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Baruah P, Paul D, Doshi J, Mitra S. Elevated Fibrinogen Level Reduces Therapeutic Efficiency of AD Drugs: Biophysical Insights into the Interaction of FDA-Approved Cholinesterase Inhibitors with Human Fibrinogen. J Phys Chem B 2021; 126:30-43. [PMID: 34964643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite being the second most abundant protein in blood plasma, reports on the interaction of drugs with fibrinogen (FIB) are relatively scarce. The effect of FIB on the therapeutic potency of four FDA-approved Alzheimer's disease drugs, namely, tacrine (TAC), donepezil (DON), eserine (ESE), and huperzine (HUP), was investigated through a combination of different in vitro and in silico experiments. The efficiency of the drugs in inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was significantly reduced in the presence of FIB. This effect was even found to be more substantial than that for the most abundant plasma protein, human serum albumin (HSA). For example, the relative change in IC50 for TAC was found to be 65% in 10 μM FIB as opposed to 43% in the presence of 250 μM HSA. The relative trend of modulation in AChE activity showed consistency with the binding efficiency of the drugs and FIB. The sequestration of drugs in FIB, therefore reducing the availability of free drugs in solution, was identified to be the primary cause for the decrease in the AChE inhibition potency. This study aims to establish FIB as a vital component, while considering the therapeutic effectiveness of different newly developed AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prayasee Baruah
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Debojit Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Jitesh Doshi
- BioInsight Solutions (OPC) Pvt. Ltd, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Sivaprasad Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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Abstract
Hippocrates, the father of medicine, had said: "Wine is a thing wonderfully appropriate to man if, in health as in disease, it is administered with appropriate and just measure according to the individual constitution." Wine has always accompanied humanity, for religion or for health. Christians and Jews need wine for the liturgy. For Plato, wine was an indispensable element in society and the most important in the symposium. In this second part of the banquet, mixed with water, the wine gave the word. If the French paradox made a lot of ink flow; it was the wine that was originally responsible for it. Many researchers have tried to study alcohol and polyphenols in wine, in order to solve the mystery. Beyond its cardiovascular effects, there are also effects on longevity, metabolism, cancer prevention, and neuroprotection, and the list goes on. The purpose of this work is to make an analysis of the current knowledge on the subject. Indeed, if the paradigm of antioxidants is seductive, it is perhaps by their prooxidant effect that the polyphenols act, by an epigenetic process mediated by nrf2. Wine is a preserve of antioxidants for the winter and it is by this property that the wine acts, in an alcoholic solution. A wine without alcohol is pure heresy. Wine is the elixir that by design, over millennials, has acted as a pharmacopeia that enabled man to heal and prosper on the planet. From Alvise Cornaro to Serge Renaud, nutrition was the key to health and longevity, whether the Cretan or Okinawa diet, it is the small dose of alcohol (wine or sake) that allows the bioavailability of polyphenols. Moderate drinking gives a protection for diseases and a longevity potential. In conclusion, let us drink fewer, but drink better, to live older.
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Abstract
The individual amount of alcohol consumed acutely or chronically decides on harm or benefit to a person’s health. Available data suggest that one to two drinks in men and one drink in women will benefit the cardiovascular system over time, one drink being 17.6 ml 100 % alcohol. Moderate drinking can reduce the incidence and mortality of coronary artery disease, heart failure, diabetes, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. More than this amount can lead to alcoholic cardiomyopathy, which is defined as alcohol toxicity to the heart muscle itself by ethanol and its metabolites. Historical examples of interest are the Munich beer heart and the Tübingen wine heart. Associated with chronic alcohol abuse but having different etiologies are beriberi heart disease (vitamin B1 deficiency) and cardiac cirrhosis as hyperdynamic cardiomyopathies, arsenic poising in the Manchester beer epidemic, and cobalt intoxication in Quebec beer drinker’s disease. Chronic heavy alcohol abuse will also increase blood pressure and cause a downregulation of the immune system that could lead to increased susceptibility to infections, which in turn could add to the development of heart failure. Myocardial tissue analysis resembles idiopathic cardiomyopathy or chronic myocarditis. In the diagnostic work-up of alcoholic cardiomyopathy, the confirmation of alcohol abuse by carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) and increased liver enzymes, and the involvement of the heart by markers of heart failure (e.g., NT-proBNP) and of necrosis (e.g., troponins or CKMb) is mandatory. Treatment of alcoholic cardiomyopathy consists of alcohol abstinence and heart failure medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Maisch
- Herz- und Gefäßzentrum Marburg (HGZ) und Philipps Universität Marburg, Feldbergstr. 45, 35043, Marburg, Deutschland.
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Chrysohoou C, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Skoumas J, Toutouza M, Papaioannou I, Toutouzas PK, Stefanadis C. Effects of chronic alcohol consumption on lipid levels, inflammatory and haemostatic factors in the general population: the ‘ATTICA’ Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:355-61. [PMID: 14663297 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000065928.57001.4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies suggest an unclear effect of alcohol consumption on cardiovascular risk. This ambiguity is likely related to the quantity of alcohol consumed in populations studied. The aim of this work was to evaluate the association between chronic alcohol consumption and several clinical and biochemical parameters related to coronary risk, in cardiovascular disease free men and women. METHODS The 'ATTICA' study is a population-based cohort, which randomly enrolled 750 men and 883 women (18-88 years old) from area around Athens, during 2001-2002. We investigated the association between alcohol consumption and arterial blood pressure, fibrinogen levels, glucose concentration, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL, apolipoprotein A1 and B, Lp(a), uric acid, leucocyte count, triglycerides, C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels. RESULTS Multivariate analysis, after controlling for several potential confounders, revealed a J-shaped association between alcohol intake (none, 1-2, 3-4, 5+ wine glasses/day) and uric acid, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, fibrinogen, triglycerides, apolipoproteins A1 and B, HDL and total cholesterols, blood glucose levels, leucocyte count and arterial blood pressure levels (only in males). The most beneficial values of all these biochemical and clinical parameters were found in alcohol intake of 100-200 ml (12% alcohol), even after adjustment for various potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS The controversial association between alcohol intake and cardiovascular disease seems to be partially explained by the J-shaped relation of several biochemical parameters related to atherosclerosis and the amount of alcoholic beverages consumed.
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Marques-Vidal P, Montaye M, Arveiler D, Evans A, Bingham A, Ruidavets JB, Amouyel P, Haas B, Yarnell J, Ducimetière P, Ferrières J. Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease: differential effects in France and Northern Ireland. The PRIME study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:336-43. [PMID: 15292768 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000136416.24769.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of wine and other alcoholic beverages on coronary heart disease (CHD) have seldom been studied in several countries using a common methodology. DESIGN Five-year prospective study conducted among 9750 men (7352 in France and 2398 in Northern Ireland) free of CHD at entry. Outcomes were angina pectoris, myocardial infarction or CHD death. RESULTS In all, 90% of subjects in France reported drinking at least once per week, versus 61% in Northern Ireland. In France, after adjusting for other CHD risk factors, subjects in the highest quartile of alcohol consumption had a significantly lower risk of developing angina pectoris relative to non-drinkers. For myocardial infarction and all CHD events, the risk also decreased from the first to the fourth quartile (P for trend=0.02). Conversely, in Northern Ireland, no significant relationship was found between alcohol consumption and the incidence of angina pectoris or all CHD events, although alcohol consumption appeared to decrease the risk for myocardial infarction. Similar findings were obtained when the 5% higher alcohol consumers were excluded from the analysis. Finally, splitting the alcohol consumption into wine, beer and spirits did not improve the relationships, the three types of beverage exerting comparable effects on CHD events. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol consumption patterns exert differential effects on CHD risk in middle-aged men from France and Northern Ireland. Further, the amount of alcohol consumption, rather than the type of alcoholic beverage, is related to both angina pectoris and myocardial infarction in France, whereas no relationship was found in Northern Ireland.
