1
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Ramasamy R, Shekhtman A, Schmidt AM. RAGE/DIAPH1 and atherosclerosis through an evolving lens: Viewing the cell from the "Inside - Out". Atherosclerosis 2024; 394:117304. [PMID: 39131441 PMCID: PMC11309734 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Background and aims In hyperglycemia, inflammation, oxidative stress and aging, Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) accumulate in conditions such as atherosclerosis. Binding of DAMPs to receptors such as the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) activates signal transduction cascades that contribute to cellular stress. The cytoplasmic domain (tail) of RAGE (ctRAGE) binds to the formin Diaphanous1 (DIAPH1), which is important for RAGE signaling. This Review will detail the evidence linking the RAGE/DIAPH1 signaling pathway to atherosclerosis and envisages future therapeutic opportunities from the "inside-out" point of view in affected cells. Methods PubMed was searched using a variety of search terms, including "receptor for advanced glycation end products" along with various combinations including "and atherosclerosis," "soluble RAGE and atherosclerosis," "statins and RAGE," "PPAR and RAGE" and "SGLT2 inhibitor and RAGE." Results In non-diabetic and diabetic mice, antagonism or global deletion of Ager (the gene encoding RAGE) retards progression and accelerates regression of atherosclerosis. Global deletion of Diaph1 in mice devoid of the low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) significantly attenuates atherosclerosis; mice devoid of both Diaph1 and Ldlr display significantly lower plasma and liver concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride compared to mice devoid of Ldlr. Associations between RAGE pathway and human atherosclerosis have been identified based on relationships between plasma/serum concentrations of RAGE ligands, soluble RAGEs and atherosclerosis. Conclusions Efforts to target RAGE/DIAPH1 signaling through a small molecule antagonist therapeutic strategy hold promise to quell accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes and in other forms of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Shekhtman
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, NY, USA
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2
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De Meyer GRY, Zurek M, Puylaert P, Martinet W. Programmed death of macrophages in atherosclerosis: mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:312-325. [PMID: 38163815 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory disorder of the arterial vessel wall characterized by substantial infiltration of macrophages, which exert both favourable and detrimental functions. Early in atherogenesis, macrophages can clear cytotoxic lipoproteins and dead cells, preventing cytotoxicity. Efferocytosis - the efficient clearance of dead cells by macrophages - is crucial for preventing secondary necrosis and stimulating the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, macrophages can promote tissue repair and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby increasing plaque stability. However, advanced atherosclerotic plaques contain large numbers of pro-inflammatory macrophages that secrete matrix-degrading enzymes, induce death in surrounding cells and contribute to plaque destabilization and rupture. Importantly, macrophages in the plaque can undergo apoptosis and several forms of regulated necrosis, including necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. Regulated necrosis has an important role in the formation and expansion of the necrotic core during plaque progression, and several triggers for necrosis are present within atherosclerotic plaques. This Review focuses on the various forms of programmed macrophage death in atherosclerosis and the pharmacological interventions that target them as a potential means of stabilizing vulnerable plaques and improving the efficacy of currently available anti-atherosclerotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Michelle Zurek
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pauline Puylaert
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Rojas A, Lindner C, Schneider I, Gonzalez I, Uribarri J. The RAGE Axis: A Relevant Inflammatory Hub in Human Diseases. Biomolecules 2024; 14:412. [PMID: 38672429 PMCID: PMC11048448 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In 1992, a transcendental report suggested that the receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) functions as a cell surface receptor for a wide and diverse group of compounds, commonly referred to as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), resulting from the non-enzymatic glycation of lipids and proteins in response to hyperglycemia. The interaction of these compounds with RAGE represents an essential element in triggering the cellular response to proteins or lipids that become glycated. Although initially demonstrated for diabetes complications, a growing body of evidence clearly supports RAGE's role in human diseases. Moreover, the recognizing capacities of this receptor have been extended to a plethora of structurally diverse ligands. As a result, it has been acknowledged as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and functionally categorized as the RAGE axis. The ligation to RAGE leads the initiation of a complex signaling cascade and thus triggering crucial cellular events in the pathophysiology of many human diseases. In the present review, we intend to summarize basic features of the RAGE axis biology as well as its contribution to some relevant human diseases such as metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, autoimmune, and chronic airways diseases, and cancer as a result of exposure to AGEs, as well as many other ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Chile; (A.R.); (I.G.)
| | - Cristian Lindner
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | - Ivan Schneider
- Centre of Primary Attention, South Metropolitan Health Service, Santiago 3830000, Chile;
| | - Ileana Gonzalez
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Chile; (A.R.); (I.G.)
| | - Jaime Uribarri
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10021, USA
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4
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Ravi S, Martin LC, Krishnan M, Kumaresan M, Manikandan B, Ramar M. Interactions between macrophage membrane and lipid mediators during cardiovascular diseases with the implications of scavenger receptors. Chem Phys Lipids 2024; 258:105362. [PMID: 38006924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2023.105362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases with the major underlying cause being atherosclerosis, occur during chronic inflammatory persistence in the vascular system, especially within the arterial wall. Such prolonged maladaptive inflammation is driven by macrophages and their key mediators are generally attributed to a disparity in lipid metabolism. Macrophages are the primary cells of innate immunity, endowed with expansive membrane domains involved in immune responses with their signalling systems. During atherosclerosis, the membrane domains and receptors control various active organisations of macrophages. Their scavenger/endocytic receptors regulate the trafficking of intracellular and extracellular cargo. Corresponding influence on lipid metabolism is mediated by their dynamic interaction with scavenger membrane receptors and their integrated mechanisms such as pinocytosis, phagocytosis, cholesterol export/import, etc. This interaction not only results in the functional differentiation of macrophages but also modifies their structural configurations. Here, we reviewed the association of macrophage membrane biomechanics and their scavenger receptor families with lipid metabolites during the event of atherogenesis. In addition, the membrane structure of macrophages and the signalling pathways involved in endocytosis integrated with lipid metabolism are detailed. This article establishes future insights into the scavenger receptors as potential targets for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Ravi
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | | | - Mahalakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Manikandan Kumaresan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Beulaja Manikandan
- Department of Biochemistry, Annai Veilankanni's College for Women, Chennai 600 015, India
| | - Manikandan Ramar
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India.
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5
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Neha, Wali Z, Pinky, Hattiwale SH, Jamal A, Parvez S. GLP-1/Sigma/RAGE receptors: An evolving picture of Alzheimer's disease pathology and treatment. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 93:102134. [PMID: 38008402 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
According to the facts and figures 2023stated that 6.7 million Americans over the age of 65 have Alzheimer's disease (AD). The scenario of AD has reached up to the maximum, of 4.1 million individuals, 2/3rd are female patients, and approximately 1 in 9 adults over the age of 65 have dementia with AD dementia. The fact that there are now no viable treatments for AD indicates that the underlying disease mechanisms are not fully understood. The progressive neurodegenerative disease, AD is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau protein and senile plaques (SPs), which are brought on by the buildup of amyloid beta (Aβ). Numerous attempts have been made to produce compounds that interfere with these characteristics because of significant research efforts into the primary pathogenic hallmark of this disorder. Here, we summarize several research that highlights interesting therapy strategies and the neuroprotective effects of GLP-1, Sigma, and, AGE-RAGE receptors in pre-clinical and clinical AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Zitin Wali
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Pinky
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Shaheenkousar H Hattiwale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azfar Jamal
- Department of Biology, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; Health and Basic Science Research Centre, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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6
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Angioni R, Bonfanti M, Caporale N, Sánchez-Rodríguez R, Munari F, Savino A, Pasqualato S, Buratto D, Pagani I, Bertoldi N, Zanon C, Ferrari P, Ricciardelli E, Putaggio C, Ghezzi S, Elli F, Rotta L, Scardua A, Weber J, Cecatiello V, Iorio F, Zonta F, Cattelan AM, Vicenzi E, Vannini A, Molon B, Villa CE, Viola A, Testa G. RAGE engagement by SARS-CoV-2 enables monocyte infection and underlies COVID-19 severity. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101266. [PMID: 37944530 PMCID: PMC10694673 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has fueled the COVID-19 pandemic with its enduring medical and socioeconomic challenges because of subsequent waves and long-term consequences of great concern. Here, we chart the molecular basis of COVID-19 pathogenesis by analyzing patients' immune responses at single-cell resolution across disease course and severity. This approach confirms cell subpopulation-specific dysregulation in COVID-19 across disease course and severity and identifies a severity-associated activation of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) pathway in monocytes. In vitro THP1-based experiments indicate that monocytes bind the SARS-CoV-2 S1-receptor binding domain (RBD) via RAGE, pointing to RAGE-Spike interaction enabling monocyte infection. Thus, our results demonstrate that RAGE is a functional receptor of SARS-CoV-2 contributing to COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Angioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città Della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonfanti
- Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montalcini 1, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Caporale
- Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montalcini 1, 20157 Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città Della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Munari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città Della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Aurora Savino
- Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montalcini 1, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Damiano Buratto
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Isabel Pagani
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Bertoldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città Della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanon
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città Della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferrari
- Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montalcini 1, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Putaggio
- Infectious Disease Unit, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghezzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Elli
- Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montalcini 1, 20157 Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Rotta
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Janine Weber
- Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montalcini 1, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Iorio
- Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montalcini 1, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Zonta
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | | | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Molon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città Della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Emanuele Villa
- Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montalcini 1, 20157 Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città Della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montalcini 1, 20157 Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.
