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Taghizadeh E, Mirzaei F, Jalilian N, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Pasdar A. A novel mutation in
USF1
gene is associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:616-623. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eskandar Taghizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterYasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Nazanin Jalilian
- Department of Clinical biochemistry, School of MedicineKermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Centre, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Department of Medical EducationBrighton and Sussex Medical School Perso Falmer Brighton UK
| | - Alireza Pasdar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Medical Genetics Research Centre, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Division of Applied Medicine, Medical School, University of Aberdeen Foresterhill Aberdeen UK
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Niemiec P, Nowak T, Iwanicki T, Gorczynska-Kosiorz S, Balcerzyk A, Krauze J, Grzeszczak W, Wiecha M, Zak I. The rs2516839 Polymorphism of the USF1 Gene May Modulate Serum Triglyceride Levels in Response to Cigarette Smoking. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13203-16. [PMID: 26068452 PMCID: PMC4490492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the USF1 gene (upstream stimulatory factor 1) influence plasma lipid levels. This study aims to determine whether USF1 SNPs interact with traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis to increase coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. In the present study serum lipid levels and USF1 gene polymorphisms (rs2516839 and rs3737787) were determined in 470 subjects: 235 patients with premature CAD and 235 controls. A trend of increasing triglycerides (TG) levels in relation to the C allele dose of rs2516839 SNP was observed. The synergistic effect of cigarette smoking and C allele carrier state on CAD risk was also found (SIM = 2.69, p = 0.015). TG levels differentiated significantly particular genotypes in smokers (1.53 mmol/L for TT, 1.80 mmol/L for CT and 2.27 mmol/L for CC subjects). In contrast, these differences were not observed in the non-smokers subgroup (1.57 mmol/L for TT, 1.46 mmol/L for CT and 1.49 mmol/L for CC subjects). In conclusion, the rs2516839 polymorphism may modulate serum triglyceride levels in response to cigarette smoking. Carriers of the C allele seem to be particularly at risk of CAD, when exposed to cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Niemiec
- School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Medykow Str 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Medykow Str 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Iwanicki
- School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Medykow Str 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Gorczynska-Kosiorz
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Nephrology, 3 Maja Str 13-18, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Anna Balcerzyk
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Nephrology, 3 Maja Str 13-18, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Krauze
- School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 1st Department of Cardiac Surgery in Upper Silesian Center of Cardiology in Katowice, Ziolowa Str 47, 40-635 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Wladyslaw Grzeszczak
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Nephrology, 3 Maja Str 13-18, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Maria Wiecha
- Regional Centre of Blood Donation and Blood Treatment in Raciborz, Sienkiewicza Str 3, 47-400 Raciborz, Poland.
| | - Iwona Zak
- School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Medykow Str 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
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Luo X, Yu C, Fu C, Shi W, Wang X, Zeng C, Wang H. Identification of the differentially expressed genes associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia using bioinformatics analysis. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4032-8. [PMID: 25625967 PMCID: PMC4394960 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) and examine the changing patterns. The transcription profile of GSE18965 was obtained from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database, including 12 FCHL samples and 12 control specimens. The DEGs were identified using a linear models for microarray data package in the R programming language. Gene Ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis was also performed. