Gallates inhibit cytokine-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules in vascular endothelial cells

Prokineticin-2 Participates in Chronic Constriction Injury-Triggered Neuropathic Pain and Anxiety via Regulated by NF-κB in Nucleus Accumbens Shell in Rats

Neuropathic pain (NP) is an intractable pain that results from primary nervous system injury and dysfunction. Herein, we demonstrated in animal models that peripheral nerve injury induced enhanced pain perception and anxiety-like behaviors. According to previous reports, nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell is required for complete expression of neuropathic pain behaviors and mood alternations, we found the elevated mRNA and protein level of Prokineticin-2 (Prok2) in the NAc shell after Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI). Prok2 knockdown in the NAc shell reversed NP and anxiety-like behaviors in rats, indicating that Prok2 might play a fundamental role in NP and anxiety co-morbidity. CCI significantly enhanced Prok2 co-expression with NF-κB P-p65 in comparison with control animals. In addition to reversing the established nociceptive hypersensitivities and anxiety simultaneously, NAc microinjection of NF-κB siRNA or specific inhibitor PDTC reversed Prok2 upregulation. Besides, Prok2 was significantly decreased in vitro when co-transfected with si-NF-κB. Dual-Luciferase assay showed NF-κB directly activated Prok2 gene transcriptional activity. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the neurobiological mechanisms behind NP and comorbid anxiety. The NF-κB/Prok2 pathway could be a potential therapeutic target for NP and anxiety disorders.

Pentagalloyl glucose induces anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization - suppressing macrophage mediated vascular cell dysfunction and TGF-β secretion

Background: Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is a polyphenol with vasoprotective properties. Targeted delivery of PGG reversed aortic aneurysm growth in several rodent models associated with decreased number of macrophages and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression. Thus, we sought to determine cellular mechanisms by which PGG reduces macrophage-induced aortic pathogenicity and its relationship to TGF-β. Methods: Using THP-1 cells, primary human aortic cells, and explanted rat aortas, we assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of PGG. Expression of pro/anti-inflammatory macrophage markers was analyzed. Adhesion of monocytes as well as oxidative stress status, viability, and TGF-β expression after primary aortic cell exposure to macrophage-conditioned medium with and without PGG were assessed. The release of TGF-β was also examined in elastase-treated cultured rat aortas. Results: PGG pre-treatment of human aortic cell monolayers reduced the adhesion of THP-1 monocytes. PGG enhanced the expression of anti-inflammatory markers in THP-1-derived macrophages, and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as well as mitochondrial polarization. Conditioned medium from THP-1-derived macrophages induced reactive oxygen species, cell death, and TGF-β release from human aortic cells, which was suppressed by PGG. In explanted rat aortas, PGG reduced elastase mediated TGF-β release. Conclusions: Combining anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and oxidative effects, PGG has high cardiovascular therapeutic potential. We confirmed previous in vivo observations whereby PGG suppressed TGF-β response associated with disease resolution.

Ethyl gallate isolated from phenol-enriched fraction of Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam. Promotes cutaneous wound healing: a scientific validation through bioassay-guided fractionation

The tender shoots of Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam. are used ethnomedically by the traditional healers of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka (India) for the treatment of wounds. The current study was aimed at exploring phenol-enriched fraction (PEF) of crude ethanol extract of tender shoots to isolate and characterize the most active bio-constituent through bioassay-guided fractionation procedure. The successive fractionation and sub-fractionation of PEF, followed by in vitro scratch wound, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities, yielded a highly active natural antioxidant compound ethyl gallate (EG). In vitro wound healing potentiality of EG was evidenced by a significantly higher percentage of cell migration in L929 fibroblast cells (97.98 ± 0.46% at 3.81 μg/ml concentration) compared to a positive control group (98.44 ± 0.36%) at the 48th hour of incubation. A significantly higher rate of wound contraction (98.72 ± 0.41%), an elevated tensile strength of the incised wound (1,154.60 ± 1.42 g/mm²), and increased quantity of connective tissue elements were observed in the granulation tissues of the 1% EG ointment treated animal group on the 15th post-wounding day. The accelerated wound healing activity of 1% EG was also exhibited by histopathological examinations through Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's trichome, and Toluidine blue-stained sections. Significant up-regulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant contents (reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and down-regulation of oxidative stress marker (lipid peroxidation) clearly indicates the effective granular antioxidant activity of 1% EG in preventing oxidative damage to the skin tissues. Further, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of EG supports the positive correlation with its enhanced wound-healing activity. Moreover, molecular docking and dynamics for 100 ns revealed the stable binding of EG with cyclooxygenase-2 (-6.2 kcal/mol) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (-4.6 kcal/mol) and unstable binding with tumor necrosis factor-α (-7.2 kcal/mol), suggesting the potential applicability of EG in inflammation and wound treatment.

The benzoate plant metabolite ethyl gallate prevents cellular- and vascular-lipid accumulation in experimental models of atherosclerosis

Ethyl gallate (EG) is a well-known constituent of medicinal plants, but its effects on atherosclerosis development are not clear. In the present study, the anti-atherosclerosis effects of EG and the underlying mechanisms were explored using macrophage cultures, zebrafish and apolipoprotein (apo) E deficient mice. Treatment of macrophages with EG (20 μM) enhanced cellular cholesterol efflux to HDL, and reduced net lipid accumulation in response to oxidized LDL. Secretion of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) from activated macrophages was also blunted by EG. Fluorescence imaging techniques revealed EG feeding of zebrafish reduced vascular lipid accumulation and inflammatory responses in vivo. Similar results were obtained in apoE^-/- mice 6.5 months of age, where plaque lesions and monocyte infiltration into the artery wall were reduced by 70% and 42%, respectively, after just 6 weeks of injections with EG (20 mg/kg). HDL-cholesterol increased 2-fold, serum cholesterol efflux capacity increased by ∼30%, and the levels of MCP-1 and IL-6 were reduced with EG treatment of mice. These results suggest EG impedes early atherosclerosis development by reducing the lipid and macrophage-content of plaque. Underlying mechanisms appeared to involve HDL cholesterol efflux mechanisms and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion.

