1
|
Praveen EP, Chouhan S, Sahoo J, Goel SK, Dwivedi SN, Khurana ML, Kulshreshtha B, Ammini AC. Effect of Different Insulin Response Patterns During Oral Glucose Tolerance Test on Glycemia in Individuals with Normal Glucose Tolerance. Diabetes Technol Ther 2016; 18:316-26. [PMID: 26886065 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2015.0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research is still going on for detecting the earliest glucose homeostasis derangements in individuals, which is crucial for the prevention of glucose intolerance. This cross-sectional study analyzes different insulin response patterns during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and their implications on glycemia in normoglycemic individuals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The sample frame was the "Offspring of Individuals with Diabetes Study" database. All participants underwent OGTT. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min for measurement of insulin, C-peptide, and proinsulin levels. Normal glucose tolerant individuals were selected for analysis. RESULTS Four hundred fifty subjects (mean age, 25 years) were included and divided into two groups according to timing of plasma insulin peaking during OGTT: Group 1, peaking at 30 min; and Group 2, peaking at 60 or 120 min. Body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance were comparable between the groups; however, Group 2 showed a significantly higher 60- and 120-min glucose level and lower disposition index. Based on the magnitude of the insulin levels, Group 1 was subdivided into Group N (normal pattern) and Group E (exaggerated pattern) with a 30-min insulin cutoff of 74 μU/mL (Group E, ≥74 μU/mL). Group 2 was subdivided into Group DL (delayed and limited pattern; 60-min insulin <73.0 μU/mL and 120-min insulin <80.0 μU/mL) and Group DE (delayed and exaggerated pattern; 60-min insulin ≥73.0 μU/mL or 120-min insulin ≥80.0 μU/mL). Group DE showed a significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) of glucose compared with the other groups and had a lower disposition index and high-density lipoprotein levels. Group DL had significantly lower insulin resistance and BMI compared with Group E but showed a similar AUC of glucose. CONCLUSIONS A delayed insulin pattern was associated with higher postprandial glucose levels. Individuals with delayed and exaggerated insulin secretion may have a higher risk for glucose intolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Chouhan
- 2 Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Jayaprakash Sahoo
- 3 Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research , Puducherry, India
| | - Sudhir K Goel
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sada Nand Dwivedi
- 4 Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Madan Lal Khurana
- 5 Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Bindu Kulshreshtha
- 6 Department of Endocrinology, Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital , New Delhi, India
| | - Ariachery C Ammini
- 5 Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gomes PM, Andrade RCGD, Figueiredo RCD, Pace AE, Dal Fabbro AL, Franco LJ, Foss MC, Foss-Freitas MC. Cardiovascular risk in Japanese-Brazilian subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 56:608-13. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302012000900002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Japanese-Brazilian subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred thirty-one residents of the Mombuca community were studied. Statistical analysis was based on the X² test, Fisher's Exact test, Student's t test, and ANOVA, at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: The average age was 56.7 years-old; 76.3% had dyslipidemia, 24.4% pre-diabetes (PDM), 10.7% type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 46.6% hypertension, 52.7% abdominal obesity, and 35.8% metabolic syndrome (MS). There were significant correlations between HOMA-IR and MS diagnosis and obesity, while HOMA-β levels were decreased in T2DM and PDM. The ankle-brachial index was positive for peripheral artery disease in 22.3% of the individuals. Electrocardiograms did not show increased evidence of myocardial ischemia. CONCLUSION: Subjects of this community are exposed to major cardiovascular risk factors, namely high prevalence of MS diagnoses and increased HOMA-IR. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(9):608-13
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumpula LS, Mäkelä SM, Mäkinen VP, Karjalainen A, Liinamaa JM, Kaski K, Savolainen MJ, Hannuksela ML, Ala-Korpela M. Characterization of metabolic interrelationships and in silico phenotyping of lipoprotein particles using self-organizing maps. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:431-9. [PMID: 19734566 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma lipid concentrations cannot properly account for the complex interactions prevailing in lipoprotein (patho)physiology. Sequential ultracentrifugation (UCF) is the gold standard for physical lipoprotein isolations allowing for subsequent analyses of the molecular composition of the particles. Due to labor and cost issues, however, the UCF-based isolations are usually done only for VLDL, LDL, and HDL fractions; sometimes with the addition of intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) particles and the fractionation of HDL into HDL(2) and HDL(3) (as done here; n = 302). We demonstrate via these data, with the lipoprotein lipid concentration and composition information combined, that the self-organizing map (SOM) analysis reveals a novel data-driven in silico phenotyping of lipoprotein metabolism beyond the experimentally available classifications. The SOM-based findings are biologically consistent with several well-known metabolic characteristics and also explain some apparent contradictions. The novelty is the inherent emergence of complex lipoprotein associations; e.g., the metabolic subgrouping of the associations between plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations and the structural subtypes of LDL particles. Importantly, lipoprotein concentrations cannot pinpoint lipoprotein phenotypes. It would generally be beneficial to computationally enhance the UCF-based lipoprotein data as illustrated here. Particularly, the compositional variations within the lipoprotein particles appear to be a fundamental issue with metabolic and clinical corollaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Kumpula
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Figueiredo RCD, Franco LJ, Andrade RCGD, Foss-Freitas MC, Pace AE, Dal Fabbro AL, Foss MC. Obesidade e sua relação com fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em uma população nipo-brasileira. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 52:1474-81. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302008000900011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Descrever associações entre excesso de peso e obesidade abdominal com fatores de risco cardiovascular na população nipo-brasileira de Mombuca, Guatapará, SP. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 131 indivíduos com descendência japonesa (69,2% da primeira e 30,8% da segunda geração), com idade > 20 anos, correspondendo a 66,8% da população residente dessa faixa etária. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários padronizados e foram realizados exames clínicos e laboratoriais. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 29,6% entre os homens e de 25,6% entre as mulheres e a de obesidade foi de 46,3% entre os homens e de 39,0% entre as mulheres. Entre os homens a prevalência de obesidade abdominal foi de 55,6% e entre as mulheres de 20,8%. O índice de massa corpórea foi associado independentemente com triglicérides, circunferência abdominal e idade; a pressão arterial sistólica com a circunferência abdominal. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo enfatiza a necessidade de medidas de intervenção para a prevenção da obesidade na população nipo-brasileira de Mombuca.