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Midlöv P, Calling S, Memon AA, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Johansson SE. Women's health in the Lund area (WHILA)--Alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality among women--a 17 year follow-up study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:22. [PMID: 26753789 PMCID: PMC4709864 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol consumption contributes to many negative health consequences and is a risk factor for death. Some previous studies however suggest a J-shaped relationship between the level of alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality. These findings have in part been suggested to be due to confounders. The aim of our study was to analyze the relationship between self-reported alcohol intake and all-cause mortality in women, adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle factors and diseases such as diabetes and previous ischemic heart disease. Methods All women aged 50–59 years (born between 1935 and 1945) that lived in any of the five municipalities in southern Sweden were invited to participate in a health survey. From December 1995 to February 2000 a total of 6916 women (out of 10,766, the total population of women in 1995) underwent a physical examination and answered a questionnaire. We followed the women from the day of screening until death, or if no event occurred until May 31st 2015. Mortality was ascertained through the national cause-of-death register. Results In this study a total of 6353 women were included. Alcohol consumption showed a J-formed relationship with mortality, when adjusted for education, marital status, smoking, BMI, physical fitness, diabetes and ischemic heart disease before screening. Non consumption of alcohol was associated with increased mortality as well as higher levels of consumption, from 12 grams per day and upwards. Conclusions There was a clear J-shaped relation between the amount of alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality even after controlling for sociodemography, lifestyle factors and diseases such as diabetes and previous ischemic heart disease. The observed protective effect of light drinking (1–12 grams/day) could thus not be attributed to any of these known confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Midlöv
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Susanna Calling
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ashfaque A Memon
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Johansson
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
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Chiu HF, Shen YC, Huang TY, Venkatakrishnan K, Wang CK. Cardioprotective Efficacy of Red Wine Extract of Onion in Healthy Hypercholesterolemic Subjects. Phytother Res 2015; 30:380-5. [PMID: 26631904 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the red wine extract of onion (RO) and red wine (RW) on alleviating the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. During in vitro studies, various antioxidant activities [trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), DPPH, and H2 O2 scavenging ability] of RO and RW group were evaluated. Both RO and RW showed the maximum antioxidant capacity. During in vivo studies, 23 healthy hypercholesterolemic volunteers were randomly selected and assigned into two groups, who drunk 250 mL of RO (n = 11) or RW (n = 10) for 10 weeks. No significant changes were observed in anthropometric parameters (body weight, height, body mass, and BMI) in each group. Both RW and RO extracts elevated (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity and thereby prolonging the lag time of low-density lipoprotein oxidation. However, RO extract intake substantially suppressed (p < 0.05) the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels when equivalence with RW thus, indicating its additional hypocholesterolemic effect. The inflammatory markers such as factor VII were also positively modulated by RO extract. Results indicated that RO extract consumption rendered better cardio protective effect than RW by altering cholesterol, improving antioxidation and suppressing inflammatory marker levels and thereby, attenuating the cardiovascular disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital Ministry of Health and Well-being, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Shen
- School of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yun Huang
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Kamesh Venkatakrishnan
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Diet and haemostasis — A comprehensive overview. Blood Rev 2015; 29:231-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Koivula RW, Heggie A, Barnett A, Cederberg H, Hansen TH, Koopman AD, Ridderstråle M, Rutters F, Vestergaard H, Gupta R, Herrgård S, Heymans MW, Perry MH, Rauh S, Siloaho M, Teare HJA, Thorand B, Bell J, Brunak S, Frost G, Jablonka B, Mari A, McDonald TJ, Dekker JM, Hansen T, Hattersley A, Laakso M, Pedersen O, Koivisto V, Ruetten H, Walker M, Pearson E, Franks PW. Discovery of biomarkers for glycaemic deterioration before and after the onset of type 2 diabetes: rationale and design of the epidemiological studies within the IMI DIRECT Consortium. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1132-42. [PMID: 24695864 PMCID: PMC4018481 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The DIRECT (Diabetes Research on Patient Stratification) Study is part of a European Union Framework 7 Innovative Medicines Initiative project, a joint undertaking between four industry and 21 academic partners throughout Europe. The Consortium aims to discover and validate biomarkers that: (1) predict the rate of glycaemic deterioration before and after type 2 diabetes onset; (2) predict the response to diabetes therapies; and (3) help stratify type 2 diabetes into clearly definable disease subclasses that can be treated more effectively than without stratification. This paper describes two new prospective cohort studies conducted as part of DIRECT. METHODS Prediabetic participants (target sample size 2,200-2,700) and patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (target sample size ~1,000) are undergoing detailed metabolic phenotyping at baseline and 18 months and 36 months later. Abdominal, pancreatic and liver fat is assessed using MRI. Insulin secretion and action are assessed using frequently sampled OGTTs in non-diabetic participants, and frequently sampled mixed-meal tolerance tests in patients with type 2 diabetes. Biosamples include venous blood, faeces, urine and nail clippings, which, among other biochemical analyses, will be characterised at genetic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, proteomic and metagenomic levels. Lifestyle is assessed using high-resolution triaxial accelerometry, 24 h diet record, and food habit questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION DIRECT will yield an unprecedented array of biomaterials and data. This resource, available through managed access to scientists within and outside the Consortium, will facilitate the development of new treatments and therapeutic strategies for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Koivula
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Building 91, Level 10, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Alison Heggie
- Institute of Cellular Medicine (Diabetes), The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Anna Barnett
- Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - Henna Cederberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tue H. Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anitra D. Koopman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Ridderstråle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Obesity, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Femke Rutters
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ramneek Gupta
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sanna Herrgård
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martijn W. Heymans
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mandy H. Perry
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Simone Rauh
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maritta Siloaho
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Harriet J. A. Teare
- HeLEX, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jimmy Bell
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Science Centre, Imperial College Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Søren Brunak
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gary Frost
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bernd Jablonka
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Tim J. McDonald
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Jacqueline M. Dekker
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andrew Hattersley
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- Genetics of Diabetes, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Hartmut Ruetten
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine (Diabetes), The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Ewan Pearson
- Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Building 91, Level 10, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
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Sohrabvandi S, Mortazavian A, Rezaei K. Health-Related Aspects of Beer: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2010.487627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Triglyceride concentration and waist circumference influence alcohol-related plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity increase in black South Africans. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2011; 21:736-43. [PMID: 20881480 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e32834014e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association between alcohol consumption and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity (PAI-1act) and fibrinogen concentration in a black South African population presenting with lower PAI-1act and higher fibrinogen than what is typically observed in white populations. We, furthermore, wanted to investigate the effect of urbanization, sex, central obesity, increased triglycerides, 4G/5G polymorphism (PAI-1 only) and BMI on the association of alcohol with PAI-1act and fibrinogen. Data from 2010 apparently healthy, randomly collected black South African volunteers from the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study were cross-sectionally analyzed. Alcohol consumption was recorded using quantitative food frequency questionnaires and fasting blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis including PAI-1act and fibrinogen. Heavy alcohol consumption is associated with significantly increased PAI-1act, in the total population as well as in the women separately, and tended to be so in men. This alcohol-related PAI-1act increase was observed in volunteers with increased triglycerides and central obesity but not in volunteers with normal levels and waist circumference. Urbanization, the 4G/5G polymorphism and BMI did not affect the association of alcohol with PAI-1act. Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased fibrinogen concentration. Sex and level of urbanization did not affect the association of alcohol with fibrinogen. Fibrinogen decreased in normal and overweight volunteers but not in obese and centrally obese volunteers following moderate alcohol consumption. Triglyceride levels and waist circumference influence alcohol-related PAI-1act increase potentially through modulating adipocyte and triglyceride-induced PAI-1 production. Obesity prevented alcohol-related fibrinogen decrease possibly by counteracting the anti-inflammatory effect of moderate alcohol consumption.