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7
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Reynaert NL, Vanfleteren LEGW, Perkins TN. The AGE-RAGE Axis and the Pathophysiology of Multimorbidity in COPD. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103366. [PMID: 37240472 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease of the airways and lungs due to an enhanced inflammatory response, commonly caused by cigarette smoking. Patients with COPD are often multimorbid, as they commonly suffer from multiple chronic (inflammatory) conditions. This intensifies the burden of individual diseases, negatively affects quality of life, and complicates disease management. COPD and comorbidities share genetic and lifestyle-related risk factors and pathobiological mechanisms, including chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is an important driver of chronic inflammation. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are RAGE ligands that accumulate due to aging, inflammation, oxidative stress, and carbohydrate metabolism. AGEs cause further inflammation and oxidative stress through RAGE, but also through RAGE-independent mechanisms. This review describes the complexity of RAGE signaling and the causes of AGE accumulation, followed by a comprehensive overview of alterations reported on AGEs and RAGE in COPD and in important co-morbidities. Furthermore, it describes the mechanisms by which AGEs and RAGE contribute to the pathophysiology of individual disease conditions and how they execute crosstalk between organ systems. A section on therapeutic strategies that target AGEs and RAGE and could alleviate patients from multimorbid conditions using single therapeutics concludes this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lowie E G W Vanfleteren
- COPD Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timothy N Perkins
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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8
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Dozio E, Caldiroli L, Molinari P, Castellano G, Delfrate NW, Romanelli MMC, Vettoretti S. Accelerated AGEing: The Impact of Advanced Glycation End Products on the Prognosis of Chronic Kidney Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030584. [PMID: 36978832 PMCID: PMC10045600 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are aging products. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), AGEs accumulate due to the increased production, reduced excretion, and the imbalance between oxidant/antioxidant capacities. CKD is therefore a model of aging. The aim of this review is to summarize the present knowledge of AGEs in CKD onset and progression, also focusing on CKD-related disorders (cardiovascular diseases, sarcopenia, and nutritional imbalance) and CKD mortality. The role of AGEs as etiopathogenetic molecules, as well as potential markers of disease progression and/or therapeutic targets, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dozio
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lara Caldiroli
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-025-5034-552; Fax: +39-025-5034-550
| | - Paolo Molinari
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas Walter Delfrate
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Marco Corsi Romanelli
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Service of Laboratory Medicine1-Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Vettoretti
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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9
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Puylaert P, Zurek M, Rayner KJ, De Meyer GRY, Martinet W. Regulated Necrosis in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:1283-1306. [PMID: 36134566 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During atherosclerosis, lipid-rich plaques are formed in large- and medium-sized arteries, which can reduce blood flow to tissues. This situation becomes particularly precarious when a plaque develops an unstable phenotype and becomes prone to rupture. Despite advances in identifying and treating vulnerable plaques, the mortality rate and disability caused by such lesions remains the number one health threat in developed countries. Vulnerable, unstable plaques are characterized by a large necrotic core, implying a prominent role for necrotic cell death in atherosclerosis and plaque destabilization. Necrosis can occur accidentally or can be induced by tightly regulated pathways. Over the past decades, different forms of regulated necrosis, including necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and secondary necrosis, have been identified, and these may play an important role during atherogenesis. In this review, we describe several forms of necrosis that may occur in atherosclerosis and how pharmacological modulation of these pathways can stabilize vulnerable plaques. Moreover, some challenges of targeting necrosis in atherosclerosis such as the presence of multiple death-inducing stimuli in plaques and extensive cross-talk between necrosis pathways are discussed. A better understanding of the role of (regulated) necrosis in atherosclerosis and the mechanisms contributing to plaque destabilization may open doors to novel pharmacological strategies and will enable clinicians to tackle the residual cardiovascular risk that remains in many atherosclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Puylaert
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology and Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Belgium (P.P., M.Z., G.R.Y.D.M., W.M.)
| | - Michelle Zurek
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology and Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Belgium (P.P., M.Z., G.R.Y.D.M., W.M.)
| | - Katey J Rayner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada (K.J.R.).,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology and Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Belgium (P.P., M.Z., G.R.Y.D.M., W.M.)
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology and Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Belgium (P.P., M.Z., G.R.Y.D.M., W.M.)
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10
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Li W, Jin K, Luo J, Xu W, Wu Y, Zhou J, Wang Y, Xu R, Jiao L, Wang T, Yang G. NF-κB and its crosstalk with endoplasmic reticulum stress in atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:988266. [PMID: 36204587 PMCID: PMC9530249 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.988266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common cardiovascular disease with complex pathogenesis, in which multiple pathways and their interweaving regulatory mechanism remain unclear. The primary transcription factor NF-κB plays a critical role in AS via modulating the expression of a series of inflammatory mediators under various stimuli such as cytokines, microbial antigens, and intracellular stresses. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, caused by the disrupted synthesis and secretion of protein, links inflammation, metabolic signals, and other cellular processes via the unfolded protein response (UPR). Both NF-κB and ER stress share the intersection regarding their molecular regulation and function and are regarded as critical individual contributors to AS. In this review, we summarize the multiple interactions between NF-κB and ER stress activation, including the UPR, NLRP3 inflammasome, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which have been ignored in the pathogenesis of AS. Given the multiple links between NF-κB and ER stress, we speculate that the integrated network contributes to the understanding of molecular mechanisms of AS. This review aims to provide an insight into these interactions and their underlying roles in the progression of AS, highlighting potential pharmacological targets against the atherosclerotic inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kehan Jin
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jichang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liqun Jiao,
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Tao Wang,
| | - Ge Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Tao Wang,
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Dongliang Y, Yang R, Peng S, Deng J, Huo Y, Deng Z, Yau Y, Liu J, Liao D, Cheng C. Guanxin Xiaoban capsules could treat atherosclerosis by affecting the gut microbiome and inhibiting the AGE-RAGE signalling pathway. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35580023 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disorder in which plaque builds up in the arteries and is associated with several cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, cerebral infarction and cerebral haemorrhage. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new medications to treat or prevent atherosclerosis.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. The active components of Guanxin Xiaoban capsules may have an effect on the gut microbiome of patients with atherosclerosis and have a role in their therapeutic targets.Aim. The aim of this study was to identify genes and pathways targeted by active ingredients in Guanxin Xiaoban capsules for the treatment of atherosclerosis based on network pharmacology and analysis of changes to the gut microbiome.Methods. Mice were treated with Guanxin Xiaoban capsules. The 16S rDNA genome sequence of all microorganisms from each group of faecal samples was used to evaluate potential structural changes in the gut microbiota after treatment with Guanxin Xiaoban capsules. Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR were used to detect gene targets in aortic and liver tissues. Haematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe improvements in mouse arterial plaques.Results. The gut microbiota of atherosclerotic mice is disturbed. After Guanxin Xiaoban treatment, the abundance of bacteria in the mice improved, with an increase in the proportion of Akkermansia and a significant decrease in the proportion of Faecalibaculum. The main ingredients of Guanxin Xiaoban capsules are calycosin, liquiritin, ferulic acid, ammonium glycyrrhizate, aloe emodin, rhein and emodin. The core genes of this network were determined to be glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A). The compound-target gene network revealed an interaction between multiple components and targets and contributed to a better understanding of the potential therapeutic effects of the capsules on atherosclerosis. In addition, expression of the AGE-receptor for the AGE (RAGE) pathway was significantly inhibited and the mice showed signs of arterial plaque reduction. Guanxin Xiaoban capsules may improve atherosclerosis and reduce the plaque area by inhibiting the AGE-RAGE signalling pathway to delay the development of atherosclerosis. This mechanism appears to involve changes in the gut microbiota. Therefore, Guanxin Xiaoban capsules have potential value as a treatment for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Dongliang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Rong Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
| | - Sha Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
| | - Jing Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yanjie Huo
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
| | - Zhe Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yuenming Yau
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Jianhe Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
| | - Duanfang Liao
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
| | - Choufu Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, PR China
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12
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Behl T, Gupta A, Chigurupati S, Singh S, Sehgal A, Badavath VN, Alhowail A, Mani V, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S. Natural and Synthetic Agents Targeting Reactive Carbonyl Species against Metabolic Syndrome. Molecules 2022; 27:1583. [PMID: 35268685 PMCID: PMC8911959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) may originate from the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and sugar in conditions of pathology. They are known to have high reactivity towards DNA as well as nucleophilic sites of proteins, resulting in cellular dysfunction. It has been considered that various pathological conditions are associated with an increased level of RCS and their reaction products. Thus, regulating the levels of RCS may be associated with the mitigation of various metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. In order to perform a comprehensive review, various literature databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, along with Google Scholar, were utilized to obtain relevant articles. The voluminous review concluded that various synthetic and natural agents are available or in pipeline research that hold tremendous potential to be used as a drug of choice in the therapeutic management of metabolic syndrome, including obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and diabetes-associated complications of atherosclerosis, neuropathy, and nephropathy. From the available data, it may be emphasized that various synthetic agents, such as carnosine and simvastatin, and natural agents, such as polyphenols and terpenoids, can become a drug of choice in the therapeutic management for combating metabolic syndromes that involve RCS in their pathophysiology. Since the RCS are known to regulate the biological processes, future research warrants detailed investigations to decipher the precise mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.N.B.)
| | - Amit Gupta
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.N.B.)
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.N.B.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.N.B.)
| | - Vishnu Nayak Badavath
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.N.B.)
| | - Ahmad Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (V.M.)
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (V.M.)
