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He K, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Li D, Wang S, Liu Q. Cholesterol Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38842175 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2024.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Cholesterol plays a crucial role in the brain, where it is highly concentrated and tightly regulated to support normal brain functions. It serves as a vital component of cell membranes, ensuring their integrity, and acts as a key regulator of various brain processes. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain has been linked to impaired brain function and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Recent Advances: A significant advancement has been the identification of astrocyte-derived apoliprotein E as a key regulator of de novo cholesterol biosynthesis in neurons, providing insights into how extracellular signals influence neuronal cholesterol levels. In addition, the development of antibody-based therapies, particularly for AD, presents promising opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Critical Issues: Despite significant research, the association between cholesterol and neurodegenerative diseases remains inconclusive. It is crucial to distinguish between plasma cholesterol and brain cholesterol, as these pools are relatively independent. This differentiation should be considered when evaluating statin-based treatment approaches. Furthermore, assessing not only the total cholesterol content in the brain but also its distribution among different types of brain cells is essential. Future Direction: Establishing a causal link between changes in brain/plasma cholesterol levels and the onset of brain dysfunction/neurodegenerative diseases remains a key objective. In addition, conducting cell-specific analyses of cholesterol homeostasis in various types of brain cells under pathological conditions will enhance our understanding of cholesterol metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases. Manipulating cholesterol levels to restore homeostasis may represent a novel approach for alleviating neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dingfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Asiamah EA, Feng B, Guo R, Yaxing X, Du X, Liu X, Zhang J, Cui H, Ma J. The Contributions of the Endolysosomal Compartment and Autophagy to APOEɛ4 Allele-Mediated Increase in Alzheimer's Disease Risk. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1007-1031. [PMID: 38306054 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), although yet-to-be fully understood, increases the risk and lowers the age of onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the major cause of dementia among elderly individuals. The endosome-lysosome and autophagy pathways, which are necessary for homeostasis in both neurons and glia, are dysregulated even in early AD. Nonetheless, the contributory roles of these pathways to developing AD-related pathologies in APOE4 individuals and models are unclear. Therefore, this review summarizes the dysregulations in the endosome-lysosome and autophagy pathways in APOE4 individuals and non-human models, and how these anomalies contribute to developing AD-relevant pathologies. The available literature suggests that APOE4 causes endosomal enlargement, increases endosomal acidification, impairs endosomal recycling, and downregulates exosome production. APOE4 impairs autophagy initiation and inhibits basal autophagy and autophagy flux. APOE4 promotes lysosome formation and trafficking and causes ApoE to accumulate in lysosomes. APOE4-mediated changes in the endosome, autophagosome and lysosome could promote AD-related features including Aβ accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, glial dysfunction, lipid dyshomeostasis, and synaptic defects. ApoE4 protein could mediate APOE4-mediated endosome-lysosome-autophagy changes. ApoE4 impairs vesicle recycling and endosome trafficking, impairs the synthesis of autophagy genes, resists being dissociated from its receptors and degradation, and forms a stable folding intermediate that could disrupt lysosome structure. Drugs such as molecular correctors that target ApoE4 molecular structure and enhance autophagy may ameliorate the endosome-lysosome-autophagy-mediated increase in AD risk in APOE4 individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Amponsah Asiamah
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB UCC, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Baofeng Feng
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Ruiyun Guo
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
| | - Xu Yaxing
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaofeng Du
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Hebei, China
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Bornfeldt KE. Apolipoprotein C3: form begets function. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100475. [PMID: 37972731 PMCID: PMC10805671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased circulating levels of apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in humans, and APOC3 promotes atherosclerosis in mouse models. APOC3's mechanism of action is due in large part to its ability to slow the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their remnants when APOC3 is carried by these lipoproteins. However, different pools and forms of APOC3 exert distinct biological effects or associations with atherogenic processes. Thus, lipid-free APOC3 induces inflammasome activation in monocytes whereas lipid particle-bound APOC3 does not. APOC3-enriched LDL binds better to the vascular glycosaminoglycan biglycan than does LDL depleted of APOC3. Patterns of APOC3 glycoforms predict CVD risk differently. The function of APOC3 bound to HDL is largely unknown. There is still much to learn about the mechanisms of action of different forms and pools of APOC3 in atherosclerosis and CVD, and whether APOC3 inhibition would prevent CVD risk in patients on LDL-cholesterol lowering medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Bornfeldt
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Akivis Y, Alkaissi H, McFarlane SI, Bukharovich I. The Role of Triglycerides in Atherosclerosis: Recent Pathophysiologic Insights and Therapeutic Implications. Curr Cardiol Rev 2024; 20:39-49. [PMID: 38288833 PMCID: PMC11107470 DOI: 10.2174/011573403x272750240109052319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides have long been recognized as a cardiovascular disease risk factor. However, their precise role in atherosclerosis and potential utility as a therapeutic target remains debated topics. This review aims to shed light on these aspects by exploring the complex relationship between triglycerides and atherosclerosis from pathophysiological and pharmacological perspectives. Triglycerides, primarily carried by chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins, play an essential role in energy storage and utilization. Dysregulation of triglyceride homeostasis and triglyceride- rich lipoproteins metabolism often leads to hypertriglyceridemia and subsequently increases atherosclerosis risk. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins remnants interact with arterial wall endothelial cells, get retained in the subendothelial space, and elicit inflammatory responses, thereby accelerating atherogenesis. Despite the clear association between high triglyceride levels and increased cardiovascular disease risk, intervention trials targeting triglyceride reduction have produced mixed results. We discuss a range of triglyceride-lowering agents, from fibrates to omega-3 fatty acids, with a focus on their mechanism of action, efficacy, and major clinical trial outcomes. Notably, the role of newer agents, such as angiopoietin-like protein 3 and apolipoprotein C3 inhibitors, is also explored. We highlight the challenges and controversies, including the ongoing debate on the causal role of triglyceride in atherosclerosis and the discordant outcomes of recent clinical trials. The potential confounding effects of associated risk factors, such as elevated apolipoprotein B, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome, are considered. In conclusion, this review underscores the importance of a nuanced approach to understanding the role of triglycerides in atherosclerosis and their potential as a therapeutic target. Further research is needed to unravel the complex interplay between triglycerides, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and associated factors in atherosclerosis pathogenesis and refine triglyceride-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Akivis
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Hussam Alkaissi
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Samy I. McFarlane
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Inna Bukharovich
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYC Health and & Hospitals, Kings County, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
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5
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Wu Y, Zhao F, Sure VN, Ibrahim A, Yu C, Carr SM, Song P. Human ApoE2 Endows Stronger Contractility in Rat Cardiomyocytes Enhancing Heart Function. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030347. [PMID: 36766690 PMCID: PMC9913850 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a critical plasma apolipoprotein for lipid transport and nonlipid-related functions. Humans possess three isoforms of ApoE (2, 3, and 4). ApoE2, which exhibits beneficial effects on cardiac health, has not been adequately studied. (2) Methods: We investigated the cardiac phenotypes of the humanized ApoE knock-in (hApoE KI) rats and compared to wild-type (WT) and ApoE knock-out (ApoE KO) rats using echocardiography, ultrasound, blood pressure measurements, histology strategies, cell culture, Seahorse XF, cardiomyocyte contractility and intracellular Ca2+ tests, and Western blotting; (3) Results: hApoE2 rats exhibited enhanced heart contractile function without signs of detrimental remodeling. Isolated adult hApoE2 cardiomyocytes had faster and stronger sarcomere contractility because of more mitochondrial energy generation and stimulation-induced fast and elevated intracellular Ca2+ transient. The abundant energy is a result of elevated mitochondrial function via fatty acid β-oxidation. The fast and elevated Ca2+ transient is associated with decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2) and increased expression of cardiac ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) conducting a potent Ca2+ release from SR.; (4) Conclusions: Our studies validated the association of polymorphic ApoEs with cardiac health in the rat model, and revealed the possible mechanisms of the protective effect of ApoE2 against heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (P.S.); Tel.: +1-404-413-6636 (P.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ping Song
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (P.S.); Tel.: +1-404-413-6636 (P.S.)