Chlorella vulgaris ameliorates sodium nitrite-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

The current was conducted to evaluate the ameliorating effect of Chlorella vulgaris (CV) extract against sodium nitrite-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Forty-five rats were allocated randomly into 5 groups (n = 9). Group I (GI), control group: orally gavaged with normal saline daily. Group II (GII): orally gavaged with CV extract (70 mg/kg BW) for 3 months. Group III (GIII): orally gavaged with sodium nitrite (80 mg/kg BW) for 3 months. Group IV (GIV): received sodium nitrite as GIII and CV extract as GII simultaneously for 3 months. Group V (GV): received CV extract as GII and then, sodium nitrite as in GIII from the end of first month until the end of the experiment. Sodium nitrite significantly increased the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and serum concentrations of tumor interleukin 1-β and necrosis factor α. In addition, it increased concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide and expression level of caspase-3 in the hepatic tissue. However, it decreased activities of hepatic glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase and induced degenerative and necrotic changes in hepatic tissues. In contrast, CV extract administration modulated sodium nitrite-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and alteration in hepatic tissue function and architecture. This study indicated that CV extract modulated sodium nitrite-induced hepatic toxicity through decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities in hepatic tissue of rats.

Compounds with Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activity Identified in Wine from Hungary's Tokaj Region via High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Bioinformatics Analyses

(1) Background: Wine contains a variety of molecules with potential beneficial effects on human health. Our aim was to examine the wine components with high-resolution mass spectrometry including high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry in two wine types made from grapes with or without the fungus Botrytis cinerea, or "noble rot". (2) For LC-MS/MS analysis, 12 wine samples (7 without and 5 with noble rotting) from 4 different wineries were used and wine components were identified and quantified. (3) Results: 288 molecules were identified in the wines and the amount of 169 molecules was statistically significantly different between the two wine types. A database search was carried out to find the molecules, which were examined in functional studies so far, with high emphasis on molecules with antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. (4) Conclusions: A comprehensive functional dataset related to identified wine components is also provided highlighting the importance of components with potential health benefits.

Effect of Helicanthes elasticus (Desv.) Danser extracts on immune profile of Wistar albino rats

Helicanthes elasticus (Desv.) Danser is a common type of mistletoes of Indian origin. In Indian traditional and folklore medicines the plant is claimed to possess a range of medicinal values such as immunomodulator, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial properties. However, there is no experimental proof for its therapeutic claim. The aqueous and alcoholic extracts of H. elastica were evaluated for its immuno-modulatory effect on antibody formation against sheep red blood cells and on cell mediated immunity of immunological paw edema model. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts have shown dose dependent elevation in the antibody titer value in comparison to control group at 14th and 21st day of sensitization (**p < 0.01). There is a mild to moderate elevation were observed in the immunological paw edema at highest dose (400 mg/kg) during 21st day after sensitization. The histopathological observation shows that there is an increase in the white pulp of spleen and increased cellularity and formation of distinct germinal cells in lymph node. H. elasticus extracts possess marked antibody formation propensity without significant modification on cell mediated immunity.

Radiomodifying action, Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution of Ethyl 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoate-Implication in development of radiomitigator

Ethyl 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoate (GAE) is a major bioactive constituent of Hippophae Rhamnoides L. leaves and extract prepared from H. rhamnoides leaves exhibited radioprotective and pharmacological activity. Radiomodifying properties of polyphenol compounds through free radical neutralizing have been reported earlier. However, to date pharmacokinetic (PK) and biodistribution of polyphenol compounds post 60Co-γ-irradiation (5 Gy) exposure have not been studied yet. The study aims to investigate the radio modifying and inflammatory action, PK and biodistribution of GAE at a radioprotective dose and changes, if any, induced after irradiation. Male C 57 BL/6 mice (28-30 g) were administered GAE (200 mg/kg b.wt) orally 15 minutes post to irradiation. Mice were sacrificed at 15, 30 min, 1,2,4,8 and 24 h. PK and biodistribution of GAE in plasma and tissues were studied. The radiomodifying potential was assessed in terms of mitigating NF-kB activity and SGOT, SGPT, urea and creatinine levels in liver and kidney post irradiation. Our study suggested the potential use of GAE as radiomodifying agent inhibits NF-kB expression and maintains the SGOT 24.10 ± 2.4, SGPT 36.01 ± 6.1 U/l, urea18.16 ± 0.003, and creatinine 1.05 ± 0.04 mg/dL upto 8 h in comparison to irradiated mice. Moreover, in biodistribution studies, showed that GAE crosses the blood-brain barrier and is found in brain tissue. Plasma level of GAE peaked at about 15 min, with Cmax 4390.85 ± 285.20 in GAE and in 3391.78 ± 78.13 ng/mL in radiation + GAE-treated animals, Biodistribution resulted in the highest concentration to be found in liver and kidney. These radiomodifying and pharmacokinetic result may be useful for study of the bioactive mechanism associated with radiation injury and to develop a potent formulation of GAE for clinical application.

In vitro evaluation of the synergistic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the combined extracts from Malaysian Ganoderma lucidum and Egyptian Chlorella vulgaris

Background

Since oxidative stress and inflammation are two linked factors in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. Thus identification of effective treatment is of great importance. Edible mushroom and microalgae are rich in the effective antioxidant phytochemicals. Hence, their beneficial effects on oxidative stress-associated inflammation are extremely required to be investigated.

Methods

This study evaluated the functional constituents, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Malaysian Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract (GLE) and Egyptian Chlorella vulgaris ethanolic extract (CVE). Also, the synergistic, addictive or antagonistic activities of the combination between the two extracts (GLE-CVE) were studied. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor-kappa B, as well as levels of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione and antioxidant enzymes were determined using in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated white blood cells.