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the DEGs were constructed using the EnrichNet online tool. In addition, cluster analysis of the genes in networks was performed using ClusterONE. A total of 879 DEGs were screened, including 394 upregulated and 485 downregulated genes. Enrichment analysis identified four important KEGG pathways associated with FCHL: One carbon pool by folate, α-linolenic acid metabolism, asthma and the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-globo series. GO annotation identified 12 enriched biological processes, including one associated with hematopoiesis and four associated with bone cell differentiation. This identification was in accordance with clinical data and experiments into hyperlipidemia and bone lesions. Based on PPI networks, these DEGs had a close association with immune responses, hormone responses and cytokine-cytokine receptors. In conclusion, these DEGs may be used as specific therapeutic molecular targets in the treatment of FCHL. The present findings may provide the basis for understanding the pathogenesis of FCHL in future studies. However, further experiments are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Chunjiang Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Weibin Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xukai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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Wang X, Li X, Zhang YB, Zhang F, Sun L, Lin J, Wang DM, Wang LY. Genome-wide linkage scan of a pedigree with familial hypercholesterolemia suggests susceptibility loci on chromosomes 3q25-26 and 21q22. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24838. [PMID: 22022364 PMCID: PMC3194805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a heritable disorder that can increase the risk of premature coronary heart disease. Studies suggest there are substantial genetic heterogeneities for different populations. Here we tried to identify novel susceptibility loci for FH in a Chinese pedigree. Methodology/Principal Findings We performed a SNP-based genome-wide linkage scan with the Chinese FH pedigree. Two suggestive linkage loci not previously reported were identified on chromosomes 3q25.1-26.1 (NPL = 9.01, nominal P<0.00001, and simulated occurrence per genome scan = 1.08) and 21q22.3 (NPL = 8.95, nominal P<0.00001, and simulated occurrence per genome scan = 1.26). In the interaction analysis with a trimmed version of the pedigree, we obtained a significantly increased joint LOD score (2.70) compared with that obtained when assuming the two loci uncorrelated, suggesting that more than one locus was involved in this pedigree. Exon screening of two candidate genes ABCG1 and LSS from one of the suggestive region 21q22 didn't report any causative mutations. Conclusions/Significances These results confirm complex etiologies and suggest new genetic casual factors for the FH disorder. Further study of the two candidate regions is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of the Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Biao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of the Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of the Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Duen-Mei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Ya Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of the Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (L-YW)
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5
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Brouwers MCGJ, de Graaf J, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Schaper N, Stehouwer CDA, Stalenhoef AFH. Novel drugs in familial combined hyperlipidemia: lessons from type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010; 21:530-8. [PMID: 20739883 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32833ea9ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are prevalent entities that share many features of the metabolic syndrome. Recent findings suggest that FCHL and T2DM are less distinct than initially anticipated, which could offer new insights for their therapeutic approach. RECENT FINDINGS Genetic association studies have provided evidence for a common genetic background (upstream transcription factor 1, activating transcription factor 6, transcription factor 7-like 2 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha) between FCHL and T2DM. The metabolic overlap can be illustrated by the presence of ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance (muscle, adipose tissue and liver). We have shown that FCHL patients are at increased risk to develop T2DM. This indicates that both entities are not static, but instead the former is able to migrate to the latter as insulin resistance progresses. Given these new findings, it can be anticipated that FCHL patients could also benefit from insulin-sensitizing therapy such as pioglitazone and metformin. Indeed, pilot studies have demonstrated that pioglitazone might be advantageous in FCHL patients. SUMMARY Recent studies suggest that FCHL patients have an increased risk to develop T2DM, which has important clinical implications. Further studies are necessary to evaluate whether FCHL patients can be protected from new-onset T2DM and premature cardiovascular events with insulin-sensitizing therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Cholesterol, LDL/genetics
- Cholesterol, LDL/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Drug Discovery
- Fatty Liver/genetics
- Fatty Liver/metabolism
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/complications
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/drug therapy
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/genetics
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/metabolism
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance/genetics
- Male
- Metabolic Syndrome/etiology
- Metabolic Syndrome/genetics
- Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
- Metformin/administration & dosage
- Models, Biological
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Pioglitazone
- Risk Factors
- Thiazolidinediones/administration & dosage
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Triglycerides/genetics
