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Yigit E, Deger O, Korkmaz K, Huner Yigit M, Uydu HA, Mercantepe T, Demir S. Propolis Reduces Inflammation and Dyslipidemia Caused by High-Cholesterol Diet in Mice by Lowering ADAM10/17 Activities. Nutrients 2024; 16:1861. [PMID: 38931216 PMCID: PMC11206409 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most important causes of cardiovascular diseases. A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)10 and ADAM17 have been identified as important regulators of inflammation in recent years. Our study investigated the effect of inhibiting these enzymes with selective inhibitor and propolis on atherosclerosis. In our study, C57BL/6J mice (n = 16) were used in the control and sham groups. In contrast, ApoE-/- mice (n = 48) were used in the case, water extract of propolis (WEP), ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), GW280264X (GW-synthetic inhibitor), and solvent (DMSO and ethanol) groups. The control group was fed a control diet, and all other groups were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 16 weeks. WEP (400 mg/kg/day), EEP (200 mg/kg/day), and GW (100 µg/kg/day) were administered intraperitoneally for the last four weeks. Animals were sacrificed, and blood, liver, aortic arch, and aortic root tissues were collected. In serum, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and glucose (Glu) were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method, while interleukin-1β (IL-1β), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A2 (Lp-PLA2) were measured by ELISA. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-12 (IL-12) levels were measured in aortic arch by ELISA and ADAM10/17 activities were measured fluorometrically. In addition, aortic root and liver tissues were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically (ADAM10 and sortilin primary antibody). In the WEP, EEP, and GW groups compared to the case group, TC, TG, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, PLA2, MPO, ADAM10/17 activities, plaque burden, lipid accumulation, ADAM10, and sortilin levels decreased, while IL-10 and PON-1 levels increased (p < 0.003). Our study results show that propolis can effectively reduce atherosclerosis-related inflammation and dyslipidemia through ADAM10/17 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertugrul Yigit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey;
| | - Orhan Deger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey;
| | - Katip Korkmaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey; (K.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Merve Huner Yigit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53000 Rize, Turkey;
| | - Huseyin Avni Uydu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, 55080 Samsun, Turkey;
| | - Tolga Mercantepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53000 Rize, Turkey;
| | - Selim Demir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey; (K.K.); (S.D.)
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Potashnikova D, Maryukhnich E, Vorobyeva D, Rusakovich G, Komissarov A, Tvorogova A, Gontarenko V, Vasilieva E. Cytokine Profiling of Plasma and Atherosclerotic Plaques in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1030. [PMID: 38256102 PMCID: PMC10816498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques are sites of chronic inflammation with diverse cell contents and complex immune signaling. Plaque progression and destabilization are driven by the infiltration of immune cells and the cytokines that mediate their interactions. Here, we attempted to compare the systemic cytokine profiles in the blood plasma of patients with atherosclerosis and the local cytokine production, using ex vivo plaque explants from the same patients. The developed method of 41-plex xMAP data normalization allowed us to differentiate twenty-two cytokines produced by the plaque that were not readily detectable in free circulation and six cytokines elevated in blood plasma that may have other sources than atherosclerotic plaque. To verify the xMAP data on the putative atherogenesis-driving chemokines MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP-1α (CCL3), MIP-1β (CCL4), RANTES (CCL5), and fractalkine (CX3CL1), qPCR was performed. The MIP1A (CCL3), MIP1B (CCL4), FKN (CX3CL1), and MCP1 (CCL2) genes were expressed at high levels in the plaques, whereas RANTES (CCL5) was almost absent. The expression patterns of the chemokines were restricted to the plaque cell types: the MCP1 (CCL2) gene was predominantly expressed in endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages, MIP1A (CCL3) in monocytes/macrophages, and MIP1B (CCL4) in monocytes/macrophages and T cells. RANTES (CCL5) was restricted to T cells, while FKN (CX3CL1) was not differentially expressed. Taken together, our data indicate a plaque-specific cytokine production profile that may be a useful tool in atherosclerosis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Potashnikova
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127006 Moscow, Russia
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
| | - Elena Maryukhnich
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127006 Moscow, Russia
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
| | - Daria Vorobyeva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127006 Moscow, Russia
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
| | - George Rusakovich
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
| | - Alexey Komissarov
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127006 Moscow, Russia
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Tvorogova
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
| | - Vladimir Gontarenko
- Department of Vascular Surgery, National Medical Research Centre of Surgery Named after A.V. Vishnevsky under the RF Public Health Ministry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Vasilieva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127006 Moscow, Russia
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
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Priya HK, Jha KP, Kumar N, Singh S. Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Calcium's Roles in the Development of Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:1812-1821. [PMID: 38803178 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128303026240514111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In the last decade, there has been increasing evidence connecting mitochondrial dysfunction to the onset and advancement of atherosclerosis. Both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the disruption of mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) regulation have garnered significant attention due to their involvement in various stages of atherosclerosis. This abstract discusses the potential therapeutic applications of targeting mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while also providing an overview of their respective roles in atherosclerosis. The abstract underscores the importance of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in cellular physiology, including functions such as energy production, cell death signaling, and maintaining redox balance. Alterations in the mitochondria's Ca2+ handling disrupt all these procedures and speed up the development of atherosclerosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated during mitochondrial respiration, are widely recognized as significant contributors to the development of atherosclerosis. Through modulating the function of calcium ion (Ca2+) transport proteins, ROS can impact the regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling. These oxidative modifications lead to vascular remodeling and plaque formation by impairing endothelial function, encouraging the recruitment of inflammatory cells, and promoting smooth muscle cell proliferation. Preclinical investigations indicate that interventions aimed at regulating the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) hold promise for mitigating atherosclerosis. Targeting mitochondrial processes represents a prospective therapeutic strategy for addressing this condition. Further research is necessary to elucidate the intricate molecular mechanisms associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis and develop effective therapeutic strategies to decelerate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helan Krishnamandiram Priya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Priya Jha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Sanjiv Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
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Raposo-Gutiérrez I, Rodríguez-Ronchel A, Ramiro AR. Atherosclerosis antigens as targets for immunotherapy. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:1129-1147. [PMID: 39196152 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arteries that can lead to thrombosis, infarction and stroke, underlying the first cause of mortality worldwide. Adaptive immunity plays critical roles in atherosclerosis, and numerous studies have ascribed both atheroprotective and atherogenic functions to specific subsets of T and B cells. However, less is known on how antigen specificity determines the protective or adverse outcome of such adaptive responses. Understanding antigen triggers in atherosclerosis is crucial to delve deeper into mechanisms of disease initiation and progression and to implement specific immunotherapeutic approaches, including vaccination strategies. Here we review the role of adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis and the insights that single-cell technology has provided into the function of distinct immune cell subsets. We outline the most relevant atherosclerosis antigens and antibodies reported to date and examine their immunotherapeutic potential. Finally, we review the most promising vaccination-based clinical trials targeting the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Raposo-Gutiérrez
- B Lymphocyte Lab, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Ronchel
- B Lymphocyte Lab, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena R Ramiro
- B Lymphocyte Lab, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain.