Critical Review on the Significance of Olive Phytochemicals in Plant Physiology and Human Health

Olive oil displays remarkable organoleptic and nutritional features, which turn it into a foodstuff appreciated by consumers, and a basic component of the Mediterranean diet. Indeed, the noticed benefits of including olive oil in the diet have been assigned to the presence of diverse bioactive compounds with different molecular structures. These compounds confer a wide range of biological properties to this food matrix, including the prevention of distinct human diseases as well as the modulation of their severity. The most relevant bioactive compounds present in olive oil correspond to benzoic and cinnamic acids, phenolic alcohols and secoiridoids, and also flavonoids. Over the last decades, several studies, devoted to gaining a further insight into the relative contribution of the separate groups and individual compounds for their biological activities, have been conducted, providing relevant information on structure-activity relationships. Therefore, this paper critically reviews the health benefits evidenced by distinct phenolic compounds found in olive oils, thus contributing to clarify the relationship between their chemical structures and biological functions, further supporting their interest as essential ingredients of wholesome foods.

Therapeutic effects of walnut oil on the animal model of multiple sclerosis

OBJECTIVES

Therapeutic approaches for multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), are accompanied by various undesirable side effects. Owing to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of walnut, we investigated its effects on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS.

METHODS

After EAE induction in mice, the treated group was gavaged daily with walnut oil. The weights and clinical symptoms were monitored daily for 21 days following the onset of symptoms. The spleens and brains of the mouse were removed and used for ELISA and histological studies.

RESULTS

The average disease severity and plaque formation in the brains of the walnut oil-treated group were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the untreated group. Stimulated splenocytes of the treated group expressed significantly less INF-γ and interleukin (IL)-17 than the untreated group with no significant differences in IL-10 or IL-5 production. In serum from the treated group, IL-17 expression was also significantly less than in the untreated group, while IL-10 was greater (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Walnut oil significantly reduced disease severity, inhibited plaque formation, and altered cytokine production. More studies are required to identify the mechanism of action of walnut oil as a valuable supplement in the treatment of MS.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Pistacia lentiscus Fruit Oil and Its Effects on Oxidative Stress

In order to find new topical anti-inflammatory agents, we had recourse to a medicinal plant. This work was designed to determine the topical anti-inflammatory effect of Pistacia lentiscus fruit oil (PLFO), using carrageenan-induced paw edema rat model, and to evaluate its effects on oxidative stress. The topical anti-inflammatory activity of PLFO was compared to Inflocine® and estimated by measuring the diameter of paw edema, for 5 hours at a 1-hour interval. After that the rats were scarified and the inflamed paw tissue was removed for the exploration of some parameters of oxidative stress and histopathology. PLFO showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity in comparison with the Inflocine. The percentages of edema inhibition were 70% and % 51.5% (p < 0.01), respectively, after five hours. The treatment with PLFO and Inflocine led to significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) in the activities of CAT, SOD, and GPX and significant decreases in the MDA level and AOPP activity in the paw tissue after Carr injection, in comparison with the Carr group. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that PLFO might accelerate the development of new drugs which could be used scientifically as a source for natural health products in the treatment of topical inflammation.

Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory properties of Algerian Hertia cheirifolia methanol extract

CONTEXT

Hertia cheirifolia L. (Asteraceae) is traditionally used in Northern Africa to treat various inflammatory infections. However, few studies on this plant have been reported.

OBJECTIVE

The anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of H. cheirifolia leaves was investigated using different experimental models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Phytochemical analysis was performed to determine phenolic compounds. Acute toxicity of the extract (2000 mg/kg) was examined in Swiss albino mice for 14 days, before croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice, carrageenan-induced paw oedema in Swiss albino rats, cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats and carrageenan-induced air pouch in mice were conducted. The IL-1β and TNF-α release from concanavalin A-stimulated monocytes was measured by ELISA.

RESULTS

Methanol extract of H. cheirifolia is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids. Cinnamic acid and rutin represent the major constituents. Methanol extract up to 2000 mg/kg did not produce any toxic effects. Topical application of 2 mg/ear of the extract produced 78.7% of inhibition on ear swilling. Oral pre-treatment of rats with 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract inhibited paw oedema by 70% and 89%, respectively. At 200 mg/kg, granuloma dry and wet weights were reduced by 41.85% and 61.72%, respectively. Moreover, the treatment with methanol extract at 1 mg/kg exerted 62.7% of inhibition on leucocytes migrated into the ear pouch. TNF-α and IL-1β release was reduced by 69% and 78%, respectively, with 1 μg/mL of the extract.

CONCLUSION

Methanol extract of H. cheirifolia possesses a strong anti-inflammatory activity and may be considered an interesting source of effective anti-inflammatory compounds.

Protective Effects of Catechin against Monosodium Urate-Induced Inflammation through the Modulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

Gouty inflammation results from the stimulation of monosodium urate (MSU). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion is the primary clinical manifestation of MSU attack, and MSU activates IL-1β through a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. This study investigated the protective effect and underlying mechanism of naturally occurring phenolic compounds on MSU-induced inflammation in vivo and in vitro. A screening of phenolic compounds revealed that gallic acid and catechin exhibited the most potent free radical scavenging activities. Subcutaneous injection of gallic acid or catechin significantly reduced MSU-induced IL-1β and IL-6 secretion in C57BL/6 mice. However, only catechin inhibited MSU-induced IL-1β secretion and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in MSU-challenged THP-1 cells. MSU-triggered mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (MtROS) production and intracellular calcium levels were significantly decreased by treatment with catechin in THP-1 cells. Catechin treatment also up-regulated Bcl-2 levels and restored MSU-induced mitochondrial transmembrane potential impairment. These results indicate that the protective effects of catechin on MSU-induced IL-1β secretion are associated with modulation of mitochondrial damage. It also suggests that catechin has the potential to protect gout attack by modulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Preparation of biointeractive glycoprotein-conjugated hydrogels through metabolic oligosacchalide engineering

In the current study, synthetic hydrogels containing metabolically engineered glycoproteins of mammalian cells were prepared for the first time and selectin-mediated cell adhesion on the hydrogel was demonstrated. A culture of HL-60 cells was supplemented with an appropriate volume of aqueous solution of N-methacryloyl mannosamine (ManMA) to give a final concentration of 5 mM. The cells were then incubated for 3 days to deliver methacryloyl groups to the glycoproteins of the cells. A transparent hydrogel was formed via redox radical polymerization of methacryloyl functionalized glycoproteins with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine and a cross-linker. Conjugation of the glycoproteins into the hydrogel was determined using Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. The surface density of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) on the hydrogels was also detected using gold-colloid-labeled immunoassay. Finally, selectin-mediated cell adhesion on hydrogels containing glycoproteins was demonstrated. Selectin-mediated cell adhesion is considered an essential step in the progression of various diseases; therefore, hydrogels having glycoproteins could be useful in therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