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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13
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Mocanu CA, Fuior EV, Voicu G, Rebleanu D, Safciuc F, Deleanu M, Fenyo IM, Escriou V, Manduteanu I, Simionescu M, Calin M. P-selectin targeted RAGE-shRNA lipoplexes alleviate atherosclerosis-associated inflammation. J Control Release 2021; 338:754-772. [PMID: 34530051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) plays a central role in the chronic inflammatory process associated with atherosclerosis development. We aimed to develop lipoplexes carrying RAGE-short hairpin (sh) RNA, targeted to the adhesion molecule P-selectin, selectively expressed on the surface of activated endothelium (Psel-lipo/shRAGE) to down-regulate RAGE expression as a therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis. In vitro, Psel-lipo/shRAGE lipoplexes were efficiently taken up by activated endothelial cells (EC), decreased the expression of RAGE protein, and proved to be functional by reducing the monocyte adhesion to activated EC. In ApoE-deficient mice, the targeted lipoplexes accumulated specifically and efficiently transfected the aorta. The repeated administration of Psel-lipo/shRAGE lipoplexes, twice per week for one month: i) reduced the expression of RAGE protein in the aorta by decreasing the expression of NF-kB and TNF-α; ii) diminished the plasma levels of TNF-α, IL6, IL-1β, and MCP-1; iii) inhibited the atherosclerotic plaque development and iv) had no significant adverse effects. In conclusion, the newly developed Psel-lipo/shRAGE lipoplexes reduce the inflammatory processes associated with RAGE signaling and the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Downregulation of RAGE employing these lipoplexes may represent a promising new targeted therapy to block atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ana Mocanu
- "Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies" Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Valeria Fuior
- "Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies" Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Geanina Voicu
- "Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies" Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Rebleanu
- "Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies" Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Safciuc
- "Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies" Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Deleanu
- "Liquid and Gas Chromatography" Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Madalina Fenyo
- "Gene Regulation and Molecular Therapies" Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Ileana Manduteanu
- "Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies" Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maya Simionescu
- "Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies" Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Manuela Calin
- "Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies" Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania.
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Distinct Impact of Natural Sugars from Fruit Juices and Added Sugars on Caloric Intake, Body Weight, Glycaemia, Oxidative Stress and Glycation in Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092956. [PMID: 34578832 PMCID: PMC8468124 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fruit juices are a natural source of sugars, there is a controversy whether their sugar content has similar harmful effects as beverages’ added-sugars. We aimed to study the role of fruit juice sugars in inducing overweight, hyperglycaemia, glycation and oxidative stress in normal and diabetic animal models. In diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, we compared the effects of four different fruit juices (4-weeks) with sugary solutions having a similar sugar profile and concentration. In vitro, the sugary solutions were more susceptible to AGE formation than fruit juices, also causing higher postprandial glycaemia and lower erythrocytes’ antioxidant capacity in vivo (single intake). In GK rats, ad libitum fruit juice consumption (4-weeks) did not change body weight, glycaemia, oxidative stress nor glycation. Consumption of a matched volume of sugary solutions aggravated fasting glycaemia but had a moderate impact on caloric intake and oxidative stress/glycation markers in tissues of diabetic rats. Ad libitum availability of the same sugary solutions impaired energy balance regulation, leading to higher caloric intake than ad libitum fruit juices and controls, as well as weight gain, fasting hyperglycaemia, insulin intolerance and impaired oxidative stress/glycation markers in several tissues. We demonstrated the distinct role of sugars naturally present in fruit juices and added sugars in energy balance regulation, impairing oxidative stress, glycation and glucose metabolism in an animal model of type 2 diabetes.
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15
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Advanced Glycation End Products: New Clinical and Molecular Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147236. [PMID: 34299683 PMCID: PMC8306599 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered one of the most massive epidemics of the twenty-first century due to its high mortality rates caused mainly due to its complications; therefore, the early identification of such complications becomes a race against time to establish a prompt diagnosis. The research of complications of DM over the years has allowed the development of numerous alternatives for diagnosis. Among these emerge the quantification of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) given their increased levels due to chronic hyperglycemia, while also being related to the induction of different stress-associated cellular responses and proinflammatory mechanisms involved in the progression of chronic complications of DM. Additionally, the investigation for more valuable and safe techniques has led to developing a newer, noninvasive, and effective tool, termed skin fluorescence (SAF). Hence, this study aimed to establish an update about the molecular mechanisms induced by AGEs during the evolution of chronic complications of DM and describe the newer measurement techniques available, highlighting SAF as a possible tool to measure the risk of developing DM chronic complications.
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16
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Francisco FA, Saavedra LPJ, Junior MDF, Barra C, Matafome P, Mathias PCF, Gomes RM. Early AGEing and metabolic diseases: is perinatal exposure to glycotoxins programming for adult-life metabolic syndrome? Nutr Rev 2021; 79:13-24. [PMID: 32951053 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal early nutritional disorders are critical for the developmental origins of health and disease. Glycotoxins, or advanced glycation end-products, and their precursors such as the methylglyoxal, which are formed endogenously and commonly found in processed foods and infant formulas, may be associated with acute and long-term metabolic disorders. Besides general aspects of glycotoxins, such as their endogenous production, exogenous sources, and their role in the development of metabolic syndrome, we discuss in this review the sources of perinatal exposure to glycotoxins and their involvement in metabolic programming mechanisms. The role of perinatal glycotoxin exposure in the onset of insulin resistance, central nervous system development, cardiovascular diseases, and early aging also are discussed, as are possible interventions that may prevent or reduce such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio A Francisco
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucas P J Saavedra
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcos D F Junior
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Cátia Barra
- Institute of Physiology and Coimbra Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, and the Center for Innovative Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Coimbra; and the Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matafome
- Institute of Physiology and Coimbra Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, and the Center for Innovative Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Coimbra; and the Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo C F Mathias
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Gomes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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17
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Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes Is Aggravated by Glycated Lipoproteins; Novel Molecular Therapies. Biomedicines 2020; 9:biomedicines9010018. [PMID: 33375461 PMCID: PMC7823542 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and its vascular complications affect an increasing number of people. This disease of epidemic proportion nowadays involves abnormalities of large and small blood vessels, all commencing with alterations of the endothelial cell (EC) functions. Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death and disability among diabetic patients. In diabetes, EC dysfunction (ECD) is induced by the pathological increase of glucose and by the appearance of advanced glycation end products (AGE) attached to the plasma proteins, including lipoproteins. AGE proteins interact with their specific receptors on EC plasma membrane promoting activation of signaling pathways, resulting in decreased nitric oxide bioavailability, increased intracellular oxidative and inflammatory stress, causing dysfunction and finally apoptosis of EC. Irreversibly glycated lipoproteins (AGE-Lp) were proven to have an important role in accelerating atherosclerosis in diabetes. The aim of the present review is to present up-to-date information connecting hyperglycemia, ECD and two classes of glycated Lp, glycated low-density lipoproteins and glycated high-density lipoproteins, which contribute to the aggravation of diabetes complications. We will highlight the role of dyslipidemia, oxidative and inflammatory stress and epigenetic risk factors, along with the specific mechanisms connecting them, as well as the new promising therapies to alleviate ECD in diabetes.
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18
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Cuthbert GA, Shaik F, Harrison MA, Ponnambalam S, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Scavenger Receptors as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112453. [PMID: 33182772 PMCID: PMC7696859 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of atherosclerosis leads to the formation of plaques in the arterial wall, resulting in a decreased blood supply to tissues and organs and its sequelae: morbidity and mortality. A class of membrane-bound proteins termed scavenger receptors (SRs) are closely linked to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Increasing interest in understanding SR structure and function has led to the idea that these proteins could provide new routes for cardiovascular disease diagnosis, management, and treatment. In this review, we consider the main classes of SRs that are implicated in arterial disease. We consider how our understanding of SR-mediated recognition of diverse ligands, including modified lipid particles, lipids, and carbohydrates, has enabled us to better target SR-linked functionality in disease. We also link clinical studies on vascular disease to our current understanding of SR biology and highlight potential areas that are relevant to cardiovascular disease management and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A. Cuthbert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+44 113 3433007
| | - Faheem Shaik
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (F.S.); (S.P.)
| | | | - Sreenivasan Ponnambalam
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (F.S.); (S.P.)
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19
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Melin EO, Dereke J, Hillman M. Higher levels of the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and lower levels of the extracellular newly identified receptor for advanced glycation end products were associated with lipid-lowering drugs in patients with type 1 diabetes: a comparative cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:223. [PMID: 33054750 PMCID: PMC7557054 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) are increased in atherosclerotic plaques. Soluble (s)RAGE decreases, whereas the extracellular newly identified receptor for advanced glycation end products (EN-RAGE) increases inflammatory responses mediated by RAGE. The aims were to explore whether sRAGE, EN-RAGE and the EN-RAGE/sRAGE ratio, were associated with the use of lipid-lowering drugs (LLD) and/or antihypertensive drugs (AHD) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods Cross-sectional design. T1D patients were consecutively recruited from one diabetes clinic. Blood samples were collected, supplemented with data from electronic health records. sRAGE and EN-RAGE were analysed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. An EN-RAGE/sRAGE ratio was calculated. Adjustments were performed with inflammatory and metabolic variables, s-creatinine, depression, smoking, physical inactivity, medication, and cardiovascular complications. Multiple regression analyses were performed. Results In this study 283 T1D patients (men 56%, 18–59 years) were included. One-hundred and thirty LLD users compared to 153 non-users had lower levels of the EN-RAGE/sRAGE ratio (P = 0.009), and 89 AHD users compared to 194 non-users had lower levels of sRAGE (P = 0.031). The use of LLD (inversely) (B coefficient − 0.158, P = 0.033) and the use of AHD (B coefficient 0.187, P = 0.023) were associated with the EN-RAGE/sRAGE ratio. sRAGE (Lg10) (per unit) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.4–9.1, P = 0.009), EN-RAGE (Lg10) (per unit) (inversely) (AOR 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2–1.0, P = 0.046), age (P < 0.001), and triglycerides (P < 0.029), were associated with LLD. sRAGE (Lg10) (per unit) (inversely) (AOR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.1–0.5, P = 0.001), diabetes duration, triglycerides, s-creatinine, and systolic BP (all P values < 0.043), were associated with AHD. Conclusions Higher sRAGE levels and lower EN-RAGE levels were linked to the use of LLD, whereas lower sRAGE levels were linked to the use of AHD. No other variables but the use of LLD and the use of AHD were linked to the EN-RAGE/sRAGE ratio. This may be of major importance as sRAGE is an inhibitor and EN-RAGE is a stimulator of inflammatory processes mediated by RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva O Melin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes Research Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Box 1223, SE-35112, Växjö, Sweden.