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Laera N, Malerba P, Vacanti G, Nardin S, Pagnesi M, Nardin M. Impact of Immunity on Coronary Artery Disease: An Updated Pathogenic Interplay and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2128. [PMID: 38004268 PMCID: PMC10672143 DOI: 10.3390/life13112128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. It is a result of the buildup of atherosclerosis within the coronary arteries. The role of the immune system in CAD is complex and multifaceted. The immune system responds to damage or injury to the arterial walls by initiating an inflammatory response. However, this inflammatory response can become chronic and lead to plaque formation. Neutrophiles, macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NKT cells play a key role in immunity response, both with proatherogenic and antiatherogenic signaling pathways. Recent findings provide new roles and activities referring to endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, which help to clarify the intricate signaling crosstalk between the involved actors. Research is ongoing to explore immunomodulatory therapies that target the immune system to reduce inflammation and its contribution to atherosclerosis. This review aims to summarize the pathogenic interplay between immunity and CAD and the potential therapeutic strategies, and explore immunomodulatory therapies that target the immune system to reduce inflammation and its contribution to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Laera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Second Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Malerba
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Division of Medicine, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Montichiari, 25018 Montichiari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Vacanti
- Medical Clinic IV, Department of Cardiology, Municipal Hospital, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Simone Nardin
- U.O. Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagnesi
- Division of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Matteo Nardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy;
- Third Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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6
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Deroissart J, Binder CJ. Mapping the functions of IgM antibodies in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:433-434. [PMID: 37169831 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00888-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Deroissart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Ebrahimian T, Dierick F, Ta V, Kotsiopriftis M, O'Connor Miranda J, Mann KK, Orthwein A, Lehoux S. B cell-specific knockout of AID protects against atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8723. [PMID: 37253865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-naive IgM-producing B cells are atheroprotective, whereas mature B cells producing class-switched antibodies promote atherosclerosis. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which mediates class switch recombination (CSR), would thus be expected to foster atherosclerosis. Yet, AID also plays a major role in the establishment of B cell tolerance. We sought to define whether AID affects atherosclerotic plaque formation. We generated Ldlr-/- chimeras transplanted with bone marrow from Aicda-/- or wild-type (WT) mice, fed a HFD for 14 weeks. Decreased B cell maturation in Ldlr-/-Aicda-/- mice was demonstrated by 50% reduction in splenic and aortic BAFFR expression, a key signaling component of B2 cell maturation. This was associated with increased plasma IgM in Ldlr-/-Aicda-/- compared with Ldlr-/-WT animals. Importantly, Ldlr-/-Aicda-/- mice had reduced atherosclerotic lesion area (0.20 ± 0.03mm2) compared with Ldlr-/-WT (0.30 ± 0.04mm2, P < 0.05), although no differences in plaque composition were noted between groups. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis revealed increased splenic B and T cell areas independent of cell number. AID depletion directly inhibits atherosclerotic plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talin Ebrahimian
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - France Dierick
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Vincent Ta
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Maria Kotsiopriftis
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | | | - Koren K Mann
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Alexandre Orthwein
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Stephanie Lehoux
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
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Karpouzas GA, Papotti B, Ormseth SR, Palumbo M, Hernandez E, Marchi C, Zimetti F, Budoff MJ, Ronda N. Serum cholesterol loading capacity of macrophages is regulated by seropositivity and C-reactive protein in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:1254-1263. [PMID: 35809057 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive cholesterol accumulation in macrophages is the pivotal step underlying atherosclerotic plaque formation. We here explore factors in the serum of patients with RA, and mechanisms through which they interact with and influence cholesterol loading capacity (CLC) of macrophages. METHODS In a cross-sectional observational cohort of 104 patients with RA, CLC was measured as intracellular cholesterol content in human THP-1-derived macrophages after incubation with patient serum. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation was measured in terms of oxidized phospholipids on apoB100-containing particles (oxPL-apoB100). Antibodies against oxidized LDL (anti-oxLDL), proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kexin type-9 (PCSK9) and high-sensitivity CRP were also quantified. All analyses adjusted for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score, obesity, total LDL, statin use, age at diagnosis, and anti-oxLDL IgM. RESULTS OxPL-apoB100, anti-oxLDL IgG and PCSK9 were positively associated with CLC (all P < 0.020). OxPL-apoB100 directly influenced CLC only in dual RF- and ACPA-positive patients [unstandardized b (95% bootstrap CI)=2.08 (0.38, 3.79)]. An indirect effect of oxPL-apoB100 on CLC through anti-oxLDL IgG increased, along with level of CRP [index of moderated mediation = 0.55 (0.05-1.17)]. CRP also moderated yet another indirect effect of oxPL-apoB100 on CLC through upregulation of PCSK9, but only among dual-seropositive patients [conditional indirect effect = 0.64 (0.13-1.30)]. CONCLUSION Oxidized LDL can directly influence CLC in dual-seropositive RA patients. Two additional and independent pathways-via anti-oxLDL IgG and PCSK9-may mediate the effects of oxPL-apoB100 on CLC, depending on CRP and seropositivity status. If externally validated, these findings may have clinical implications for cardiovascular risk prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Karpouzas
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, The Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Bianca Papotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sarah R Ormseth
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, The Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, The Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Cinzia Marchi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Matthew J Budoff
- Division of Cardiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and The Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Nicoletta Ronda
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Liu Y, Yu X, Zhang W, Zhang X, Wang M, Ji F. Mechanistic insight into premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2022; 132:102863. [PMID: 35853760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with a significant risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which substantially increases disease mortality and morbidity. The overall mechanisms associated with the development of premature atherosclerosis and CVD in SLE remain unclear, but has been considered as a result of an intricate interplay between the profound immune dysregulation and traditional CVD risk factors. Aberrant systemic inflammation in SLE may lead to an abnormal lipid profile and dysfunction, which can further fuel the pro-atherosclerotic environment. The existence of a strong imbalance between endothelial damage and vascular repair/angiogenesis promotes vascular injury, which is the early step in the progression of atherosclerotic CVD. Profound innate and adaptive immune dysregulation, characterized by excessive type I interferon burden, aberrant macrophage, platelet and complements activation, neutrophil dysregulation and neutrophil extracellular traps formation, uncontrolled T cell activation, and excessive autoantibody production and immune complex formation, have been proposed to promote accelerated CVD in SLE. While designing targeted therapies to correct the dysregulated immune activation may be beneficial in the treatment of SLE-related CVD, much additional work is needed to determine how to translate these findings into clinical practice. Additionally, a number of biomarkers display diagnostic potentials in improving CVD risk stratification in SLE, further prospective studies will help understand which biomarker(s) will be the most impactful one(s) in assessing SLE-linked CVD. Continued efforts to identify novel mechanisms and to establish criteria for assessing CVD risk as well as predicting CVD progression are in great need to improve CVD outcomes in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Xue Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Wenduo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Fusui Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
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10
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Karpouzas GA, Ormseth SR, Ronda N, Hernandez E, Budoff MJ. Lipoprotein oxidation may underlie the paradoxical association of low cholesterol with coronary atherosclerotic risk in rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 2022; 129:102815. [PMID: 35366608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare coronary plaque burden, proatherogenic cytokines, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), anti-oxLDL antibodies, lipoprotein(a)-cholesterol, and their relationships in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)<1.8 mmol/L versus ≥1.8 mmol/L. Also, to study differences in inflammation and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9), which impacts LDL clearance, in patients with low versus high LDL-C. METHODS Computed tomography angiography evaluated coronary plaque (noncalcified, partially calcified, fully calcified, and high-risk plaque) in 150 patients from a single-center observational cohort. Ox-LDL, anti-oxLDL IgG, lipoprotein(a)-cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and PCSK9 were measured. Analyses adjusted for Framingham general cardiovascular risk score, statin use, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. RESULTS Patients with LDL-C<1.8 mmol/L versus ≥1.8 mmol/L demonstrated: 1) higher likelihood of per-segment plaque (adjusted-OR = 1.67 [95%CI = 1.10-2.55], p = 0.017) and high-risk plaque presence (adjusted-OR 2.78 [95%CI = 1.06-7.29], p = 0.038); 2) greater anti-oxLDL titers (p = 0.020), which positively associated with TNF-α and likelihood of noncalcified, partially calcified and high-risk plaque presence only in patients with LDL-C<1.8 mmol/L (all p-for-interaction≤0.046); 3) increased lipoprotein(a)-cholesterol content (10.33% [8.11-12.54] versus 6.68% [6.10-7.25], p < 0.001), which positively associated with oxLDL (p < 0.001) and anti-oxLDL (p = 0.036); 4) higher interleukin-6 and PCSK9. No differences in CRP, ESR, or oxLDL were observed. CONCLUSION RA patients with LDL-C<1.8 mmol/L had more coronary plaque, higher anti-oxLDL titers and anti-oxLDL associated with plaque only in this group. It is possible the observed paradoxical association of low LDL-C with greater atherosclerosis may be related to higher production of the oxidation-prone lipoprotein(a)-cholesterol and anti-oxLDL antibodies, resulting in increased vascular LDL uptake and plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Karpouzas
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA.