Collapse
|
5
|
Noto D, Rizzo M, Barbagallo CM, Cefalù AB, Verde AL, Fayer F, Notarbartolo A, Averna MR. Low-density lipoproteins generated during an oral fat load in mild hypertriglyceridemic and healthy subjects are smaller, denser, and have an increased low-density lipoprotein receptor binding affinity. Metabolism 2006; 55:1308-16. [PMID: 16979400 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins generated during the postprandial phase are atherogenic. Large very low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) or chylomicrons (CMs) are not as atherogenic as their remnants (Rem). Small and dense LDLs are associated with cardiovascular disease. Low-density lipoprotein size is partly under genetic control and is considered as a relatively stable LDL feature. In this article, we present data on retinyl palmitate kinetics correlated with the modification of LDL features in terms of size, density, and in vitro receptor binding affinity after an oral fat load. Six nondiabetic, hypertriglyceridemic (HTG) patients and 6 healthy controls were examined. Low-density lipoprotein size was assessed by gradient gel electrophoresis, and LDL density by density gradient ultracentrifugation. Low-density lipoprotein binding affinity was tested by in vitro competition binding assay on normal human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) and hepatoma cells (HepG2). Kinetic parameters were estimated in CM and Rem fractions by compartmental modeling. Hypertriglyceridemic patients showed significantly higher triglyceride area and a slower CM fractional catabolic rate. Postprandial LDL density increased both in HTG patients and in the control group with a significant difference between groups at 6 hours. Fasting LDL size was lower in HTG patients vs controls but decreased similarly in the postprandial phase. Low-density lipoprotein size and density postprandial modifications were not correlated with any investigated parameter. Postprandial LDLs were internalized more efficiently by HSF than baseline LDL only in the HTG group. In conclusion, postprandial LDLs are smaller and denser compared with fasting LDLs after an oral fat load. Postprandial LDLs also slightly increased their affinity to the HSF cell receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Noto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Williams PT. Relationship of adiposity to the population distribution of plasma triglyceride concentrations in vigorously active men and women. Atherosclerosis 2004; 174:363-71. [PMID: 15136068 PMCID: PMC2825217 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Revised: 01/06/2004] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that triglyceride concentrations increase with adiposity, whether the same increase applies for different percentiles of the triglyceride distribution has not been reported. Therefore, physician-supplied triglyceride concentrations from 7288 male and 2326 female runners were divided into strata according to the body mass index (BMI) and circumferences of the waist, hip and chest. The percentiles of the triglyceride distribution within each stratum were used to determine the cross-sectional regression slope between adiposity and triglyceride levels at each triglyceride percentile. Compared to the 5th percentile of the triglyceride distribution, the rise in men's triglycerides at the 95th percentile per unit of adiposity was 14-fold greater for BMI, 7.8-fold greater for waist circumference, 3.6-fold greater for hip circumference, and 4.4-fold greater for chest circumference. The rise in women's triglyceride concentrations at the 95th percentile was 8-fold greater than at the 5th percentile for each kg/m(2) increase in BMI. These results suggest that the metabolic effects of adiposity on plasma triglycerides depend upon whether the concentrations are high or low. This contradicts statistical assumptions upon which prior studies of adiposity have based their analyses. We speculate that the reported greater increases in triglycerides per unit of adiposity in whites than blacks, in men than women, and in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) pattern B than A are all consistent with the relationships we observe. It remains to be verified whether these relationship also apply to less active populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Williams
- Donner Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cercato C, Mancini MC, Arguello AMC, Passos VQ, Villares SMF, Halpern A. Systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia in relation to body mass index: evaluation of a Brazilian population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:113-8. [PMID: 15286830 DOI: 10.1590/s0041-87812004000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia in a Brazilian population in relation to body mass index. METHOD: Retrospective evaluation of 1213 adults (mean age: 45.2 ± 12.8; 80.6% females) divided into groups according to body mass index [normal (18.5 - 24.4 kg/m²); overweight (25 - 29.9 kg/m²); grade 1 obesity (30 - 34.9 kg/m²); grade 2 obesity (35 - 39.9 kg/m²), and grade 3 obesity (> 40 kg/m²)]. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia were analyzed in each group. The severity of cardiovascular risk was determined. High-risk patients were considered those reporting 2 or more of the following factors: systemic hypertension, HDL < 35 mg/dL, total cholesterol > 240 mg/dL, triglycerides > 200 mg/dL when HDL < 35 mg/dL, and glycemia > 126 mg/dL. Moderate-risk patients were those reporting 2 or more of the following factors: systemic hypertension, HDL < 45, triglycerides > 200 mg/dL, and total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL. RESULTS: The prevalence of systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-cholesterol levels increased along with weight, but the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia did not. The odds ratio adjusted for gender and age, according to grade of obesity compared with patients with normal weight were respectively 5.9, 8.6, and 14.8 for systemic hypertension, 3.8, 5.8, and 9.2 for diabetes mellitus and 1.2, 1.3, and 2.6 for hypertriglyceridemia. We also verified that body mass index was positively related to cardiovascular high risk (P < .001) CONCLUSION: In our population, cardiovascular risk increased along with body mass index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Cercato