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Fukase T, Dohi T, Nishio R, Takeuchi M, Takahashi N, Chikata Y, Endo H, Doi S, Nishiyama H, Okai I, Iwata H, Okazaki S, Miyauchi K, Daida H, Minamino T. Paradoxical Long-Term Impact Between Serum Apolipoprotein E and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Atheroscler Thromb 2022. [PMID: 35934781 DOI: 10.5551/jat.63535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) strongly affects arteriosclerosis but has atheroprotective effects in combination with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The impact of the quantitative relationship between serum ApoE and HDL-C levels in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear. METHODS A total of 3632 consecutive patients who underwent their first intervention between 2000 and 2016 were included. They were categorized into normal and abnormal HDL-C groups based on the normal HDL-C value, and each group was subdivided into high and low ApoE subgroups based on the group-specific median ApoE value. We evaluated the incidence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), including cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and all-cause death Results: During a 6.4-year follow-up, 419 patients developed MACCE and 570 patients died. The interaction term between ApoE levels and HDL-C status in MACCE and all-cause death proved to be statistically significant. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the cumulative incidence of MACCE was significantly higher for elevated pre-procedural ApoE levels than for reduced preprocedural ApoE levels in the normal HDL-C group. Conversely, the cumulative incidence of MACCE was significantly higher for reduced pre-procedural ApoE levels than for elevated pre-procedural ApoE levels in the abnormal HDL-C group. After adjustment for important covariates, multivariable Cox hazard analysis revealed that the serum ApoE level was a strongly independent predictor of MACCE; this was inversely related in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Serum ApoE levels may have a paradoxical impact on the future cardiovascular risk depending on the HDL-C status in patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fukase
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tomotaka Dohi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ryota Nishio
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mitsuhiro Takeuchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Norihito Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuichi Chikata
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hirohisa Endo
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shinichiro Doi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroki Nishiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Iwao Okai
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Iwata
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shinya Okazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Katsumi Miyauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (AMED CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
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7
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Chai H, Qu H, He S, Song L, Yang Y, Huang H, Shi D. Zedoarondiol inhibits atherosclerosis by regulating monocyte migration and adhesion via CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106328. [PMID: 35772647 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is an essential pathological changes of ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular disease, and monocyte migration and adhesion to endothelial cells are the critical pathological process in AS. Our previous studies demonstrated a beneficial effect of zedoarondiol in AS, but whether the mechanism is associated with monocyte migration and adhesion to endothelial cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether the anti-atherosclerotic effects of zedoarondiol were associated with decreasing migration and adhesion of monocytes. The oil red O staining demonstrated that zedoarondiol ameliorated AS plaques in en face aorta and aortic root of apolipoprotein E gene knocked (apoE-/-) mice. In vitro, zedoarondiol decreased human monocytic macrophage-like cell line (THP-1) monocytes migration and adhesion to endothelial cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis (scRNA-seq) in mice indicated that zedoarondiol decreased monocytes adhesion to endothelial cells by regulating CXC chemokine ligand 12/CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCL12/CXCR4) pathway, which was verified by Western blot of THP-1 monocytes;zedoarondiol also decreased the expressions of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF/κB), the downstream proteins of CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway. In conclusion, zedoarondiol ameliorated AS plaque and inhibited monocyte migration and adhesion to endothelial cells via regulating CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway, suggesting that zedoarondiol might be a new promising drug for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chai
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hua Qu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shan He
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Lei Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongbo Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dazhuo Shi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China.
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8
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Romo EZ, Zivkovic AM. Glycosylation of HDL-Associated Proteins and Its Implications in Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis, Metabolism and Function. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:928566. [PMID: 35694676 PMCID: PMC9184513 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.928566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, long known for their critical role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), were recently identified to carry a wide array of glycosylated proteins, and the importance of this glycosylation in the structure, function and metabolism of HDL are starting to emerge. Early studies have demonstrated differential glycosylation of HDL-associated proteins in various pathological states, which may be key to understanding their etiological role in these diseases and may be important for diagnostic development. Given the vast array and specificity of glycosylation pathways, the study of HDL-associated glycosylation has the potential to uncover novel mechanisms and biomarkers of CVD. To date, no large studies examining the relationships between HDL glycosylation profiles and cardiovascular outcomes have been performed. However, small pilot studies provide promising preliminary evidence that such a relationship may exist. In this review article we discuss the current state of the evidence on the glycosylation of HDL-associated proteins, the potential for HDL glycosylation profiling in CVD diagnostics, how glycosylation affects HDL function, and the potential for modifying the glycosylation of HDL-associated proteins to confer therapeutic value.
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9
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Parhizkar S, Holtzman DM. APOE mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Semin Immunol 2022; 59:101594. [PMID: 35232622 PMCID: PMC9411266 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a central mechanism involved in neurodegeneration as observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of neurodegenerative disease. Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, directly influences disease onset and progression by interacting with the major pathological hallmarks of AD including amyloid-β plaques, neurofibrillary tau tangles, as well as neuroinflammation. Microglia and astrocytes, the two major immune cells in the brain, exist in an immune-vigilant state providing immunological defense as well as housekeeping functions that promote neuronal well-being. It is becoming increasingly evident that under disease conditions, these immune cells become progressively dysfunctional in regulating metabolic and immunoregulatory pathways, thereby promoting chronic inflammation-induced neurodegeneration. Here, we review and discuss how APOE and specifically APOE4 directly influences amyloid-β and tau pathology, and disrupts microglial as well as astroglial immunomodulating functions leading to chronic inflammation that contributes to neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Parhizkar
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease, Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease, Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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10
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Fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: a promising biomarker and therapeutic target. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1390-1400. [PMID: 33214697 PMCID: PMC8379181 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide and impose a tremendous socioeconomic burden on individuals as well as the healthcare system. Fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (FNDC5) is a widely distributed transmembrane glycoprotein that can be proteolytically cleaved and secreted as irisin to regulate glycolipid metabolism and cardiovascular homeostasis. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the predictive and therapeutic role of FNDC5 in a variety of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia, metabolic cardiomyopathy, cardiac remodeling, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.
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11
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Shi Y, Andhey PS, Ising C, Wang K, Snipes LL, Boyer K, Lawson S, Yamada K, Qin W, Manis M, Serrano JR, Benitez BA, Schmidt RE, Artyomov M, Ulrich JD, Holtzman DM. Overexpressing low-density lipoprotein receptor reduces tau-associated neurodegeneration in relation to apoE-linked mechanisms. Neuron 2021; 109:2413-2426.e7. [PMID: 34157306 PMCID: PMC8349883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
APOE is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. ApoE exacerbates tau-associated neurodegeneration by driving microglial activation. However, how apoE regulates microglial activation and whether targeting apoE is therapeutically beneficial in tauopathy is unclear. Here, we show that overexpressing an apoE metabolic receptor, LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor), in P301S tauopathy mice markedly reduces brain apoE and ameliorates tau pathology and neurodegeneration. LDLR overexpression (OX) in microglia cell-autonomously downregulates microglial Apoe expression and is associated with suppressed microglial activation as in apoE-deficient microglia. ApoE deficiency and LDLR OX strongly drive microglial immunometabolism toward enhanced catabolism over anabolism, whereas LDLR-overexpressing microglia also uniquely upregulate specific ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors upon activation. ApoE-deficient and LDLR-overexpressing mice harbor enlarged pools of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and show greater preservation of myelin integrity under neurodegenerative conditions. They also show less reactive astrocyte activation in the setting of tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Christina Ising
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bonn and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Kairuo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lisa L Snipes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kevin Boyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephanie Lawson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kaoru Yamada
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Melissa Manis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert E Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maxim Artyomov
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bonn and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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12
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Wu Y, Johnson G, Zhao F, Wu Y, Zhao G, Brown A, You S, Zou MH, Song P. Features of Lipid Metabolism in Humanized ApoE Knockin Rat Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158262. [PMID: 34361033 PMCID: PMC8347964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), an essential plasma apolipoprotein, has three isoforms (E2, E3, and E4) in humans. E2 is associated with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. E4 is the major susceptibility gene to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and coronary heart disease (CHD). We investigated lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic lesions of novel humanized ApoE knockin (hApoE KI) rats in comparison to wide-type (WT) and ApoE knockout (ApoE KO) rats. The hApoE2 rats showed the lowest bodyweight and white fat mass. hApoE2 rats developed higher serum total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), and low- and very low density lipoprotein (LDL-C&VLDL-C). ApoE KO rats also exhibited elevated TC and LDL-C&VLDL-C. Only mild atherosclerotic lesions were detected in hApoE2 and ApoE KO aortic roots. Half of the hApoE2 rats developed hepatic nodular cirrhosis. A short period of the Paigen diet (PD) treatment led to the premature death of the hApoE2 and ApoE KO rats. Severe vascular wall thickening of the coronary and pulmonary arteries was observed in 4-month PD-treated hApoE4 rats. In conclusion, hApoE2 rats develop spontaneous hyperlipidemia and might be suitable for studies of lipid metabolism-related diseases. With the PD challenge, hApoE4 KI rats could be a novel model for the analysis of vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (Y.W.); (G.J.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.Y.); (M.-H.Z.)
| | - Gem Johnson
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (Y.W.); (G.J.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.Y.); (M.-H.Z.)
| | - Fujie Zhao
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (Y.W.); (G.J.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.Y.); (M.-H.Z.)
| | - Yin Wu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (Y.W.); (G.J.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.Y.); (M.-H.Z.)
| | - Guojun Zhao
- Envigo RMS, Inc., St. Louis, MO 63146, USA; (G.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrew Brown
- Envigo RMS, Inc., St. Louis, MO 63146, USA; (G.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Shaojin You
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (Y.W.); (G.J.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.Y.); (M.-H.Z.)