| | - Sarah R Ormseth
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Nicoletta Ronda
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Division of Cardiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA
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11
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Lorey MB, Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Modified Lipoproteins Induce Arterial Wall Inflammation During Atherogenesis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:841545. [PMID: 35310965 PMCID: PMC8927694 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.841545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, notably the low-density lipoproteins, enter the inner layer of the arterial wall, the intima, where a fraction of them is retained and modified by proteases, lipases, and oxidizing agents and enzymes. The modified lipoproteins and various modification products, such as fatty acids, ceramides, lysophospholipids, and oxidized lipids induce inflammatory reactions in the macrophages and the covering endothelial cells, initiating an increased leukocyte diapedesis. Lipolysis of the lipoproteins also induces the formation of cholesterol crystals with strong proinflammatory properties. Modified and aggregated lipoproteins, cholesterol crystals, and lipoproteins isolated from human atherosclerotic lesions, all can activate macrophages and thereby induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes. The extent of lipoprotein retention, modification, and aggregation have been shown to depend largely on differences in the composition of the circulating lipoprotein particles. These properties can be modified by pharmacological means, and thereby provide opportunities for clinical interventions regarding the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina B. Lorey
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Katariina Öörni
| | - Petri T. Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Nettersheim FS, Picard FSR, Hoyer FF, Winkels H. Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Cancer and Atherosclerosis-Two Sides of the Same Coin. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:812702. [PMID: 35097027 PMCID: PMC8792753 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.812702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and clinical approval of immunotherapies has revolutionized cancer therapy. Although the role of adaptive immunity in atherogenesis is now well-established and several immunomodulatory strategies have proven beneficial in preclinical studies, anti-atherosclerotic immunotherapies available for clinical application are not available. Considering that adaptive immune responses are critically involved in both carcinogenesis and atherogenesis, immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer and atherosclerosis may exert undesirable but also desirable side effects on the other condition, respectively. For example, the high antineoplastic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which enhance effector immune responses against tumor cells by blocking co-inhibitory molecules, was recently shown to be constrained by substantial proatherogenic properties. In this review, we outline the specific role of immune responses in the development of cancer and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we delineate how current cancer immunotherapies affect atherogenesis and discuss whether anti-atherosclerotic immunotherapies may similarly have an impact on carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Sebastian Nettersheim
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Simon Ruben Picard
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Friedrich Felix Hoyer
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Winkels
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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13
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Porsch F, Mallat Z, Binder CJ. Humoral immunity in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction: from B cells to antibodies. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2544-2562. [PMID: 34450620 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune mechanisms are critically involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations. Associations of specific antibody levels and defined B cell subsets with cardiovascular disease activity in humans as well as mounting evidence from preclinical models demonstrate a role of B cells and humoral immunity in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. These include all aspects of B cell immunity, the generation of antigen-specific antibodies, antigen presentation and co-stimulation of T cells, as well as production of cytokines. Through their impact on adaptive and innate immune responses and the regulation of many other immune cells, B cells mediate both protective and detrimental effects in cardiovascular disease. Several antigens derived from (oxidised) lipoproteins, the vascular wall and classical autoantigens have been identified. The unique antibody responses they trigger and their relationship with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are reviewed. In particular, we focus on the different effector functions of specific IgM, IgG, and IgE antibodies and the cellular responses they trigger and highlight potential strategies to target B cell functions for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Porsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France.,Unversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris France
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Abstract
B cells are traditionally known for their ability to produce antibodies in the context of adaptive immune responses. However, over the last decade B cells have been increasingly recognized as modulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses, as well as players in an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases. Here, after briefly summarizing our current understanding of B cell biology, we present a systematic review of the literature from both animal models and human studies that highlight the important role that B lymphocytes play in cardiac and vascular disease. While many aspects of B cell biology in the vasculature and, to an even greater extent, in the heart remain unclear, B cells are emerging as key regulators of cardiovascular adaptation to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Adamo
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA; , ,
| | - Cibele Rocha-Resende
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA; , ,
| | - Douglas L Mann
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA; , ,
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15
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Muhammad K, Ayoub MA, Iratni R. Vascular Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease: Is Immune System Protective or Bystander? Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:2141-2150. [PMID: 33461451 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210118121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Chronic atherosclerosis induced vascular inflammation and perturbation of lipid metabolism is believed to be a major cause of CVD. Interplay of innate and adaptive Immune system has been interwined with various risk factors associated with the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in CVD. A large body of evidence indicates a correlation between immunity and atherosclerosis. Retention of plasma lipoproteins in arterial subendothelial wall triggers the T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and monocyte-derived macrophages to form atherosclerotic plaques. In the present review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of CVD in relation to atherosclerosis with a particular focus on pro-atherogenic role of immune cells. Recent findings have also suggested anti-atherogenic roles of different B cell subsets. Therapeutic approaches to target atherosclerosis risk factors have reduced the mortality, but a need exists for the novel therapies to treat arterial vascular inflammation. These insights into the immune pathogenesis of atherosclerosis can lead to new targeted therapeutics to abate cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed A Ayoub
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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16
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Pattarabanjird T, Li C, McNamara C. B Cells in Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:546-563. [PMID: 34222726 PMCID: PMC8246059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
B cells regulate atherosclerotic plaque formation through production of antibodies and cytokines, and effects are subset specific (B1 and B2). Putative human atheroprotective B1 cells function similarly to murine B1 in their spontaneous IgM antibody production. However, marker strategies in identifying human and murine B1 are different. IgM antibody to oxidation specific epitopes produced by B1 cells associate with human coronary artery disease. Neoantigen immunization may be a promising strategy for atherosclerosis vaccine development, but further study to determine relevant antigens still need to be done. B-cell–targeted therapies, used in treating autoimmune diseases as well as lymphoid cancers, might have potential applications in treating cardiovascular diseases. Short- and long-term cardiovascular effects of these agents need to be assessed.
Because atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, understanding inflammatory processes underpinning its pathology is critical. B cells have been implicated as a key immune cell type in regulating atherosclerosis. B-cell effects, mediated by antibodies and cytokines, are subset specific. In this review, we focus on elaborating mechanisms underlying subtype-specific roles of B cells in atherosclerosis and discuss available human data implicating B cells in atherosclerosis. We further discuss potential B cell–linked therapeutic approaches, including immunization and B cell–targeted biologics. Given recent evidence strongly supporting a role for B cells in human atherosclerosis and the expansion of immunomodulatory agents that affect B-cell biology in clinical use and clinical trials for other disorders, it is important that the cardiovascular field be cognizant of potential beneficial or untoward effects of modulating B-cell activity on atherosclerosis.
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Key Words
- APRIL, A proliferation−inducing ligand
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- B-cell
- BAFF, B-cell–activating factor
- BAFFR, B-cell–activating factor receptor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BCR, B-cell receptor
- Breg, regulatory B cell
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- CXCR4, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4
- GC, germinal center
- GITR, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor–related protein
- GITRL, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor–related protein ligand
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor
- ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IVUS, intravascular ultrasound
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- MDA-LDL, malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein
- MI, myocardial infarction
- OSE, oxidation-specific epitope
- OxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein
- PC, phosphorylcholine
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PD-L2, programmed death ligand 2
- PDL1, programmed death ligand 1
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
- TACI, transmembrane activator and CAML interactor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- atherosclerosis
- immunoglobulins
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyaporn Pattarabanjird
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Cynthia Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Coleen McNamara
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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17
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Structure and Dynamics of Oxidized Lipoproteins In Vivo: Roles of High-Density Lipoprotein. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060655. [PMID: 34201176 PMCID: PMC8229488 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative modification of lipoproteins is implicated in the occurrence and development of atherosclerotic lesions. Earlier studies have elucidated on the mechanisms of foam cell formation and lipid accumulation in these lesions, which is mediated by scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Mounting clinical evidence has supported the involvement of oxLDL in cardiovascular diseases. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is known as anti-atherogenic; however, recent studies have shown circulating oxidized HDL (oxHDL) is related to cardiovascular diseases. A modified structure of oxLDL, which was increased in the plasma of patients with acute myocardial infarction, was characterized. It had two unique features: (1) a fraction of oxLDL accompanied oxHDL, and (2) apoA1 was heavily modified, while modification of apoB, and the accumulation of oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxPC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) was less pronounced. When LDL and HDL were present at the same time, oxidized lipoproteins actively interacted with each other, and oxPC and lysoPC were transferred to another lipoprotein particle and enzymatically metabolized rapidly. This brief review provides a novel view on the dynamics of oxLDL and oxHDL in circulation.
