideline adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Schulman
- Sam Schulman, MD, PhD, Thrombosis Service, HHS-General Hospital, 237 Barton St E, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada, Tel. : +1 905 5270271, ext 44479, Fax: +1 905 5211551, E-mail
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Gibson CM, Spyropoulos AC, Cohen AT, Hull RD, Goldhaber SZ, Yusen RD, Hernandez AF, Korjian S, Daaboul Y, Gold A, Harrington RA, Chi G. The IMPROVEDD VTE Risk Score: Incorporation of D-Dimer into the IMPROVE Score to Improve Venous Thromboembolism Risk Stratification. TH OPEN 2017; 1:e56-e65. [PMID: 31249911 PMCID: PMC6524839 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1603929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The IMPROVE score is a validated venous thromboembolism (VTE) assessment tool to risk stratify hospitalized, medically ill patients based on clinical variables. It was hypothesized that addition of D-dimer measurement to derive a new IMPROVEDD score would improve identification of at risk of VTE. Methods The association of the IMPROVE score and D-dimer ≥ 2 × the upper limit of normal (ULN) with the risk of symptomatic deep vein thrombosis, nonfatal pulmonary embolism, or VTE-related death was evaluated in 7,441 hospitalized, medically ill patients randomized in the APEX trial. Based on the Cox regression analysis, the IMPROVEDD score was derived by adding two points to the IMPROVE score if the D-dimer was ≥ 2 × ULN. Results Baseline D-dimer was independently associated with symptomatic VTE through 77 days (adjusted HR: 2.22 [95% CI: 1.38-1.58], p = 0.001). Incorporation of D-dimer into the IMPROVE score improved VTE risk discrimination (ΔAUC: 0.06 [95% CI: 0.02-0.09], p = 0.0006) and reclassification (continuous NRI: 0.34 [95% CI: 0.17-0.51], p = 0.001; categorical NRI: 0.13 [95% CI: 0.03-0.23], p = 0.0159). Patients with an IMPROVEDD score of ≥2 had a greater VTE risk compared with those with an IMPROVEDD score of 0 to 1 (HR: 2.73 [95% CI: 1.52-4.90], p = 0.0007). Conclusion Incorporation of D-dimer into the IMPROVE VTE risk assessment model further improves risk stratification in hospitalized, medically ill patients who received thromboprophylaxis. An IMPROVEDD score of ≥2 identifies hospitalized, medically ill patients with a heightened risk for VTE through 77 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Michael Gibson
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alex C. Spyropoulos
- Department of Medicine, Anticoagulation and Clinical Thrombosis Services, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States
| | - Alexander T. Cohen
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Russell D. Hull
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samuel Z. Goldhaber
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Roger D. Yusen
- Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Adrian F. Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Duke University and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Serge Korjian
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yazan Daaboul
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alex Gold
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Robert A. Harrington
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Gerald Chi
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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