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (Y.W.); (G.J.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.Y.); (M.-H.Z.)
| | - Ping Song
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (Y.W.); (G.J.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.Y.); (M.-H.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-413-6636
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13
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He F, Su W, Wu R, Li H, Lou L, Wu A, Xie L, Du Y, Wu S. The effect of cold exposure on serum cholesterol is dependent upon ApoE. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:102972. [PMID: 34420615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence indicate that cold stimulation may not only activate brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the white adipose tissue (WAT), but also regulate the lipid metabolism and influence the development of atherosclerosis. However, the study of cold exposure affecting cholesterol metabolism have opposite results in different experiments, and Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) may play an important role. There is still a lack of complete research to illustrate this problem. METHODS In this study, we first analyzed and discussed the activation of interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT), inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) under cold exposure (4 °C) in male wild-type C57BL/6 J (WT) and ApoE-deficient mice (ApoE-/-) fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks. Subsequently, we investigated the effect of cold exposure on blood lipid profiles in both models. We further explored whether cold exposure can reduce serum cholesterol. RESULTS In both WT and ApoE-/- mice, cold exposure activates iBAT and iWAT, as well as hardly affects eWAT. In WT mice,4 weeks cold exposure (4 °C) reduces serum triglyceride by 28%, cholesterol by 30% and LDL-cholesterol by 63%. In ApoE-/- mice, cold stimulation decreases serum triglyceride by 59%, but increases cholesterol by 20% and LDL-cholesterol by 25%. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, we conclude that cold exposure decreases serum cholesterol is dependent upon the existence of ApoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wenquan Su
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - He Li
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lixia Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Aiming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lifang Xie
- Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, USA
| | - Yawei Du
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Shengxian Wu
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The functions, genetic variations and impact of apolipoprotein E on lipoprotein metabolism in general are placed in the context of clinical practice dealing with moderate dyslipidaemia as well as dysbetalipoproteinemia, a highly atherogenic disorder and lipoprotein glomerulopathy. RECENT FINDINGS Additional variants of apolipoprotein E and participation of apolipoprotein E in inflammation are of interest. The mostly favourable effects of apolipoprotein E2 as well as the atherogenic nature of apolipoproteinE4, which has an association with cognitive impairment, are confirmed. The contribution of remnant lipoproteins of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, of which dysbetalipoproteinemia represents an extreme, is explored in atherosclerosis. Mimetic peptides may present new therapeutic approaches. Apolipoprotein E is an important determinant of the lipid profile and cardiovascular health in the population at large and can precipitate dysbetalipoproteinemia and glomerulopathy. Awareness of apolipoprotein E polymorphisms should improve medical care.
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15
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Deo P, Dhillon VS, Chua A, Thomas P, Fenech M. APOE ε4 Carriers Have a Greater Propensity to Glycation and sRAGE Which Is Further Influenced by RAGE G82S Polymorphism. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1899-1905. [PMID: 31677348 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
APOE ε4 allele is an established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and hypercholesterolemia. However, its association with metabolic and genetic risk factors related to glycation is not clear. We tested the hypothesis that, apart from high plasma cholesterol, APOE ε4 carriers may also have higher advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and total soluble extracellular domain of RAGE (sRAGE) and that these biomarkers may be modified by the common Gly82Ser (G82S) polymorphism (rs2070600) in the RAGE gene. To test this, we measured these biomarkers in 172 healthy cognitively normal individuals, of which 32 were APOE ε4 carriers and 140 noncarriers. APOE ε4 carriers showed higher levels of cholesterol (p < .001), glyoxal (p < .001), fluorescent AGEs (p < .001), Nε-carboxymethyllysine (p < .001) and sRAGE (p = .018) when compared to noncarriers. Furthermore, sRAGE was also higher in those that did not carry the A allele of the RAGE gene that codes for serine instead of glycine (p = .034). Our study indicates that APOE ε4 carriers have a greater propensity to glycation than noncarriers which may further increase their risk for diabetes and dementia. The increased sRAGE levels in APOE ε4 carriers suggests a defensive response against AGEs that may be further influenced by the RAGE G82S polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Permal Deo
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide
| | - Varinderpal S Dhillon
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide.,CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ann Chua
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, Australia.,Student and Academic Services, University of South Australia, Adelaide
| | | | - Michael Fenech
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide.,CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, Australia.,Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, Australia
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16
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Ou-Yang WL, Guo B, Xu F, Lin X, Li FXZ, Shan SK, Wu F, Wang Y, Zheng MH, Xu QS, Yuan LQ. The Controversial Role of Irisin in Clinical Management of Coronary Heart Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:678309. [PMID: 34276559 PMCID: PMC8281113 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.678309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin, a PGC1α-dependent myokine, was once believed to have beneficial effects induced by exercise. Since its first discovery of adipose browning in 2012, multiple studies have been trying to explore the metabolic functions of irisin, such as glucose and lipid metabolism. However, recently many studies with irisin concentration measuring were doubt for methodological problems, which may account for the continuous inconsistencies. New tools like recombinant irisin and gene-knockout mice are required to reconfirm the questioned functions of irisin. In this paper, we make a critical introduction to the latest researches concerning the relationship between irisin and coronary heart disease, which includes atherosclerosis, stable angina pectoris and acute coronary syndromes. These studies provided various controversial evidence of short and long-term monitoring and therapeutic effect from molecular cellular mechanisms, in vivo experiments and epidemiological investigation. But with ambiguities, irisin still has a long way to go to identify its functions in the clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lu Ou-Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ling-Qing Yuan,
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17
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Asaro A, Carlo-Spiewok AS, Malik AR, Rothe M, Schipke CG, Peters O, Heeren J, Willnow TE. Apolipoprotein E4 disrupts the neuroprotective action of sortilin in neuronal lipid metabolism and endocannabinoid signaling. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1248-1258. [PMID: 32588544 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a carrier for brain lipids and the most important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE binds the receptor sortilin, which mediates uptake of apoE-bound cargo into neurons. The significance of this uptake route for brain lipid homeostasis and AD risk seen with apoE4, but not apoE3, remains unresolved. METHODS Combining neurolipidomics in patient specimens with functional studies in mouse models, we interrogated apoE isoform-specific functions for sortilin in brain lipid metabolism and AD. RESULTS Sortilin directs the uptake and conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids into endocannabinoids, lipid-based neurotransmitters that act through nuclear receptors to sustain neuroprotective gene expression in the brain. This sortilin function requires apoE3, but is disrupted by binding of apoE4, compromising neuronal endocannabinoid metabolism and action. DISCUSSION We uncovered the significance of neuronal apoE receptor sortilin in facilitating neuroprotective actions of brain lipids, and its relevance for AD risk seen with apoE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Asaro
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anna R Malik
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Carola G Schipke
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Corbacho-Alonso N, Baldán-Martín M, López JA, Rodríguez-Sánchez E, Martínez PJ, Mourino-Alvarez L, Martin-Rojas T, Sastre-Oliva T, Madruga F, Vázquez J, Padial LR, Alvarez-Llamas G, Vivanco F, Ruiz-Hurtado G, Ruilope LM, Barderas MG. Novel molecular plasma signatures on cardiovascular disease can stratify patients throughout life. J Proteomics 2020; 222:103816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is of central importance for life. Therefore, cells have developed a divergent set of pathways to meet their cholesterol needs. In this review, we focus on the direct transfer of cholesterol from lipoprotein particles to the cell membrane. More molecular details on the transfer of lipoprotein-derived lipids were gained by recent studies using phospholipid bilayers. While amphiphilic lipids are transferred right after contact of the lipoprotein particle with the membrane, the transfer of core lipids is restricted. Amphiphilic lipid transfer gains special importance in genetic diseases impairing lipoprotein metabolism like familial hypercholesterolemia. Taken together, these data indicate that there is a constant exchange of amphiphilic lipids between lipoprotein particles and the cell membrane.