- Triglycerides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C G J Brouwers
- Laboratory of Vascular Medicine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Johansen CT, Kathiresan S, Hegele RA. Genetic determinants of plasma triglycerides. J Lipid Res 2010; 52:189-206. [PMID: 21041806 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r009720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration is reemerging as an important cardiovascular disease risk factor. More complete understanding of the genes and variants that modulate plasma TG should enable development of markers for risk prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, and response to therapies and might help specify new directions for therapeutic interventions. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified both known and novel loci associated with plasma TG concentration. However, genetic variation at these loci explains only ∼10% of overall TG variation within the population. As the GWAS approach may be reaching its limit for discovering genetic determinants of TG, alternative genetic strategies, such as rare variant sequencing studies and evaluation of animal models, may provide complementary information to flesh out knowledge of clinically and biologically important pathways in TG metabolism. Herein, we review genes recently implicated in TG metabolism and describe how some of these genes likely modulate plasma TG concentration. We also discuss lessons regarding plasma TG metabolism learned from various genomic and genetic experimental approaches. Treatment of patients with moderate to severe hypertriglyceridemia with existing therapies is often challenging; thus, gene products and pathways found in recent genetic research studies provide hope for development of more effective clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Johansen
- Department of Biochemistry, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
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Wang Y, Li X, Zhu WL, Guo JZ, Song XM, Li SQ, Li Y. Genome-wide and interaction linkage scan for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in two multiplex families in Shenyang, China. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2010; 23:363-370. [PMID: 21112484 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-3988(10)60077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the loci involved in nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) in Northern Chinese people in Shenyang by using genomewide and interaction linkage scan. METHODS Two multiplex families in Shenyang from North China were ascertained through probands with NSCL/P. Blood of every member was drawn for DNA extraction and analysis. Genotypes were available for 382 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) markers from the ABI Prism Linkage Mapping Set version 2.5. Linkage between markers and NSCL/P was assessed by 2-point parametric LOD scores, multipoint-heterogeneity parametric LOD scores (HLODs), and multipoint nonparametric linkage score (NPL). RESULTS The initial scan suggested linkage on Chromosomes 1, 2, and 15. In subsequent fine mapping, 1q32-q42 showed a maximum multipoint LOD score of 1.9(empirical P=0.013) and an NPL score of 2.35 (empirical P=0.053). For 2p24-p25, the multipoint NPL increased to 2.94 (empirical P=0.007). 2-locus interaction analysis obtained a maximum NPL score of 3.73 (P=0.00078) and a maximum LOD score of 3 for Chromosome 1 (at 221 cM) and Chromosome 2 (at 29 cM). CONCLUSION Both parametric and nonparametric linkage scores greatly increased over the initial linkage scores on 1q32-q42, suggesting a susceptibility locus in this region. Nonparametric linkage gave a strong evidence for a candidate region on chromosome 2p24-p25. The superiority of 2-locus linkage scores compared to single-locus scores gave additional evidence for linkage on 1q32-q42 and 2p24-p25, and suggested that certain genes in the two regions may contribute to NCSL/P risks with interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
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8
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Plaisier CL, Horvath S, Huertas-Vazquez A, Cruz-Bautista I, Herrera MF, Tusie-Luna T, Aguilar-Salinas C, Pajukanta P. A systems genetics approach implicates USF1, FADS3, and other causal candidate genes for familial combined hyperlipidemia. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000642. [PMID: 19750004 PMCID: PMC2730565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that a common SNP in the 3' untranslated region of the upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1), rs3737787, may affect lipid traits by influencing gene expression levels, and we investigated this possibility utilizing the Mexican population, which has a high predisposition to dyslipidemia. We first associated rs3737787 genotypes in Mexican Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia (FCHL) case/control fat biopsies, with global expression patterns. To identify sets of co-expressed genes co-regulated by similar factors such as transcription factors, genetic variants, or environmental effects, we utilized weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Through WGCNA in the Mexican FCHL fat biopsies we identified two significant Triglyceride (TG)-associated co-expression modules. One of these modules was also associated with FCHL, the other FCHL component