KR-31543 reduces the production of proinflammatory molecules in human endothelial cells and monocytes and attenuates atherosclerosis in mouse model

KR-31543, (2S, 3R, 4S)-6-amino-4-[N-(4-chlorophenyl)- N-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl) amino]-3,4-dihydro- 2-dimethyoxymethyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-1-benz opyran is a new neuroprotective agent for ischemiareperfusion damage. It has also been reported that KR-31543 has protective effects on lipid peroxidation and H₂O₂-induced reactive oxygen species production. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties of KR-31543. We observed that KR-31543 treatment reduced the production of MCP-1, IL-8, and VCAM-1 in HUVECs, and of MCP-1 and IL-6 in THP-1 human monocytes. We also examined the effect of KR-31543 on monocytes migration in vitro. KR-31543 treatment effectively reduced the migration of THP-1 human monocytes to the HUVEC monolayer in a dose-dependent manner. We next examined the effects of this compound on atherogenesis in LDL receptor deficient (Ldlr ⁻/⁻) mice. After 10 weeks of western diet, the formation of atherosclerotic lesion in aorta was reduced in the KR-31543-treated group compared to the control group. The accumulation of macrophages in lesion was also reduced in KR-31543 treated group. However, the plasma levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglyceride were not affected by KR-31543 treatment. Taken together, these results show that KR-31543 has anti-inflammatory properties on human monocytes and endothelial cells, and inhibits fatty streak lesion formation in mouse model of atherosclerosis, suggesting the potential of KR-31543 for the treatment for atherosclerosis.

Gallic acid: molecular rival of cancer

Gallic acid, a predominant polyphenol, has been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis in animal models and in vitro cancerous cell lines. The inhibitory effect of gallic acid on cancer cell growth is mediated via the modulation of genes which encodes for cell cycle, metastasis, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Gallic acid inhibits activation of NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways along with the activity of COX, ribonucleotide reductase and GSH. Moreover, gallic acid activates ATM kinase signaling pathways to prevent the processes of carcinogenesis. The data so far available, both from in vivo and in vitro studies, indicate that this dietary polyphenol could be promising agent in the field of cancer chemoprevention.

Aqueous extract of unripe Rubus coreanus fruit attenuates atherosclerosis by improving blood lipid profile and inhibiting NF-κB activation via phase II gene expression

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The fruit of Rubus coreanus has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for alleviation of inflammatory and vascular diseases in Asian countries.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The anti-atherogenic effect of unripe Rubus coreanus fruit extract (URFE) and its underlying mechanism were analyzed in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and in cell culture system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mouse was freely given HFD alone or supplemented with URFE for 14 weeks, followed by analysis of atherosclerotic lesions and serum lipid levels. For in vitro assay, macrophages were pretreated with URFE, followed by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Expression levels of inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS) and phase II genes (heme oxygenase-1, glutamate cysteine lygase, and peroxiredoxine-1) as well as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and NF-κB activation pathway were analyzed in cultured macrophages as well as mouse sera and aortic tissues.

RESULTS

URFE supplementation reduced HFD-induced atherosclerotic lesion formation which was correlated with decreased levels of lipids, lipid peroxides, and inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and nitric oxide) in sera as well as suppression of inflammatory gene in aortic tissues. In addition, pre-treatment of macrophages with URFE also suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activation, ROS production, and inflammatory and phase II gene expressions. Inhibition of phase II enzyme and protein activities attenuated the suppressive effects URFE on ROS production, NF-κB activation, and inflammatory gene expression.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that URFE attenuates atherosclerosis by improving blood lipid profile and inhibiting NF-κB activation via phase II antioxidant gene expression.

Beneficial effects of the active principle component of Korean cabbage kimchi via increasing nitric oxide production and suppressing inflammation in the aorta of apoE knockout mice

The present study investigated the effects of 3'-(4'-hydroxyl-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid (HDMPPA), the active principle compound of kimchi, on vascular damage in the experimental atherosclerotic animal. HDMPPA was administrated by an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg per d for 8 weeks to apoE knockout (KO) mice with an atherogenic diet containing 1 % cholesterol, and its effects were compared with vehicle-treated control mice. HDMPPA increased NO content in the aorta, accompanied by a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration. Furthermore, in the HDMPPA-treated group, aortic endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression was up-regulated compared with the control group. These results suggested that HDMPPA could maintain NO bioavailability through an increasing eNOS expression and preventing NO degradation by ROS. Furthermore, HDMPPA treatment in apoE KO mice inhibited eNOS uncoupling through an increase in vascular tetrahydrobiopterin content and a decrease in serum asymmetric dimethylarginine levels. Moreover, HDMPPA ameliorates inflammatory-related protein expression in the aorta of apoE KO mice. Therefore, the present study suggests that HDMPPA, the active compound of kimchi, a Korean functional food, may exert its vascular protective effect through the preservation of NO bioavailability and suppression of the inflammatory response.

Anti-TNF-α activity of Portulaca oleracea in vascular endothelial cells

Vascular inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis, a main complication of diabetes. The present study investigated whether an aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea (AP) prevents the TNF-α-induced vascular inflammatory process in the human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC). The stimulation of TNF-α induced overexpression of adhesion molecules affects vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and E-selectin for example. However, AP significantly suppressed TNF-α-induced over-expression of these adhesion molecules in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, pretreatment with AP dose-dependently reduced an increase of the adhesion of HL-60 cells to TNF-α-induced HUVEC. Furthermore, we observed that stimulation of TNF-α significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, pretreatment with AP markedly blocked TNF-α-induced ROS production in a dose-dependent manner. The western blot and immunofluorescence analysis showed that AP inhibited the translocation of p65 NF-κB to the nucleus. In addition, AP suppressed the TNF-α-induced degradation of IκB-α and attenuated the TNF-α-induced NF-κB binding. AP also effectively reduced TNF-α-induced mRNA expressions of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and interleukin (IL)-8 in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, AP prevents the vascular inflammatory process through the inhibition of intracellular ROS production and NF-κB activation as well as the reduction of adhesion molecule expression in TNF-α-induced HUVEC. These results suggested that AP might have a potential therapeutic effect by inhibiting the vascular inflammation process in vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.