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Abstract
Wine and Health: A Paradigm for Alcohol and AntioxidantsModerate alcohol consumption has been shown in many epidemiological investigations to prolong overall life expectancy by reducing the risk of certain diseases. Those that account most for this reduction are coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke, both of which are caused by atherosclerotic vascular disease. It has been claimed that these effects are beverage-specific, with red wine being the most potent. This review examines the relative contributions of ethanol and the polyphenolic antioxidants of red wine by considering their potential to inhibit atherogenesis and the mechanisms involved. There is good evidence, bothin vitroandin vivo, that ethanol increases production and circulating levels of HDL-Cholesterol, and reduces clot formation by blocking thrombin activity as well as by inhibition of fibrinolysis. It also prevents migration of smooth-muscle cells to the intimal layer of arteries and reduces the incidence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus, a major risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. Red wine, in addition to ethanol, contains many polyphenolic antioxidants that are also present in fruit and vegetables (such as catechin and quercetin), as well as resveratrol that is almost restricted to grapes and red wine. These polyphenols, especially the last-named, have been shown byin vitroexperiments to exhibit many potent properties conducive to preventing atherosclerosis. In addition to lowering clot formation, they diminish inflammatory reactions by down-regulating production of eicosanoids and cytokines, they prevent oxidation of LDL, reduce expression of cell-adhesion molecules, and increase NO production. However, investigations in whole animals and human subjects have yielded conflicting results. The above paradox can be explained by studies demonstrating that these polyphenols, when taken orally, are rapidly conjugated with glucuronide and sulfate by the small-intestinal mucosa prior to absorption, following which the deactivated water-soluble conjugates are quickly excreted by the kidney. The free biologically-active parent compounds appear in the circulation in very low concentrations and with a very rapid halflife. Uptake by relevant tissues could not be demonstrated. In line with this evidence, red and white wines have comparable effects when administered to humans that are essentially attributable to their alcohol content alone. These findings suggest that dietary antioxidants may be less effective than previously thought.
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Physical activity and fibrinogen concentrations in 23,201 men and women in the EPIC-Norfolk population-based study. Atherosclerosis 2008; 198:419-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Welsh P, Woodward M, Rumley A, Lowe G. Associations of plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines, fibrinogen, viscosity and C-reactive protein with cardiovascular risk factors and social deprivation: the fourth Glasgow MONICA study. Br J Haematol 2008; 141:852-61. [PMID: 18371109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Circulating inflammatory markers [plasma fibrinogen, viscosity and C-reactive protein (CRP)] have been associated with cardiovascular risk factors. In part, these associations may reflect 'upstream' changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines - interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha. These variables were measured in 1666 men and women aged 25-64 years and their associations with risk factors were studied. All six markers increased significantly with age. IL-18 and TNFalpha levels were higher, and fibrinogen levels lower, in males. Oral contraceptive use increased levels of CRP, whilst postmenopausal women had elevated IL-18 levels. Inflammatory markers were also associated with components of the metabolic syndrome. Most inflammatory markers showed an increasing trend with alcohol consumption in men and a decreasing trend in women, and increasing trends with level of smoking. Inflammatory markers generally showed strong positive associations with social deprivation. After adjustment for classical risk factors, IL-6, IL-18 and TNFalpha retained significant associations with social deprivation only in men (P < 0.008). We conclude that pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with several cardiovascular risk factors including social deprivation, and may mediate some of their associations with 'downstream' inflammatory markers (fibrinogen, viscosity and CRP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Welsh
- Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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André P, Balkau B, Vol S, Charles MA, Eschwège E. Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity and development of the metabolic syndrome (International Diabetes Federation Definition) in middle-aged men and women: Data from the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) cohort. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:2355-61. [PMID: 17586745 DOI: 10.2337/dc07-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among hepatic enzymes, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is the main predictor of type 2 diabetes incidence, although it has not been shown that GGT predicts pre-diabetes states. Our aim was to study the association of GGT with the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed the 3-year data from the Data from Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome prospective cohort of 1,656 men and 1,889 women without MetS at baseline, according to the International Diabetes Federation definition. RESULTS Over 3 years, 309 participants developed the MetS. After adjustment for age, alcohol intake, physical activity, smoking habits, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), the odds ratios for incident MetS increased across baseline GGT quartiles (1, 1.96, 2.25, and 3.81 in men, P < 0.03; and 1, 1.23, 1.80, and 1.58 in women, P < 0.05). After additional adjustment for insulin resistance markers (fasting insulin or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index), the association was attenuated and the linear relation no longer significant in both sexes (P = 0.08, P = 0.16). However, men in the highest in comparison to the lowest quartile of GGT retained a significant risk for incident MetS. In women, there was no longer a significant risk. GGT was significantly associated with the 3-year incidence of individual components of the MetS. The incidence of the MetS also increased with ALT, but after adjustment on GGT this association remained significant only in women. CONCLUSIONS GGT, a predictor of type 2 diabetes, was associated with a risk of incident MetS. This association was mainly related with insulin resistance but was independent of other confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe André
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 780-IFR69, Epidemiological and Biostatistical Research, Villejuif, France.
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17
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Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Skoumas Y, Stefanadis C. The Association between Food Patterns and the Metabolic Syndrome Using Principal Components Analysis: The ATTICA Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 107:979-87; quiz 997. [PMID: 17524719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary habits have been associated with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE The associations between foods or food patterns and the characteristics of the metabolic syndrome were evaluated. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SUBJECTS During 2001 to 2002, 1,514 men (aged 18 to 87 years) and 1,528 women (aged 18 to 89 years) without any clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease were randomly enrolled, from the Attica region in Greece. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dietary habits were evaluated using a semiquantitative, food frequency questionnaire. Characteristics of the metabolic syndrome (ie, blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were also measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Principal components analysis was applied to extract dietary patterns from 22 foods or food groups. Multivariate regression analysis evaluated the associations between the extracted dietary patterns and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. RESULTS Six components were derived explaining 56% of the total variation in intake. Component 1 was characterized by the consumption of cereals, fish, legumes, vegetables, and fruits (explained variation 19.7%); component 2 was characterized by the intake of potatoes and meat (explained variation 11.7%), component 6 was characterized by alcohol intake (explained variation 4.8%), whereas the other components were mainly characterized by consumption of dairy and sweets. After adjusting for various confounders, component 1 was inversely associated with waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, positively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and inversely with the likelihood of the metabolic syndrome (odds ratio [OR] 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79 to 0.97), whereas components 2 and 6 were positively correlated with the previous indexes, and the likelihood of having the metabolic syndrome (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.21 and OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.33). CONCLUSIONS A dietary pattern that includes cereals, fish, legumes, vegetables, and fruits was independently associated with reduced levels of clinical and biological markers linked to the metabolic syndrome, whereas meat and alcohol intake showed the opposite results.