- Obesity and Metabolic Diseases Group, Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sattler FR, Schroeder ET, Dube MP, Jaque SV, Martinez C, Blanche PJ, Azen S, Krauss RM. Metabolic effects of nandrolone decanoate and resistance training in men with HIV. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 283:E1214-22. [PMID: 12388173 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00189.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirty human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men were randomized to a high dose of nandrolone decanoate weekly (group 1) or nandrolone plus resistance training (group 2) for 12 wk. For the two groups, nandrolone had no significant effects on total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, LDL phenotype, or fasting triglycerides, although triglycerides decreased by 66 +/- 124 mg/dl for the entire population (P = 0.01). Group 2 subjects had a favorable increase of 5.2 +/- 7.7A in LDL particle size (P = 0.03), whereas there was no change in group 1. Lipoprotein(a) decreased by 7.3 +/- 6.8 mg/dl for group 1 (P = 0.002) and by 6.9 +/- 8.1 for group 2 (P = 0.013). However, HDL cholesterol decreased by 8.7 +/- 7.4 mg/dl for group 1 (P < 0.001) and by 10.6 +/- 5.9 for group 2 (P < 0.001). Percentages of HDL(2b) (9.7-12 nm) and HDL(2a) (8.8-9.7 nm) subfractions decreased similarly for the two groups, whereas HDL(3a) (8.2-8.8 nm) and HDL(3b) (7.8-8.2 nm) increased in the groups during study therapy (P < or = 0.02 for all comparisons). There was no evidence of a decreased insulin sensitivity in either group, whereas fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment improved in group 2 (P < 0.05). These metabolic effects were favorable (other than for HDL), but changes were generally transient (except for HDL in group 2), with measurements returning to baseline 2 mo after the interventions were completed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred R Sattler
- Departments of Medicine, Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, and of Biometry, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kang HS, Gutin B, Barbeau P, Litaker MS, Allison J, Le NA. Low-density lipoprotein particle size, central obesity, cardiovascular fitness, and insulin resistance syndrome markers in obese youths. Int J Obes (Lond) 2002; 26:1030-5. [PMID: 12119567 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2001] [Revised: 01/31/2002] [Accepted: 03/13/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE (1) To determine the prevalence of small dense low-density lipoprotein (SDLDL) particles in obese youths and (2) to compare youths with SDLDL and large buoyant LDL (LBLDL) subclass phenotypes in total body and abdominal fatness, cardiovascular (CV) fitness, and markers of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). DESIGN For group comparisons, subjects were dichotomized into either SDLDL phenotype group or LBDL phenotype group based on LDL particle size. SUBJECTS Obese 13 to 16-y-olds (n=80) who had a triceps skinfold greater than the 85th percentile for gender, ethnicity, and age. MEASUREMENTS LDL particle size, plasma lipids and lipoprotein concentrations, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, and blood pressures; percentage body fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT); VO(2) at a heart rate of 170 bpm as an index of CV fitness. RESULTS The prevalence of the SDLDL phenotype was 54% among the 80 obese youths. Although overall body fatness (ie BMI and percentage body fat) and CV fitness were similar between the two LDL phenotype groups, the SDLDL phenotype group had significantly higher weight, waist circumference and VAT than the LBLDL phenotype group. With respect to the IRS markers, youths with the SDLDL phenotype had significantly higher triacylglycerol (TAG), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLC), apolipoprotein B (apo B), and total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio (TC/HDLC) than youths with the LBLDL phenotype. LDL particle size as a continuous variable was significantly correlated with TAG, VLDLC, apo B, HDLC, and TC/HDLC. Plasma TAG and HDLC concentrations were independent predictors of LDL particle size. CONCLUSION (1) The SDLDL phenotype was common in obese youths and (2) the relationships of LDL particle size with several of the IRS markers suggested that already in adolescence the expression of the SDLDL phenotype might be an important risk factor for future coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H-S Kang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-3710, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bakris GL, Smith AC, Richardson DJ, Hung E, Preston R, Goldberg R, Epstein M. Impact of an ACE inhibitor and calcium antagonist on microalbuminuria and lipid subfractions in type 2 diabetes: a randomised, multi-centre pilot study. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16:185-91. [PMID: 11896508 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2001] [Revised: 08/05/2001] [Accepted: 10/04/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalbuminuria (MA) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and lipid abnormalities in people with type 2 diabetes. ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) reduce MA and are neutral on total cholesterol and triglycerides. The effect of ACE inhibitors and CCBs on lipid subfractions such as Lp(a), apolipoprotein (apo) A1, apo B, and others, however, is unclear. The current study tests the hypothesis that a fixed-dose combination of an ACE inhibitor, benazepril (B) with the dihydropyridine CCB, amlodipine (A), will further reduce arterial pressure and reduce atherogenic lipid fractions compared to either agent alone. DESIGN A multicentre, randomised, open-label, parallel group design was used to study 27 participants with type 2 diabetes. Measurements for total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL), triglycerides, apo A1, apo B, Lp(a), MA, arterial pressure and creatinine clearance were obtained at baseline and at 12-week intervals during the 36 week study. RESULTS Arterial pressure was significantly reduced at 36 weeks in all three groups (P = 0.0078 for A, P = 0.0039 for B, and P = 0.0313 for A+B). MA was lowered in all groups with relatively greater reductions in the B (P < 0.05) and A+B groups (P < 0.03) vs A. An increase in mean HDL-cholesterol from baseline was noted in the B and A+B groups; P < 0.05), but not in the A group. A trend was also observed between the rise in HDL-cholesterol and the reduction in MA in the B and A+B groups. Additionally, only the B group exhibited a decrease in the median value of Lp(a) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data support the concept that ACE inhibition with B reduces the atherogenic profile by decreasing Lp(a) and increasing HDL-cholesterol, the latter being correlated with reductions in MA. While A+B exhibited similar trends in lipid subfractions and MA as B, this group had the greatest reduction in systolic blood pressure of the three groups. Thus, use of A+B offers the benefits of a decreased atherogenic profile with a higher probably of achieving goal blood pressure as recommended by national guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G L Bakris
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush Hypertension/Clinical Research Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hirano T, Kazumi T, Yoshino G. Long-term efficacy of bezafibrate in reduction of small, dense low-density lipoprotein by hypotriglyceridemic action. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-393x(00)80010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
12
|
Abstract
Given a specific research interest in human fatty acid metabolism, this article focuses primarily on the evidence surrounding the hypothesis that dysregulation of the fuel release function of fat cells (lipolysis) is an important contributing factor to the health hazards of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Sheehan
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maki KC, Davidson MH, Cyrowski MS, Maki AC, Marx P. Low-density lipoprotein subclass distribution pattern and adiposity-associated dyslipidemia in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; 19:23-30. [PMID: 10682872 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A predominance of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (subclass pattern B) is associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease and is characterized by elevated triglycerides and depressed high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations. The present analysis was undertaken to assess the impact of LDL subclass distribution pattern and adiposity on serum lipids in postmenopausal women. METHODS Anthropometric measurements and fasting lipid data were obtained from 254 postmenopausal women 70 years of age or younger, not receiving sex hormone replacement, who were participating in a clinical trial designed to assess the influence of hormone replacement regimens on coronary heart disease risk markers. RESULTS The prevalence of LDL subclass pattern B was 32%. Triglyceride levels were higher and HDL cholesterol lower (both p<0.001) in women with pattern B vs. pattern A, but total and LDL cholesterol levels did not differ. LDL subclass pattern contributed independently to the variance in HDL cholesterol (p<0.001) and log(e) triglyceride (p<0.001) concentrations explained by anthropometric variables (waist circumference or body mass index). Compared to women with LDL subclass pattern A and waist circumference below the median value of 83.0 centimeters, those with pattern B and waist > or =83.0 centimeters had markedly lower HDL cholesterol levels [44.0 (41.6-47.4) vs. 57.2 (54.1-60.3) mg/dL, mean (95% CI)] and increased triglyceride concentrations [geometric mean 147.8 (131.6-165.7) vs. 95.4 (88.2-102.5) mg/dL]. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that adiposity and LDL subclass distribution pattern are independent determinants of plasma triglyceride and HDL cholesterol concentrations in postmenopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Maki
- Chicago Center for Clinical Research, Illinois 60610, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cercato C, Silva S, Sato A, Mancini M, Halpern A. Risco cardiovascular em uma população de obesos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302000000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Os riscos cardiovasculares associados à obesidade crescem com o índice de massa corporal (IMC). Este estudo teve por objetivos verificar a correlação entre IMC e a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular em uma população de obesos do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HC-FMUSP), e verificar a agregação de fatores de risco em quartis de acordo com o IMC. Foram estudados 474 indivíduos obesos (86,9% do sexo feminino e 13,1% do sexo masculino). Dividimos esta população em quartis de acordo com o IMC e avaliamos a presença de hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus e dislipidemia em cada quartil. Estratificamos os pacientes de cada quartil em alto, moderado e baixo risco cardiovascular pelos critérios do National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Fizeram parte do primeiro quartil aqueles com IMC de 30 a 33,99kg/m², e do segundo, terceiro e último quartil, respectivamente aqueles com IMC igual a 34 a 37,19kg/m²,37,2 a 41,77kg/m² e 41,78 a 79,8kg/m². Houve nítido aumento de hipertensão, diabetes e hipertrigliceridemia com o aumento do IMC, o que não foi observado com os níveis de colesterol. A proporção de indivíduos com risco moderado e alto cresceu com o aumento do IMC. Em nossa população de obesos observou-se aumento do risco cardiovascular com o aumento do IMC.