| | - Jonatan Dereke
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes Research Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Hillman
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes Research Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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20
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Hanssen NMJ, Kraakman MJ, Flynn MC, Nagareddy PR, Schalkwijk CG, Murphy AJ. Postprandial Glucose Spikes, an Important Contributor to Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes? Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:570553. [PMID: 33195459 PMCID: PMC7530333 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.570553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials investigating whether glucose lowering treatment reduces the risk of CVD in diabetes have thus far yielded mixed results. However, this doesn't rule out the possibility of hyperglycemia playing a major causal role in promoting CVD or elevating CVD risk. In fact, lowering glucose appears to promote some beneficial long-term effects, and continuous glucose monitoring devices have revealed that postprandial spikes of hyperglycemia occur frequently, and may be an important determinant of CVD risk. It is proposed that these short, intermittent bursts of hyperglycemia may have detrimental effects on several organ systems including the vasculature and the hematopoietic system collectively contributing to the state of elevated CVD risk in diabetes. In this review, we summarize the potential mechanisms through which hyperglycemic spikes may increase atherosclerosis and how new and emerging interventions may combat this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nordin M J Hanssen
- Diabetes Centre, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM, School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Michael J Kraakman
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle C Flynn
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM, School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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21
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Tsai SH, Hsu LA, Tsai HY, Yeh YH, Lu CY, Chen PC, Wang JC, Chiu YL, Lin CY, Hsu YJ. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 protects against abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by reducing reactive oxygen species, vascular inflammation, and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:9498-9511. [PMID: 32463165 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902550rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an enzyme that detoxifies aldehydes by converting them to carboxylic acids. ALDH2 deficiency is known to increase oxidative stress. Increased oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) pathogenesis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis. Reducing oxidative stress by an ALDH2 activator could have therapeutic potential for limiting AAA development. We hypothesized that ALDH2 deficiency could increase the risk for AAA by decreasing ROS elimination and that an ALDH2 activator could provide an alternative option for AAA treatment. The National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were used for the in vitro experiments. Gene-targeted ALDH2*2 KI knock-in mice on a C57BL/6J background and apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice were obtained. An animal model of AAA was constructed using osmotic minipumps to deliver 1000 ng/kg/min angiotensin II (AngII) for 28 days. Patients with AAA had significantly lower ALDH2 expression levels than normal subjects. ALDH2*2 KI mice were susceptible to AngII administration, exhibiting significantly increased AAA incidence rates and increased aortic diameters. Alda-1, an ALDH2 activator, reduced AngII-induced ROS production, NF-kB activation, and apoptosis in HASMCs. Alda-1 attenuated AngII-induced aneurysm formation and decreased aortic expansion in ApoE KO mice. We concluded that ALDH2 deficiency is associated with the development of AAAs in humans and a murine disease model. ALDH2 deficiency increases susceptibility to AngII-induced AAA formation by attenuating anti-ROS effects and increasing VSMC apoptosis and vascular inflammation. Alda-1 was shown to attenuate the progression of experimental AAA in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hung Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lung-An Hsu
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ya Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Yeh
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yo Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chuan Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chun Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Juei Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Uekita H, Ishibashi T, Shiomi M, Koyama H, Ohtsuka S, Yamamoto H, Yamagishi S, Inoue H, Itabe H, Sugimoto K, Kamioka M, Ohkawara H, Wada I, Yasuchika T. Integral role of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in nondiabetic atherosclerosis. Fukushima J Med Sci 2020; 65:109-121. [PMID: 31915324 DOI: 10.5387/fms.2019-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An advanced glycation end products (AGE)/a receptor for AGE (RAGE) axis plays a central role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular remodeling. This study was conducted to clarify the role of RAGE in nondiabetic atherosclerosis. We used the aortic and coronary atherosclerotic lesions of Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits prone to myocardial infarction (WHHLMI) at 1 to 14 months. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the significant expression of RAGE as early as at 1 month with the stronger expression at 3 and 7 months, which was remarkably diminished at 14 months. RAGE expression was concordant with AGE accumulation. The major original sources of RAGE expression were macrophages and smooth muscle cells in addition to endothelial cells, and RAGE expression was distributed in the areas of phospholipid products, a component of oxidized LDL and nitrotyrosine. The concentrations of serum AGE did not alter significantly with aging. These findings suggested the expression of RAGE was induced by hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress independent of diabetes in WHHLMI rabbits. Additionally, our in vitro study showed that silencing of RAGE tended to attenuate oxidized-LDL-triggered PAI-1 expression in human cultured macrophages, as well as oxidized-LDL-induced tissue factor expression in peritoneal macrophages, suggesting a possible role of RAGE in prothrombogenic molecular regulation. In conclusion, the present study provides in vivo evidence that RAGE plays an integral role in the initiation and progression of nondiabetic atherosclerosis, suggesting that RAGE may be a novel target for treating not only diabetic but also nondiabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Uekita
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Toshiyuki Ishibashi
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ohara General Hospital, Ohara Memorial Foundation
| | - Masashi Shiomi
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hidenori Koyama
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of In-ternal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Shukuko Ohtsuka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Shoichi Yamagishi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyoshi Inoue
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Itabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy
| | - Koichi Sugimoto
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Masashi Kamioka
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Hiroshi Ohkawara
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Ikuo Wada
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University
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Prasad K, Bhanumathy KK. AGE-RAGE Axis in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Lower Limb Ischemia and a Novel Strategy for Its Treatment. Int J Angiol 2020; 29:156-167. [PMID: 33041612 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1710045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and its cell receptor (RAGE) and soluble receptor (sRAGE) in the pathogenesis of chronic lower limb ischemia (CLLI) and its treatment. CLLI is associated with atherosclerosis in lower limb arteries. AGE-RAGE axis which comprises of AGE, RAGE, and sRAGE has been implicated in atherosclerosis and restenosis. It may be involved in atherosclerosis of lower limb resulting in CLLI. Serum and tissue levels of AGE, and expression of RAGE are elevated, and the serum levels of sRAGE are decreased in CLLI. It is known that AGE, and AGE-RAGE interaction increase the generation of various atherogenic factors including reactive oxygen species, nuclear factor-kappa B, cell adhesion molecules, cytokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and growth factors. sRAGE acts as antiatherogenic factor because it reduces the generation of AGE-RAGE-induced atherogenic factors. Treatment of CLLI should be targeted at lowering AGE levels through reduction of dietary intake of AGE, prevention of AGE formation and degradation of AGE, suppression of RAGE expression, blockade of AGE-RAGE binding, elevation of sRAGE by upregulating sRAGE expression, and exogenous administration of sRAGE, and use of antioxidants. In conclusion, AGE-RAGE stress defined as a shift in the balance between stressors (AGE, RAGE) and antistressor (sRAGE) in favor of stressors, initiates the development of atherosclerosis resulting in CLLI. Treatment modalities would include reduction of AGE levels and RAGE expression, RAGE blocker, elevation of sRAGE, and antioxidants for prevention, regression, and slowing of progression of CLLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Prasad
- Department of Physiology (APP), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kalpana K Bhanumathy
- Division of Oncology, Cancer Cluster Unit, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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24
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Khaltourina D, Matveyev Y, Alekseev A, Cortese F, Ioviţă A. Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 189:111230. [PMID: 32251691 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The disease criteria used by the World Health Organization (WHO) were applied to human biological aging in order to assess whether aging can be classified as a disease. These criteria were developed for the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and included disease diagnostics, mechanisms, course and outcomes, known interventions, and linkage to genetic and environmental factors. RESULTS: Biological aging can be diagnosed with frailty indices, functional, blood-based biomarkers. A number of major causal mechanisms of human aging involved in various organs have been described, such as inflammation, replicative cellular senescence, immune senescence, proteostasis failures, mitochondrial dysfunctions, fibrotic propensity, hormonal aging, body composition changes, etc. We identified a number of clinically proven interventions, as well as genetic and environmental factors of aging. Therefore, aging fits the ICD-11 criteria and can be considered a disease. Our proposal was submitted to the ICD-11 Joint Task force, and this led to the inclusion of the extension code for "Ageing-related" (XT9T) into the "Causality" section of the ICD-11. This might lead to greater focus on biological aging in global health policy and might provide for more opportunities for the new therapy developers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Khaltourina
- Department of Risk Factor Prevention, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Dobrolyubova St. 11, Moscow, 127254, Russia; International Longevity Alliance, 19 avenue Jean Jaurès, Sceaux, 92330, France.