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18
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Dunér P, Mattisson IY, Fogelstrand P, Glise L, Ruiz S, Farina C, Borén J, Nilsson J, Bengtsson E. Antibodies against apoB100 peptide 210 inhibit atherosclerosis in apoE -/- mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9022. [PMID: 33907226 PMCID: PMC8079692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by an accumulation and subsequent oxidation of LDL, resulting in adaptive immune responses against formed or exposed neoepitopes of the LDL particle. Autoantibodies against native p210, the 3136–3155 amino acid sequence of the LDL protein apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB100) are common in humans and have been associated with less severe atherosclerosis and decreased risk for cardiovascular events in clinical studies. However, whether apoB100 native p210 autoantibodies play a functional role in atherosclerosis is not known. In the present study we immunized apoE-/- mice with p210-PADRE peptide to induce an antibody response against native p210. We also injected mice with murine monoclonal IgG against native p210. Control groups were immunized with PADRE peptide alone or with control murine monoclonal IgG. Immunization with p210-PADRE induced an IgG1 antibody response against p210 that was associated with reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aorta and reduced MDA-LDL content in the lesions. Treatment with monoclonal p210 IgG produced a similar reduction in atherosclerosis as immunization with p210-PADRE. Our findings support an atheroprotective role of antibodies against the apoB100 native p210 and suggest that vaccines that induce the expression of native p210 IgG represent a potential therapeutic strategy for lowering cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Dunér
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms street 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Ingrid Yao Mattisson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms street 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.,Redoxis AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Fogelstrand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lars Glise
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms street 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms street 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden
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19
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Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Aggregation Susceptibility of Low-Density Lipoproteins-A Novel Modifiable Biomarker of Cardiovascular Risk. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1769. [PMID: 33921661 PMCID: PMC8074066 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles enter the arterial intima where they bind to the extracellular matrix and become modified by lipases, proteases, and oxidizing enzymes and agents. The modified LDL particles aggregate and fuse into larger matrix-bound lipid droplets and, upon generation of unesterified cholesterol, cholesterol crystals are also formed. Uptake of the aggregated/fused particles and cholesterol crystals by macrophages and smooth muscle cells induces their inflammatory activation and conversion into foam cells. In this review, we summarize the causes and consequences of LDL aggregation and describe the development and applications of an assay capable of determining the susceptibility of isolated LDL particles to aggregate when exposed to human recombinant sphingomyelinase enzyme ex vivo. Significant person-to-person differences in the aggregation susceptibility of LDL particles were observed, and such individual differences largely depended on particle lipid composition. The presence of aggregation-prone LDL in the circulation predicted future cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We also discuss means capable of reducing LDL particles' aggregation susceptibility that could potentially inhibit LDL aggregation in the arterial wall. Whether reductions in LDL aggregation susceptibility are associated with attenuated atherogenesis and a reduced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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20
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The Influence of a Conjugated Pneumococcal Vaccination on Plasma Antibody Levels against Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Metabolic Disease Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Clinical Trial. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010129. [PMID: 33477615 PMCID: PMC7831333 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a mediator between lipid metabolism dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a promising therapeutical target in a wide range of metabolic diseases. In mice, pneumococcal immunization increases anti-phosphorylcholine and oxLDL antibody levels, and reduces atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and Niemann–Pick disease burden. These findings suggest that pneumococcal vaccination may be a useful preventive and therapeutical strategy in metabolic disease patients. In this pilot clinical trial, our aim was to determine whether the administration of a pneumococcal vaccine increases anti-phosphorylcholine and anti-oxLDL antibody levels in metabolic disease patients. The following patients were enrolled: four patients with familial partial lipodystrophy (all women, mean age 32 years old); three familial hypercholesterolemia patients (one girl, two boys; mean age 13 years); and two Niemann–Pick type B (NP-B) patients (two men, mean age 37.5 years old). Participants received one active dose of a 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine (Prevenar 13) and were followed-up for four weeks. Four weeks after Prevenar 13 vaccination, no differences were observed in patients’ levels of anti-oxLDL IgM or IgG antibodies. In addition, we observed a reduction in anti-phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) IgM antibody levels, whereas no differences were observed in anti-PC IgG antibody titers. These findings indicate that Prevenar 13 vaccination does not induce an immune response against oxLDL in patients with metabolic diseases. Therefore, Prevenar 13 is not suited to target the metabolic disruptor and pro-inflammatory mediator oxLDL in patients.
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21
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Gianazza E, Brioschi M, Martinez Fernandez A, Casalnuovo F, Altomare A, Aldini G, Banfi C. Lipid Peroxidation in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:49-98. [PMID: 32640910 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ACVDs) continue to be a primary cause of mortality worldwide in adults aged 35-70 years, occurring more often in countries with lower economic development, and they constitute an ever-growing global burden that has a considerable socioeconomic impact on society. The ACVDs encompass diverse pathologies such as coronary artery disease and heart failure (HF), among others. Recent Advances: It is known that oxidative stress plays a relevant role in ACVDs and some of its effects are mediated by lipid oxidation. In particular, lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a process under which oxidants such as reactive oxygen species attack unsaturated lipids, generating a wide array of oxidation products. These molecules can interact with circulating lipoproteins, to diffuse inside the cell and even to cross biological membranes, modifying target nucleophilic sites within biomolecules such as DNA, lipids, and proteins, and resulting in a plethora of biological effects. Critical Issues: This review summarizes the evidence of the effect of LPO in the development and progression of atherosclerosis-based diseases, HF, and other cardiovascular diseases, highlighting the role of protein adduct formation. Moreover, potential therapeutic strategies targeted at lipoxidation in ACVDs are also discussed. Future Directions: The identification of valid biomarkers for the detection of lipoxidation products and adducts may provide insights into the improvement of the cardiovascular risk stratification of patients and the development of therapeutic strategies against the oxidative effects that can then be applied within a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gianazza
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Brioschi
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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22
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Mathew AV, Zeng L, Atkins KB, Sadri KN, Byun J, Fujiwara H, Reddy P, Pennathur S. Deletion of bone marrow myeloperoxidase attenuates chronic kidney disease accelerated atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100120. [PMID: 33234591 PMCID: PMC7948401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression and activity are associated with atherosclerotic disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the causal relationship between MPO and the development and progression of atherosclerosis in patients with CKD is unknown. Eight-week-old male low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-deficient mice were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy, irradiated, and transplanted with bone marrow from MPO-deficient mice to induce bone marrow MPO deletion (CKD-bMPOKO) or bone marrow from WT mice as a control to maintain preserved bone marrow MPO(CKD-bMPOWT). The mice were maintained on a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet for 16 weeks. As anticipated, both groups of mice exhibited all features of moderate CKD, including elevated plasma creatinine, lower hematocrit, and increased intact parathyroid hormone but did not demonstrate any differences between the groups. Irradiation and bone marrow transplantation did not further affect body weight, blood pressure, creatinine, or hematocrit in either group. The absence of MPO expression in the bone marrow and atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta in the CKD-bMPOKO mice was confirmed by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Decreased MPO activity was substantiated by the absence of 3-chlorotyrosine, a specific by-product of MPO, in aortic atherosclerotic lesions as determined by both immunohistochemistry and highly sensitive LC-MS. Quantification of the aortic lesional area stained with oil red O revealed that CKD-bMPOKO mice had significantly decreased aortic plaque area as compared with CKD-bMPOWT mice. This study demonstrates the reduction of atherosclerosis in CKD mice with the deletion of MPO in bone marrow cells, strongly implicating bone-marrow-derived MPO in the pathogenesis of CKD atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Mathew
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Lixia Zeng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin B Atkins
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kiana N Sadri
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jaeman Byun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hideaki Fujiwara
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions are populated by cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, including CD8+ T cells. The CD8+ T cell infiltrate has recently been characterized in mouse and human atherosclerosis and revealed activated, cytotoxic, and possibly dysfunctional and exhausted cell phenotypes. In mouse models of atherosclerosis, antibody-mediated depletion of CD8+ T cells ameliorates atherosclerosis. CD8+ T cells control monopoiesis and macrophage accumulation in early atherosclerosis. In addition, CD8+ T cells exert cytotoxic functions in atherosclerotic plaques and contribute to macrophage cell death and necrotic core formation. CD8+ T cell activation may be antigen-specific, and epitopes of atherosclerosis-relevant antigens may be targets of CD8+ T cells and their cytotoxic activity. CD8+ T cell functions are tightly controlled by costimulatory and coinhibitory immune checkpoints. Subsets of regulatory CD25+CD8+ T cells with immunosuppressive functions can inhibit atherosclerosis. Importantly, local cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses may trigger endothelial damage and plaque erosion in acute coronary syndromes. Understanding the complex role of CD8+ T cells in atherosclerosis may pave the way for defining novel treatment approaches in atherosclerosis. In this review article, we discuss these aspects, highlighting the emerging and critical role of CD8+ T cells in atherosclerosis.