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Panagiotakos DB, Kourlaba G, Zeimbekis A, Toutouzas P, Polychronopoulos E. The J-shape association of alcohol consumption on blood pressure levels, in elderly people from Mediterranean Islands (MEDIS epidemiological study). J Hum Hypertens 2007; 21:585-7. [PMID: 17361191 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Navarro S, Pérez G, Navarro G, Mena L, Vela N. Decay of dinitroaniline herbicides and organophosphorus insecticides during brewing of lager beer. J Food Prot 2006; 69:1699-706. [PMID: 16865906 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.7.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the fate of four pesticides that can be present during the brewing of lager beer. For this purpose, malted barley was spiked at 2 mg/kg with pendimethalin and trifluralin (dinitroaniline herbicides) and fenitrothion and malathion (organophosphorus insecticides). Analyses of pesticide residues were carried out by a gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector, and their identity was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cleanup was necessary for the malt and spent grain samples. Beginning with mashing and ending with the final product 4 months later, various samples (spent grain, sweet wort, brewer wort, and beer) were taken to determine the concentration of the targeted residual pesticides during the various beer making phases. In all cases, the residual levels recorded in sweet wort sampled after the mashing phase were below the respective maximum residue limits established by Spanish legislation for barley. Significant proportions of pesticide residues (17 to 40%) were retained on the spent grain. Applying the standard first-order kinetics equation (r > 0.91), the half-lives obtained for the four compounds during the storage of the spent grain (3.5 months) varied from 138 days (fenitrothion) to 192 days (malathion and pendimethalin). Herbicide residues practically disappeared (<0.3%) after wort boiling, whereas the percentages of the remaining insecticides, fenitrothion and malathion, ranged from 3.5 to 4.3%, respectively, at this time. No residues of dinitroaniline compounds were detected in young beer, whereas there was a significant reduction in fenitrothion (58%) and malathion (71%) residues during fermentation. Lagering and filtering processes also reduced the content of the organophosphorus insecticides (33 to 37%). Finally, after the storage period (3 months), the content of fenitrothion was reduced by 75%, with malathion residues being below its detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Navarro
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, School of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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20
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Holt RR, Actis-Goretta L, Momma TY, Keen CL. Dietary Flavanols and Platelet Reactivity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47 Suppl 2:S187-96; discussion S206-9. [PMID: 16794457 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200606001-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiology studies suggest that the consumption of diets rich in flavonoids is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Plant-derived foods and beverages, such as red wine, tea, grape and grape juice, cocoa and chocolate, can be rich in 1 particular class of flavonoid, the flavan-3-ols. There is now an increasing body of research that suggests that consuming flavanol-rich foods can positively affect hemostasis, through mechanisms that either directly affect platelet function or increase certain endothelium-derived factors that maintain platelet acquiescence or increase fibrinolysis. In this paper, we will review a series of in vivo studies on the effects of flavanol-rich cocoa and chocolate on platelet activation and platelet-dependent hemostasis. In addition, we will briefly review the body of literature with regard to other flavanol-rich foods and beverages, and possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta R Holt
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Tapp RJ, Balkau B, Shaw JE, Valensi P, Cailleau M, Eschwege E. Association of glucose metabolism, smoking and cardiovascular risk factors with incident peripheral arterial disease: the DESIR study. Atherosclerosis 2006; 190:84-9. [PMID: 16674960 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We determined the 6-year incidence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in a French population and assessed the association of glucose metabolism, smoking, cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity with incident PAD. METHODS Participants from the French Data from a Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) were studied. Participants analysed were 30-65 years (at baseline) and had complete data (n=3805) after 6 years of follow-up. Diabetes was diagnosed according to the 1999 WHO criteria on the basis of fasting plasma glucose results or previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) and a claudication question were used to classify PAD. RESULTS The 6-year incidence of PAD (defined by ABPI<0.9 and or claudication present) among those with normal fasting glucose (NFG) and free of PAD at baseline was 5.1%. Among those with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) at baseline the incidence of PAD was 4.9% and among those with diabetes mellitus at baseline the incidence of PAD was 9.8%. The incidence of PAD among those who maintained NFG over 6 years was 4.7% and among those who progressed to diabetes over 6 years was 10.2%. Those who progressed from NFG or IFG to diabetes over 6 years were twice as likely to develop PAD compared to those who maintained NFG over 6 years, after adjustment for age and sex (OR (95% CI), 2.22 (1.12-4.42)). Independent risk factors for incident PAD using baseline population characteristics were diabetes (OR (95% CI) 2.11 (1.25-3.55)), systolic BP 122-135mmHg 1.06 (0.70-1.60), >135mmHg 1.54 (1.04-2.27) and current smoking 1.60 (1.10-2.34) after multivariate adjustment for age, sex, cholesterol, triglycerides and waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS This French study shows that those who progress to diabetes are twice as likely to develop PAD, compared to those who maintain NFG. Peripheral arterial disease is a treatable condition and more aggressive management of atherosclerotic risk factors could reduce the numbers of people who develop PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn J Tapp
- INSERM Unite 258-IFR69, University Paris XI, Villejuif, France; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Australia.
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Abstract
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis in the lower limbs, and PVD patients have a 3- to 5-fold increased risk of cardiovascular mortality compared with age-matched controls. Nevertheless, recent reports show how PVD patients are undertreated with regard to CVD risk-factor reduction and the use of lipid-lowering or antiplatelet drugs. There is appreciable evidence that demonstrates the beneficial effects of certain nutrients and dietary habits in the prevention of CVD, but there has been little attention paid to the role of nutrients in PVD. The purpose of the present review is to provide an overview of our understanding of how foods could possibly benefit PVD. In the last few decades, several nutrients have arisen as potentially health-promoting in PVD. While nutritional interventions in PVD show positive clinical effects for fish oil, carnitine or vitamin E, others such as olive oil or vitamin C seem to interact only at a biochemical level by decreasing risk factors. Moreover, only epidemiological associations exist for the potential role of fibre, folates or vitamin B6 in this disease. In all cases, the limited data available provide no clear-cut evidence in favour of the clinical benefit of nutritional interventions aimed at reducing risk factors and ameliorating symptoms in PVD patients. No practical recommendations can be given at this stage, and further studies are clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Carrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Granada, Spain
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André P, Balkau B, Born C, Royer B, Wilpart E, Charles MA, Eschwège E. Hepatic markers and development of type 2 diabetes in middle aged men and women: a three-year follow-up study. The D.E.S.I.R. Study (Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance syndrome). DIABETES & METABOLISM 2006; 31:542-50. [PMID: 16357802 DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM It has been shown, mainly in men, that gamma-glutamyltransferase (gammaGT) and alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) predict the development of type 2 diabetes. This study investigates the association between hepatic markers and the 3-year risk of diabetes. METHODS Incident diabetes was studied in 2071 men and 2130 women without diabetes at baseline from the D.E.S.I.R. cohort. RESULTS Adjusting on age, only gammaGT was predictive of diabetes in both sexes, whereas ALT and aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) were only predictive in men, and bilirubin was not predictive. After adjustment on classical confounding factors and on ALT activity, the odds ratios (OR) for incident diabetes increased across baseline gammaGT quartiles: 1, 3.1, 2.6, 5.0 in men (P<0.0003) and 1, 0.9, 3.2, 3.5 in women (P<0.01). The relations with ALT and AST were not significant after adjusting on gammaGT. Additional adjustment on markers of insulin resistance, BMI or fasting plasma glucose attenuated the risk associated with gammaGT in both sexes, and it remained significantly predictive only in the men. Pooling men and women, those with gammaGT above the median had adjusted ORs of developing diabetes of 13.7 (1.8-99.8) if WHR > =0.85 and 1.7 (0.6-4.8) if WHR<0.85 (interaction P<0.007). CONCLUSION gammaGT was the main hepatic risk marker for type-2 diabetes in both sexes, especially in subjects with central adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P André
- INSERM U258-IFR69, University Paris XI, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94807 Villejuif, France.
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24
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Saito I, Okamura T, Fukuhara S, Tanaka T, Suzukamo Y, Okayama A, Ueshima H. A Cross‐sectional Study of Alcohol Drinking and Health‐related Quality of Life among Male Workers in Japan. J Occup Health 2005; 47:496-503. [PMID: 16369112 DOI: 10.1539/joh.47.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although light and moderate alcohol drinkers are likely to have better subjective health, the sub-scales for subjective health have not been well documented. METHODS We studied 4,521 male workers aged 25 yr and older with no history of cancer or cardiovascular disease, in 12 occupational groups in Japan. Data were from the High-risk and Population Strategy for Occupational Health Promotion Study (HIPOP-OHP). Drinking status was classified according to daily alcohol intake or frequency of drinking. We assessed the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) based on scores for five scales of the SF-36. RESULTS Decreased odds ratios of sub-optimal HRQOL conditions, defined as less than the median SF-36 scores, for Role-Physical and General Health were found among persons who consumed 1.0 to 22.9 g/d of alcohol. Odds ratios for sub-optimal Vitality conditions were lowered according to increased levels of alcohol intake. Role-Emotional scores were not associated with alcohol drinking. People who drank 5 to 6 d/wk had higher levels of Role-Physical and Vitality, and those who drank 1 to 2 d/wk had better Vitality and Mental Health scores than non-drinkers. When adjusted for age, marital status, working hours, physical activity at work, self-reported job stress, smoking, regular exercise, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, the associations were almost unchanged except for General Health. CONCLUSIONS Associations of drinking patterns with subjective health varied in five sub-scales of the SF-36. Overall, alcohol drinkers rated their health as good in comparison with non-drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Saito
- Department of Public Health, Nara Medical University.