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Correlations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) predominant particle diameters (PPD) were investigated in samples taken from the San Antonio Family Heart Study. A frequency histogram showed LDL PPD occurs in at least two distinct modes, at about 25.5 and 26.9 nm, with the nadir at about 26.2 nm. Triglyceride (TG) concentrations were strongly correlated with LDL PPD, accounting for nearly 50% of the variation. However, examination of the relationship between TG concentrations and LDL PPD showed considerable overlap of the two LDL size categories for samples having intermediate levels of TG (1-3 mmol/l). In order to examine the factors associated with particle size variation within this region of overlap, 163 pairs of samples, which contrasted peak particle diameters, were matched for TG concentrations and for sex and age. In this matched set, LDL-related measures (i.e. LDL-C, apoB, apoE, and TG concentrations) did not differ. However, several high-density lipoprotein (HDL) measures were significantly related to the LDL particle size category. This category predicted a substantial proportion of variation in HDL-C (9.7%) and apoAI (7.5%) concentrations, and in HDL size distributions of cholesterol (13.6%) and apoAI (10.3%). Other traits related to insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) (glucose and insulin concentrations, blood pressure, and adiposity measures) were tested for association with the LDL size category. None of these traits were related to LDL size after adjusting for TG, except fasting and postchallenge glucose concentrations which showed modest correlations (P-values were 0.02 and 0.05, respectively). The data suggest that in addition to the strong effects of TG, there is also an aspect of LDL particle size variation that is strongly associated with variation in HDL concentration and particle size distribution, perhaps reflecting common metabolic determinants of lipoprotein size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Rainwater
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leroux G, Lemieux I, Lamarche B, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Lupien PJ, Després JP. Influence of triglyceride concentration on the relationship between lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B and A-I levels. Metabolism 2000; 49:53-61. [PMID: 10647064 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(00)90688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sample of 2,103 men aged 47 to 76 years from the Québec Cardiovascular Study cohort was examined to quantify the influence of plasma triglyceride (TG) levels on the relationship between plasma lipoprotein cholesterol and either apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) or apo B concentrations. Regression analyses between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apo A-I through TG tertiles showed highly significant correlations (.62 < or = r < or = .75, P < .0001) in all TG tertiles between these 2 variables. The associations for plasma apo B versus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-HDL-C levels were also studied on the basis of TG concentrations, and correlation coefficients between either LDL-C or non-HDL-C and apo B were essentially similar among TG tertiles (.78 < or = r < or = .85 and .83 < or = r < or = .86 for LDL-C and non-HDL-C, respectively, P < .0001). Regression analyses also showed that lower HDL-C levels were found for any given apo A-I concentration among men in the 2 upper TG tertiles, whereas lower LDL-C concentrations were observed at any given apo B level among subjects in the upper TG tertile. We further investigated whether there were synergistic alterations in the HDL-C/apo A-I and LDL-C/apo B ratios as a function of increasing plasma TG. A significant association was noted between these 2 ratios (r = .37; P < .0001). Mean HDL-C/apo A-I and LDL-C/apo B ratios were then calculated across quintiles of plasma TG concentrations. Increased TG concentrations were first associated with a reduced HDL-C/apo A-I ratio, followed by a decreased LDL-C/apo B ratio. These results suggest that a relatively modest increase in TG may rapidly alter the relative cholesterol content of HDL particles. Finally, the cholesterol content of the non-HDL fraction appears to be influenced less by TG levels than HDL-C and LDL-C fractions. Thus, the plasma apo B-containing lipoprotein cholesterol level may provide a better index of number of atherogenic particles than the LDL-C concentration, particularly in the presence of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Leroux
- Lipid Research Center, Laval University Medical Research Center, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guerci B, Antebi H, Meyer L, Durlach V, Ziegler O, Nicolas JP, Alcindor LG, Drouin P. Increased Ability of LDL from Normolipidemic Type 2 Diabetic Women to Generate Peroxides. Clin Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/45.9.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: We assessed the ability of LDL from 30 type 1 diabetic patients (18 men, 12 women), 65 type 2 diabetic patients (35 men, 30 women), and 35 controls (19 men, 16 women) to generate peroxides. The men and women in the diabetic groups were studied separately and matched for age, body mass index, duration of diabetes, glycohemoglobin, and conventional lipid characteristics according to the presence or absence of hyperlipidemia.Methods: The ability of LDL to form peroxides was assessed by measuring the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances corrected for LDL-cholesterol [ratio of malondialdehyde (MDA) to LDL-cholesterol]. LDL particle size was expressed as the ratio of LDL-cholesterol to apolipoprotein B (LDL-cholesterol/apoB).Results: The MDA/LDL-cholesterol ratio was higher in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia than in controls. The MDA/LDL-cholesterol ratio was also higher in type 2 normolipidemic women than in controls (P <0.01). The LDL-cholesterol/apoB ratio was lower in type 2 diabetic women than in type 2 diabetic men (P <0.05). The MDA/LDL-cholesterol ratio was negatively correlated with the LDL-cholesterol/apoB ratio (r = −0.78, P <0.001) in hyperlipidemic type 1 (not type 2) diabetic patients. In normolipidemic type 2 diabetic patients, the MDA/LDL-cholesterol ratio was also negatively correlated with the LDL-cholesterol/apoB ratio (r = −0.75, P <0.001) because of the highly significant negative correlation in type 2 diabetic women (r = −0.89, P <0.01).Conclusions: LDL from well-controlled type 2 diabetic women is smaller and more prone to form peroxides. This could explain why diabetic women are at greater risk of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Guerci