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24
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Mohmmad‐Rezaei M, Arefnezhad R, Ahmadi R, Abdollahpour‐Alitappeh M, Mirzaei Y, Arjmand M, Ferns GA, Bashash D, Bagheri N. An overview of the innate and adaptive immune system in atherosclerosis. IUBMB Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mohmmad‐Rezaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran
| | - Reza Arefnezhad
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Reza Ahmadi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran
| | | | - Yousef Mirzaei
- Department of Biogeosciences, Scientific Research Center Soran University Soran Iraq
| | - Mohammad‐Hassan Arjmand
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran
- Cancer Research Center Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education Sussex United Kingdom
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran
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25
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Nettersheim FS, De Vore L, Winkels H. Vaccination in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122560. [PMID: 33266027 PMCID: PMC7760548 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major underlying pathology of cardiovascular diseases that together are the leading cause of death worldwide. The formation of atherosclerotic plaques is driven by chronic vascular inflammation. Although several risk factors have been identified and significant progress in disease prevention and treatment has been made, no therapeutic agents targeting inflammation are clinically available. Recent clinical trials established the potential of anti-inflammatory therapies as a treatment of atherosclerosis. However, adverse impacts on host defense have raised safety concerns about these therapies. Scientific evidence during the past 40 years implicated an adaptive immune response against plaque-associated autoantigens in atherogenesis. Preclinical data have underscored the protective potential of immunization against such targets precisely and without the impairment of host defense. In this review, we discuss the current vaccination strategies against atherosclerosis, supposed mechanisms of action, therapeutic potential, and the challenges that must be overcome in translating this idea into clinical practice.
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Karadimou G, Gisterå A, Gallina AL, Caravaca AS, Centa M, Salagianni M, Andreakos E, Hansson GK, Malin S, Olofsson PS, Paulsson-Berne G. Treatment with a Toll-like Receptor 7 ligand evokes protective immunity against atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic mice. J Intern Med 2020; 288:321-334. [PMID: 32410352 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between innate and adaptive immunity is central in life-threatening clinical complications of atherosclerosis such as myocardial infarction and stroke. The specific mechanisms involved and their protective versus detrimental effects in the disease process remain poorly understood. We have previously shown that higher levels of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) expression in human atherosclerotic lesions are correlated with better patient outcome. OBJECTIVE In this study, we explored whether TLR7 activation can ameliorate disease in experimental atherosclerosis in mice. METHODS Apolipoprotein E deficient mice (Apoe-/- ) with established disease were injected for five weeks intraperitoneally with the TLR7 ligand R848. Local effects were evaluated by characterization of the lesion. Systemic effects of the treatment were investigated by immune composition analysis in the spleen and plasma measurements. RESULTS The in vivo treatment arrested lesion progression in the aorta. We also detected expansion of marginal zone B cells and Treg in the spleen together with increased plasma IgM antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and reduced plasma cholesterol levels. These changes were accompanied by increased accumulation of IgM antibodies, decreased necrosis and fewer apoptotic cells in atherosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that TLR7 stimulation could ameliorate atherosclerotic lesion burden and reduce plasma cholesterol in Apoe-/- mice. TLR7 stimulation was associated with an atheroprotective B-cell and Treg response, which may have systemic and local effects within lesions that could prevent arterial lipid accumulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Karadimou
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Gisterå
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A L Gallina
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A S Caravaca
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Centa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Salagianni
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Andreakos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G K Hansson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Malin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - G Paulsson-Berne
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Asare Y, Koehncke J, Selle J, Simsekyilmaz S, Jankowski J, Shagdarsuren G, Gessner JE, Bernhagen J, Shagdarsuren E. Differential Role for Activating FcγRIII in Neointima Formation After Arterial Injury and Diet-Induced Chronic Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:673. [PMID: 32625118 PMCID: PMC7313534 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherogenesis and arterial remodeling following mechanical injury are driven by inflammation and mononuclear cell infiltration. The binding of immune complexes (ICs) to immunoglobulin (Ig)-Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) on most innate and adaptive immune cells induces a variety of inflammatory responses that promote atherogenesis. Here, we studied the role of FcγRIII in neointima formation after arterial injury in atherosclerosis-prone mice and compared the outcome and mechanism to that of FcγRIII in diet-induced “chronic” atherosclerosis. FcγrIII–/–/Apoe–/– and control Apoe–/– mice were subjected to wire-induced endothelial denudation of the carotid artery while on high-fat diet (HFD). FcγrIII deficiency mitigated neointimal plaque formation and lesional macrophage accumulation, and enhanced neointimal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) numbers. This went along with a reduced expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the neointimal lesions. Interestingly, in a chronic model of diet-induced atherosclerosis, we unraveled a dichotomic role of FcγRIII in an early versus advanced stage of the disease. While FcγrIII deficiency conferred atheroprotection in the early stage, it promoted atherosclerosis in advanced stages. To this end, FcγrIII deficiency attenuated pro-inflammatory responses in early atherosclerosis but promoted these events in advanced stages. Analysis of the mechanism(s) underlying the athero-promoting effect of FcγrIII deficiency in late-stage atherosclerosis revealed increased serum levels of anti-oxidized-LDL immunoglobulins IgG2c and IgG2b. This was paralleled by enhanced lesional accumulation of IgGs without affecting levels of complement-activated products C5a or C5ar1, FcγRII, and FcγRIV. Moreover, FcγrIII-deficient macrophages expressed more FcγrII, Tnf-α, and Il-1β mRNA when exposed to IgG1 or oxLDL-IgG1 ICs in vitro, and peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell levels were altered. Collectively, our data suggest that deficiency of activating FcγRIII limits neointima formation after arterial injury in atherosclerosis-prone mice as well as early stage chronic atherosclerosis, but augments late-stage atherosclerosis suggesting a dual role of FcγRIII in atherogenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Asare
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Janine Koehncke
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jaco Selle
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Translational Experimental Pediatrics - Experimental Pulmonology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sakine Simsekyilmaz
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Experimental Vascular Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gansuvd Shagdarsuren
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Johannes E Gessner
- Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Clinical Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Erdenechimeg Shagdarsuren
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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28
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Padgett LE, Araujo DJ, Hedrick CC, Olingy CE. Functional crosstalk between T cells and monocytes in cancer and atherosclerosis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:297-308. [PMID: 32531833 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mir0420-076r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and monocyte-derived cells, including Mϕs and dendritic cells, exhibit a diverse array of phenotypic states that are dictated by their surrounding microenvironment. These cells direct T cell activation and function via cues that range from being immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory. Solid tumors and atherosclerotic plaques represent two pathological niches with distinct immune microenvironments. While monocytes and their progeny possess a phenotypic spectrum found within both disease contexts, most within tumors are pro-tumoral and support evasion of host immune responses by tumor cells. In contrast, monocyte-derived cells within atherosclerotic plaques are usually pro-atherogenic, pro-inflammatory, and predominantly directed against self-antigens. Consequently, cancer immunotherapies strive to enhance the immune response against tumor antigens, whereas atherosclerosis treatments seek to dampen the immune response against lipid antigens. Insights into monocyte-T cell interactions within these niches could thus inform therapeutic strategies for two immunologically distinct diseases. Here, we review monocyte diversity, interactions between monocytes and T cells within tumor and plaque microenvironments, how certain therapies have leveraged these interactions, and novel strategies to assay such associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Padgett
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Araujo
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Claire E Olingy
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
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29
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Roy P, Ali AJ, Kobiyama K, Ghosheh Y, Ley K. Opportunities for an atherosclerosis vaccine: From mice to humans. Vaccine 2020; 38:4495-4506. [PMID: 31964554 PMCID: PMC7939143 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), is the number one killer globally. The disease pathogenesis involves a complex interplay between metabolic and immune components. Although lipid-lowering drugs such as statins curb the risks associated with CVD, significant residual inflammatory risk remains. Substantial evidence from experimental models and clinical studies has established the role of inflammation and immune effector mechanisms in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Several stages of the disease are affected by host-mediated antigen-specific adaptive immune responses that play either protective or proatherogenic roles. Therefore, strategies to boost an anti-atherogenic humoral and T regulatory cell response are emerging as preventative or therapeutic strategies to lowering inflammatory residual risks. Vaccination holds promise as an efficient, durable and relatively inexpensive approach to induce protective adaptive immunity in atherosclerotic patients. In this review, we discuss the status and opportunities for a human atherosclerosis vaccine. We describe (1) some of the immunomodulatory therapeutic interventions tested in atherosclerosis (2) the immune targets identified in pre-clinical and clinical investigations (3) immunization strategies evaluated in animal models (4) past and ongoing clinical trials to examine the safety and efficacy of human atherosclerosis vaccines and (5) strategies to improve and optimize vaccination in humans (antigen selection, formulation, dose and delivery).