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25
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Avellone G, Di Garbo V, Campisi D, De Simone R, Raneli G, Scaglione R, Licata G. Effects of moderate Sicilian red wine consumption on inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerosis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 60:41-7. [PMID: 16132058 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of moderate Sicilian red wine consumption on cardiovascular risk factors and, in particular, on some inflammatory biomarkers. METHODS A total of 48 subjects of both sexes who were nondrinkers or rare drinkers of moderate red wine were selected and randomly subdivided into two groups assigned to receive with a crossover design a Sicilian red wine (Nero d'Avola or Etna Torrepalino) during meals: Group A (n = 24), in whom the diet was supplemented for 4 weeks with 250 ml/day of red wine, followed by 4 weeks when they returned to their usual wine intake; and Group B (n = 24), in whom the usual wine intake was maintained for 4 weeks, followed by 4 weeks when the diet was supplemented with 250 ml/day of red wine. The following were values measured in all tests: blood glucose, total and HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, LDL/HDL ratio, apolipoproteins A1 and B, Lp(a), plasma C-reactive protein, TGFbeta1, D-Dimer, Factor VII , PAl Ag, t-PA Ag, fibrinogen, oxidized LDL Ab, total plasma antioxidant capacity. RESULTS At the end of the red wine intake period, LDL/HDL, fibrinogen, factor VII, plasma C-reactive protein and oxidized LDL Ab were significantly decreased, while HDL-C, Apo A1,TGFbeta1, t-PA, PAI and total plasma antioxidant capacity were significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Our results show a positive effect of two Sicilian red wines on many risk factors and on some inflammatory biomarkers, suggesting that a moderate consumption of red wine in the adult population is a positive component of the Mediterranean diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Avellone
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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26
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Hansen AS, Marckmann P, Dragsted LO, Finné Nielsen IL, Nielsen SE, Grønbaek M. Effect of red wine and red grape extract on blood lipids, haemostatic factors, and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59:449-55. [PMID: 15674304 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some epidemiological studies found a lower risk of cardiovascular disease among wine drinkers than among drinkers of other types of ethanol. This difference might be due to an effect of nonalcohol compounds in wine on important cardiovascular risk factors. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of red wine, nonalcohol compounds of red wine and placebo on established cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN A parallel, four-armed intervention study. SUBJECTS A total of 69 healthy 38-74-y-old men and women. INTERVENTIONS Subjects were randomised to either 1: red wine (males: 300 ml/day, 38.3 g alcohol/day, female subjects: 200 ml/day, 25.5 g alcohol/day), 2: water + red grape extract tablets (wine-equivalent dose), 3: water + red grape extract tablets (half dose), or 4: water + placebo tablets for a period of 4 weeks. No other sources of alcohol or anthocyanin were allowed. Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C/LDL-C-ratio, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, fibrinogen, factor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc), blood pressure, and body weight were determined before and after intervention. RESULTS Wine consumption was associated with a significant 11-16% increase in fasting HDL-C and 8-15% decrease in fasting fibrinogen relative to not drinking wine. There were no significant treatment effects on fasting LDL-C, HDL-C/LDL-C-ratio, VLDL-triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, FVIIc, or blood pressure. Drinking wine was associated with relative body weight increments closely corresponding to the energy contributed by the alcohol component. CONCLUSION Moderate red wine consumption for 4 weeks is associated with desirable changes in HDL-C and fibrinogen compared with drinking water with or without red grape extract. The impact of wine on the measured cardiovascular risk factors thus seems primarily explained by an alcohol effect. Our finding suggests that the putative difference in cardiac risk associated with wine vs other alcoholic beverages might be rather explained by other life-style confounders than by red wine contents of nonalcohol components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Hansen
- Research Department of Human Nutrition, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Baysan O, Kaptan K, Erinç K, Oztas Y, Coskun T, Kayir H, Uzun M, Uzbay T, Beyan C, Işik E. Chronic heavy ethanol consumption is associated with decreased platelet aggregation in rats. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2005; 206:85-90. [PMID: 15888963 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.206.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although moderate alcohol consumption seems to be protective against atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease rate increases with its higher doses. Platelet aggregation is an important process which contributes to the atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether heavy ethanol consumption stimulates or inhibits platelet aggregation. Fourteen adult male Wistar rats were used. Ethanol (7.2%, v/v) in a modified liquid diet was given to eight rats for 21 days, which mimicked characteristics similar to human chronic alcoholism. Six rats constituted the control group. Adenosine diphophate (ADP) and collagen-induced platelet aggregation was measured in whole blood. We found reduced ADP-induced mean maximal aggregation in the alcoholic rat group compared to the control group at dose of 5 microM (p < 0.005). We also found decreased platelet aggregation responses to collagen in the alcoholic group (p < 0.006 for 2 microg/ml collagen, and p < 0.05 for 5 microg/ml collagen). In conclusion, chronic heavy ethanol consumption results in the decreased platelet aggregation in a rat model of alcoholism. Therefore, increased mortality from coronary artery disease in chronic alcoholism may be explained by other factors such as dietary imbalances and coexisting conditions, which include hypertension and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oben Baysan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
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28
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Abstract
Complications of atherosclerosis remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Epidemiological studies have repeatedly demonstrated that moderate alcohol intake has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this review is to examine the epidemiological and biological evidence supporting the intake of red wine as a means of reducing atherosclerosis. On the basis of epidemiological studies, moderate intake of alcoholic beverages, including red wine, reduces the risk of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease in populations. In addition to the favorable biological effects of alcohol on the lipid profile, on hemostatic factors, and in reducing insulin resistance, the phenolic compounds in red wine appear to interfere with the molecular processes underlying the initiation, progression, and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Whether red wine is more beneficial than other types of alcohol remains unclear. Definitive data from a large-scale, randomized clinical end-point trial of red wine intake would be required before physicians can advise patients to use wine as part of preventative or medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Szmitko
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Janszky I, Ericson M, Blom M, Georgiades A, Magnusson JO, Alinagizadeh H, Ahnve S. Wine drinking is associated with increased heart rate variability in women with coronary heart disease. Heart 2005; 91:314-8. [PMID: 15710709 PMCID: PMC1768776 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2004.035105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that alcohol consumption is positively related to heart rate variability (HRV) in women with coronary heart disease (CHD) and therefore that cardiac autonomic activity is potentially implicated in the mediation of the favourable effects of moderate drinking. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PATIENTS Cross sectional study of female patients who survived hospitalisation for acute myocardial infarction or underwent a revascularisation procedure, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass grafting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ambulatory 24 hour ECG was recorded during normal activities. The mean of the standard deviations of all normal to normal intervals for all five minute segments of the entire recording (SDNNI) and the following frequency domain parameters were assessed: total power, high frequency power, low frequency power, and very low frequency power. A standardised questionnaire evaluated self reported consumption of individual alcoholic beverage types: beer, wine, and spirits. Other clinical characteristics, such as age, body mass index, smoking habits, history of diabetes mellitus, menopausal status, educational status, and treatment, were also assessed. RESULTS Wine intake was associated with increased HRV in both time and frequency domains independently of other clinical covariates (for example, ln SDNNI was 3.89 among wine drinkers v 3.59 among wine non-drinkers in the multivariate model; p = 0.014). In contrast, consumption of beer and spirits and the total amount of alcohol consumed did not relate significantly to any of the HRV parameters. CONCLUSION Intake of wine, but not of spirits or beer, is positively and independently associated with HRV in women with CHD. These results may contribute to the understanding of the complex relation between alcohol consumption and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Janszky
- Preventive Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, and Centre of Public Health, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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McCarty MF. Secondary hyperparathyroidism promotes the acute phase response – a rationale for supplemental Vitamin D in prevention of vascular events in the elderly. Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:1022-6. [PMID: 15780504 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) promotes IL-6 secretion by osteoblasts, and may also up-regulate IL-6 production in the liver and adipose tissue; this may explain why serum IL-6 is markedly elevated in primary hyperparathyroidism, and low in hypoparathyroidism. IL-6 is the chief stimulus to hepatic production of many acute phase reactants, notably fibrinogen and C-reactive protein (CRP). Mild secondary hyperparathyroidism is common in elderly people, particularly at high latitudes during the winter, owing to poor vitamin D status. This may rationalize evidence that acute phase proteins show seasonal variations and are typically elevated in the elderly, whereas leisure physical activity is associated with a reduction in these proteins. In a recent clinical trial targeting elderly chronically ill patients, administration of vitamin D reduced serum levels of both CRP and IL-6; further such studies should assess the impact of physiologically meaningful doses of vitamin D on acute phase reactants in elderly subjects likely to have poor vitamin D status. Since elevations of CRP and fibrinogen may increase risk for thromboembolic vascular events, these considerations may help to explain the excess of coronary mortality observed during winter months, and suggest a role for supplemental vitamin D in preservation of vascular health. Moderate alcohol intake is associated with reduced serum PTH as well as decreased levels of CRP and fibrinogen; conceivably, modulation of PTH mediates, at least in part, the favorable impact of moderate drinking on the acute phase reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- NutriGuard Research, 1051 Hermes Ave., Encinitas, CA 92024, USA.