Benefit of Monascus-fermented products for hypertension prevention: a review

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been reported to play a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system thereby exerting an inhibition in nerve impulse, in turn ameliorating depression; in addition, recent study also reveals the anti-hypertensive effect of GABA in vivo. Edible fungi of the Monascus species have been used as traditional Chinese medicine in eastern Asia for several centuries. Monascus-fermented products possess a number of functional secondary metabolites, including anti-inflammatory pigments (such as monascin and ankaflavin), monacolins, dimerumic acid, and GABA. Several scientific studies have shown that these secondary metabolites have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-tumor activities. Moreover, many published reports have shown the efficacy of Monascus-fermented products in the prevention or amelioration of some diseases, including hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and numerous types of cancer in recent studies. The current article discusses and provides evidence to elucidate the anti-hypertensive benefit of Monascus-fermented metabolites, including anti-inflammatory pigments and GABA.

TEX11 modulates germ cell proliferation by competing with estrogen receptor β for the binding to HPIP

Klinefelter syndrome (KS), characterized by the presence of more than one X-chromosome in men, is a major genetic cause of male infertility. Germ cell degeneration in KS patients is thought to be the consequences of overexpression of some genes on the X-chromosome. However, the identity of these genes and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Testis-expressed 11 (TEX11) is an X-chromosome-encoded germ-cell-specific protein that is expressed most abundantly in spermatogonia and early spermatocytes in the testes. In our search for TEX11-interacting partners using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified hematopoietic pre-B cell leukemia transcription factor-interacting protein (HPIP), which anchors estrogen receptors (ER) to the cytoskeleton and modulates their functions. We found that mouse spermatogonial stem cells expressed Tex11, Hpip, and Esr2 but not Esr1. In cultured cells, TEX11 competed with ERβ for binding to HPIP. Upon treatment with 17β-estradiol or an ERβ agonist diarylpropionitrile, TEX11 promoted the nuclear translocation of ERβ and enhanced its transcriptional activities. On the other hand, TEX11 suppressed the nongenomic activities of ERβ in the cytoplasm, as indicated by reduced phosphorylation of AKT and ERK signaling molecules. Overexpression of TEX11 in mouse germ-cell-derived GC-1 and GC-2 cells suppressed the cell proliferation and the expression of cFos, Ccnd1, and Ccnb1 that were stimulated by 17β-estradiol or diarylpropionitrile and elevated the expression level of the proapoptotic Bax gene. The negative effect of TEX11 on cell proliferation suggests that increased expression of TEX11 in the germ cells may partially contribute to the spermatogenic defect observed in KS patients.

Reverse D4F, an apolipoprotein-AI mimetic peptide, inhibits atherosclerosis in ApoE-null mice

OBJECTIVE

Synthetic class A amphipathic helical peptide analogs of apolipoprotein-AI (apoAI; with varied phenylalanine residues) are emerging therapeutic approaches under investigation for atherosclerosis. Utilizing retroinverso sequencing, we designed reverse-D4F (Rev-D4F) peptide with 18 d-amino acids containing 4 phenylalanine residues and reverse order that allows the side chain residues to be of exact alignment and superimposable to those of the parent l-amino acid peptide. This study examined the effect of Rev-D4F on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (apoE)-null mice and the underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS/METHODS

ApoE-null mice were fed a chow diet and administered water (control), Rev-D4F, or L4F mimetic peptides (0.4 mg/mL, equivalent to 1.6 mg/d) orally in drinking water for 6 weeks. Aortic root atherosclerotic lesion area, lesion macrophage content, and the ability of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to influence monocyte chemotaxis were measured.

RESULTS

Rev-D4F significantly decreased aortic sinus atherosclerotic lesion area and lesion macrophage content without affecting plasma total and HDL-cholesterol levels in apoE-null mice. The HDL from Rev-D4F-treated mice showed enhanced anti-inflammatory monocyte chemotactic activity, while low-density lipoprotein (LDL) exhibited reduced proinflammatory activity. In in vitro studies, Rev-D4F inhibited LDL oxidation, endothelial cell vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and monocyte chemotactic factor 1 (MCP-1) expression, and monocyte adhesion to aortic endothelial cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The Rev-D4F inhibits atherosclerosis by inhibiting endothelial inflammatory/oxidative events and improving HDL function. The data suggest that Rev-D4F may be an effective apoAI mimetic peptide for further development in preventing atherosclerosis.

Adaptive response of vascular endothelial cells to an acute increase in shear stress magnitude

The adaptation of vascular endothelial cells to shear stress alteration induced by global hemodynamic changes, such as those accompanying exercise or digestion, is an essential component of normal endothelial physiology in vivo. An understanding of the transient regulation of endothelial phenotype during adaptation to changes in mural shear will advance our understanding of endothelial biology and may yield new insights into the mechanism of atherogenesis. In this study, we characterized the adaptive response of arterial endothelial cells to an acute increase in shear stress magnitude in well-defined in vitro settings. Porcine endothelial cells were preconditioned by a basal level shear stress of 15 ± 15 dyn/cm(2) at 1 Hz for 24 h, after which an acute increase in shear stress to 30 ± 15 dyn/cm(2) was applied. Endothelial permeability nearly doubled after 40-min exposure to the elevated shear stress and then decreased gradually. Transcriptomics studies using microarray techniques identified 86 genes that were sensitive to the elevated shear. The acute increase in shear stress promoted the expression of a group of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative genes. The adaptive response of the global gene expression profile is triphasic, consisting of an induction period, an early adaptive response (ca. 45 min) and a late remodeling response. Our results suggest that endothelial cells exhibit a specific phenotype during the adaptive response to changes in shear stress; this phenotype is different than that of fully adapted endothelial cells.