| | - Yuri Matveyev
- Research Lab, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute, Schepkina St. 61/2 k.1, Moscow, 129110, Russia
| | - Aleksey Alekseev
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, GSP-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Franco Cortese
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, Apt 2354 Chynoweth House, Trevissome Park, Truro, London, TR4 8UN, UK
| | - Anca Ioviţă
- International Longevity Alliance, 19 avenue Jean Jaurès, Sceaux, 92330, France
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25
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Nakamura T, Tsujimoto T, Yasuda K, Chujo D, Ohsugi M, Tanabe A, Ueki K, Kajio H. Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes with no progression of diabetes-related complications and low levels of advanced glycation end products: A Case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16573. [PMID: 31348288 PMCID: PMC6709306 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous studies have suggested that increased levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and soluble receptor for AGE (sRAGE) are associated with diabetes-related complications. However, there is little evidence on the association between long-term levels of AGEs and sRAGE and progression of diabetes-related complications. PATIENT CONCERNS A 64-year-old man had poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, obesity, smoking, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. He had many risk factors for diabetes-related complications. DIAGNOSIS Despite poor glycemic control over 15 years, the patient did not exhibit diabetes-related complications. INTERVENTIONS We examined serum AGEs (CEL and MG-H1) and sRAGE levels in this patient over the past 10 years. OUTCOMES The patient maintained low serum AGEs and sRAGE levels. LESSONS AGEs and sRAGE levels may be associated with long-term development of diabetes-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Nakamura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Center Hospital
| | - Tetsuro Tsujimoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Center Hospital
| | - Kazuki Yasuda
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Daisuke Chujo
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Center Hospital
- Center for Clinical Research, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama
| | - Mitsuru Ohsugi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Center Hospital
- Diabetes and Metabolism Information Center
| | - Akiyo Tanabe
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Center Hospital
| | - Kohjiro Ueki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Center Hospital
- Department of Molecular Diabetic Medicine, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kajio
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Center Hospital
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26
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AGE-RAGE stress: a changing landscape in pathology and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 459:95-112. [PMID: 31079281 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous hypotheses including amyloid cascade, cholinergic, and oxidative have been proposed for pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The data suggest that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and its receptor RAGE (receptor for AGE) are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. AGE-RAGE stress, defined as a balance between stressors (AGE, RAGE) and anti-stressors (sRAGE, AGE degraders) in favor of stressors, has been implicated in pathogenesis of diseases. AGE and its interaction with RAGE-mediated increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage brain because of its increased vulnerability to ROS. AGE and ROS increase the synthesis of amyloid β (Aβ) leading to deposition of Aβ and phosphorylation of tau, culminating in formation of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. ROS increase the synthesis of Aβ, high-mobility group box 1(HMGB1), and S100 that interacts with RAGE to produce additional ROS resulting in enhancement of AD pathology. Elevation of ROS precedes the Aβ plaques formation. Because of involvement of AGE and RAGE in AD pathology, the treatment should be targeted at lowering AGE levels through reduction in consumption and formation of AGE, and lowering expression of RAGE, blocking of RAGE ligand binding, increasing levels of soluble RAGE (sRAGE), and use of antioxidants. The above treatment aspect of AD is lacking. In conclusion, AGE-RAGE stress initiates, and Aβ, HMGB1, and S100 enhance the progression of AD. Reduction of levels of AGE and RAGE, elevation of sRAGE, and antioxidants would be beneficial therapeutic modalities in the prevention, regression, and slowing of progression of AD.
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27
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Prasad K. AGE-RAGE Stress in the Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Hypertension and its Treatment. Int J Angiol 2019; 28:71-79. [PMID: 31384104 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1687818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare and fatal disease characterized by elevation of pulmonary artery pressure ≥ 25 mm Hg. There are five groups of PH: (1) pulmonary artery (PA) hypertension (PAH), (2) PH due to heart diseases, (3) PH associated with lung diseases/hypoxia, (4) PH associated with chronic obstruction of PA, and (5) PH due to unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of group 1 have been studied in detail; however, those for groups 2 to 5 are not that well known. PH pathology is characterized by smooth muscle cells (SMC) proliferation, muscularization of peripheral PA, accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), plexiform lesions, thromboembolism, and recanalization of thrombi. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) and soluble RAGE (sRAGE) appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of PH. AGE and its interaction with RAGE induce vascular hypertrophy through proliferation of vascular SMC, accumulation of ECM, and suppression of apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by interaction of AGE and RAGE modulates SMC proliferation, attenuate apoptosis, and constricts PA. Increased stiffness in the artery due to vascular hypertrophy, and vasoconstriction due to ROS resulted in PH. The data also suggest that reduction in consumption and formation of AGE, suppression of RAGE expression, blockage of RAGE ligand binding, elevation of sRAGE levels, and antioxidants may be novel therapeutic targets for prevention, regression, and slowing of progression of PH. In conclusion, AGE-RAGE stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of PH and the therapeutic targets should be the AGE-RAGE axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Prasad
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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28
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Martinet W, Coornaert I, Puylaert P, De Meyer GRY. Macrophage Death as a Pharmacological Target in Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:306. [PMID: 31019462 PMCID: PMC6458279 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by the gradual build-up of plaques within the vessel wall of middle-sized and large arteries. Over the past decades, treatment of atherosclerosis mainly focused on lowering lipid levels, which can be accomplished by the use of statins. However, some patients do not respond sufficiently to statin therapy and therefore still have a residual cardiovascular risk. This issue highlights the need for novel therapeutic strategies. As macrophages are implicated in all stages of atherosclerotic lesion development, they represent an important alternative drug target. A variety of anti-inflammatory strategies have recently emerged to treat or prevent atherosclerosis. Here, we review the canonical mechanisms of macrophage death and their impact on atherogenesis and plaque stability. Macrophage death is a prominent feature of advanced plaques and is a major contributor to necrotic core formation and plaque destabilization. Mechanisms of macrophage death in atherosclerosis include apoptosis, passive or accidental necrosis as well as secondary necrosis, a type of death that typically occurs when apoptotic cells are insufficiently cleared by neighboring cells via a phagocytic process termed efferocytosis. In addition, less-well characterized types of regulated necrosis in macrophages such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and parthanatos may occur in advanced plaques and are also discussed. Autophagy in plaque macrophages is an important survival pathway that protects against cell death, yet massive stimulation of autophagy promotes another type of death, usually referred to as autosis. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that a better insight into the different mechanisms of macrophage death, and how they mutually interact, will provide novel pharmacological strategies to resolve atherosclerosis and stabilize vulnerable, rupture-prone plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Coornaert
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pauline Puylaert
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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29
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Schmidt AM. Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:558-568. [PMID: 30786741 PMCID: PMC6532416 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.310961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with types 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus. Although beneficial roles for strict control of hyperglycemia have been suggested, such a strategy is not without liabilities. Specifically, the risk of hypoglycemia and its consequences remain an omnipresent threat with such approaches. The advent of the CVOT (Cardiovascular Outcomes Trials) for new antidiabetes mellitus treatments has uncovered unexpected benefits of cardiovascular protection in some of the new classes of agents, such as the GLP-1 RAs (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists) and the SGLT-2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter-2) inhibitors. Further, state-of-the-art approaches, such as antibodies to PCKSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9); RNA therapeutics; agents targeting distinct components of the immune/inflammatory response; and novel small molecules that block the actions of RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) signaling, also hold potential as new therapies for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Finally, interventions such as weight loss, through bariatric surgery, may hold promise for benefit in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In this Brief Review, some of the novel approaches and emerging targets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease are discussed. Ultimately, identification of the optimal timing and combinations of such interventions, especially in the context of personalized approaches, together with emerging disease-modifying agents, holds great promise to reduce the burden that diabetes poses to the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Schmidt
- From the Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York
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30
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Kosmopoulos M, Drekolias D, Zavras PD, Piperi C, Papavassiliou AG. Impact of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) signaling in coronary artery disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:611-619. [PMID: 30611860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of mortality in adult diabetic population with however, a high predominance also in non-diabetic subjects. In search of common molecular mechanisms and metabolic by-products with potential pathogenic role, increased advanced glycation end products (AGEs) present a critical biomarker for CAD development in both cases. Interaction of AGEs with their transmembrane cell receptor, RAGE in endothelial and smooth muscle cells as well as in platelets, activates intracellular signaling that leads to endothelial injury, modulation of vascular smooth muscle cell function and altered platelet activity. Furthermore, tissue accumulation of AGEs affects current treatment approaches being involved in stent restenosis. The present review provides an update of AGE-induced molecular mechanisms involved in CAD pathophysiology while it discusses emerging therapeutic interventions targeting AGE reduction and AGE-RAGE signaling with beneficial clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos Kosmopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Drekolias
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Phaedon D Zavras
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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31