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Karatzi K, Papamichael C, Aznaouridis K, Karatzis E, Lekakis J, Matsouka C, Boskou G, Chiou A, Sitara M, Feliou G, Kontoyiannis D, Zampelas A, Mavrikakis M. Constituents of red wine other than alcohol improve endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis 2004; 15:485-90. [PMID: 15585989 DOI: 10.1097/00019501-200412000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies suggest that red wine is beneficial in coronary artery disease (CAD). Although the long-term effect of moderate red wine consumption on endothelial function is currently under investigation, there is little knowledge about its effect on postprandial endothelial function and haemostatic factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the postprandial effects of alcohol content and the antioxidants of red wine on endothelial function and fibrinogen levels in CAD patients. METHODS Fifteen males with angiographically documented CAD were recruited for the study. All volunteers ingested 250 ml of either red wine or de-alcoholized red wine on two different days. Blood samples (for analysis of fibrinogen and blood lipids) were collected and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was determined before and 30, 60 and 90 min following consumption of each beverage RESULTS FMD was higher following the consumption of de-alcoholized red wine [type of wine effect, P=0.05 repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. Furthermore, the pattern of the response was different between the two beverages, as FMD increased following the ingestion of de-alcoholized red wine, but it decreased after consumption of regular red wine (type of wine by time interaction effect, P=0.006 repeated measures ANOVA). Fibrinogen concentrations were unaltered CONCLUSIONS Acute ingestion of red wine without alcohol led to higher FMD than ingestion of regular red wine in CAD patients. The acute effect of red wine on endothelial function may be different than its long-term effect and it could be attributed to its constituents other than alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Karatzi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
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Gorinstein S, Caspi A, Zemser M, Libman I, Goshev I, Trakhtenberg S. Plasma circulating fibrinogen stability and moderate beer consumption. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 14:710-6. [PMID: 14690763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
MODERATE BEER CONSUMPTION (MBC) IS CARDIOPROTECTIVE: it positively influences plasma lipid levels and plasma antioxidant activity in beer-consuming individuals. The connection between MBC and blood coagulation is not clearly defined. Forty-two volunteers were equally divided into experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups following coronary bypass surgery. For 30 consecutive days, only patients of the EG consumed 330 mL of beer per day (about 20 g of alcohol). A comprehensive clinical investigation of 42 patients was done. Blood samples were collected before and after the investigation for a wide range of laboratory tests. The plasma fibrinogen was denatured with 8 M urea and intrinsic fluorescence (IF), hydrophobicity and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to reveal possible qualitative changes. After 30 days of moderate beer consumption, positive changes in the plasma lipid levels, plasma anticoagulant and plasma antioxidant activities were registered in patients of the EG group. In 17 out of 21 patients of the same group, differences in plasma circulating fibrinogen's (PCF), secondary and tertiary structures were found. The stability of fibrinogen, expressed in thermodynamic parameters, has shown that the loosening of the structure takes place under ethanol and urea denaturation. Also fluorescence stability of PCF was decreased. No changes in the lipid levels, anticoagulant and antioxidant activity or changes in PCF were detected in patients of CG. In conclusion, for the first time after a short term of moderate beer consumption some qualitative changes in the plasma circulating fibrinogen were detected: differences in the emission peak response, fluorescence intensity and all thermodynamic data. Together, with the decrease in the PCF concentration it may lead to an elevation of the blood anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shela Gorinstein
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, P.O.B. 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Mukamal KJ, Cushman M, Mittleman MA, Tracy RP, Siscovick DS. Alcohol consumption and inflammatory markers in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Atherosclerosis 2004; 173:79-87. [PMID: 15177126 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Revised: 09/12/2003] [Accepted: 10/30/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the relation of alcohol intake and systemic inflammation in a population-based sample of older adults. METHODS AND RESULTS As part of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), 5865 adults aged 65 years and older reported their intake of beer, wine, and liquor. We determined white blood cell count (WBC), factor VIII coagulant activity (factor VIIIc), and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and albumin as markers of systemic inflammation. Among participants without confirmed cardiovascular disease, alcohol consumption was inversely associated with WBC, factor VIIIc, and fibrinogen level, and positively associated with albumin concentration in multivariate analyses. We found no consistent modification of these results by sex, obesity, or beverage type. The relation of alcohol use and CRP levels was significantly modified by apoE genotype (P interaction 0.03), with a positive association among participants with an apoE4 allele (P = 0.05), but a trend toward an inverse association among those without an apoE4 allele (P = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS Alcohol intake is associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers in older adults free of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Mukamal
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, RO-114, Boston, MA, USA.