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20
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Flanagan TW, Sebastian MN, Battaglia DM, Foster TP, Maillet EL, Nichols CD. Activation of 5-HT 2 Receptors Reduces Inflammation in Vascular Tissue and Cholesterol Levels in High-Fat Diet-Fed Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13444. [PMID: 31530895 PMCID: PMC6748996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a progressive cardiovascular syndrome characterized by cholesterol-induced focal arterial lesions that impair oxygen delivery to the heart. As both innate and adaptive immune cells play critical roles in the formation and progression of arterial plaques and endothelial cell dysfunction, CAD is commonly viewed as a chronic inflammatory disorder. Our lab has previously discovered that 5-HT2A receptor activation with the 5-HT2 receptor selective agonist (R)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [(R)-DOI] has potent anti-inflammatory activity in both cell culture and whole animal models. Here we have examined the putative therapeutic effects of (R)-DOI in the ApoE−/− high fat model of cardiovascular disease. Subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps were used to infuse sustained low rates (0.15 μg / hr) of (R)-DOI∙HCl to mice fed a high-fat “Western” diet. (R)-DOI treated mice had significant reductions in expression levels of mRNA for inflammatory markers like Il6 in vascular tissue, normalized glucose homeostasis, and reduced circulating cholesterol levels. As cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death both globally and in the Western world, activation of 5-HT2A receptors at sub-behavioral levels may represent a new strategy to treat inflammation-based cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center 1901 Perdido St, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Melaine N Sebastian
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center 1901 Perdido St, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Diana M Battaglia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center 1901 Perdido St, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Timothy P Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center 1901 Perdido St, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Emeline L Maillet
- Eleusis Benefit Corporation 11 East 44th St., Suite 104, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Charles D Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center 1901 Perdido St, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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21
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Czaplińska M, Ćwiklińska A, Sakowicz-Burkiewicz M, Wieczorek E, Kuchta A, Kowalski R, Kortas-Stempak B, Dębska-Ślizień A, Jankowski M, Król E. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and renal function are associated with apolipoprotein E concentration in patients with chronic kidney disease. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:60. [PMID: 30851738 PMCID: PMC6408819 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) associates with complex lipoprotein disturbances resulting in high cardiovascular risk. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a polymorphic protein with three common isoforms (E2; E3; E4) that plays a crucial role in lipoprotein metabolism, including hepatic clearance of chylomicrons and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) remnants, and reverse cholesterol transport. It demonstrates anti-atherogenic properties but data concerning the link between polymorphism and level of APOE in CKD patients are inconclusive. The aim of our research was to assess the relationship between APOE gene polymorphism and APOE concentration and its redistribution among lipoproteins along with CKD progression. METHODS 90 non-dialysed CKD patients were included into the study. Real time PCR was used for APOE genotyping. APOE level was measured in serum and in isolated lipoprotein fractions (VLDL; IDL + HDL; HDL). Kidney function was assessed using eGFR CKD-EPI formula. RESULTS The population was divided into three APOE genotype subgroups: E2(ε2ε3), E3(ε3ε3) and E4(ε3ε4). The highest APOE level was observed for the E2 subgroup (p < 0.001). APOE concentration positively correlated with eGFR value in the E2 subgroup (r = 0.7, p < 0.001) but inversely in the E3 subgroup (r = - 0.29, p = 0.02).). A lower concentration of APOE in the E2 subgroup was associated with its diminished contents in HDL and IDL + LDL particles. In the E3 subgroup, the higher concentration of APOE was related to the increased number of non-HDL lipoproteins. CONCLUSION In patients with CKD, APOE genotype as well as renal function are associated with the concentration of APOE and its redistribution among lipoprotein classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Czaplińska
- Clinic & Chair of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ćwiklińska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Wieczorek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kuchta
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert Kowalski
- Department of Therapy Monitoring and Pharmacogenetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Barbara Kortas-Stempak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alicja Dębska-Ślizień
- Clinic & Chair of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Jankowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Król
- Clinic & Chair of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
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22
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Yang H, Zhang N, Okoro EU, Guo Z. Transport of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins through Endothelial Cells Is Associated with Apolipoprotein E-Carrying HDL-Like Particle Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113593. [PMID: 30441770 PMCID: PMC6274886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Passage of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins (apoB-LPs), i.e., triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs), and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), through the endothelial monolayer occurs in normal and atherosclerotic arteries. Among these lipoproteins, TRLs and IDLs are apoE-rich apoB-LPs (E/B-LPs). Recycling of TRL-associated apoE has been shown to form apoE-carrying high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-like (HDLE) particles in many types of cells. The current report studied the formation of HDLE particles by transcytosis of apoB-LPs through mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs). Our data indicated that passage of radiolabeled apoB-LPs, rich or poor in apoE, through the MAEC monolayer is inhibited by filipin and unlabeled competitor lipoproteins, suggesting that MAECs transport apoB-LPs via a caveolae-mediated pathway. The cholesterol and apoE in the cell-untreated E/B-LPs, TRLs, IDLs, and LDLs distributed primarily in the low-density (LD) fractions (d ≤ 1.063). A substantial portion of the cholesterol and apoE that passed through the MAEC monolayer was allotted into the high-density (HD) (d > 1.063) fractions. In contrast, apoB was detectable only in the LD fractions before or after apoB-LPs were incubated with the MAEC monolayer, suggesting that apoB-LPs pass through the MAEC monolayer in the forms of apoB-containing LD particles and apoE-containing HD particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
| | - Ningya Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
| | - Emmanuel U Okoro
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
| | - Zhongmao Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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23
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Benito-Vicente A, Uribe KB, Jebari S, Galicia-Garcia U, Ostolaza H, Martin C. Familial Hypercholesterolemia: The Most Frequent Cholesterol Metabolism Disorder Caused Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113426. [PMID: 30388787 PMCID: PMC6275065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of cell barrier formation and signaling transduction involved in many essential physiologic processes. For this reason, cholesterol metabolism must be tightly controlled. Cell cholesterol is mainly acquired from two sources: Dietary cholesterol, which is absorbed in the intestine and, intracellularly synthesized cholesterol that is mainly synthesized in the liver. Once acquired, both are delivered to peripheral tissues in a lipoprotein dependent mechanism. Malfunctioning of cholesterol metabolism is caused by multiple hereditary diseases, including Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Sitosterolemia Type C and Niemann-Pick Type C1. Of these, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common inherited autosomal co-dominant disorder characterized by high plasma cholesterol levels. Its frequency is estimated to be 1:200 and, if untreated, increases the risk of premature cardiovascular disease. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on cholesterol metabolism and the relation of FH to cholesterol homeostasis with special focus on the genetics, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Benito-Vicente
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo.644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Kepa B Uribe
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo.644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Shifa Jebari
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo.644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Unai Galicia-Garcia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo.644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Helena Ostolaza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo.644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Cesar Martin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo.644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Gasparin CC, Leite N, Tureck LV, Souza RLR, Milano-Gai GE, Silva LR, Lopes WA, Furtado-Alle L. Effects of polymorphisms in APOB, APOE, HSD11β1, PLIN4, and ADIPOQ genes on lipid profile and anthropometric variables related to obesity in children and adolescents. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:735-741. [PMID: 30507998 PMCID: PMC6415595 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes can influence lipid profile and anthropometric variables related to obesity. The present study aimed to verify if variants of the APOE, APOB, ADIPOQ, HSD11β1, and PLIN4 genes are associated with lipid levels or anthropometric variables in a sample comprised of 393 Euro-Brazilian children and adolescents. DNA was genotyped by TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. The ε4 and ε2 alleles of the APOE gene were associated respectively with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (p=0.015 and p=0.012, respectively), while the ε3 allele was associated with higher abdominal circumference (p=0.0416) and excess weight (p=0.0001). The G allele (rs846910) of the HSD11β1 gene was also associated with excess weight (p=0.039). No other association was found. Our results indicate that the ε4 and ε2 alleles could contribute to lower HDL-C and LDL-C levels, respectively, furthermore, the ε3 allele and the G allele (rs846910) of HSD11β1 gene may be risk factors for excess of weight.These findings are very important because we observed that some genetic variants influence the lipid profile and anthropometric variables early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Gasparin
- Laboratório de Polimorfismos e Ligação, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Neiva Leite
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciane V Tureck
- Laboratório de Polimorfismos e Ligação, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L R Souza
- Laboratório de Polimorfismos e Ligação, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Gerusa E Milano-Gai
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Larissa R Silva
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Wendell A Lopes
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lupe Furtado-Alle
- Laboratório de Polimorfismos e Ligação, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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25
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Zanoni P, Velagapudi S, Yalcinkaya M, Rohrer L, von Eckardstein A. Endocytosis of lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275:273-295. [PMID: 29980055 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During their metabolism, all lipoproteins undergo endocytosis, either to be degraded intracellularly, for example in hepatocytes or macrophages, or to be re-secreted, for example in the course of transcytosis by endothelial cells. Moreover, there are several examples of internalized lipoproteins sequestered intracellularly, possibly to exert intracellular functions, for example the cytolysis of trypanosoma. Endocytosis and the subsequent intracellular itinerary of lipoproteins hence are key areas for understanding the regulation of plasma lipid levels as well as the biological functions of lipoproteins. Indeed, the identification of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor and the unraveling of its transcriptional regulation led to the elucidation of familial hypercholesterolemia as well as to the development of statins, the most successful therapeutics for lowering of cholesterol levels and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Novel limiting factors of intracellular trafficking of LDL and the LDL receptor continue to be discovered and to provide drug targets such as PCSK9. Surprisingly, the receptors mediating endocytosis of high-density lipoproteins or lipoprotein(a) are still a matter of controversy or even new discovery. Finally, the receptors and mechanisms, which mediate the uptake of lipoproteins into non-degrading intracellular itineraries for re-secretion (transcytosis, retroendocytosis), storage, or execution of intracellular functions, are largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zanoni
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Srividya Velagapudi
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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26
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Actis Dato V, Chiabrando GA. The Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 in Lipid Metabolism, Glucose Homeostasis and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061780. [PMID: 29914093 PMCID: PMC6032055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a highly prevalent disorder which can be used to identify individuals with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. This metabolic syndrome is characterized by a combination of physiological, metabolic, and molecular alterations such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and central obesity. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1—A member of the LDL receptor family) is an endocytic and signaling receptor that is expressed in several tissues. It is involved in the clearance of chylomicron remnants from circulation, and has been demonstrated to play a key role in the lipid metabolism at the hepatic level. Recent studies have shown that LRP1 is involved in insulin receptor (IR) trafficking and intracellular signaling activity, which have an impact on the regulation of glucose homeostasis in adipocytes, muscle cells, and brain. In addition, LRP1 has the potential to inhibit or sustain inflammation in macrophages, depending on its cellular expression, as well as the presence of particular types of ligands in the extracellular microenvironment. In this review, we summarize existing perspectives and the latest innovations concerning the role of tissue-specific LRP1 in lipoprotein and glucose metabolism, and examine its ability to mediate inflammatory processes related to MetS and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Actis Dato
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina.
| | - Gustavo Alberto Chiabrando
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina.