Terminalia chebula extract acts as a potential NF-κB inhibitor in human lymphoblastic T cells

Terminalia chebula (TC) is native to southern Asia to southwestern China and is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of human ailments including malignant tumors and diabetes. This plant also has antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. Nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is responsible for the expression of numerous genes involved in cell survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, invasion and metastasis, among other processes. This study aims to assess the NF-κB inhibitory effect of TC extract in human lymphoblastic T (Jurkat) cells. The effects of TC extract were investigated using the FRET-based Gene Blazer technique in transfected Jurkat-NF-κB-RE-bla cells. The concentration of TC extract required for NF-κB inhibition was determined by a cell proliferation assay. Treatment with TC extract (50 μg/mL) inhibited NF-κB activity and protected against IκBα degradation and strongly suppressed IκBα phosphorylation in Jurkat-NF-κB-RE-bla cells. This treatment might be crucial for inhibiting NF-κB translocation and activation. In addition, the TC extract downregulated certain NF-κB regulated genes, including IL-8 and MCP-1, in Jurkat-NF-κB-RE-bla cells. Moreover, gallic acid was identified from the TC extract demonstrating its ability to inhibit NF-κB activity in Jurkat-NF-κB-RE-bla cells. Further studies to identify the role of gallic acid in NF-κB inhibition may uncover the crucial antiinflammatory and antitumor properties of the TC extract.

Ethyl gallate isolated from Pistacia integerrima Linn. inhibits cell adhesion molecules by blocking AP-1 transcription factor

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Galls from Pistacia integerrima Linn. (kakadshringhi) have been used as therapeutic agent for various inflammatory diseases in Indian system of traditional medicine. However, the active constituents underlying the medicinal properties of the Pistacia integerrima Linn. have not been thoroughly investigated yet.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Deregulated expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on vascular endothelium aggravates the inflammatory condition in various chronic diseases. In this work, we aimed to identify the active constituent from leaf gall of Pistacia integerrima Linn. using CAMs expression assay in activity guided purification, followed by determining the molecular mechanism of action.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Cell based ELISA for LPS induced CAMs expression in human vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was used for the activity guided isolation form Pistacia galls followed by structural determination of active constituent using IR, MS and NMR spectroscopy. Mechanism of action of the active constituent was investigated by western blot, RT-PCR and EMSA experiments.

RESULTS

In our study, ethyl gallate (EG) was identified as the active constituent of Pistacia integerrima Linn. for mediating its anti-inflammatory activity. It significantly attenuated LPS induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 at the protein and mRNA levels. At a functional level, it inhibited the adhesion of neutrophils to LPS activated endothelium. To identify its mechanism of action, we demonstrated that EG inhibited LPS induced cell adhesion molecules expression by blocking AP-1 transcription factor without affecting nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB).

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that EG could be useful as a lead molecule for developing therapeutic agent for various inflammatory diseases.

Ellagitannins, ellagic acid and vascular health

Hydrolysable tannins are phenolic phytochemicals that show high antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities. For this reason their potential effects preventing oxidative related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, have been largely studied. In vitro studies show that ellagitannins, at concentrations in the range 10-100 μM, show some relevant anti-atherogenic, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects, supporting the molecular mechanisms for the vascular health benefits. While there is good evidence supporting the vascular effects in vitro, the evidence on animal models or humans is much scarcer. The in vitro results often do not match the findings in the in vivo studies. This could be explained by the low bioavailability of the antioxidant ellagitannins and ellagic acid. The main ellagitannin metabolites circulating in plasma are ellagic acid microbiota metabolites known as urolithins, and they have lost their free-radical scavenging activity. They are present in plasma as glucuronide or sulphate conjugates, at concentrations in the nM range. Future studies should focus in the bioavailable metabolites, urolithins, and in the form (conjugated with glucuronic acid or sulphate) and concentrations (nM range) in which they are found in plasma. In this review we critically discuss the role of ellagitannins and ellagic acid on vascular health.

NFkappaB: a promising target for natural products in cancer chemoprevention

The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) is found in nearly all animal cell types. It is involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as stress, cytokines, free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, oxidized LDL and microbial antigens, and has been shown to regulate the expression of a number of genes including bcl-2, bcl-xl, cIAP, suvivin, TRAF, COX-2, MMP-9, iNOS and cell cycle-regulatory components. Many carcinogens, inflammatory agents and tumor promoters have been shown to activate NFkappaB, and resulting tumors demonstrate misregulated NFkappaB. Incorrect regulation of NFkappaB has been linked to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, septic shock, viral infection and improper immune development. Aberrant regulation of NFkappaB is involved in cancer development and progression as well as in drug resistance. Inhibitors of NFkappaB mediate effects potentially leading to antitumor responses or greater sensitivity to the action of antitumor agents. Tools have been developed for the rapid assessment of NFkappaB activity, so in concert with a better understanding of NFkappaB activation mechanisms, many agents capable of suppressing NFkappaB activation have been identified. The present article focuses on the functions of NFkappaB, its role in human cancer and the therapeutic potential and benefit of targeting NFkappaB by natural products in cancer chemoprevention.

Effect of sesame lignans on TNF-alpha-induced expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells

The expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) has been implicated as one of the most important causes of the development of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, and, it is speculated that the prevention of it is an effective approach to the control of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of sesame lignans on the expression of CAMs in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Based on cell-ELISA analysis, we found that sesaminol-6-catechol downregulated the TNF-alpha-induced expression of CAMs in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, these inhibitory effects were caused to be drastically exerted by downregulating the CAM proteins in TNF-alpha-activated HUVECs at transcriptional level. This suggests, that sesaminol-6-catehcol suppresses the expression of CAMs, and may be an active component of sesame lignans.

Transcriptional regulation of cytokines and oxidative stress by gallic acid in human THP-1 monocytes

Increased inflammation/prooxidation has been linked not only to Type 2 diabetes but also in prediabetes state. In this study we investigated hyperglycemia-mediated proinflammatory/prooxidant effects in THP-1 monocytes and tested whether gallic acid could attenuate changes in gene expression induced by high-glucose. Cells were treated either with 5.5mM glucose or 25mM glucose in the absence and presence of gallic acid. While oxidative DNA damage was assessed by COMET assay, GSH and GSSG levels were estimated fluorimetrically. Gene expression patterns were determined by RT-PCR. Cells treated with high-glucose showed increased DNA damage and glutathione depletion and this was attenuated in the presence of gallic acid. High-glucose treated cells exhibited increased mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, NADPH oxidase and TXNIP and gallic acid attenuated these proinflammatory and prooxidant effects. Cells treated with high-glucose revealed a deficiency in mounting SOCS-3 expression and gallic acid upregulates this feedback regulatory signal. Gallic acid attenuates DNA damage, maintains glutathione turnover, and suppresses hyperglycemia-induced activation of proinflammatory and prooxidant gene expression. Gallic acid beneficially modulate transcription of functionally diverse groups of genes and its regulation of SOCS-3 and TXNIP signals is a newly identified mechanism that has therapeutic implications.