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Roy
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amal J Ali
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Vaccine Science, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yanal Ghosheh
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0412, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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30
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Cinoku II, Mavragani CP, Moutsopoulos HM. Atherosclerosis: Beyond the lipid storage hypothesis. The role of autoimmunity. Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13195. [PMID: 31868918 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has long been considered as a lipid storage disease. Recent data suggest that autoimmune mechanisms seem to be involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. The presence of activated endothelial vascular cells, neutrophils, macrophages, T and to a lesser extent B cells in atherosclerotic plaques, together with the proinflammatory cytokine burden suggest mobilization of both innate and adaptive immune pathways in atherosclerosis pathobiology. The development of antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), the experimental induction of atherosclerosis either via the transfer of T cells or immunization with autoantigens such as β2 glycoprotein Ι (β2-GPI) and heat shock proteins (HSP) further support the autoimmune nature of atherosclerosis. However, classical immunosuppressive and immune-modulatory drugs, successfully used in the therapy of autoimmune rheumatic diseases have shown limited benefits so far in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilir I Cinoku
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Clio P Mavragani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Haralampos M Moutsopoulos
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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31
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Cherepanova OA, Srikakulapu P, Greene ES, Chaklader M, Haskins RM, McCanna ME, Bandyopadhyay S, Ban B, Leitinger N, McNamara CA, Owens GK. Novel Autoimmune IgM Antibody Attenuates Atherosclerosis in IgM Deficient Low-Fat Diet-Fed, but Not Western Diet-Fed Apoe-/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:206-219. [PMID: 31645128 PMCID: PMC7006879 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL), such as the oxidized derivatives of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, and 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, have been shown to be the principal biologically active components of minimally oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein). The role of OxPL in cardiovascular diseases is well recognized, including activation of inflammation within vascular cells. Atherosclerotic Apoe-/- mice fed a high-fat diet develop antibodies to OxPL, and hybridoma B-cell lines producing natural anti-OxPL autoantibodies have been successfully generated and characterized. However, as yet, no studies have been reported demonstrating that treatment with OxPL neutralizing antibodies can be used to prevent or reverse advanced atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: Here, using a screening against 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine/1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, we generated a novel IgM autoantibody, 10C12, from the spleens of Apoe-/- mice fed a long-term Western diet, that demonstrated potent OxPL neutralizing activity in vitro and the ability to inhibit macrophage accumulation within arteries of Apoe-/- mice fed a Western diet for 4 weeks. Of interest, 10C12 failed to inhibit atherosclerosis progression in Apoe-/- mice treated between 18 and 26 weeks of Western diet feeding likely due at least in part to high levels of endogenous anti-OxPL antibodies. However, 10C12 treatment caused a 40% decrease in lipid accumulation within aortas of secreted IgM deficient, sIgM-/-Apoe-/-, mice fed a low-fat diet, when the antibody was administrated between 32-40 weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results provide direct evidence showing that treatment with a single autoimmune anti-OxPL IgM antibody during advanced disease stages can have an atheroprotective outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Cherepanova
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, USA
| | - Prasad Srikakulapu
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Greene
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Malay Chaklader
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, USA
| | - Ryan M. Haskins
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mary E. McCanna
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Smarajit Bandyopadhyay
- Molecular Biotechnology Core, Research Core Services, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, USA
| | - Bhupal Ban
- Antibody Engineering and Technology Core, University of Virginia, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, USA
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, USA
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Coleen A. McNamara
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gary K. Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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32
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Abstract
There is now overwhelming experimental and clinical evidence that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Lessons from genome-wide association studies, advanced in vivo imaging techniques, transgenic lineage tracing mice, and clinical interventional studies have shown that both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms can accelerate or curb atherosclerosis. Here, we summarize and discuss the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis with a focus on adaptive immunity. We discuss some limitations of animal models and the need for models that are tailored to better translate to human atherosclerosis and ultimately progress in prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wolf
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Germany (D.W.).,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (D.W.)
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, CA (K.L.).,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (K.L.)
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33
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Lopes-Virella MF, Bebu I, Hunt KJ, Virella G, Baker NL, Braffett B, Gao X, Lachin JM. Immune Complexes and the Risk of CVD in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2019; 68:1853-1860. [PMID: 31217176 PMCID: PMC6702641 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the composition of modified forms of LDL in circulating immune complexes (LDL-ICs) was associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, including any CVD, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), myocardial infarction (MI), and coronary artery disease, in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our results demonstrate that the baseline levels of oxidized LDL (oxLDL), MDA-modified LDL (MDA-LDL), and advanced glycosylation-modified LDL (AGE-LDL) in circulating ICs were associated with the four CVD outcomes in unadjusted models, and adjustment by age and mean HbA1c only resulted in minimal reduction of these associations. After adjustments were made for other cardiovascular risk factors, particularly LDL cholesterol, oxLDL-IC and MDA-LDL-IC remained independently associated with the risk of CVD, and oxLDL-IC was independently associated with the risk of MACCE and MI. In the majority of cases, the baseline levels of modified LDL-IC (measured many years before the occurrence of any CVD event) were associated with the risk of CVD over a 25-year period even after adjustment for other risk factors (including LDL cholesterol). Therefore, modified LDL biomarkers may help identify patients with T1D at high risk for MACCE and CVD events very early in the evolution of the disease, before other signals of disease are apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ionut Bebu
- Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD
| | - Kelly J Hunt
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | | | - Barbara Braffett
- Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD
| | - John M Lachin
- Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mechanisms leading to the development of premature atherosclerosis and vascular injury in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remain to be fully elucidated. This is a comprehensive review of recent research developments related to the understanding of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in lupus. RECENT FINDINGS SLE patients with lupus nephritis display significantly increased risk of myocardial infarction and CVD mortality than SLE patients without lupus nephritis. SLE disease-related parameters could be taken into consideration when calculating CVD risks. The type I interferon pathway is detrimental to the vasculature and may contribute to the development of insulin resistance. The level of low-density granulocytes, a distinct subset of proinflammatory neutrophils present in SLE, was independently associated with coronary plaque burden and endothelial dysfunction. Invariant natural killer T cells may promote an atheroprotective effect in SLE patients with asymptomatic atherosclerotic plaques. Oxidized lupus high-density lipoprotein promotes proinflammatory responses in macrophages. SUMMARY Recent discoveries have further strengthened the critical role of SLE-related immune dysregulation and metabolic disturbances in promoting accelerated CVD. Understanding how these pathogenic factors promote vascular injury may provide better molecular candidates for therapeutic targeting, and ultimately to improve CVD outcomes.