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27
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Long-term Western diet fed apolipoprotein E-deficient rats exhibit only modest early atherosclerotic characteristics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5416. [PMID: 29615808 PMCID: PMC5882891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the apolipoprotein E–deficient mouse, the gut microbiota has an impact on the development of atherosclerosis, but whether such correlations are also present in rats requires investigation. Therefore, we studied female SD-Apoetm1sage (Apoe−/−) rats fed either a Western diet or a low-fat control diet with or without gluten, which is known to promote gut microbiota changes, until 20 weeks of age. We hypothesized that the manifestation of atherosclerosis would be more severe in Apoe−/− rats fed the Western high-fat diet, as compared with rats fed the low-fat diet, and that atherosclerosis would be accelerated by gluten. Both Western diet-feeding and gluten resulted in significant changes in gut microbiota, but the microbiota impact of gluten was transient. Compared with Apoe−/− rats fed a low-fat diet, Western diet-fed Apoe−/− rats were heavier and became glucose intolerant with increased levels of oxidative stress. They developed early fatty streak lesions in their aortic sinus, while there was no evidence of atherosclerosis in the thoracic aorta. No conclusions could be made on the impact of gluten on atherosclerosis. Although Western diet-fed Apoe−/− rats exhibited a more human-like LDL dominated blood lipid profile, signs of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease were modest.
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28
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Small SA, Simoes-Spassov S, Mayeux R, Petsko GA. Endosomal Traffic Jams Represent a Pathogenic Hub and Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2018; 40:592-602. [PMID: 28962801 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While clues have existed that endosomal trafficking is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), whether it plays a central role in the disease and if so how has remained unknown. Here we rely on recent genetic and cellular findings to construct a model proposing that traffic jams in the early endosome can act as an upstream pathogenic hub in AD. We also rely on an independent series of findings to suggest how the traffic jams can act as a unified mediator of downstream pathophysiology. The model predicts, therefore, that interventions designed to unjam the endosome carry high therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Small
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sabrina Simoes-Spassov
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Duan L, Xiong X, Hu J, Liu Y, Li J, Wang J. Panax notoginseng Saponins for Treating Coronary Artery Disease: A Functional and Mechanistic Overview. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:702. [PMID: 29089889 PMCID: PMC5651167 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major public health problem and the chief cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Panax notoginseng, a valuable herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with obvious efficacy and favorable safety, shows a great promise as a novel option for CAD and is increasingly recognized clinically. Firstly, this review introduced recent clinical trials on treatment with PNS either alone or in combination with conventional drugs as novel treatment strategies. Then we discussed the mechanisms of P. notoginseng and Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), which can regulate signaling pathways associated with inflammation, lipid metabolism, the coagulation system, apoptosis, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and myocardial ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingjiang Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Junyuan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
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30
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Fallaize R, Carvalho-Wells AL, Tierney AC, Marin C, Kieć-Wilk B, Dembińska-Kieć A, Drevon CA, DeFoort C, Lopez-Miranda J, Risérus U, Saris WH, Blaak EE, Roche HM, Lovegrove JA. APOE genotype influences insulin resistance, apolipoprotein CII and CIII according to plasma fatty acid profile in the Metabolic Syndrome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6274. [PMID: 28740125 PMCID: PMC5524844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic markers associated with the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) may be affected by interactions between the APOE genotype and plasma fatty acids (FA). In this study, we explored FA-gene interactions between the missense APOE polymorphisms and FA status on metabolic markers in MetS. Plasma FA, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and lipid concentrations were determined at baseline and following a 12-week randomized, controlled, parallel, dietary FA intervention in 442 adults with MetS (LIPGENE study). FA-APOE gene interactions at baseline and following change in plasma FA were assessed using adjusted general linear models. At baseline E4 carriers had higher plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (apo B) compared with E2 carriers; and higher TC, LDL-C and apo B compared with E3/E3. Whilst elevated plasma n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) was associated with a beneficially lower concentration of apo CIII in E2 carriers, a high proportion of plasma C16:0 was associated with insulin resistance in E4 carriers. Following FA intervention, a reduction in plasma long-chain n-3 PUFA was associated with a reduction in apo CII concentration in E2 carriers. Our novel data suggest that individuals with MetS may benefit from personalized dietary interventions based on APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Fallaize
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Andrew L Carvalho-Wells
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Audrey C Tierney
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, University College Dublin Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carmen Marin
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit. Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Beata Kieć-Wilk
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aldona Dembińska-Kieć
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - José Lopez-Miranda
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit. Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wim H Saris
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+) Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+) Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen M Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, University College Dublin Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
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31
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Crouchet E, Lefèvre M, Verrier ER, Oudot MA, Baumert TF, Schuster C. Extracellular lipid-free apolipoprotein E inhibits HCV replication and induces ABCG1-dependent cholesterol efflux. Gut 2017; 66:896-907. [PMID: 27609828 PMCID: PMC5531222 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The HCV life cycle and the lipid metabolism are inextricably intertwined. In the blood, HCV virions are associated with lipoproteins, forming lipoviroparticles (LVPs), which are the most infectious form of the virus. Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a key LVP component, plays an essential role in HCV entry, assembly and egress. ApoE is also a cell host factor involved in lipoprotein homeostasis. Although the majority of apoE is associated with lipoproteins, a lipid-free (LF) form exists in blood. However, the role of LF-apoE in both lipid metabolism and HCV life cycle is poorly understood. DESIGN In this study, using the cell culture-derived HCV model system in human hepatoma Huh7.5.1 cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHH), we investigated the effect of LF-apoE on the early steps of HCV life cycle and on the lipid metabolism of hepatic cells. RESULTS A dose-dependent decrease in HCV replication was observed when Huh7.5.1 cells and PHH were treated with increasing amounts of LF-apoE. We showed that LF-apoE acts on HCV replication independently of previously described apoE receptors. We observed that LF-apoE induced a marked hepatic cholesterol efflux via the ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 1 (ABCG1) protein that in turn inhibits HCV replication. LF-apoE also increases both apolipoprotein AI and high-density lipoprotein production. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight a new mechanism in lipid metabolism regulation and interaction of the lipid metabolism with the HCV life cycle, which may be important for viral pathogenesis and might also be explored for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Crouchet
- INSERM, UMR_S1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Lefèvre
- INSERM, UMR_S1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eloi R Verrier
- INSERM, UMR_S1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marine A Oudot
- INSERM, UMR_S1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- INSERM, UMR_S1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Institut Hopitalo-Universitaire, Pôle hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Schuster
- INSERM, UMR_S1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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32
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Apolipoprotein E Genotype in Very Preterm Neonates with Intrauterine Growth Restriction: An Analysis of the German Neonatal Network Cohort. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2837027. [PMID: 28480219 PMCID: PMC5396432 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2837027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim. Cord blood of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) neonates displays lipid changes towards atherosclerotic profiles. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and its isoforms (e2, e3, and e4) are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Specifically, ApoE e4 has been associated with atherosclerotic diseases, while e2 has a favorable effect. We therefore hypothesized that ApoE e4 haplotype is frequently observed in IUGR neonates and contributes to impaired fetal growth and the association of IUGR with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases later in life. Methods. A cohort of 4885 preterm infants (≥22+0 and <32+0 weeks of gestation and birth weight below 1500 g) from the GNN study cohort was analyzed. Neonates were categorized into subgroups of <3rd, 3rd–10th, and >10th birth weight percentile. Analysis of the single nucleotides rs429358 and rs7412, identifying the ApoE genotype, was carried out using TaqMan® SNP genotyping assays. The proportional odds model was used to assess data. Results. No association was found between genotype and birth weight percentiles in each of the subgroups. Conclusion. ApoE genotype and low birth weight depict two distinct risk factors for cardiovascular disease without being directly associated.