- Service de Diabétologie, Nutrition et Maladies Métaboliques, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nancy-Hôpital Jeanne d’Arc, 54201 Toul cedex B.P. 303, France
| | - Helena Antebi
- Département de Biochimie, UFR des Saints-Pères, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ouest, Université René Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Meyer
- Service de Diabétologie, Nutrition et Maladies Métaboliques, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nancy-Hôpital Jeanne d’Arc, 54201 Toul cedex B.P. 303, France
| | - Vincent Durlach
- Clinique Médicale, Unité 62, Hôpital Robert Debré, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Reims, Rue Alexis Carrel, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Olivier Ziegler
- Service de Diabétologie, Nutrition et Maladies Métaboliques, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nancy-Hôpital Jeanne d’Arc, 54201 Toul cedex B.P. 303, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Nicolas
- Biochimie A, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nancy-Hôpital de Brabois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France
| | - Louis-Gerald Alcindor
- Département de Biochimie, UFR des Saints-Pères, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ouest, Université René Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Drouin
- Service de Diabétologie, Nutrition et Maladies Métaboliques, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nancy-Hôpital Jeanne d’Arc, 54201 Toul cedex B.P. 303, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hirano T, Oi K, Sakai S, Kashiwazaki K, Adachi M, Yoshino G. High prevalence of small dense LDL in diabetic nephropathy is not directly associated with kidney damage: a possible role of postprandial lipemia. Atherosclerosis 1998; 141:77-85. [PMID: 9863540 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether high prevalence of small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) with nephropathy is directly associated with kidney damage, we measured LDL particle size by non-denaturing 2-16% gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in non-diabetic patients with primary renal disease and compared the results to particle size in NIDDM patients with diabetic nephropathy. The average LDL particle diameter was significantly smaller in patients with diabetic nephropathy (245+/-3 A mean +/- SEM) compared to the controls (263+/-1 A), diabetics without nephropathy (257+/-2 A), patients with primary renal disease (254+/-2 A) or non-diabetic patients treated with hemodialysis (HD) (260+/-1 A). The incidence of small LDL (mean diameter is < or =255 A) was remarkably increased in diabetic nephropathy (67%) compared to diabetes without nephropathy (27%), patients with renal disease (24%), HD patients (15%) and controls (10%). LDL size in patients with primary renal disease was significantly smaller than those in controls. However, because there was an excellent correlation between LDL size and plasma triglyceride (TG) levels, when hypertriglyceridemic subjects (TG >1.7 mM) were excluded, no difference of LDL size was observed between the renal disease group (260+/-2 A) and the control group (264+/-1 A). On the other hand, even when hypertriglyceridemic subjects were excluded, LDL size was still smaller in diabetic nephropathy (250+/-4 A). We performed an oral fat load test in normotriglyceridemic subjects (fasting TG <1.7 mM) of control, diabetes with and without nephropathy and primary renal disease. The TG responses in plasma and TG-rich-lipoprotein (TRL) (d <1.006) after the oral fat load were significantly greater in NIDDMs with nephropathy compared to controls or NIDDMs without nephropathy, while such a marked postprandial lipemia was not observed in patients with primary renal disease. In these fasting normotriglyceridemic subjects, LDL size was significantly inversely correlated with postprandial TG responses, which is totally independent from fasting TG levels. These results suggest that high prevalence of small dense LDL in NIDDM patients with nephropathy is not directly associated with kidney damage. Postprandial lipemia may play an important role in reducing LDL particle size in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hirano
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Okumura K, Matsui H, Kawakami K, Morishima I, Numaguchi Y, Murase K, Toki Y, Ito T. Modulation of LDL particle size after an oral glucose load is associated with insulin levels. Clin Chim Acta 1998; 276:143-55. [PMID: 9764732 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(98)00108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with a predominance of small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles appear to be at increased risk for coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the LDL particle size was modulated in response to a 75-g oral glucose load. Overall, there were no significant changes in the LDL particle size after glucose load. However, the difference in LDL particle size (deltaLDL size) between the fasting and 2-h post-load states was inversely correlated with the fasting LDL particle size. Also, deltaLDL size was positively correlated with BMI and the post-load glucose levels. Forward stepwise regression analysis revealed three parameters as independent factors capable of modulating LDL particle size: BMI, fasting insulin, and post-load glucose levels. After adjustment for BMI and glucose levels, the levels of fasting and 2-h post-load insulin remain independent determinants of deltaLDL size. These results suggest that plasma insulin levels during glucose load modulate LDL particle size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Okumura