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Itabe H, Kato R, Sawada N, Obama T, Yamamoto M. The Significance of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Body Fluids as a Marker Related to Diseased Conditions. Curr Med Chem 2019. [PMID: 29521196 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180307114855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is known to be involved in various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. The presence of oxLDL in the human circulatory system and in atherosclerotic lesions has been demonstrated using monoclonal antibodies. Studies have shown the significance of circulating oxLDL in various systemic diseases, including acute myocardial infarction and diabetic mellitus. Several different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures to measure oxLDL were utilized. Evidence has been accumulating that reveals changes in oxLDL levels under certain pathological conditions. Since oxLDL concentration tends to correlate with low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, the ratio of ox-LDL and LDL rather than oxLDL concentration alone has also been focused. In addition to circulating plasma, LDL and oxLDL are found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), where the ratio of oxLDL to LDL in GCF is much higher than in plasma. LDL and oxLDL levels in GCF show an increase in diabetic patients and periodontal patients, suggesting that GCF might be useful in examining systemic conditions. GCF oxLDL increased when the teeth were affected by periodontitis. It is likely that oxLDL levels in plasma and GCF could reflect oxidative stress and transfer efficacy in the circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Itabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Kato
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Sawada
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Obama
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Lopes-Virella MF, Virella G. Modified LDL Immune Complexes and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1680-1692. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180524114429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Modified forms of LDL, both spontaneously formed in the organism or prepared in the laboratory, are immunogenic. As a consequence, antigen-antibody complexes (immune complexes, IC) formed in vivo can be measured in the peripheral blood, and their levels are strong predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It has been possible to generate antibodies that recognize different LDL modifications, allowing the analysis of circulating IC constitution. Clinical studies showed that the antigenic constitution of the IC has a modulating effect on the development of CVD. Patients whose IC react strongly with antibodies to copper oxidized LDL (oxLDL) show progressive development of atherosclerosis as demonstrated by increased intima–media thickness and increased coronary calcification scores. In contrast, patients whose IC react strongly with antibodies to the heavily oxidized malondialdehyde LDL prepared in vitro (MDA-LDL) are at a high risk of acute vascular events, mainly myocardial infarction. In vitro studies have shown that while oxLDL IC induce both cell proliferation and mild to moderate macrophage apoptosis, MDA-LDL IC induce a more marked macrophage apoptosis but not cell proliferation. In addition, MDA-LDL IC induce the release of higher levels of matrix metalloproteinases and TNF than oxLDL IC. High levels of TNF are likely to be a major factor leading to apoptosis and high levels of metalloproteinases are likely to play a role in the thinning of the fibrous cap of the atheromatous plaque. The combination of apoptosis and fibrous cap thinning is a well-known characteristic of vulnerable plaques, which are more prone to rupture and responsible for the majority of acute cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Lopes-Virella
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph A. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Gabriel Virella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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37
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Abstract
There is now overwhelming experimental and clinical evidence that arteriosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Lessons learned from genome-wide association studies, advanced in vivo imaging techniques, transgenic lineage tracing mice models and clinical interventional studies have shown that both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms can accelerate or curb arteriosclerosis. This article summarizes and discusses the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis with a focus on the role of the adaptive immune system. Some limitations of animal models are discussed and the need for models that are tailored to better translate to human atherosclerosis and ultimately progress in prevention and treatment are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wolf
- Abteilung für Kardiologie und Angiologie I, Universitäts-Herzzentrum Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - K Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Cir, 92037, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Mohajeri M, Kovanen PT, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Cicero AFG, Sahebkar A. Mast cell tryptase - Marker and maker of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 199:91-110. [PMID: 30877022 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident cells, which have been proposed to participate in various inflammatory diseases, among them the cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). For mast cells to be able to contribute to an inflammatory process, they need to be activated to exocytose their cytoplasmic secretory granules. The granules contain a vast array of highly bioactive effector molecules, the neutral protease tryptase being the most abundant protein among them. The released tryptase may act locally in the inflamed cardiac or vascular tissue, so contributing directly to the pathogenesis of CVDs. Moreover, a fraction of the released tryptase reaches the systemic circulation, thereby serving as a biomarker of mast cell activation. Actually, increased levels of circulating tryptase have been found to associate with CVDs. Here we review the biological relevance of the circulating tryptase as a biomarker of mast cell activity in CVDs, with special emphasis on the relationship between activation of mast cells in their tissue microenvironments and the pathophysiological pathways of CVDs. Based on the available in vitro and in vivo studies, we highlight the potential molecular mechanisms by which tryptase may contribute to the pathogenesis of CVDs. Finally, the synthetic and natural inhibitors of tryptase are reviewed for their potential utility as therapeutic agents in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Crane ED, Al-Hashimi AA, Chen J, Lynn EG, Won KD, Lhoták Š, Naeim M, Platko K, Lebeau P, Byun JH, Shayegan B, Krepinsky JC, Rayner KJ, Marchiò S, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Austin RC. Anti-GRP78 autoantibodies induce endothelial cell activation and accelerate the development of atherosclerotic lesions. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99363. [PMID: 30568038 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is an ER molecular chaperone that aids in protein folding and secretion. However, pathological conditions that cause ER stress can promote the relocalization of GRP78 to the cell surface (csGRP78), where it acts as a signaling receptor to promote cancer progression. csGRP78 also possesses antigenic properties, leading to the production of anti-GRP78 autoantibodies, which contribute to tumor growth. In contrast, the presence and role of anti-GRP78 autoantibodies in atherosclerosis is unknown. Here, we show that atherosclerotic-prone ApoE-/- mice develop circulating anti-GRP78 autoantibodies that bind to csGRP78 on lesion-resident endothelial cells. Moreover, GRP78-immunized ApoE-/- mice exhibit a marked increase in circulating anti-GRP78 autoantibody titers that correlated with accelerated lesion growth. Mechanistically, engagement of anti-GRP78 autoantibodies with csGRP78 on human endothelial cells activated NF-κB, thereby inducing the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, a process blocked by NF-κB inhibitors. Disrupting the autoantibody/csGRP78 complex with enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, reduced the expression of adhesion molecules and attenuated lesion growth. In conclusion, anti-GRP78 autoantibodies play a crucial role in atherosclerosis development, and disruption of the interaction between anti-GRP78 autoantibodies and csGRP78 represents a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali A Al-Hashimi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | | | | | - Šárka Lhoták
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | - Magda Naeim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | | | - Paul Lebeau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | | | - Bobby Shayegan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Katey J Rayner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serena Marchiò
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, and
| | - Wadih Arap
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard C Austin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
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41
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Bouhajja H, Kacem FH, Abdelhedi R, Ncir M, Dimitrov JD, Marrakchi R, Jamoussi K, Rebai A, El Feki A, Abid M, Ayadi H, Kaveri SV, Mnif-Feki M, Bougacha-Elleuch N. Potential Predictive Role of Lipid Peroxidation Markers for Type 2 Diabetes in the Adult Tunisian Population. Can J Diabetes 2018; 42:263-271. [PMID: 28734952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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42
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Meier LA, Binstadt BA. The Contribution of Autoantibodies to Inflammatory Cardiovascular Pathology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:911. [PMID: 29755478 PMCID: PMC5934424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and resulting tissue damage underlie the vast majority of acquired cardiovascular disease (CVD), a general term encompassing a widely diverse array of conditions. Both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms contribute to chronic inflammation in CVD. Although maladies, such as atherosclerosis and cardiac fibrosis, are commonly conceptualized as disorders of inflammation, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that promote inflammation during the natural history of these diseases in human patients are not fully defined. Autoantibodies (AAbs) with specificity to self-derived epitopes accompany many forms of CVD in humans. Both adaptive/induced iAAbs (generated following cognate antigen encounter) and also autoantigen-reactive natural antibodies (produced independently of infection and in the absence of T cell help) have been demonstrated to modulate the natural history of multiple forms of CVD including atherosclerosis (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), dilated cardiomyopathy, and valvular heart disease. Despite the breadth of experimental evidence for the role of AAbs in CVD, there is a lack of consensus regarding their specific functions, primarily due to disparate conclusions reached, even when similar approaches and experimental models are used. In this review, we seek to summarize the current understanding of AAb function in CVD through critical assessment of the clinical and experimental evidence in this field. We additionally highlight the difficulty in translating observations made in animal models to human physiology and disease and provide a summary of unresolved questions that are critical to address in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Meier
- Center for Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bryce A Binstadt
- Center for Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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43
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Zeng L, Mathew AV, Byun J, Atkins KB, Brosius FC, Pennathur S. Myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants damage artery wall proteins in an animal model of chronic kidney disease-accelerated atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7238-7249. [PMID: 29581235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels and activity are associated with increased cardiovascular risk among individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, a lack of good animal models for examining the presence and catalytic activity of MPO in vascular lesions has impeded mechanistic studies into CKD-associated cardiovascular diseases. Here, we show for the first time that exaggerated atherosclerosis in a pathophysiologically relevant CKD mouse model is associated with increased macrophage-derived MPO activity. Male 7-week-old LDL receptor-deficient mice underwent sham (control mice) or 5/6 nephrectomy and were fed either a low-fat or high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 24 weeks, and the extents of atherosclerosis and vascular reactivity were assessed. MPO expression and oxidation products-protein-bound oxidized tyrosine moieties 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-nitrotyrosine, and o,o'-dityrosine-were examined with immunoassays and confirmed with mass spectrometry (MS). As anticipated, the CKD mice had significantly higher plasma creatinine, urea nitrogen, and intact parathyroid hormone along with lower hematocrit and body weight. On both the diet regimens, CKD mice did not have hypertension but had lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels than the control mice. Despite the lower cholesterol levels, CKD mice had increased aortic plaque areas, fibrosis, and luminal narrowing. They also exhibited increased MPO expression and activity (i.e. increased oxidized tyrosines) that co-localized with infiltrating lesional macrophages and diminished vascular reactivity. In summary, unlike non-CKD mouse models of atherosclerosis, CKD mice exhibit increased MPO expression and catalytic activity in atherosclerotic lesions, which co-localize with lesional macrophages. These results implicate macrophage-derived MPO in CKD-accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zeng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Anna V Mathew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Jaeman Byun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Kevin B Atkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Frank C Brosius
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105.