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33
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Boehm-Cagan A, Bar R, Harats D, Shaish A, Levkovitz H, Bielicki JK, Johansson JO, Michaelson DM. Differential Effects of apoE4 and Activation of ABCA1 on Brain and Plasma Lipoproteins. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166195. [PMID: 27824936 PMCID: PMC5100931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), the leading genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), is less lipidated compared to the most common and AD-benign allele, apoE3. We have recently shown that i.p. injections of the ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) agonist peptide CS-6253 to apoE mice reverse the hypolipidation of apoE4 and the associated brain pathology and behavioral deficits. While in the brain apoE is the main cholesterol transporter, in the periphery apoE and apoA-I both serve as the major cholesterol transporters. We presently investigated the extent to which apoE genotype and CS-6253 treatment to apoE3 and apoE4-targeted replacement mice affects the plasma levels and lipid particle distribution of apoE, and those of plasma and brain apoA-I and apoJ. This revealed that plasma levels of apoE4 were lower and eluted faster following FPLC than plasma apoE3. Treatment with CS-6253 increased the levels of plasma apoE4 and rendered the elution profile of apoE4 similar to that of apoE3. Similarly, the levels of plasma apoA-I were lower in the apoE4 mice compared to apoE3 mice, and this effect was partially reversed by CS-6253. Conversely, the levels of apoA-I in the brain which were higher in the apoE4 mice, were unaffected by CS-6253. The plasma levels of apoJ were higher in apoE4 mice than apoE3 mice and this effect was abolished by CS-6253. Similar but less pronounced effects were obtained in the brain. In conclusion, these results suggest that apoE4 affects the levels of apoA-I and apoJ and that the anti-apoE4 beneficial effects of CS-6253 may be related to both central and peripheral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Boehm-Cagan
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Roni Bar
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Dror Harats
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel
| | - Aviv Shaish
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel
| | - Hana Levkovitz
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel
| | - John K. Bielicki
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States of America
| | - Jan O. Johansson
- Artery Therapeutics, Inc. San Ramon, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Michaelson
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis, for which hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society, and new therapeutic strategies are highly warranted. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is metabolically active in human adults. Although positron emission tomography-computed tomography using a glucose tracer is the golden standard to visualize and quantify the volume and activity of BAT, it has become clear that activated BAT combusts fatty acids rather than glucose. Here, we review the role of brown and beige adipocytes in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, with evidence derived from both animal and human studies. On the basis of mainly data from animal models, we propose a model in which activated brown adipocytes use their intracellular triglyceride stores to generate fatty acids for combustion. BAT rapidly replenishes these stores by internalizing primarily lipoprotein triglyceride-derived fatty acids, generated by lipoprotein lipase-mediated hydrolysis of triglycerides, rather than by holoparticle uptake. As a consequence, BAT activation leads to the generation of lipoprotein remnants that are subsequently cleared via the liver provided that an intact apoE-low-density lipoprotein receptor pathway is present. Through these mechanisms, BAT activation reduces plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels and attenuates diet-induced atherosclerosis development. Initial studies suggest that BAT activation in humans may also reduce triglyceride and cholesterol levels, but potential antiatherogenic effects should be assessed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geerte Hoeke
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Lipids are essential components of a cell providing energy substrates for cellular processes, signaling intermediates, and building blocks for biological membranes. Lipids are constantly recycled and redistributed within a cell. Lysosomes play an important role in this recycling process that involves the recruitment of lipids to lysosomes via autophagy or endocytosis for their degradation by lysosomal hydrolases. The catabolites produced are redistributed to various cellular compartments to support basic cellular function. Several studies demonstrated a bidirectional relationship between lipids and lysosomes that regulate autophagy. While lysosomal degradation pathways regulate cellular lipid metabolism, lipids also regulate lysosome function and autophagy. In this review, we focus on this bidirectional relationship in the context of dietary lipids and provide an overview of recent evidence of how lipid-overload lipotoxicity, as observed in obesity and metabolic syndrome, impairs lysosomal function and autophagy that may eventually lead to cellular dysfunction or cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Jaishy
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - E Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Julve J, Martín-Campos JM, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F. Chylomicrons: Advances in biology, pathology, laboratory testing, and therapeutics. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 455:134-48. [PMID: 26868089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The adequate absorption of lipids is essential for all mammalian species due to their inability to synthesize some essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. Chylomicrons (CMs) are large, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that are produced in intestinal enterocytes in response to fat ingestion, which function to transport the ingested lipids to different tissues. In addition to the contribution of CMs to postprandial lipemia, their remnants, the degradation products following lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase, are linked to cardiovascular disease. In this review, we will focus on the structure-function and metabolism of CMs. Second, we will analyze the impact of gene defects reported to affect CM metabolism and, also, the role of CMs in other pathologies, such as atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Third, we will provide an overview of the laboratory tests currently used to study CM disorders, and, finally, we will highlight current treatments in diseases affecting CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Julve
- Institut de Recerca de l'HSCSP - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jesús M Martín-Campos
- Institut de Recerca de l'HSCSP - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut de Recerca de l'HSCSP - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut de Recerca de l'HSCSP - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Servei de Bioquímica, Barcelona, Spain
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Update on the molecular biology of dyslipidemias. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 454:143-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Impact of estrogens on atherosclerosis and bone in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse model. Menopause 2016; 22:428-36. [PMID: 25203894 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The common inflammatory pathophysiology has nourished the hypothesis of a relationship between osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Estrogens are key agents in the modulation of both processes. We investigated whether induction of atherosclerosis affects bone and whether estrogens modulate both processes. METHODS Female apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (a well-established model of atherogenesis) were ovariectomized or falsely operated and fed either standard diet or high-fat diet (HFD). Six animals were included in each of the four groups. To clarify mechanisms, we treated preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells with mouse serum. RESULTS Physiological levels of estrogens in falsely operated mice limited atherosclerotic burden in the thoracic aorta, but not in the aortic arch. Bone resorption, as assessed by C-telopeptides, was increased by ovariectomy in animals fed standard diet, but not in animals fed HFD. Bone microstructural properties at the distal femur showed deteriorated trabecular architecture in bone volumetric fraction and trabecular number after ovariectomy, but trabecular pattern factor, trabecular thickness, trabecular spacing, or the structural model index remained unchanged. Changes in cortical parameters were not significant. Volumetric bone mineral density was reduced in trabecular bone, but not in cortical bone, in ovariectomized mice fed standard diet. Preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells exhibited increased cellular proliferation and viability and alkaline phosphatase activity after treatment with sera from animals fed HFD. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous estrogens partially reduce atherogenic burden in female apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Ovariectomy increases bone resorption, but not under exacerbated proatherogenic conditions induced by HFD. The absence of apolipoprotein E might have an influence on the asymmetric responses of atherogenesis and bone resorption.
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Wagner T, Bartelt A, Schlein C, Heeren J. Genetic Dissection of Tissue-Specific Apolipoprotein E Function for Hypercholesterolemia and Diet-Induced Obesity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145102. [PMID: 26695075 PMCID: PMC4687855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoE deficiency in mice (Apoe−/−) results in severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. In diet-induced obesity, Apoe−/− display steatohepatitis but reduced accumulation of triacylglycerides and enhanced insulin sensitivity in white adipose tissue (WAT). Although the vast majority of apoE is expressed by hepatocytes apoE is also abundantly expressed in WAT. As liver and adipose tissue play important roles for metabolism, this study aims to outline functions of both hepatocyte- and adipocyte-derived apoE separately by investigating a novel mouse model of tissue-specific apoE deficiency. Therefore we generated transgenic mice carrying homozygous floxed Apoe alleles. Mice lacking apoE either in hepatocytes (ApoeΔHep) or in adipose tissue (ApoeΔAT) were fed experimental diets. ApoeΔHep exhibited slightly higher body weights, adiposity and liver weights on diabetogenic high fat diet (HFD). Accordingly, hepatic steatosis and markers of inflammation were more pronounced compared to controls. Hypercholesterolemia evoked by lipoprotein remnant accumulation was present in ApoeΔHep mice fed a Western type diet (WTD). Lipidation of VLDL particles and tissue uptake of VLDL were disturbed in ApoeΔHep while the plasma clearance rate remained unaltered. ApoeΔAT did not display any detectable phenotype, neither on HFD nor on WTD. In conclusion, our novel conditional apoE deletion model has proven here the role of hepatocyte apoE for VLDL production and diet-induced dyslipidemia. Specific deletion of apoE in adipocytes cannot reproduce the adipose phenotype of global Apoe−/− mice, suggesting that apoE produced in other cell types than hepatocytes or adipocytes explains the lean and insulin-sensitive phenotype described for Apoe−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Chung BL, Toth MJ, Kamaly N, Sei YJ, Becraft J, Mulder WJM, Fayad ZA, Farokhzad OC, Kim Y, Langer R. Nanomedicines for Endothelial Disorders. NANO TODAY 2015; 10:759-776. [PMID: 26955397 PMCID: PMC4778260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium lines the internal surfaces of blood and lymphatic vessels and has a critical role in maintaining homeostasis. Endothelial dysfunction is involved in the pathology of many diseases and conditions, including disorders such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Given this common etiology in a range of diseases, medicines targeting an impaired endothelium can strengthen the arsenal of therapeutics. Nanomedicine - the application of nanotechnology to healthcare - presents novel opportunities and potential for the treatment of diseases associated with an impaired endothelium. This review discusses therapies currently available for the treatment of these disorders and highlights the application of nanomedicine for the therapy of these major disease complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomy Lee Chung
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Michael J. Toth
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology (IEN), Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (IBB), Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Nazila Kamaly
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Yoshitaka J. Sei
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology (IEN), Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (IBB), Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Jacob Becraft