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Nabi R, Alvi SS, Saeed M, Ahmad S, Khan MS. Glycation and HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Implication in Diabetes and Associated Complications. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 15:213-223. [PMID: 30246643 DOI: 10.2174/1573399814666180924113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes Mellitus (DM) acts as an absolute mediator of cardiovascular risk, prompting the prolonged occurrence, size and intricacy of atherosclerotic plaques via enhanced Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) formation. Moreover, hyperglycemia is associated with enhanced glyco-oxidized and oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) possessing greater atherogenicity and decreased the ability to regulate HMG-CoA reductase (HMG-R). Although aminoguanidine (AG) prevents the AGE-induced protein cross-linking due to its anti-glycation potential, it exerts several unusual pharmaco-toxicological effects thus restraining its desirable therapeutic effects. HMG-R inhibitors/ statins exhibit a variety of beneficial impacts in addition to the cholesterol-lowering effects. OBJECTIVE Inhibition of AGEs interaction with receptor for AGEs (RAGE) and glyco-oxidized-LDL by HMG-R inhibitors could decrease LDL uptake by LDL-receptor (LDL-R), regulate cholesterol synthesis via HMG-R, decrease oxidative and inflammatory stress to improve the diabetes-associated complications. CONCLUSION Current article appraises the pathological AGE-RAGE concerns in diabetes and its associated complications, mainly focusing on the phenomenon of both circulatory AGEs and those accumulating in tissues in diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy, discussing the potential protective role of HMG-R inhibitors against diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Nabi
- Clinical Biochemistry & Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, U.P, India
| | - Sahir Sultan Alvi
- Clinical Biochemistry & Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, U.P, India
| | - Mohammad Saeed
- Department of Clinical Lab. Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- Laboratory of Glycation Biology and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Biosciences, Integral University Lucknow, 226026, U.P, India
| | - Mohammad Salman Khan
- Clinical Biochemistry & Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, U.P, India
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Chiang KH, Chen JW, Huang SS, Leu HB, Lin SJ, Huang PH. The ratio of AGE to sRAGE independently associated with albuminuria in hypertensive patients. BMC Endocr Disord 2018; 18:84. [PMID: 30424768 PMCID: PMC6234555 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-018-0306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) and advanced glycation end-products (AGE) have been associated with risks of cardiovascular disease. Because sRAGE is regarded as a scavenger to AGE, we hypothesized that the ratio of AGE to sRAGE (AGE/sRAGE) is associated with albuminuria in hypertensive patients. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a total of 104 patients with essential hypertension were recruited. Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, a diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or use of antihypertensive treatment. Albuminuria was defined as albumin excretion rate ≧ 20 μg/min. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between AGE/sRAGE and albuminuria. RESULTS Among the 104 patients, 30 (28.8%) patients had albuminuria and 74 (71.2%) patients did not. Patients with albuminuria had higher AGE (2.15 vs. 1.71 μg/mL), lower sRAGE (424.5 vs. 492.5 pg/ml) and higher AGE/sRAGE (3.79 vs. 3.29 μg/pg) than those without albuminuria. Multivariate logistic regression model revealed that AGE/sRAGE (OR = 1.131, 95% CI = 1.001-1.278, P = 0.048) was independently associated with albuminuria. There was no significant relationship between AGE and sRAGE alone with albuminuria. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the ratio of AGE to sRAGE may be a surrogate biomarker for microvascular injury. Further prospective studies of the prognostic value of the ratio in relation to microvasular injury are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Hsing Chiang
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Sung Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Healthcare and Service Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Bang Leu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Healthcare and Service Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Nabi R, Alvi SS, Khan RH, Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Khan MS. Antiglycation study of HMG-R inhibitors and tocotrienol against glycated BSA and LDL: A comparative study. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:983-992. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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RAGE and TLRs as Key Targets for Antiatherosclerotic Therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7675286. [PMID: 30225265 PMCID: PMC6129363 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7675286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the key factors indicating a danger to the organism. They recognize the microbial origin pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The primary response induced by PAMPs or DAMPs is inflammation. Excessive stimulation of the innate immune system occurs in arterial wall with the participation of effector cells. Persistent adaptive responses can also cause tissue damage and disease. However, inflammation mediated by the molecules innate responses is an important way in which the adaptive immune system protects us from infection. The specific detection of PAMPs and DAMPs by host receptors drives a cascade of signaling that converges at nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) and induces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, type I interferon (IFN), and chemokines, which promote direct killing of the pathogen. Therefore, signaling of these receptors' pathways also appear to present new avenue for the modulation of inflammatory responses and to serve as potential novel therapeutic targets for antiatherosclerotic therapy.
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Efficacy of High-Dose and Low-Dose Simvastatin on Vascular Oxidative Stress and Neurological Outcomes in Patient with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel, Controlled Trial. Neurol Res Int 2018; 2018:7268924. [PMID: 29850244 PMCID: PMC5932464 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7268924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Stroke is the leading cause of death and long-term disability. Oxidative stress is elevated during occurrence of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) and NO are used as biomarkers for vascular oxidative stress that can reflect stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque. Previous study showed that simvastatin can reduce oxidative stress and LOX-1 expression. Objectives To evaluate neurological outcomes and serum sLOX-1 and NO levels in patients with AIS treatment with low dose 10 mg/day and high dose 40 mg/day of simvastatin. Methods 65 patients with AIS within 24 hours after onset were randomized to treatment with simvastatin 10 mg/day or 40 mg/day for 90 days. Personal data and past history of all patients were recorded at baseline. The blood chemistries were measured by standard laboratory techniques. Serum sLOX-1 and NO levels and neurological outcomes including NIHSS, mRS, and Barthel index were tested at baseline and Day 90 after simvastatin therapy. Results Baseline characteristics were not significantly different in both groups except history of hypertension. Serum sLOX-1 and NO levels significantly reduce in both groups (sLOX-1 = 1.19 ± 0.47 and 0.98 ± 0.37 ng/ml; NO = 49.28 ± 7.21 and 46.59 ± 9.36 μmol/l) in 10 mg/day and 40 mg/day simvastatin groups, respectively. Neurological outcomes including NIHSS, mRS, and Barthel index significantly improve in both groups. However, no difference in NO level and neurological outcomes was found at 90 days after treatment as compared between low dose 10 mg/day and high dose 40 mg/day of simvastatin. Conclusion High-dose simvastatin might be helpful to reduce serum sLOX-1. But no difference in clinical outcomes was found between high- and low-dose simvastatin. Further more intensive clinical trial is needed to confirm the appropriate dosage of simvastatin in patients with acute ischemic stroke. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03402204.
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Prasad K, Mishra M. AGE-RAGE Stress, Stressors, and Antistressors in Health and Disease. Int J Angiol 2017; 27:1-12. [PMID: 29483760 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1613678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse effects of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) on the tissues are through nonreceptor- and receptor-mediated mechanisms. In the receptor-mediated mechanism, interaction of AGEs with its cell-bound receptor of AGE (RAGE) increases generation of oxygen radicals, activates nuclear factor-kappa B, and increases expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines resulting in the cellular damage. The deleterious effects of AGE and AGE-RAGE interaction are coined as "AGE-RAGE stress." The body is equipped with defense mechanisms to counteract the adverse effects of AGE and RAGE through endogenous enzymatic (glyoxalase 1, glyoxalase 2) and AGE receptor-mediated (AGER1, AGER2) degradation of AGE, and through elevation of soluble receptor of AGE (sRAGE). Exogenous defense mechanisms include reduction in consumption of AGE, prevention of AGE formation, and downregulation of RAGE expression. We have coined AGE and RAGE as "stressors" and the defense mechanisms as "anti-stressors." AGE-RAGE stress is defined as a shift in the balance between stressors and antistressors in the favor of stressors. Measurements of stressors or antistressors alone would not assess AGE-RAGE stress. For true assessment of AGE-RAGE stress, the equation should include all the stressors and antistressors. The equation for AGE-RAGE stress, therefore, would be the ratio of AGE + RAGE/sRAGE + glyoxalase1 + glyoxalase 2 + AGER1 +AGER2. This is, however, not practical in patients. AGE-RAGE stress may be assessed simply by the ratio of AGE/sRAGE. A high ratio of AGE/sRAGE indicates a relative shift in stressors from antistressors, suggesting the presence of AGE-RAGE stress, resulting in tissue damage, initiation, and progression of the diseases and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Prasad
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Manish Mishra
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon, Canada
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Phagocytosis of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in Macrophages Induces Cell Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8419035. [PMID: 29430285 PMCID: PMC5752849 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8419035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the products of a series of nonenzymatic modifications of proteins by reducing sugars. AGEs play a pivotal role in development of diabetic complications and atherosclerosis. Accumulation of AGEs in a vessel wall may contribute to the development of vascular lesions. Although AGEs have a diverse range of bioactivities, the clearance process of AGEs from the extracellular space, including the incorporation of AGEs into specific cells, subcellular localization, and the fate of AGEs, remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the kinetics of the uptake of AGEs by mouse macrophage J774.1 cells in vitro and characterized the process. We demonstrated that AGEs bound to the surface of the cells and were also incorporated into the cytoplasm. The temperature- and time-dependent uptake of AGEs was saturable with AGE concentration and was inhibited by cytochalasin D but not chlorpromazine. We also observed the granule-like appearance of AGE immunoreactivity in subcellular localizations in macrophages. Higher concentrations of AGEs induced intracellular ROS and 4-HNE, which were associated with activation of the NF-κB pathway and caspase-3. These results suggest that incorporation of AGEs occurred actively by endocytosis in macrophages, leading to apoptosis of these cells through NF-κB activation.
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Papagrigoraki A, Maurelli M, Del Giglio M, Gisondi P, Girolomoni G. Advanced Glycation End Products in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112471. [PMID: 29156622 PMCID: PMC5713437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are extremely oxidant and biologically reactive compounds, which form through oxidation of sugars, lipids and amino acids to create aldehydes that bind covalently to proteins. AGEs formation and accumulation in human tissues is a physiological process during ageing but it is enhanced in case of persistent hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative or carbonyl stress, which are common in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Exogenous AGEs may derive from foods, UV irradiation and cigarette smoking. AGEs elicit biological functions by activating membrane receptors expressed on epithelial and inflammatory cell surface. AGEs amplify inflammatory response by favoring the release of cytokines and chemokines, the production of reactive oxygen species and the activation of metalloproteases. AGEs levels are increased in the skin and blood of patients with severe psoriasis independently of associated metabolic disorders. Intensified glycation of proteins in psoriasis skin might have a role in fueling cutaneous inflammation. In addition, AGEs released from psoriatic skin may increase metabolic and cardiovascular risk in patients with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Maurelli
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy.
| | - Micol Del Giglio
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy.
| | - Paolo Gisondi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy.