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Garoufi A, Marmarinos A, Vraila VM, Dimou S, Pagoni A, Vorre S, Paraskakis I, Gourgiotis D. Influence of hypercholesterolemia on serum antibodies against oxidized LDL in children and adolescents. Pediatr Int 2018; 60:287-293. [PMID: 29297961 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL; oxLDL) appears to play a key role in the early development of atherosclerosis. Increased serum antibodies against the oxLDL (anti-oxLDL antibodies) have been found in adults with atherosclerotic disease, as well as in healthy adults. The clinical significance and its precise role (atherogenic or atheroprotective), however, have not yet been clarified. This aim of this study was therefore to evaluate anti-oxLDL antibodies in healthy children and adolescents with and without hypercholesterolemia. METHODS The study involved 312 subjects, aged 4-18 years, 141 with LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥130 mg/dL and 171 with acceptable LDL-C (<110 mg/dL). Total anti-oxLDL antibodies, total cholesterol, LDL-C and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoproteins A1 and B, lipoprotein (a) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were measured in fasting serum. The anti-oxLDL antibodies were measured on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Anti-oxLDL antibodies were similar in the hypercholesterolemia and non-hypercholesterolemia groups. Girls had significantly higher anti-oxLDL antibodies compared with boys. There was no significant correlation of antibodies with age or body mass index. Increased apolipoprotein B was an important factor for lower anti-oxLDL antibodies, while all other parameters had no significant association with anti-oxLDL antibodies. CONCLUSION In children and adolescents with hypercholesterolemia, total anti-oxLDL antibodies cannot serve as a marker for risk for atherosclerosis or for future cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Garoufi
- Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Antonios Marmarinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Venetia-Maria Vraila
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Stamatina Dimou
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Athanasia Pagoni
- Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Styliani Vorre
- Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Irene Paraskakis
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gourgiotis
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, P & A Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Attica, Greece
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45
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Relationship of serum immunoglobulin levels to blood pressure and hypertension in an adult population. J Hum Hypertens 2018; 32:212-218. [PMID: 29416120 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-018-0029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests long-term chronic inflammation, as the pathological basis of formation and development, plays an important part in atherosclerosis. Immunoglobulins (Igs) provided key information on the humoral immune status. However, few studies have evaluated the correlation between Igs and hypertension and blood pressure (BP) in a general population. We designed a cross-sectional study to evaluate whether serum Ig levels are related to BP and the prevalence of hypertension. About 12,373 participants in Tianjin, China were recruited for this study. Hypertension was diagnosed according to the criteria of the JNC 7 and serum levels of Igs were determined by the immunonephelometric technique. Multiple logistic regression analysis and analysis of covariance were used to assess relationships between serum Ig concentrations and the prevalence of hypertension and BP. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 35.5%. The means (standard deviation) of immunoglobulins [immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin E (IgE), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin A (IgA)] were 1206.0 (249.0) mg/dL, 93.8 (235.4) IU/mL, 105.3 (56.8) mg/dL, and 236.7 (98.1) mg/dL, respectively. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of hypertension for the highest immunoglobulins (IgG, IgE, IgM, and IgA) quintile, when compared to the lowest quintile were 1.10 (0.96-1.26), 1.04 (0.91-1.19), 0.83 (0.72-0.96), and 1.32 (1.15-1.51), respectively. Decreased IgM and increased IgG and IgA were related to a higher prevalence of hypertension. IgM was negatively correlated with BP, while IgG and IgA were positively correlated with BP.
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46
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Immune complexes containing malondialdehyde (MDA) LDL induce apoptosis in human macrophages. Clin Immunol 2018; 187:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is initiated by cholesterol entry into arteries that triggers chronic immune-inflammatory lesions in the vessels. Early lesions are clinically insignificant but advanced complex lesions and vulnerable rupture prone lesions impact on quality of life and can be life threatening. Rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions initiates thrombotic occlusion of vital arteries precipitating heart attacks and strokes that remain major killers globally despite therapeutic use of statins to lower blood cholesterol levels. Conventional B2 cells are proatherogenic whereas peritoneal Bla cells are atheroprotective. Depletion of B2 cells by administration of mAb to CD20 or to BAFF receptor or in BAFF receptor-deficient mice ameliorates atherosclerosis. B2 cells may promote atherosclerosis by production of IgG, secretion of proinflammatory cytokine TNFα and activation of CD4 T cells. Together these B2 cell mechanisms contribute to generation of rupture-prone vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques characterised by large necrotic cores. In contrast, peritoneal Bla cells protect against atherosclerosis by secretion of natural IgM that scavenges apoptotic cells and oxidised LDL and reduces necrotic cores in atherosclerotic lesions. These atheroprotective effects can be further increased by stimulating Bla cells by administration of apoptotic cells, liposomes of phosphatidylserine abundant on surfaces of apoptotic cell, by mAb to TIM1, a phosphatidylserine receptor expressed by B1a cells and by TLR4-MyD88 activation. Experimental studies of atherosclerosis in mouse models indicate that reductions in atherogenic B2 cells and/or activation of atheroprotective B1a cells protects against atherosclerosis development, findings which have potential for clinical translation to reduce risks of deaths from heart attacks and strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- a Australia and Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Medicine , Southern Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia , and
| | - Peter Tipping
- b Department of Medicine , Southern Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia , and
| | - Alex Bobik
- a Australia and Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Victoria , Australia.,c Department of Immunology , Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Victoria , Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- b Department of Medicine , Southern Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia , and
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Vallejo J, Dunér P, Fredrikson GN, Nilsson J, Bengtsson E. Autoantibodies against aldehyde-modified collagen type IV are associated with risk of development of myocardial infarction. J Intern Med 2017; 282:496-507. [PMID: 28944562 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidation of LDL particles entrapped in the extracellular matrix of the arterial wall is a key factor in the development of atherosclerosis. Lipid oxidation products, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), react with surrounding extracellular matrix proteins and cause modifications that are recognized by the immune system. MDA modification of collagen type IV is increased in carotid lesions from symptomatic patients and correlates with autoantibodies against MDA-modified collagen type IV in plasma. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether autoantibodies against MDA-modified collagen type IV predict risk of development of myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS Plasma levels of MDA-modified collagen type IV IgM and IgG antibodies were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 385 subjects with incident MI during 13 years of follow-up and 410 age- and sex-matched controls in the Malmö Diet and Cancer study. RESULTS MDA-modified collagen type IV IgG levels were higher in cases with incident MI than in controls. Subjects in the highest tertile of MDA-modified collagen type IV IgG had an increased risk of MI (hazard ratio 1.56, 95% confidence interval 1.22-2.00, P for trend 0.0004). This association remained significant after adjusting for factors included in the Framingham risk score and diabetes. High levels of MDA-collagen type IV IgG were associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness and elevated plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase 10 and 12. CONCLUSIONS Immune responses against MDA-modified collagen type IV are associated with more severe carotid disease and increased risk of MI. These immune responses may reflect LDL oxidation in the artery wall, but could also affect the atherosclerotic disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vallejo
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - P Dunér
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - G N Fredrikson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - E Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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49
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Kovanen PT, Bot I. Mast cells in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – Activators and actions. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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50
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Lehti S, Nguyen SD, Belevich I, Vihinen H, Heikkilä HM, Soliymani R, Käkelä R, Saksi J, Jauhiainen M, Grabowski GA, Kummu O, Hörkkö S, Baumann M, Lindsberg PJ, Jokitalo E, Kovanen PT, Öörni K. Extracellular Lipids Accumulate in Human Carotid Arteries as Distinct Three-Dimensional Structures and Have Proinflammatory Properties. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:525-538. [PMID: 29154769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid accumulation is a key characteristic of advancing atherosclerotic lesions. Herein, we analyzed the ultrastructure of the accumulated lipids in endarterectomized human carotid atherosclerotic plaques using three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy, a method never used in this context before. 3D electron microscopy revealed intracellular lipid droplets and extracellular lipoprotein particles. Most of the particles were aggregated, and some connected to needle-shaped or sheet-like cholesterol crystals. Proteomic analysis of isolated extracellular lipoprotein particles revealed that apolipoprotein B is their main protein component, indicating their origin from low-density lipoprotein, intermediate-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, lipoprotein (a), or chylomicron remnants. The particles also contained small exchangeable apolipoproteins, complement components, and immunoglobulins. Lipidomic analysis revealed differences between plasma lipoproteins and the particles, thereby indicating involvement of lipolytic enzymes in their generation. Incubation of human monocyte-derived macrophages with the isolated extracellular lipoprotein particles or with plasma lipoproteins that had been lipolytically modified in vitro induced intracellular lipid accumulation and triggered inflammasome activation in them. Taken together, extracellular lipids accumulate in human carotid plaques as distinct 3D structures that include aggregated and fused lipoprotein particles and cholesterol crystals. The particles originate from plasma lipoproteins, show signs of lipolytic modifications, and associate with cholesterol crystals. By inducing intracellular cholesterol accumulation (ie, foam cell formation) and inflammasome activation, the extracellular lipoprotein particles may actively enhance atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Lehti
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Su D Nguyen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna M Heikkilä
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Medicum-Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani Saksi
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gregory A Grabowski
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Wellesley, Massachusetts
| | - Outi Kummu
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sohvi Hörkkö
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center and Nordlab Oulu, University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marc Baumann
- Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Medicum-Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Perttu J Lindsberg
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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