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Willem J. M. Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Zahi A. Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - YongTae Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology (IEN), Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience (IBB), Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Lazaris A, Hwang KS, Goukasian N, Ramirez LM, Eastman J, Blanken AE, Teng E, Gylys K, Cole G, Saykin AJ, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Jagust WJ, Weiner MW, Apostolova LG. Alzheimer risk genes modulate the relationship between plasma apoE and cortical PiB binding. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2015; 1:e22. [PMID: 27066559 PMCID: PMC4809461 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We investigated the association between apoE protein plasma levels and brain amyloidosis and the effect of the top 10 Alzheimer disease (AD) risk genes on this association. Methods: Our dataset consisted of 18 AD, 52 mild cognitive impairment, and 3 cognitively normal Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 1 (ADNI1) participants with available [11C]-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) and peripheral blood protein data. We used cortical pattern matching to study associations between plasma apoE and cortical PiB binding and the effect of carrier status for the top 10 AD risk genes. Results: Low plasma apoE was significantly associated with high PiB SUVR, except in the sensorimotor and entorhinal cortex. For BIN1 rs744373, the association was observed only in minor allele carriers. For CD2AP rs9349407 and CR1 rs3818361, the association was preserved only in minor allele noncarriers. We did not find evidence for modulation by CLU, PICALM, ABCA7, BIN1, and MS4A6A. Conclusions: Our data show that BIN1 rs744373, CD2AP rs9349407, and CR1 rs3818361 genotypes modulate the association between apoE protein plasma levels and brain amyloidosis, implying a potential epigenetic/downstream interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lazaris
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Kristy S Hwang
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Naira Goukasian
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Leslie M Ramirez
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Jennifer Eastman
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Anna E Blanken
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Edmond Teng
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Karen Gylys
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Greg Cole
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - William J Jagust
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Michael W Weiner
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Liana G Apostolova
- University of California Berkeley (A.L.), Berkeley; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester, MI; Department of Neurology (K.S.H., N.G., A.E.B., E.T., G.C., L.G.A.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Drexel University College of Medicine (L.M.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (J.E.), Chicago, IL; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T., G.C.), Los Angeles, CA; School of Nursing (K.G.), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging (A.J.S., L.G.A.), Department of Neurology (L.G.A.), and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (L.G.A.), School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), UC Berkeley, CA; and Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
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Yuan L, Liu J, Dong L, Cai C, Wang S, Wang B, Xiao R. Effects of APOE rs429358, rs7412 and GSTM1/GSTT1 Polymorphism on Plasma and Erythrocyte Antioxidant Parameters and Cognition in Old Chinese Adults. Nutrients 2015; 7:8261-73. [PMID: 26404360 PMCID: PMC4632411 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and oxidative damage were correlated with the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) polymorphism was proved to be associated with body antioxidant capacity and involved in the oxidative damage related chronic diseases. To explore the combined effects of APOE rs429358, rs7412 and GSTM1/T1 polymorphism on antioxidant parameters and cognition in old Chinese adults, a community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in 477 Chinese adults aged from 55 to 75. Information on demography and lifestyle of the participants was collected with a questionnaire. Cognitive function was measured by using a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Fasting venous blood samples were collected for APOE rs429358, rs7412 and GSTM1/T1 genotyping, and parameter measurement. No association of APOE rs7412, rs429358 and GSTM1/T1 polymorphisms with cognition was detected in the old Chinese adults. APOE rs429358, rs7412 polymorphism was mainly associated with plasma α-tocopherol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and plasma total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels (p < 0.05). Interaction of APOE rs429358 and GSTT1 genotype on the plasma triglyceride (TG) level and erythrocyte catalase (CAT) and GST enzyme activities were detected (p < 0.05). The subjects with APOE rs429358 T/C + C/C and GSTT1− genotype were found to have the highest plasma TG level, erythrocyte CAT enzyme activity, and the lowest GST enzyme activity compared to subjects with other genotypes (p < 0.05). Lowest erythrocyte CAT enzyme activity and highest glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activity were detected in the subjects with APOE rs7412 T/C + T/T and GSTM1+ genotype as compared with subjects with other genotypes. The levels of plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant parameters were APOE genotype associated. GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotype modified the influence of APOE rs7412, rs429358 polymorphism on antioxidant parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Yuan
- School of Public Health, Nutrition and Food Hygiene Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Jinmeng Liu
- School of Public Health, Nutrition and Food Hygiene Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069.
| | - Li Dong
- School of Public Health, Nutrition and Food Hygiene Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069.
| | - Can Cai
- School of Public Health, Nutrition and Food Hygiene Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069.
| | - Sisi Wang
- School of Public Health, Nutrition and Food Hygiene Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069.
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Public Health, Nutrition and Food Hygiene Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069.
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Nutrition and Food Hygiene Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069.
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43
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Hoque M, Rentero C, Conway JR, Murray RZ, Timpson P, Enrich C, Grewal T. The cross-talk of LDL-cholesterol with cell motility: insights from the Niemann Pick Type C1 mutation and altered integrin trafficking. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:384-91. [PMID: 26366834 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1019996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is considered indispensible for the recruitment and functioning of integrins in focal adhesions for cell migration. However, the physiological cholesterol pools that control integrin trafficking and focal adhesion assembly remain unclear. Using Niemann Pick Type C1 (NPC) mutant cells, which accumulate Low Density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol in late endosomes (LE), several recent studies indicate that LDL-cholesterol has multiple roles in regulating focal adhesion dynamics. Firstly, targeting of endocytosed LDL-cholesterol from LE to focal adhesions controls their formation at the leading edge of migrating cells. Other newly emerging literature suggests that this may be coupled to vesicular transport of integrins, Src kinase and metalloproteases from the LE compartment to focal adhesions. Secondly, our recent work identified LDL-cholesterol as a key factor that determines the distribution and ability of several Soluble NSF Attachment Protein (SNAP) Receptor (SNARE) proteins, key players in vesicle transport, to control integrin trafficking to the cell surface and extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion. Collectively, dietary, genetic and pathological changes in cholesterol metabolism may link with efficiency and speed of integrin and ECM cell surface delivery in metastatic cancer cells. This commentary will summarize how direct and indirect pathways enable LDL-cholesterol to modulate cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monira Hoque
- a Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Sydney ; Sydney , Australia
| | - Carles Rentero
- b Departament de Biologia Cellular ; Immunologia i Neurociències; Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Facultat de Medicina; Universitat de Barcelona ; Barcelona , Spain
| | - James R Conway
- c Cancer Research Program; The Kinghorn Cancer Center; Garvan Institute of Medical Research ; Darlinghurst , Australia
| | - Rachael Z Murray
- d Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology ; Brisbane , Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- c Cancer Research Program; The Kinghorn Cancer Center; Garvan Institute of Medical Research ; Darlinghurst , Australia
| | - Carlos Enrich
- b Departament de Biologia Cellular ; Immunologia i Neurociències; Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Facultat de Medicina; Universitat de Barcelona ; Barcelona , Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- a Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Sydney ; Sydney , Australia
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44
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Phillips MC. Apolipoprotein E isoforms and lipoprotein metabolism. IUBMB Life 2015; 66:616-23. [PMID: 25328986 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) E is a 299-residue protein which functions as a key regulator of plasma lipid levels. Human apoE exists as three common isoforms and the parent form, apoE3, operates optimally in promoting clearance of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins and is associated with normal plasma lipid levels. This result occurs because apoE3 possesses both the requisite lipid-binding ability and affinity for the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) to mediate appropriate lipolytic processing and endocytosis of TG-rich lipoprotein remnant particles. ApoE2 which differs from apoE3 by the single amino acid substitution Arg158Cys located near the LDLR recognition site exhibits impaired binding to the receptor and an inability to promote clearance of TG-rich lipoprotein remnant particles; this isoform is associated with Type-III hyperlipoproteinemia. ApoE4 which differs from apoE3 by the single amino acid substitution Cys112Arg is also associated with dyslipidemia although binding of this isoform to the LDLR is unaffected. The amino acid substitution affects the organization and stability of both the N-terminal helix bundle domain and separately folded C-terminal domain so that apoE4 has enhanced lipid binding ability. As a consequence, apoE4 binds better than apoE3 to the surface of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles and impairs their lipolytic processing in the circulation so that apoE4 is associated with a more pro-atherogenic lipoprotein-cholesterol distribution (higher VLDL-cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio). This review summarizes current understanding of the structural differences between apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the molecular mechanisms responsible for the alterations in lipoprotein metabolism resulting from this polymorphism of apoE. Detailed knowledge of how expression of structurally distinct apoE variants modifies lipoprotein metabolism provides a basis for developing ways to manipulate the functionality of apoE in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Phillips
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11-130 Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Van der Horst DJ, Rodenburg KW. Lipoprotein assembly and function in an evolutionary perspective. Biomol Concepts 2015; 1:165-83. [PMID: 25961995 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulatory fat transport in animals relies on members of the large lipid transfer protein (LLTP) superfamily, including mammalian apolipoprotein B (apoB) and insect apolipophorin II/I (apoLp-II/I). ApoB and apoLp-II/I, constituting the structural (non-exchangeable) basis for the assembly of various lipoproteins, acquire lipids through microsomal triglyceride-transfer protein, another LLTP family member, and bind them by means of amphipathic α-helical and β-sheet structural motifs. Comparative research reveals that LLTPs evolved from the earliest animals and highlights the structural adaptations in these lipid-binding proteins. Thus, in contrast to apoB, apoLp-II/I is cleaved post-translationally by a furin, resulting in the appearance of two non-exchangeable apolipoproteins in the single circulatory lipoprotein in insects, high-density lipophorin (HDLp). The remarkable structural similarities between mammalian and insect lipoproteins notwithstanding important functional differences relate to the mechanism of lipid delivery. Whereas in mammals, partial delipidation of apoB-containing lipoproteins eventually results in endocytic uptake of their remnants, mediated by members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family, and degradation in lysosomes, insect HDLp functions as a reusable lipid shuttle capable of alternate unloading and reloading of lipid. Also, during muscular efforts (flight activity), an HDLp-based lipoprotein shuttle provides for the transport of lipid for energy generation. Although a lipophorin receptor - a homolog of LDLR - was identified that mediates endocytic uptake of HDLp during specific developmental periods, the endocytosed lipoprotein appears to be recycled in a transferrin-like manner. These data highlight that the functional adaptations in the lipoprotein lipid carriers in mammals and insects also emerge with regard to the functioning of their cognate receptors.