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Burger M, Mensink G, Brönstrup A, Thierfelder W, Pietrzik K. Alcohol consumption and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors in Germany. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:605-14. [PMID: 15042128 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the association of alcohol consumption and blood lipids, haemostatic factors, and homocysteine in German adults by gender and age groups. DESIGN Cross-sectional population-based survey. SETTING Data from the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998, representative for age, gender, community size, and federal state. SUBJECTS From a sample of 7124 Germans between 18 and 79 y old, 2420 women and 2365 men were selected. Only individuals who were not currently receiving medical treatment or did not have disorders related to cardiovascular disease were selected for this study. RESULTS Using analyses of variance, mean blood levels of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, HDL/total cholesterol ratio, total glycerides, fibrinogen, antithrombin III, and homocysteine adjusted for age, socioeconomic status, East/West Germany residence, body mass index, tobacco use, sports activity, and coffee consumption, if appropriate are presented by alcohol consumption groups (0, >0-10, >10-20, >20-30 and >30 g/day). The HDL/total cholesterol ratio increased with higher alcohol groups up to 10-20 g/day (+15%) for women and >30 g/day (+18%) for men, showing the strongest rise among men aged 55-79 y. Fibrinogen decreased with higher alcohol groups up to 10-20 g/day for women and 20-30 g/day for men. Among women, homocysteine levels showed a U-shaped curve with a minimum of 8.49 mmol/l at 10-20 g alcohol/day (-8%, reference: nondrinking), whereas an inverse association was observed for men. CONCLUSIONS Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with favourable levels of several cardiovascular risk factors. The most favourable cardiovascular risk factor profile among women was observed among those drinking 10-20 g alcohol/day. Beneficial effects seem to be more pronounced among older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Burger
- Robert Koch-Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Reporting, Berlin, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kamath
- Haemostasis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham, B18 7QH, UK
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Abstract
This overview summarizes the experimental and epidemiological evidence linking alcohol consumption and the immune system. It focuses on findings supporting the notion that moderate alcohol consumption exerts anti-inflammatory effects which may explain, at least in part, the reduced risk of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in these subjects. Alcohol consumption has been shown consistently to be associated with all-cause mortality in a J- or U-shaped manner. This is due primarily to reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)mortality among moderate consumers of alcohol compared to abstainers and heavy drinkers. Several mechanisms have been suggested by which moderate alcohol consumption could lower risk of CHD. However, changes in lipids, such as increased HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein Al or a favourable haemostatic profile, can only partly explain the beneficial effects. Recently, anti-inflammatory effects of moderate intake of alcohol have been considered as an additional possible explanation, as inflammation has a fundamental role in the initiation, progression and the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Imhof
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
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Mennen LI, de Courcy GP, Guilland JC, Ducros V, Zarebska M, Bertrais S, Favier A, Hercberg S, Galan P. Relation between homocysteine concentrations and the consumption of different types of alcoholic beverages: the French Supplementation with Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:334-8. [PMID: 12885718 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/78.2.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on the effects of alcohol consumption on total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations showed contradictory results. The conflicting results may derive in part from confounding by the type of alcoholic beverage consumed. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate in a predominantly wine-drinking French population whether the relation between alcohol consumption and homocysteine concentrations is dependent on the type of alcoholic beverage consumed. DESIGN In 1996, a cross-sectional study measuring tHcy and red blood cell folate concentrations was conducted in 1196 middle-aged women and men from the French Supplementation with Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals Study. Intakes of alcohol, energy, coffee, and B vitamins were assessed by 6 separate 24-h dietary records from the previous year. RESULTS tHcy concentrations were positively associated with wine intake (P = 0.01) in the women and with beer intake in the men (P = 0.002). No association with the consumption of spirits was observed. The association between beer consumption and tHcy concentrations in the men was modified by the consumption of wine; the association was positive in wine drinkers, whereas an inverse trend was seen in those who drank no wine. CONCLUSION Wine consumption may increase tHcy concentrations, whereas beer consumption seems to have no effect (or even an inverse effect) on tHcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise I Mennen
- UMR INSERM unit 557/INRA unit 1125, Institut Scientifique et Technique de la Nutrition et de l'Alimentation, Paris, France.
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North KE, Williams JT, Welty TK, Best LG, Lee ET, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, MacCluer JW. Evidence for joint action of genes on diabetes status and CVD risk factors in American Indians: the strong heart family study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2003; 27:491-7. [PMID: 12698956 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research among American Indians of the strong heart family study (SHFS) has demonstrated significant heritabilities for CVD risk factors and implicated diabetes as an important predictor of several of the phenotypes. Moreover, we recently demonstrated that genetic effects on CVD risk factors differed in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. In this paper, we investigated whether a significant genetic influence on diabetes status could be identified, and whether there is evidence for joint action of genes on diabetes status and related CVD risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS Approximately 950 men and women, age 18 or older, in 32 extended families, were examined between 1997 and 1999. We estimated the effects of genes and environmental covariates on diabetes status using a threshold model and a maximum likelihood variance component approach. Diabetes status exhibited a residual heritability of 22% (h2=0.22). We also estimated the genetic and environmental correlations between diabetes susceptibility and eight risk factors for CVD. All eight CVD risk factors displayed significant genetic correlations with diabetes status (BMI (rhoG=0.55), fibrinogen (rhoG=0.40), HDL-C (rhoG=-0.37), ln triglycerides (rhoG=0.65), FAT (rhoG=0.38 ), PAI-1 (rhoG=0.67), SBP (rhoG=0.57), and WHR (rhoG=0.58)). Three of eight traits (HDL-C (rhoE=-0.32), ln triglycerides (rhoE=0.33), and fibrinogen (rhoE=0.20)) displayed significant environmental correlations with diabetes status. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that in the context of a high prevalence of diabetes, still unidentified diabetes genes may play an important role in influencing variation in CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Bank of America Center, Capel Hill, NC 27514-3628, USA.
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Nascetti S, Elosua R, Pena A, Covas MI, Senti M, Marrugat J. Variables associated with fibrinogen in a population-based study: interaction between smoking and age on fibrinogen concentration. Eur J Epidemiol 2002; 17:953-8. [PMID: 12188016 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016216808365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the association between fibrinogen and other cardiovascular risk factors. A cross-sectional population-based study in Gerona (Spain) was designed, 1544 subjects (747 men, 797 women) participated. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and blood samples were obtained. Fibrinogen was measured by a coagulometric method. Smoking habits, alcohol consumption and physical activity practice were recorded by questionnaires. Fibrinogen was directly related to age, body mass index (BMI) and female gender and inversely to alcohol and moderate-heavy physical activity practice. Fibrinogen was also higher in men and young women who smoked. In the multivariate analysis, age (regression coefficient (RC): 1.33; standard error (SE): 0.13; unit = 1 year), female gender (RC: 12.24; SE: 3.56) and BMI (RC: 1.83; SE: 0.39; unit = 1 kg/m2) were directly associated with fibrinogen, whereas alcohol (RC: -0.04; SE: 0.01; unit = 1 g/d) was inversely associated. A statistically significant interaction between smoking and age was observed. Age was the strongest variable associated with fibrinogen and modifies the association between smoking and fibrinogen; the magnitude of this association increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nascetti
- Centro per lo studio dell'arteriosclerosi e delle malattie dismetaboliche GC Descovich, Policlinico S Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
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Crespo CJ, Smit E, Snelling A, Sempos CT, Andersen RE. Hormone replacement therapy and its relationship to lipid and glucose metabolism in diabetic and nondiabetic postmenopausal women: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Diabetes Care 2002; 25:1675-80. [PMID: 12351460 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.25.10.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among postmenopausal women, those with diabetes experience more cardiovascular diseases than those without diabetes. We examine the relationship of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with indicators of lipid and glucose metabolism using a national sample of diabetic and nondiabetic postmenopausal women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 1988 to 1994. A total of 2,786 postmenopausal women aged 40-74 years participated in an oral glucose tolerance test, had blood drawn for lipid assessment, and responded to HRT questions. RESULTS Our results show that postmenopausal women with diabetes had increased dyslipidemia compared with nondiabetic women. Among diabetic women, current users of HRT had significant different lipid and glucose control levels than never users of HRT for the following variables: total cholesterol (225 vs. 241 mg/dl), non-HDL (169 vs. 188 mg/dl), apoA (171 vs. 147 mg/dl), fibrinogen (306 vs. 342 mg/dl), glucose (112 vs. 154 mg/dl), insulin (16.81 vs. 22.6 uU/ml), and GHb (6.03 vs. 7.13 mg/dl). CONCLUSIONS Diabetic and nondiabetic postmenopausal women currently taking HRT had better lipoprotein profile than never or previous users of HRT. Diabetic women currently taking HRT had better glycemic control than never or previous users of HRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Crespo
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA.
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Belleville J. The French paradox: possible involvement of ethanol in the protective effect against cardiovascular diseases. Nutrition 2002; 18:173-7. [PMID: 11844649 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review surveyed the literature on the cardioprotective effects of moderate alcohol consumption. METHODS The putative cardioprotective effects of alcohol and other substances in alcoholic beverages are discussed by taking "the French paradox" as a starting point. A survey of the literature highlighted various hypotheses explaining the protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption. RESULTS The positive effects of moderate quantities of alcohol have been attributed in part to increased plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein, an inhibition of platelet aggregation, and improved endothelial function. Many investigators have claimed that wine is the significant factor explaining the French paradox. Red wine has been shown ex vivo to inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation, increase antioxidant capacity in humans, and reduce susceptibility of human plasma to lipid peroxidation. The non-alcoholic fraction of wine, represented mainly by phenolic compounds, may be the primary factor responsible for this protective effect. However, the protective effects are not restricted to a particular type of alcoholic drink, suggesting that alcohol per se rather than compounds specific to certain beverages reduces mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS It is difficult to explain the effect of alcohol on risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases by a uniform biochemical mechanism. Moreover, its protective effects are counterbalanced by its addictive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Belleville
- Unité de Nutrition Cellulaire et Métabolique, Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France.