Red wine metabolites modulate NF-κB, activator protein-1 and cAMP response element-binding proteins in human endothelial cells

We have studied the effect of human serum, collected after red wine consumption (RWS), on TNF-α-dependent activation of transcription factors (NF-κB, activator protein-1 (AP-1) and cAMP response element-binding proteins) and on the expression of selected genes involved in cell adhesion or fibrinolysis processes in human primary endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)). Our data indicate that RWS containing RW metabolites, isolated after 40 min from an acute consume of wine (5 ml/kg body weight), induces nuclear translocation of NF-κB and AP-1 in the absence of any further stimulus. On the other hand, TNF-α treatment in the presence of RWS is associated with a delay in transcription factor activation and to a negative modulation on the expression of specific genes. Moreover, RWS stimulates c-jun binding to the tissue-type plasminogen activator cAMP responsive element consensus site modulating the expression of the specific gene downstream. These results confirm that RW metabolites affect the activity of different transcription factors playing an important preconditioning role in the modulation of the inflammatory pathway in endothelial cells. This is the first report on the effects of a complex food matrix, on the molecular mechanisms associated with inflammatory response in HUVEC cultured in condition that reproduces the physiological environment occurring in vivo.

Ginkgolide B suppresses intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression via blocking nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human vascular endothelial cells stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein

Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory arterial disease. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is directly associated with chronic vascular inflammation. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that ginkgolide B, a component of traditional Chinese herbal medicine for heart disorder, may affect ox-LDL-induced inflammatory responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results showed that the ox-LDL treatment caused a significantly increase in the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in HUVECs, which was associated with a dramatic augmentation in phosphorylation of IkappaB and relocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) into the nuclei. Interestingly, the ox-LDL-induced ICAM-1 expression and NF-kappaB relocation could be attenuated by addition of ginkgolide B. Moreover, ginkgolide B significantly reduces ox-LDL-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In conclusion, ginkgolide B may decrease inflammatory responses induced by ox-LDL via blocking NF-kappaB signaling and inhibiting ROS generation in HUVECs.

Carnosic acid prevents the migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the activation and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9

The migration and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation of vascular smooth muscle cells may play key roles in the development of atherosclerosis. Carnosic acid (CA) is a phenolic compound found in herbs, including rosemary and sage. Previous studies indicated that CA possesses antioxidant activityin vitro. In this study, we investigated the effects of CA on TNF-α-induced cell migration, the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, the translocation of NF-κB and the activation and expression of MMP-9 in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC). The Matrigel migration assay showed that CA (10 and 20 μmol/l) effectively inhibited TNF-α-induced migration of HASMC as compared with the control group. To explain this inhibitory effect, MMP-9 was assayed by gelatin zymography and Western blot. The results indicated that CA inhibited MMP-9 activity and expression. Furthermore, the production of reactive oxygen species and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50 and p65 induced by TNF-α were dose-dependently suppressed by CA pretreament. These results indicate that CA has anti-inflammatory properties and may prevent the migration of HASMC by suppressing MMP-9 expression through down-regulation of NF-κB.

Resveratrol, at concentrations attainable with moderate wine consumption, stimulates human platelet nitric oxide production

The mechanisms through which moderate wine consumption reduces ischemic cardiovascular events are not yet fully unraveled. Grape extracts or a mixture of the polyphenols contained in wine were previously shown to increase nitric oxide (NO); however, little information is available on the effect of resveratrol, one of the main polyphenols of wine, on platelet NO production. We assessed the effects of resveratrol, at the concentrations attainable after moderate wine intake, on platelet NO production and the mechanism of this activity. Twenty healthy volunteers were studied before and after 15 d of controlled white or red wine intake (300 mL/d). After wine intake, plasma resveratrol and the release of NO by stimulated platelets increased significantly. Resveratrol, at the concentrations detected in plasma after wine intake, was incubated in vitro with washed platelets and several variables related to NO production and to signal transduction were measured. Resveratrol in vitro enhanced significantly the production of NO by stimulated platelets, the activity of platelet NO synthase (NOS), phosphorylation of protein kinase B, an activator of the endothelial NOS (eNOS), and phosphorylation of vasodilator-activated protein (VASP), an expression of the biologic activity of NO in platelets. Simultaneously, we observed decreased phosphorylation of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), a proinflammatory pathway in human platelets, a reduction of the activity of NADPH oxidase, a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and of the generation of O(2)(-) radicals, as detected by cytochrome C reduction. In conclusion, resveratrol, at concentrations attainable after moderate wine intake, activates platelet eNOS and in this way blunts the proinflammatory pathway linked to p38MAPK, thus inhibiting ROS production and ultimately platelet function. This activity may contribute to the beneficial effects of moderate wine intake on ischemic cardiovascular disease.