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Berbée JFP, Boon MR, Khedoe PPSJ, Bartelt A, Schlein C, Worthmann A, Kooijman S, Hoeke G, Mol IM, John C, Jung C, Vazirpanah N, Brouwers LPJ, Gordts PLSM, Esko JD, Hiemstra PS, Havekes LM, Scheja L, Heeren J, Rensen PCN. Brown fat activation reduces hypercholesterolaemia and protects from atherosclerosis development. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6356. [PMID: 25754609 PMCID: PMC4366535 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) combusts high amounts of fatty acids, thereby lowering plasma triglyceride levels and reducing obesity. However, the precise role of BAT in plasma cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis development remains unclear. Here we show that BAT activation by β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation protects from atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism that unlike hyperlipidemic Apoe−/− and Ldlr−/− mice expresses functional apoE and LDLR. BAT activation increases energy expenditure and decreases plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that BAT activation enhances the selective uptake of fatty acids from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into BAT, subsequently accelerating the hepatic clearance of the cholesterol-enriched remnants. These effects depend on a functional hepatic apoE-LDLR clearance pathway as BAT activation in Apoe−/− and Ldlr−/− mice does not attenuate hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis. We conclude that activation of BAT is a powerful therapeutic avenue to ameliorate hyperlipidaemia and protect from atherosclerosis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) produces heat by burning lipid triglycerides. Here, Berbée et al. show that pharmacological BAT activation protects hyperlipidemic mice from atherosclerosis, provided mice retain the metabolic capacity to clear cholesterol-enriched lipoprotein remnants by the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy F P Berbée
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - P Padmini S J Khedoe
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [3] Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany [2] Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Sander Kooijman
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Geerte Hoeke
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel M Mol
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Clara John
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Caroline Jung
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Nadia Vazirpanah
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Linda P J Brouwers
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [3] Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [4] Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Zernikedreef 9, Leiden 2333 CK, The Netherlands
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
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Bartels K, Li YJ, Li YW, White WD, Laskowitz DT, Kertai MD, Stafford-Smith M, Podgoreanu MV, Newman MF, Mathew JP. Apolipoprotein epsilon 4 genotype is associated with less improvement in cognitive function five years after cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Can J Anaesth 2015; 62:618-26. [PMID: 25744138 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-015-0337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cognitive performance after cardiac surgery can be impaired, and genetic risk factors have previously been suggested. When compared with other isoforms of the gene, the apolipoprotein epsilon 4 (APOE4) allele is associated with worse outcomes in many neurologic disorders. We hypothesized that the APOE4 allele is associated with less favourable cognitive function five years after surgery. METHODS Caucasian patients enrolled in previously reported prospective cognitive trials in both cardiac and non-cardiac surgery participated in this retrospective cohort study. Neuropsychological function was assessed at baseline and five years postoperatively. The relationship between change in cognitive index score and APOE was evaluated using multivariable linear regression. An additive genetic model toward the epsilon 4 allele was applied with adjustment for baseline cognition, years of education, age, presence of diabetes in both cohorts, and presence of coronary artery disease in the non-cardiac surgery cohort. RESULTS A total of 357 patients were included in this study. In the cardiac surgery group (n = 233), baseline cognitive index (P < 0.001), years of education (P = 0.04), age at time of surgery (P < 0.001), and the APOE4 allele (P = 0.009), were associated with a five-year change in cognitive index. Patients carrying the APOE4 allele showed less improvement in cognitive index scores five years after cardiac surgery compared with patients without the APOE4 allele. In the non-cardiac surgery (n = 124) group, no association was found between APOE4 allele status and change in cognitive index. CONCLUSION We report an association between APOE4 and neurocognitive function five years following cardiac surgery. Preoperative identification of patients with the APOE4 genotype may improve stratification of cardiac surgery patients at risk for a less favourable cognitive trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Bartels
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC, Box 3094 Mail # 41, 2301 Erwin Road, 5688 HAFS, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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Enrich C, Rentero C, Hierro A, Grewal T. Role of cholesterol in SNARE-mediated trafficking on intracellular membranes. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1071-81. [PMID: 25653390 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.164459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell surface delivery of extracellular matrix (ECM) and integrins is fundamental for cell migration in wound healing and during cancer cell metastasis. This process is not only driven by several soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP) receptor (SNARE) proteins, which are key players in vesicle transport at the cell surface and intracellular compartments, but is also tightly modulated by cholesterol. Cholesterol-sensitive SNAREs at the cell surface are relatively well characterized, but it is less well understood how altered cholesterol levels in intracellular compartments impact on SNARE localization and function. Recent insights from structural biology, protein chemistry and cell microscopy have suggested that a subset of the SNAREs engaged in exocytic and retrograde pathways dynamically 'sense' cholesterol levels in the Golgi and endosomal membranes. Hence, the transport routes that modulate cellular cholesterol distribution appear to trigger not only a change in the location and functioning of SNAREs at the cell surface but also in endomembranes. In this Commentary, we will discuss how disrupted cholesterol transport through the Golgi and endosomal compartments ultimately controls SNARE-mediated delivery of ECM and integrins to the cell surface and, consequently, cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS). Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS). Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aitor Hierro
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Khedoe PPSJ, Hoeke G, Kooijman S, Dijk W, Buijs JT, Kersten S, Havekes LM, Hiemstra PS, Berbée JFP, Boon MR, Rensen PCN. Brown adipose tissue takes up plasma triglycerides mostly after lipolysis. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:51-9. [PMID: 25351615 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m052746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) produces heat by burning TGs that are stored within intracellular lipid droplets and need to be replenished by the uptake of TG-derived FA from plasma. It is currently unclear whether BAT takes up FA via uptake of TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), after lipolysis-mediated liberation of FA, or via a combination of both. Therefore, we generated glycerol tri[(3)H]oleate and [(14)C]cholesteryl oleate double-labeled TRL-mimicking particles with an average diameter of 45, 80, and 150 nm (representing small VLDL to chylomicrons) and injected these intravenously into male C57Bl/6J mice. At room temperature (21°C), the uptake of (3)H-activity by BAT, expressed per gram of tissue, was much higher than the uptake of (14)C-activity, irrespective of particle size, indicating lipolysis-mediated uptake of TG-derived FA rather than whole particle uptake. Cold exposure (7°C) increased the uptake of FA derived from the differently sized particles by BAT, while retaining the selectivity for uptake of FA over cholesteryl ester (CE). At thermoneutrality (28°C), total FA uptake by BAT was attenuated, but the specificity of uptake of FA over CE was again largely retained. Altogether, we conclude that, in our model, BAT takes up plasma TG preferentially by means of lipolysis-mediated uptake of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Padmini S J Khedoe
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geerte Hoeke
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wieneke Dijk
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen T Buijs
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Li YH, Liu L. Apolipoprotein E synthesized by adipocyte and apolipoprotein E carried on lipoproteins modulate adipocyte triglyceride content. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:136. [PMID: 25148848 PMCID: PMC4156606 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive energy storage of adipose tissue makes contribution to the occurrence and progression of obesity, which accompanies with multiple adverse complications, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases. It is well known that apolipoprotein E, as a component of lipoproteins, performs a key role in maintaining plasma lipoproteins homeostasis. Interestingly, apolipoprotein E is highly expressed in adipocyte and has positive relation with body fat mass. Apolipoprotein E knock-out mice show small fat mass compared to wild type mice. Moreover, adipocyte deficiency in apolipoprotein E shows impaired lipoproeteins internalization and triglyceride accumulation. Apolipopreotein E-deficient lipoproteins can not induce preadipocyte to form round full-lipid adipocyte, whereas apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins can. This article mainly reviews the modulation of apolipoprotein E synthesized by adipocyte and apolipoprotein E carried on lipoproteins in adipocyte triglyceride content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
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