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Schlienger JL. [Alcohol and cardiovascular system: mechanisms of the protective effects]. PATHOLOGIE-BIOLOGIE 2001; 49:764-8. [PMID: 11762140 DOI: 10.1016/s0369-8114(01)00237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Moderate and regularly alcohol consumption reduces death rate from coronary heart disease and thrombotic stroke. This beneficial correlation observed with several alcoholic beverages seems to be mainly due to an ethanol effect. However the particular role of microconstituants contained in red wine must be considered. The mechanism of the putative protective effect of alcohol intake is mediated through the elevation of HDL cholesterol and through the aintioxydative effect of polyphenolic compounds. In addition, alcohol acts favourably on platelets agregation, fibrinolysis and several other coagulation parameters. Despite these explanations are yet speculative and there is no causal relation between alcohol and reduced coronary death, epidemiological data are consistent with the belief that daily consumption of one or two glasses of an alcoholic beverage has salutary effect on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schlienger
- Service de médecine interne et nutrition, CHU, hôpital Hautepierre, avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg, France.
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Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Bode G, März W, Hoffmeister A, Koenig W. Coronary heart disease risk reduction in a predominantly beer-drinking population. Epidemiology 2001; 12:390-5. [PMID: 11416776 DOI: 10.1097/00001648-200107000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Moderate alcohol consumption protects against coronary heart disease, but there is ongoing debate about whether the effects and the underlying mechanisms differ by type of alcoholic beverage. In our case-control study from Germany, we assessed and compared the effect of alcohol consumption from various sources on risk of coronary heart disease and its underlying mechanisms. The sample included 312 patients with clinically stable, angiographically confirmed coronary heart disease and 479 healthy controls. After control for potential confounding factors, the odds ratio for coronary heart disease was 0.55 (95% confidence interval = 0.37--0.83) for drinkers compared with nondrinkers. Risk reduction was particularly strong among the majority of study participants who reported drinking predominantly or exclusively beer. Alcohol consumption from various sources was consistently associated with a more favorable profile of lipids and hemostatic factors. Nevertheless, a strong inverse association persisted between beer drinking and coronary heart disease even after control for these "intermediate variables." Our results support suggestions that the protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption against coronary heart disease is mediated in part by beneficial effects of ethanol on lipids and hemostatic factors. Additional mechanisms may account for the strong protective effect of moderate beer consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Brenner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Ulm, Germany
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Mezzano D, Leighton F, Martínez C, Marshall G, Cuevas A, Castillo O, Panes O, Muñoz B, Pérez DD, Mizón C, Rozowski J, San Martín A, Pereira J. Complementary effects of Mediterranean diet and moderate red wine intake on haemostatic cardiovascular risk factors. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55:444-51. [PMID: 11423921 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2000] [Revised: 01/22/2001] [Accepted: 01/24/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of alcohol-free Mediterranean-type diet (MD) and high-fat diet (HFD) on plasma concentration of emergent haemostatic cardiovascular risk factors (HCVRF). Also, to test if red wine supplementation modifies HCVRF, independent of diet. DESIGN, SUBJECTS AND INTERVENTION Controlled prospective intervention study. Two groups, each of 21 healthy male university students (22+/-3.4 y), received either MD or HFD for 90 days. Between days 30 and 60, both diets were supplemented with 240 ml/day of red wine. Baseline and T30, T60 and T90-day samples were drawn. No drop out from the study was observed. SETTING University campus and outpatient nutrition clinic. RESULTS Volunteers on HFD at T30 had increases in pro-coagulants fibrinogen (22%), factor VIIc (9%), and factor VIIIc (4%), and decreases in natural anticoagulants antithrombin III (3%), protein C (11%) and protein S (6%) and of 20% in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. At the same time, individuals on MD had increases in fibrinogen (4%), antithrombin III (5%), protein C (3%), protein S (2.7%), and decreases in factor VIIIc (9%), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (21%). After adjusting by baseline values, MD was associated with lower plasma fibrinogen (P=0.03), factor VIIc (P=0.034) and factor VIIIc (P=0.0057) and with higher levels of protein S (P=0.013). Red wine supplementation, in both diets, resulted in decreased plasma fibrinogen (P=0.001) and factor VIIc (P=0.05), and increased tissue plasminogen activator antigen (P=0.01) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen (P=0.0003). Wine consumption was also associated with significantly (P=0.01) divergent effects on antithrombin III: it decreased by 10% in individuals on HFD but increased slightly in those on MD. No effects of diet or wine were detected in plasma protein C and C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION MD and moderate consumption of red wine have complementary, mostly beneficial effects on HCVRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mezzano
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Imhof A, Froehlich M, Brenner H, Boeing H, Pepys MB, Koenig W. Effect of alcohol consumption on systemic markers of inflammation. Lancet 2001; 357:763-7. [PMID: 11253971 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies suggest that light to moderate alcohol intake is associated with lower all-cause mortality than abstention or heavy alcohol intake, primarily through reduced risk of coronary heart disease. The underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. METHODS We investigated the association between alcohol consumption (assessed by a 7-day food record) and concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), alpha1-globulins, alpha2-globulins, albumin, and transferrin, and leucocyte count in a sample of 2006 men and women aged 18-88 years participating in a national health survey carried out in former West Germany in 1987-88. Analyses were based on 781 men and 995 women with complete data. FINDINGS Among men, alcohol consumption showed a U-shaped association with mean values of CRP (p for linear term 0.65, for quadratic term 0.048), alpha1-globulins (p=0.20, 0.0006), alpha2-globulins (p=0.82, 0.31), and leucocyte count (p=0.51, 0.26) even after adjustment for age, smoking, body-mass index, HDL and LDL cholesterol, history of hypertension, education, and income. There were inverted U-shaped associations between the negative acute-phase reactants albumin (p=0.41, 0.006) and transferrin (p=0.14, 0.28) and alcohol intake. In women, the associations were less strong for CRP (p=0.35, 0.31), leucocyte count (p=0.28, 0.15), and transferrin (p=0.86, 0.83). Concentrations of alpha1-globulins and alpha2-globulins were inversely related to alcohol consumption, and albumin showed a positive association with increasing alcohol intake in women. INTERPRETATION Non-drinkers and heavy drinkers had higher CRP concentrations than moderate drinkers. In view of the robust association between markers of inflammation, especially CRP, and risk of coronary heart disease, an anti-inflammatory action of alcohol could contribute to the link between moderate consumption and lower cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Imhof
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Centre, Germany
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Los nuevos factores de riesgo cardiovascular. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1889-1837(01)71132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fauchier L, Maison-Blanche P, Forhan A, D'Hour A, Lépinay P, Tichet J, Vol S, Coumel P, Fauchier JP, Balkau B. Association between heart rate-corrected QT interval and coronary risk factors in 2,894 healthy subjects (the DESIR Study). Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86:557-9, A9. [PMID: 11009279 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(00)01015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the prospective Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, 2,894 healthy subjects aged 30 to 64 years had determinations of fasting glucose, insulin, serum lipid and fibrinogen concentrations, blood pressures, body mass index, and waist-hip ratio, as well as tobacco and alcohol consumptions and physical activity. A 12-lead electrocardiogram with automatic measurement of the QT interval was recorded and the formula used for heart rate correction was based on the best-fit regression between QT and heart rate. The QT duration was influenced by glucose homeostasis in both sexes, and increased in men with physical activity; there was a dose-effect relation for men who smoked.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fauchier
- Service de Cardiologie B, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Trousseau, Tours, France.
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