traits, and rs3737787 genotypes. This USF1-regulated FCHL-associated (URFA) module was enriched for genes involved in lipid metabolic processes. Using systems genetics procedures we identified 18 causal candidate genes in the URFA module. The FCHL causal candidate gene fatty acid desaturase 3 (FADS3) was associated with TGs in a recent Caucasian genome-wide significant association study and we replicated this association in Mexican FCHL families. Based on a USF1-regulated FCHL-associated co-expression module and SNP rs3737787, we identify a set of causal candidate genes for FCHL-related traits. We then provide evidence from two independent datasets supporting FADS3 as a causal gene for FCHL and elevated TGs in Mexicans. By integrating a genetic polymorphism with genome-wide gene expression levels, we were able to attribute function to a genetic polymorphism in the USF1 gene. The USF1 gene has previously been associated with a common dyslipidemia, FCHL. FCHL is characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, or both. We demonstrate that this genetic polymorphism in USF1 contributes to FCHL disease risk by modulating the expression of a group of genes functionally related to lipid metabolism, and that this modulation is mediated by USF1. One of the genes whose expression is modulated by USF1 is FADS3, which was also implicated in a recent genome-wide association study for lipid traits. We demonstrated that a genetic polymorphism from the FADS3 region, which was associated with triglycerides in a GWAS study of Caucasians, was also associated with triglycerides in Mexican FCHL families. Our analysis provides novel insight into the gene expression profile contributing to FCHL disease risk, and identifies FADS3 as a new gene for FCHL in Mexicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Plaisier
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Adriana Huertas-Vazquez
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ivette Cruz-Bautista
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel F. Herrera
- Surgery Division, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa Tusie-Luna
- Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jarvik GP, Brunzell JD, Motulsky AG. Frequent detection of familial hypercholesterolemia mutations in familial combined hyperlipidemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:1554-6. [PMID: 19007591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Meex SJR, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, van der Kallen CJH, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Schalkwijk CG, Feskens EJM, Blaak EE, Wijmenga C, Hofker MH, Stehouwer CDA, de Bruin TWA. Upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) in risk of type 2 diabetes: association study in 2000 Dutch Caucasians. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 94:352-5. [PMID: 18445538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes shares substantial genetic and phenotypic overlap with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1), a well-established susceptibility gene for familial combined hyperlipidemia, is postulated to be such a shared genetic determinant. We evaluated two established variants in familial combined hyperlipidemia (rs2073658 and rs3737787) for association with type 2 diabetes in two Dutch case-control samples (N=2011). The first case-control sample comprised 501 subjects with type 2 diabetes from the Breda cohort and 920 healthy blood bank donors of Dutch Caucasian origin. The second case-control sample included 211 subjects with type 2 diabetes, and 379 normoglycemic controls. SNP rs2073658 and SNP rs3737787 were in perfect linkage disequilibrium. In the first case-control sample, prevalence of the major allele was higher in patients than in controls (75% versus 71%, OR=1.25, p=0.018). A similar effect-size and -direction was observed in the second case-control sample (76% versus 72%, OR=1.22, p=0.16). A combined analysis strengthened the evidence for association (OR=1.23, p=0.006). Notably, the increased risk for type 2 diabetes could be ascribed to the major allele, and its high frequency translated to a substantial population attributable risk of 14.5%. In conclusion, the major allele of rs2073658 in the USF1 gene is associated with a modestly increased risk to develop type 2 diabetes in Dutch Caucasians, with considerable impact at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J R Meex
- University of Maastricht, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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12
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Carey RM. Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension. Microcirculation 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jacobson P, Rankinen T, Tremblay A, Pérusse L, Chagnon YC, Bouchard C. Resting metabolic rate and respiratory quotient: results from a genome-wide scan in the Quebec Family Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:1527-33. [PMID: 17158439 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genes influencing resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory quotient (RQ) represent candidate genes for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome because of the involvement of these traits in energy balance and substrate oxidation. OBJECTIVE We conducted a genome-wide scan for quantitative trait loci (QTL) contributing to the variability in RMR and RQ. DESIGN