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yoshida H, Ishikawa T, Ayaori M, Shige H, Ito T, Suzukawa M, Nakamura H. Beneficial effect of gemfibrozil on the chemical composition and oxidative susceptibility of low density lipoprotein: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Atherosclerosis 1998; 139:179-87. [PMID: 9699906 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that administration of fibrates can reduce coronary events and also improve plasma lipid levels. Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and the resistance of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to in vitro oxidation has been found to be correlated with the extent of atherosclerosis. We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial to establish whether gemfibrozil could improve resistance of LDL to oxidation in patients with hyperlipidemia. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with gemfibrozil (450 mg, twice a day, n = 10) or placebo (n = 9) for 8 weeks. Blood samples were obtained after an overnight (12 h) fast. Gemfibrozil administration significantly reduced total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels and changed the LDL from small, dense particles (pattern B, < or = 25.5 nm) to larger, more buoyant particles (pattern A, > 25.5 nm). Gemfibrozil significantly increased the lag time of LDL oxidation in vitro by 18.2% from 45.5 +/- 8.0 min at week 0 to 53.4 +/- 11.4 min at week 8, but did not change LDL vitamin E and beta-carotene concentrations. Surprisingly, gemfibrozil significantly decreased LDL lipid peroxides by -33.1% and increased the LDL vitamin E/lipid peroxide ratio by 67.6% from 1.3 +/- 0.5 at week 0 to 2.1 +/- 0.9 at week 8. These results demonstrate that gemfibrozil treatment can render LDL less susceptible to oxidative modification while reducing plasma cholesterol and triglyceride and improving LDL subclass pattern. This antioxidative effect of gemfibrozil on LDL may be one of the factors which could delay the progression of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Yoshida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
PURPOSE Parenthood for men and women has been associated with longevity, good physical health, and a deterrent effect on negative health behaviors which may affect subsequent mortality. However, decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels have been reported in women with greater numbers of pregnancies. Similar studies have not been reported in men. The present study examines the association of number of biological and nonbiological children with lipid and lipoprotein levels in men. METHODS Subjects included 1039 community-dwelling men aged 50-89 years. A standardized interview was used to obtain information on numbers of biological, adopted and stepchildren. Fasting total HDL, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured. RESULTS Men with five or more biological children were more obese than men without biological children. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and exercise did not vary in relation to the number of biological children. Only triglyceride levels were higher in men with four, five, or more children, and lower in men with one child as compared to men with no children, but this difference was no longer statistically significant after adjustment for obesity. CONCLUSIONS These results show no favorable effect of parenthood for men with regard to lifestyle, lipid, or lipoprotein levels. Increased triglyceride levels in men with more children appeared to be mediated by greater obesity in men with five or more biological children. These data also suggest that relations between parity and HDL-C levels found for women, could be associated with either the long term biologic consequences of pregnancy or the stress of childrearing.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kasim-Karakas SE, Lane E, Almario R, Mueller W, Walzem R. Effects of dietary fat restriction on particle size of plasma lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. Metabolism 1997; 46:431-6. [PMID: 9109849 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and is also commonly associated with other coronary risk factors, ie, small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and low plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Dietary fat restriction is recommended for the prevention of nutrition-related cancers. Low-fat, high-carbohydrate intake can increase plasma triglyceride (TG) and decrease HDL-C. In general, plasma TG levels are inversely related to the particle size of LDL. We investigated the effects of dietary fat restriction on the concentration and particle size of plasma lipoproteins in 14 healthy postmenopausal women (aged 61 +/- 11 years). During a 4-month period of eucaloric controlled feeding, dietary fat was reduced stepwise from a habitual intake of 33% +/- 8% to 23% and then to 14% of daily energy. Changes in the plasma lipid level and particle size of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), LDL, and HDL were determined at the end of each dietary phase. Increasing carbohydrate intake without weight loss was associated with an increase in plasma TG (1.86 +/- 0.30 v 2.47 +/- 0.37 mmol/L) and decreases in total cholesterol (5.82 +/- 0.25 v 5.40 +/- 0.21 mmol/L), LDL-C (3.07 +/- 0.18 v 2.61 +/- 0.21 mmol/L), HDL-C (1.42 +/- 0.1 v 1.24 +/- 0.1 mmol/L), and apolipoprotein (apo) A1 (5.14 +/- 0.25 v 4.61 +/- 0.36 mmol/L), whereas plasma apo B did not change. The particle size of VLDL increased (42.7 +/- 1.4 v 47.0 +/- 0.9 nm). However, there was no change in