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Koyama H, Yamamoto H, Nishizawa Y. Endogenous Secretory RAGE as a Novel Biomarker for Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomark Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117727190700200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is known to be involved in both micro- and macrovascular complications in diabetes. Among numerous truncated forms of RAGE recently described, the C-terminally truncated form of RAGE has received much attention. This form of RAGE, carrying all of the extracellular domains but devoid of the trans-membrane and intracytoplasmic domains, is released outside from cells, binds ligands including AGEs, and is capable of neutralizing RAGE signaling on endothelial cells in culture. This form of RAGE is generated as a splice variant and is named endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE). Adenoviral overexpression of esRAGE reverses diabetic impairment of vascular dysfunction, suggesting that esRAGE may be an important inhibitor of RAGE signaling in vivo and potentially be useful for prevention of diabetic vascular complications. An ELISA system to measure plasma esRAGE was recently developed, and the pathophysiological roles of esRAGE have begun to be unveiled clinically. Plasma esRAGE levels are decreased in patients with several metabolic diseases including type 1 and type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and hypertension. In cross-sectional analysis, plasma esRAGE levels are inversely correlated with carotid or femoral atherosclerosis. In an observational cohort of patients with end-stage renal disease, cumulative incidence of cardiovascular death was significantly higher in subjects with lower plasma esRAGE levels. These findings suggest that plasma esRAGE may act as a protective factor against and a novel biomarker for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Koyama
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920–8640, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nishizawa
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Eilenberg W, Stojkovic S, Piechota-Polanczyk A, Kaider A, Kozakowski N, Weninger WJ, Nanobachvili J, Wojta J, Huk I, Demyanets S, Neumayer C. Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) is elevated in type 2 diabetics with carotid artery stenosis and reduced under metformin treatment. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:98. [PMID: 28789657 PMCID: PMC5549375 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), an acute phase protein released by neutrophils, has been described as biomarker of inflammatory states. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by increased inflammation and an elevated risk for embolization of carotid artery stenosis (CAS). We aimed to explore the role of NGAL systemically and in plaques of diabetics undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Moreover, the potential anti-inflammatory effect of metformin on NGAL was addressed in diabetics. Methods Serum NGAL and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9/NGAL levels were measured in 136 patients (67 with T2DM vs. 69 non-diabetics) by specific ELISA. Endarterectomy samples were graded histologically according to the American Heart Association´s classification. NGAL mRNA expression was detected using RealTime-PCR in carotid endarterectomy specimens. Results Serum NGAL [median 107.4 ng/ml (quartiles: 75.2–145.0) vs. 64.4 (50.4 –81.3), p < 0.0001] and MMP-9/NGAL [41.5 ng/ml (20.8–63.9) vs. 27.6 (16.0–42.4), p = 0.017] were significantly elevated in diabetics compared to non-diabetics, as were leukocytes, neutrophils, C-reactive protein and fibrinogen (all p < 0.05). In patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic CAS diabetics had higher NGAL levels compared to non-diabetics [128.8 ng/ml (100.8–195.6) vs. 64.8 (48.9–82.2] and [101.6 ng/ml (70.1–125.3) vs. 63.8 (51.0–81.3), respectively, both p < 0.0001]. Presence of T2DM and type VI plaques (with surface defect, hemorrhage or thrombus) had a profound impact on NGAL levels (both p < 0.01) in multiple linear regression analysis. NGAL mRNA was detectable in 95% of analyzed carotid artery lesions of diabetics compared to 5% of non-diabetics (p < 0.0001). Accordingly, cerebral embolization was more frequent in diabetics (52.2% vs. 29%, p = 0.006). Metformin treatment was associated with decreased NGAL [60.7 ng/ml (51.9–69.2) vs. 121.7 (103.7–169.9), p < 0.0001] and MMP-9/NGAL [20.8 ng/ml (12.1–26.5) vs. 53.7 (27.4–73.4), p = 0.007] in diabetics and reduced leukocyte infiltration in carotid lesions of diabetics. Conclusions Higher NGAL levels in serum and plaques are associated with T2DM in patients with CAS. Metformin significantly reduced the inflammatory burden including NGAL in diabetics. Early treatment of these patients may be recommended, as elevated NGAL levels were linked with vulnerable plaques prone for embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Eilenberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Stojkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Piechota-Polanczyk
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Kaider
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Kozakowski
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - W J Weninger
- Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Nanobachvili
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Huk
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Demyanets
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Neumayer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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Prasad K, Mishra M. Do Advanced Glycation End Products and Its Receptor Play a Role in Pathophysiology of Hypertension? Int J Angiol 2017; 26:1-11. [PMID: 28255209 PMCID: PMC5330762 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1598183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a close relationship between arterial stiffness and blood pressure. The studies suggest that the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and its cell receptor (RAGE) are involved in the arterial stiffness in two ways: changes in arterial structure and vascular function. Plasma levels of AGEs and expression of RAGE are elevated, while the levels of soluble RAGE (sRAGE) and endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) are lowered in patients with hypertension (HTN). There is a positive correlation between plasma levels of AGEs and arterial stiffness, and an inverse association between arterial stiffness/HTN, and serum levels of sRAGE and esRAGE. Various measures can reduce the levels of AGEs and expression of RAGE, and elevate sRAGE. Arterial stiffness and blood pressure could be reduced by lowering the serum levels of AGEs, and increasing the levels of sRAGE. Levels of AGEs can be lowered by reducing the consumption of AGE-rich diet, short duration of cooking in moist heat at low temperature, and cessation of cigarette smoking. Drugs such as aminoguanidine, vitamins, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin-II receptor blockers, statins, and metformin inhibit AGE formation. Alagebrium, an AGE breakers reduces levels of AGEs. Clinical trials with some drugs tend to reduce stiffness. Systemic administration of sRAGE has beneficial effect in animal studies. In conclusion, AGE-RAGE axis is involved in arterial stiffness and HTN. The studies suggest that inhibition of AGEs formation, reduction of AGE consumption, blockade of AGE-RAGE interaction, suppression of RAGE expression, and exogenous administration of sRAGE may be novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of arterial stiffness and HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Prasad
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Manish Mishra
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Lal BK, Meschia JF, Brott TG. Clinical need, design, and goals for the Carotid Revascularization and Medical Management for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis trial. Semin Vasc Surg 2017; 30:2-7. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Perales-Torres AL, Castillo-Ruíz O, Castañeda Licón MT, Alemán-Castillo SE, Jiménez Andrade JM. [Diabetes and type of diet as determinant factor in the progression of atherosclerosis]. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2016; 86:326-334. [PMID: 26775035 DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to analyze the biochemical progression of atherosclerotic plaque and its association with diet and diabetes. This study shows the scientific evidence of demonstrating that diabetic patients present high levels of fatty acids like palmitic acid and linoleic acid in their atheroma plaques in comparison with non-diabetic patients. This study also establishes how patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher prevalence of atherosclerotic heart diseases in the form of Coronary Thrombosis and have different anatomopathological appearance like higher necrotic core and thin fibrotic layer than the general population. Furthermore this review describes the different anatomopathological appearance and cellular changes involved in the formation of these plaques and how diet can affect the development of these plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Octelina Castillo-Ruíz
- Departamento de Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México.