Regression-based and variance components-based genome-wide autosomal scans on RMR and RQ phenotypes, obtained from indirect calorimetry, were performed in 169 families ascertained via an obese proband or from the general population. RESULTS We found evidence for linkage to RMR on chromosomes 3q26.1 (lod = 2.74), 1q21.2 (2.44), and 22q12.3 (1.33). QTL influencing RQ were found on chromosomes 12q13 (1.65) and 14q22 (1.83) when the analyses were performed in all families. Considerable locus heterogeneity within this population was suggested because most of the families were unlinked to any one quantitative trait locus. Significant associations between traits and linked microsatellites were detected within the linked, informative subsets. CONCLUSIONS We found several new QTL for energy metabolism, but the QTL on 1q may be a replication of the one reported in Pima Indians. All 3 RMR linkages overlapped regions previously linked to the metabolic syndrome or its components, and the significant association between RMR and the metabolic syndrome in the present cohort reinforces this relation. We conclude that considerable locus heterogeneity exists even within populations, which should be taken into account when considering candidate gene studies of energy metabolism phenotypes and other complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jacobson
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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van der Vleuten GM, Isaacs A, Zeng WW, ter Avest E, Talmud PJ, Dallinga-Thie GM, van Duijn CM, Stalenhoef AFH, de Graaf J. Haplotype analyses of the APOA5 gene in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1772:81-8. [PMID: 17157483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 10/15/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) is the most common genetic lipid disorder with an undefined genetic etiology. Apolipoprotein A5 gene (APOA5) variants were previously shown to contribute to FCH. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of APOA5 variants with FCH and its related phenotypes in Dutch FCH patients. Furthermore, the effects of variants in the APOA5 gene on carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population consisted of 36 Dutch families, including 157 FCH patients. Two polymorphisms in the APOA5 gene (-1131T>C and S19W) were genotyped. RESULTS Haplotype analysis of APOA5 showed an association with FCH (p=0.029), total cholesterol (p=0.031), triglycerides (p<0.001), apolipoprotein B (p=0.011), HDL-cholesterol (p=0.013), small dense LDL (p=0.010) and remnant-like particle cholesterol (p=0.001). Compared to S19 homozygotes, 19W carriers had an increased risk of FCH (OR=1.6 [1.0-2.6]; p=0.026) and a more atherogenic lipid profile, reflected by higher triglyceride (+22%) and apolipoprotein B levels (+5%), decreased HDL-cholesterol levels (-7%) and an increased prevalence of small dense LDL (16% vs. 26%). In carriers of the -1131C allele, small dense LDL was more prevalent than in -1131T homozygotes (29% vs. 16%). No association of the APOA5 gene with IMT and CVD was evident. CONCLUSION In Dutch FCH families, variants in the APOA5 gene are associated with FCH and an atherogenic lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerly M van der Vleuten
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, 463, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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van der Vleuten GM, Isaacs A, Hijmans A, van Duijn CM, Stalenhoef AFH, de Graaf J. The involvement of upstream stimulatory factor 1 in Dutch patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia. J Lipid Res 2006; 48:193-200. [PMID: 17065663 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600184-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the upstream stimulatory factor 1 gene (USF1) was proposed as a candidate gene for familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH). In this study, we examined the previously identified risk haplotype of USF1 with respect to FCH and its related phenotypes in 36 Dutch FCH families. The diagnosis of FCH was based on both the traditional diagnostic criteria and a nomogram. The two polymorphisms, USF1s1 and USF1s2, were in complete linkage disequilibrium. No association was found for the individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with FCH defined by the nomogram (USF1s1, P = 0.53; USF1s2, P = 0.53), whereas suggestive associations were found when using the traditional diagnostic criteria for FCH (USF1s1, P = 0.08; USF1s2, P = 0.07). USF1 was associated with total cholesterol (USF1s1, P = 0.05; USF1s2, P = 0.04) and apolipoprotein B (USF1s1, P = 0.06; USF1s2, P = 0.04). Small dense LDL showed a suggestive association (USF1s1, P = 0.10; USF1s2, P = 0.09). The results from the haplotype analyses supported the results obtained for the individual SNPs. In conclusion, the previously identified risk haplotype of USF1 showed a suggestive association with FCH and contributed to the related lipid traits in our Dutch FCH families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerly M van der Vleuten