either LDL (25.1 +/- 0.2 v 25.3 +/- 0.2 nm) or HDL particle size. Although at each level of dietary fat intake LDL particle size correlated inversely with plasma TG and apo B, there was no relationship between the increase in plasma TG and LDL particle size. These results show that hypertriglyceridemia caused by a eucaloric high-carbohydrate intake is not associated with a decrease in LDL particle size. Therefore, carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia may not have the same atherogenic potential as genetic hypertriglyceridemias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Kasim-Karakas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Halle M, Berg A, König D, Keul J, Baumstark MW. Differences in the concentration and composition of low-density lipoprotein subfraction particles between sedentary and trained hypercholesterolemic men. Metabolism 1997; 46:186-91. [PMID: 9030827 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfraction profile of increased concentrations of small, dense LDL particles is less common among trained than among sedentary normocholesterolemic men, but it is still uncertain whether there is a similar association in hypercholesterolemia also. Therefore, we determined the lipid and apolipoprotein concentration and composition of six LDL subfractions (density gradient ultracentrifugation) in 20 physically fit, regularly exercising (>three times per week) hypercholesterolemic men and 20 sedentary hypercholesterolemic controls. Trained (maximal oxygen consumption [VO2max], 57.3 +/- 7.4 mL/kg/min) and sedentary (VO2max, 37.5 +/- 8.8 mL/kg/min) individuals (aged 35 +/- 11 years; body mass index [BMI], 23.9 +/- 2.7 kg/m2) were matched for LDL apolipoprotein (apo) B levels (108 +/- 23 and 112 +/- 36 mg/dL, respectively). Trained subjects had significantly lower serum triglyceride (P < .05) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol levels (P < .05) and higher high-density lipoprotein 2 (HDL2) cholesterol levels (P < .01) than sedentary controls. LDL particle distribution showed that trained individuals had significantly less small, dense LDL (d = 1.040 to 1.063 g/mL) and more large LDL (d = 1.019 to 1.037 g/mL) subfraction particles than sedentary controls, despite equal total LDL particle number. Analysis of LDL composition showed that LDL particles of hypercholesterolemic trained men had a higher free cholesterol content than LDL of untrained hypercholesterolemic men. Small, dense LDL in hypercholesterolemic trained men were richer in phospholipids than those in sedentary controls. These data demonstrate the significant influence of aerobic fitness on lipoprotein subfraction concentration and composition, thereby emphasizing the role of exercise in the treatment and risk reduction of hypercholesterolemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Halle
- Center for Internal Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation, Prevention, and Sports Medicine, Freiburg University Hospital, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hirano T, Naito H, Kurokawa M, Ebara T, Nagano S, Adachi M, Yoshino G. High prevalence of small LDL particles in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with nephropathy. Atherosclerosis 1996; 123:57-72. [PMID: 8782837 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(95)05772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether small-sized low density lipoprotein (LDL) is associated with a high incidence of coronary heart disease in diabetic nephropathy, we measured the LDL particle size in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with various degrees of albuminuria (n = 95) and age-, weight-matched non-diabetic control subjects (n = 31). The diabetic subjects were divided into three groups, normoalbuminuric, microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric NIDDM, based on the amount of albuminuria. The average diameter of LDL particles was determined by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gradient (2-16%) gel electrophoresis. The plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were comparable between the non-diabetic controls and normoalbuminuric NIDDM, whereas the plasma triglyceride, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) or LDL concentration was significantly increased in diabetic nephropathy. The mean LDL particle size was significantly smaller in microalbuminuric NIDDM compared with the controls or normoalbuminuric NIDDM, and the LDL size was further decreased in macroalbuminuric NIDDM. The incidence of small LDL (diameter < 255 A) was remarkably increased in microalbuminuric (58%) and macroalbuminuric NIDDM (67%) compared to the control (13%) and normoalbuminuric NIDDM (27%). Corresponding to the decreased LDL size, the cholesterol content of the LDL was significantly depleted in NIDDM with nephropathy. The high prevalence of small LDL in diabetic nephropathy was also observed even when hypertriglyceridemic or hypertensive subjects were excluded from each group. The increment in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (d < 1.006) after oral fat-loading was increased, and postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity was decreased significantly in diabetic nephropathy. These abnormalities were significantly associated with LDL particle size. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the amount of albuminuria was closely associated with the average LDL particle size, and this association was independent of the plasma triglyceride level. Neither insulin resistance nor glycemic control was directly associated with LDL particle diameter. The present study indicates that LDL particles become smaller in diabetic nephropathy, and this may be associated primarily with abnormal triglyceride metabolism. However, in addition to hypertriglyceridemia, other metabolic abnormalities caused by diabetic nephropathy may also be involved in the pathogenesis of small LDL particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hirano
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|