Synthesis, crystal structure, and growth inhibition of human hepatoma cell (HepG2) of polyphenolic compounds based on gallates

Seven compounds (1–7) based on gallate were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, and MS spectra. 2-(3,5-Dibenzyloxy-4-methoxy)phenyl-2-propanol (6) was a new compound. Methyl 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate (3), methyl 3,5-dibenzyloxy-4-methoxybenzoate (4), 3,5-dibenzyloxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (5), and compound 6 were structurally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction for the first time. Crystallographic data for 3: space group P212121; a = 4.0750(8) Å, b = 7.5880(15) Å, c = 29.802(6) Å; V = 921.5(3) Å3; Z = 4. 4: space group P-1; a = 10.068(2) Å, b = 10.499(2) Å, c = 11.388(2) Å; α = 76.84(3)°, β = 66.79(3)°, γ = 64.10(3)°; V = 993.0(3) Å3, Z = 2. 5: space group P-1; a = 8.1410(16) Å, b = 8.7590(18) Å, c = 12.879(3) Å; α = 91.66(3)°, β = 94.69(3)°, γ = 91.73(3)°; V = 914.4(3) Å3; Z = 2. 6: space group P21/c; a = 5.8100(12) Å, b = 15.778(3) Å, c = 23.237(5) Å; β = 96.09(3)°; V = 2118.1(7) Å3; Z = 4. All of the seven compounds were evaluated for the inhibition of growth of human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Comparison with the positive-control 5-fluorouracil (IC50 51.6 µmol/L), 5 showed stronger cytotoxic activity with an IC50 around 15.3 µmol/L, while IC50 value of 3 was 90.3 µmol/L. The effect of slight structural variations in this series of compounds was found to cause a marked change in their activity against HepG2 cells.Key words: gallates, benzyl alcohol, human hepatoma cells, crystal structure, anti-cancer activities.

Walnut extract (Juglans regia L.) and its component ellagic acid exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in human aorta endothelial cells and osteoblastic activity in the cell line KS483

Epidemiological studies suggest that the incidence of CVD and postmenopausal osteoporosis is low in the Mediterranean area, where herbs and nuts, among others, play an important role in nutrition. In the present study, we sought a role of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) in endothelial and bone-cell function. As the endothelial cell expression of adhesion molecules has been recognised as an early step in inflammation and atherogenesis, we examined the effect of walnut methanolic extract and ellagic acid, one of its major polyphenolic components (as shown by HPLC analysis), on the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in human aortic endothelial cells. After incubating the cells with TNF-α (1 ng/ml) in the absence and in the presence of walnut extract (10–200 μg/ml) or ellagic acid (10− 7–10− 5m), the VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression was quantified by cell-ELISA. We further evaluated the effect of walnut extract (10–50 μg/ml), in comparison with ellagic acid (10− 9–10− 6m), on nodule formation in the osteoblastic cell line KS483.Walnut extract and ellagic acid decreased significantly the TNF-α-induced endothelial expression of both VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 (P < 0·01; P < 0·001). Both walnut extract (at 10–25 μg/ml) and ellagic acid (at 10− 9–10− 8m) induced nodule formation in KS483 osteoblasts. The present results suggest that the walnut extract has a high anti-atherogenic potential and a remarkable osteoblastic activity, an effect mediated, at least in part, by its major component ellagic acid. Such findings implicate the beneficial effect of a walnut-enriched diet on cardioprotection and bone loss.

Mulberry leaf aqueous fractions inhibit TNF-α-induced nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) expression in vascular endothelial cells

Mulberry (Morus Alba L., family Moraceae) leaf extracts have various biological effects including inhibition of oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which is the major cause of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction elicited by oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) has been implicated in atherogenesis. Lectin-like Ox-LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), a cell-surface receptor for atherogenic Ox-LDL, appears to mediate Ox-LDL-induced inflammation, which may be crucial in atherogenesis. Previous studies revealed that expression of LOX-1 is highly inducible by proinflammatory stimuli, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Therefore, we examined whether mulberry leaf aqueous fractions inhibit LOX-1 expression induced by proinflammatory stimuli. Pretreatment of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) with mulberry leaf aqueous fractions inhibited TNF-alpha- and LPS-induced expression of LOX-1 at both protein and mRNA levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, mulberry leaf aqueous fractions did not affect TGF-beta-induced LOX-1 expression. Furthermore, mulberry leaf aqueous fractions inhibited TNF-alpha-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and phosphorylation of inhibitory factor of NF-kappaB-alpha (IkappaB-alpha) in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. Thus, mulberry leaf aqueous fractions suppress TNF-alpha- and LPS-induced LOX-1 gene expression, by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation.

Anti-inflammatory effect of virgin olive oil in stable coronary disease patients: a randomized, crossover, controlled trial

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effect of two similar olive oils, but with differences in their phenolic compounds (powerful antioxidant compounds), on inflammatory markers in stable coronary heart disease patients.

DESIGN

Placebo-controlled, crossover, randomized trial.

SETTING

Cardiology Department of Hospital del Mar and Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (Barcelona).

SUBJECTS

Twenty-eight stable coronary heart disease patients.

INTERVENTIONS

A raw daily dose of 50 ml of virgin and refined olive oil (ROO) was sequentially administered over two periods of 3-weeks, preceded by 2-week washout periods in which ROO was used.

RESULTS

Interleukin-6 (P<0.002) and C-reactive protein (P=0.024) decreased after virgin olive oil intervention. No changes were observed in soluble intercellular and vascular adhesion molecules, glucose and lipid profile.

CONCLUSIONS

Consumption of virgin olive oil, could provide beneficial effects in stable coronary heart disease patients as an additional intervention to the pharmacological treatment.

4-O-methylgallic acid down-regulates endothelial adhesion molecule expression by inhibiting NF-kappaB-DNA-binding activity

We here investigated the functional effect of 4-O-methylgallic acid (4-OMGA), a major metabolite of gallic acid abundant in red wine, on vascular inflammation and its action mechanism. 4-OMGA inhibited the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), resulting in the suppression of leukocyte adhesion to HUVECs. In addition, 4-OMGA inhibited the promoter activities of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) without affecting cytosolic IkappaB kinase (IKK) activation, inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB) phosphorylation and degradation, and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. This compound did not alter nitric oxide (NO) generation, but inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in TNF-alpha-stimulated HUVECs, suggesting that NO and ROS are not involved in 4-OMGA-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB activity. Moreover, 4-OMGA directly blocked the binding activity of NF-kappaB to its consensus DNA oligonucleotide, when pre-incubated with the nuclear extract from TNF-alpha-stimulated HUVECs, but not with the oligonucleotide alone. This inhibition was completely abolished by the addition of dithiothreitol. 4-OMGA exhibits an anti-inflammatory property by interfering with the formation of the NF-kappaB-DNA complex in the nuclei through direct and redox-sensitive interactions and may play an important role in the prevention of inflammatory responses such as the atherosclerotic process.