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Xu L, Wang YR, Li PC, Feng B. Advanced glycation end products increase lipids accumulation in macrophages through upregulation of receptor of advanced glycation end products: increasing uptake, esterification and decreasing efflux of cholesterol. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:161. [PMID: 27644038 PMCID: PMC5028926 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous reports have suggested that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) participate in the pathogenesis of diabetic macroangiopathy. Our previous study have found that AGEs can increase the lipid droplets accumulation in aortas of diabetic rats, but the current understanding of the mechanisms remains incomplete by which AGEs affect lipids accumulation in macrophages and accelerate atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the role of AGEs on lipids accumulation in macrophages and the possible molecular mechanisms including cholesterol influx, esterification and efflux of macrophages. Methods THP-1 cells were incubated with PMA to differentiate to be macrophages which were treated with AGEs in the concentration of 300 μg/ml and 600 μg/ml with or without anti-RAGE (receptor for AGEs) antibody and then stimulated by oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) or Dil-oxLDL. Lipids accumulation was examined by oil red staining. The cholesterol uptake, esterification and efflux were detected respectively by fluorescence microscope, enzymatic assay kit and fluorescence microplate. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were used to measure expression of the moleculars involved in cholesterol uptake, synthesis/esterification and efflux. Results AGEs increased lipids accumulation in macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. 600 μg/ml AGEs obviously upregulated oxLDL uptake, increased levels of cholesterol ester in macrophages, and decreased the HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux by regulating the main molecular expression including CD36, Scavenger receptors (SR) A2, HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), ACAT1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1). The changes above were inversed when the cells were pretreated with anti-RAGE antibody. Conclusions The current study suggest that AGEs can increase lipids accumulation in macrophages by regulating cholesterol uptake, esterification and efflux mainly through binding with RAGE, which provide a deep understanding of mechanisms how AGEs accelerating diabetic atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Department of Endocriology and Metabolic Disease, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yi-Ru Wang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Pei-Cheng Li
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Endocriology and Metabolic Disease, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China. .,, Ji-mo Road 150, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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Gomez I, Ozen G, Deschildre C, Amgoud Y, Boubaya L, Gorenne I, Benyahia C, Roger T, Lesèche G, Galardon E, Topal G, Jacob MP, Longrois D, Norel X. Reverse Regulatory Pathway (H2S / PGE2 / MMP) in Human Aortic Aneurysm and Saphenous Vein Varicosity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158421. [PMID: 27362269 PMCID: PMC4928935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a mediator with demonstrated protective effects for the cardiovascular system. On the other hand, prostaglandin (PG)E2 is involved in vascular wall remodeling by regulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities. We tested the hypothesis that endogenous H2S may modulate PGE2, MMP-1 activity and endogenous tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP-1/-2). This regulatory pathway could be involved in thinning of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and thickening of saphenous vein (SV) varicosities. The expression of the enzyme responsible for H2S synthesis, cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and its activity, were significantly higher in varicose vein as compared to SV. On the contrary, the endogenous H2S level and CSE expression were lower in AAA as compared to healthy aorta (HA). Endogenous H2S was responsible for inhibition of PGE2 synthesis mostly in varicose veins and HA. A similar effect was observed with exogenous H2S and consequently decreasing active MMP-1/TIMP ratios in SV and varicose veins. In contrast, in AAA, higher levels of PGE2 and active MMP-1/TIMP ratios were found versus HA. These findings suggest that differences in H2S content in AAA and varicose veins modulate endogenous PGE2 production and consequently the MMP/TIMP ratio. This mechanism may be crucial in vascular wall remodeling observed in different vascular pathologies (aneurysm, varicosities, atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Gomez
- INSERM, U1148, Paris, 75018, France
- University Paris Nord, UMR-S1148, Paris, 75018, France
| | - Gulsev Ozen
- INSERM, U1148, Paris, 75018, France
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Isabelle Gorenne
- AP-HP CHU X. Bichat, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, UMR-S1148, Paris, 75018, France
| | - Chabha Benyahia
- INSERM, U1148, Paris, 75018, France
- University Paris Nord, UMR-S1148, Paris, 75018, France
| | - Thomas Roger
- UMR 8601, LCBPT, CNRS-Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Guy Lesèche
- INSERM, U1148, Paris, 75018, France
- AP-HP CHU X. Bichat, Department of Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, UMR-S1148, Paris, 75018, France
| | - Erwan Galardon
- UMR 8601, LCBPT, CNRS-Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Gokce Topal
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Dan Longrois
- INSERM, U1148, Paris, 75018, France
- AP-HP CHU X. Bichat, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, UMR-S1148, Paris, 75018, France
| | - Xavier Norel
- INSERM, U1148, Paris, 75018, France
- University Paris Nord, UMR-S1148, Paris, 75018, France
- * E-mail:
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Pinkas A, Aschner M. Advanced Glycation End-Products and Their Receptors: Related Pathologies, Recent Therapeutic Strategies, and a Potential Model for Future Neurodegeneration Studies. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:707-14. [PMID: 27054356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the result of a nonenzymatic reaction between sugars and proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids. AGEs are both consumed and endogenously formed; their accumulation is accelerated under hyperglycemic and oxidative stress conditions, and they are associated with the onset and complication of many diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. AGEs exert their deleterious effects by either accumulating in the circulation and tissues or by receptor-mediated signal transduction. Several receptors bind AGEs: some are specific and contribute to clearance of AGEs, whereas others, like the RAGE receptor, are nonspecific, associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, and considered to be mediators of the aforementioned AGE-related diseases. Although several anti-AGE compounds have been studied, understanding the underlying mechanisms of RAGE and targeting it as a therapeutic strategy is becoming increasingly desirable. For achieving these goals efficiently and expeditiously, the C. elegans model has been suggested. This model is already used for studying several human diseases and, by expressing RAGE, could also be used to study RAGE-related pathways and pathologies to facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Pinkas
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer Building, Room 209, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer Building, Room 209, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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Hwang SW, Lee YM, Aldini G, Yeum KJ. Targeting Reactive Carbonyl Species with Natural Sequestering Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:280. [PMID: 26927058 PMCID: PMC6273166 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive carbonyl species generated by the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and sugars are highly reactive due to their electrophilic nature, and are able to easily react with the nucleophilic sites of proteins as well as DNA causing cellular dysfunction. Levels of reactive carbonyl species and their reaction products have been reported to be elevated in various chronic diseases, including metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. In an effort to identify sequestering agents for reactive carbonyl species, various analytical techniques such as spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography, western blot, and mass spectrometry have been utilized. In particular, recent advances using a novel high resolution mass spectrometry approach allows screening of complex mixtures such as natural products for their sequestering ability of reactive carbonyl species. To overcome the limited bioavailability and bioefficacy of natural products, new techniques using nanoparticles and nanocarriers may offer a new attractive strategy for increased in vivo utilization and targeted delivery of bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Hwang
- Department of Nano Science & Mechatronics Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Mi Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pietro Pratesi, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Kyung-Jin Yeum
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
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Mapanga RF, Essop MF. Damaging effects of hyperglycemia on cardiovascular function: spotlight on glucose metabolic pathways. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H153-73. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00206.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cardiovascular complications associated with hyperglycemia is a growing global health problem. This review discusses the link between hyperglycemia and cardiovascular diseases onset, focusing on the role of recently emerging downstream mediators, namely, oxidative stress and glucose metabolic pathway perturbations. The role of hyperglycemia-mediated activation of nonoxidative glucose pathways (NOGPs) [i.e., the polyol pathway, hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and protein kinase C] in this process is extensively reviewed. The proposal is made that there is a unique interplay between NOGPs and a downstream convergence of detrimental effects that especially affect cardiac endothelial cells, thereby contributing to contractile dysfunction. In this process the AGE pathway emerges as a crucial mediator of hyperglycemia-mediated detrimental effects. In addition, a vicious metabolic cycle is established whereby hyperglycemia-induced NOGPs further fuel their own activation by generating even more oxidative stress, thereby exacerbating damaging effects on cardiac function. Thus NOGP inhibition, and particularly that of the AGE pathway, emerges as a novel therapeutic intervention for the treatment of cardiovascular complications such as acute myocardial infarction in the presence hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudo F. Mapanga
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - M. Faadiel Essop
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Abstract
Background Interaction of advanced glycation end products (AGE) with the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Soluble receptors for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) act as a decoy for AGE by competing with RAGE and suppressing developing atherosclerosis. Hypercholesterolemia and the oxidative stress are known factors involved in atherosclerosis. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is known to exert a protective effect against the development of atherosclerosis. We hypothesize that hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis may be mediated through the AGE-RAGE axis. Objectives Two objectives to be determined are: (1) if hypercholesterolemia is positively correlated with serum AGE, AGE/sRAGE, and malondialdehyde (MDA: a marker for oxidative stress) and (2) if the protective effect of HDL-C is positively associated with serum sRAGE and negatively correlated with the levels of AGE and AGE/sRAGE. Methods Measurement of serum lipid levels from 100 patients allowed the separation into two groups (hypercholesterolemic and normocholesterolemic). Measurements of serum levels of AGE, sRAGE, and MDA were performed. Results Serum levels of sRAGE were lower, while the levels of AGE and AGE/sRAGE were higher in hypercholesterolemic subjects as compared with normocholesterolemic subjects. sRAGE levels are positively correlated with HDL, while they are negatively correlated with low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and MDA in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Conclusions Hypercholesterolemia is positively correlated with serum AGE, AGE/sRAGE, and MDA. The effect of HDL-C may be due to increases in sRAGE and decreases in the levels of AGE and AGE/sRAGE. Hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis may be mediated through the AGE-RAGE axis; however, more research must be conducted.
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Sternberg Z, Chiotti A, Tario J, Chichelli T, Patel N, Chadha K, Yu J, Karmon Y. Reduced expression of membrane-bound (m)RAGE is a biomarker of multiple sclerosis disease progression. Immunobiology 2015; 221:193-8. [PMID: 26382057 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study is one in series measuring RAGE axis (receptor for advanced glycation end products, its isoforms, and ligands) as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis (MS). We identified and quantified membrane-bound RAGE (mRAGE) expression levels on freshly isolated PBMCs and its subpopulation (monocytes and T cells), and determined the relationship between mRAGE expression levels and MS disease severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS mRAGE expression was determined for 28 MS patients and 16HCs, by flow cytometry, using fluorochrome unconjugated primary RAGE monoclonal antibody and a polyclonal secondary antibody conjugated to R-Phycoerythrin (PE). RESULTS After adjusting for multiple comparisons and correcting for group differences in age and gender, MS patients showed higher percentages of mRAGE-positive on PBMCs (12.4±2.1 vs. 4.08±0.8, P=0.02), monocytes (37.4±5.8 vs. 20.1±5.0, P=0.08) and T cells (4.1±1.2 vs. 2.1±0.3, P=0.05). SPMS patients' showed lower percentages of RAGE-positive monocytes (13.7±5.5 vs. 49.5±6.6, P=0.0006) and RAGE-positive T cells (4.1±1.8 vs. 6.6±1.5, P=0.04) than RRMS patients. We observed a negative relationship between the percentages of mRAGE-positive PBMCs and MS severity scale (MSSS) (r=-0.39, P=0.04), monocytes and EDSS (r=-0.48, P=0.01), monocytes and MSSS (r=-0.58, P=0.001), and T cells and MSSS (r=-0.40, P=0.04). Monocytes expression of mRAGE showed 0.811 area under the curve (95% CI: 0.64-0.98) sensitivity/specificity for MSSS. CONCLUSION The reduced mRAGE expression on PBMCs in general, and on monocytes in particular, can be used as biomarker of MS disease severity and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohara Sternberg
- Department of Neurology, Baird MS Center, Jacobs Neurological Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Anne Chiotti
- Department of Neurology, Baird MS Center, Jacobs Neurological Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Tario
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Trevor Chichelli
- Department of Neurology, Baird MS Center, Jacobs Neurological Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Neel Patel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kailash Chadha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jinhee Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yuval Karmon
- Department of Neurology, Baird MS Center, Jacobs Neurological Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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