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hopkins PN, Ellison RC, Province MA, Pankow JS, Carr JJ, Arnett DK, Lewis CE, Heiss G, Hunt SC. Association of coronary artery calcified plaque with clinical coronary heart disease in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Family Heart Study. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:1564-9. [PMID: 16728214 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of calcified coronary artery plaque has shown variable association with clinical coronary heart disease (CHD), particularly after adjustment for other risk factors. From 2002 to 2004, as part of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Family Heart Study, coronary artery calcium (CAC) scans by 4-slice multidetector computed tomography were performed in 3,359 subjects, including 389 with clinically diagnosed CHD. Among these was a cohort of 2,254 patients who had been asymptomatic at an initial examination 7 to 9 years previously (1994 to 1996), with 111 who had developed newly diagnosed, nonfatal CHD since the initial examination. In cross-sectional analyses, we examined associations between CAC and CHD in the entire group and in the subgroup seen at the initial examination. In the 2 sets of analyses, odds ratios for CHD ranged from approximately 4 in those with CAC scores of 100 to 199 (p <0.01) to >20 in those with CAC scores >/=1,000 (p <0.0001) compared with those with no measurable CAC. This steep gradient of risk persisted after adjustment for risk factors. A quantitative CHD family history score was significantly associated with CHD even after adjusting for all standard risk factors and including CAC in the model. In conclusion, CAC was strongly associated with CHD even after adjustment for standard risk factors and family history contributed independently to CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview of recent advances that have defined the first putative genes behind familial combined hyperlipidemia, the most common genetic dyslipidemia and a major risk factor for early coronary heart disease. RECENT FINDINGS The first locus for familial combined hyperlipidemia on 1q21-23 revealed a gene encoding a transcription factor critical in lipid and glucose metabolism, USF1. All the associated variants represent noncoding single nucleotide polymorphisms, one of which affects the binding site of nuclear proteins with a putative effect on transcript levels of USF1. Transcript analyses of fat biopsies have exposed risk-allele related changes in the downstream genes. Another recent clue to the molecular pathogenesis of familial combined hyperlipidemia is the association of the high triglyceride trait with the APOA5 gene, located on 11q. More familial combined hyperlipidemia genes are expected to be found, since linkage evidence exists for additional loci on 16q24 and 20q12-q13.1. SUMMARY Genetic research of familial combined hyperlipidemia families has revealed several linked loci guiding to susceptibility genes. The USF1 transcription factor is the major gene underlying the 1q21-23 linkage. Modifying genes, especially influencing the high triglyceride trait, include APOC3 and APOA5, the latter representing a downstream target of USF1 and implying a USF1-dependent pathway in the molecular pathogenesis of dyslipidemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Naukkarinen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Chen W, Li S, Srinivasan SR, Boerwinkle E, Berenson GS. A genome scan for loci influencing levels and trends of lipoprotein lipid-related traits since childhood: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2006; 190:248-55. [PMID: 16678832 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease is the result of life-long processes. Previous genetic linkage analyses of lipid and lipoprotein variables that can be measured throughout life have focused on a single measure at one point in time. Genome-wide linkage analyses were performed in the present study to identify loci influencing the long-term levels and trends of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) and triglycerides in a longitudinal cohort. Microsatellite markers (n=357) were typed on 779 white and 444 black siblings, ages 14-43 years. Subjects had been examined serially 2-13 times with 6963 serial observations over an average of 22 years from childhood to adulthood. Total and incremental area under the growth curves of lipid traits was calculated and used as measures for long-term levels and trends. After adjusting for age, sex and body mass index, heritability estimates of total area values for all lipid variables were higher than those of a single measurement in either childhood or adulthood. In blacks, significant linkage to LDLC incremental area (peak LOD=3.6 at 50 cM) was observed on chromosome 1; and suggestive linkage for total area of LDLC (LOD=2.9 at 21 cM) on chromosome 19. Only one suggestive linkage (LOD=2.2 at 161 cM) on chromosome 2 was identified in whites for LDLC incremental area. Other suggestive linkage (LOD> or =2.0) was noted for LDLC and HDLC in terms of either total or incremental area on chromosomes 2, 5, 7 and 15 for blacks and whites. Several lipid-related candidate genes such as low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), LDL receptor-related proteins 3 and 8, ApoE, ApoAII and ApoCII are located in these regions. Linkage evidence found in this community-based study indicates that regions on these chromosomes harbor genetic loci that affect the propensity to develop dyslipidemia from childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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19
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van der Vleuten GM, Kluijtmans LA, Hijmans A, Blom HJ, Stalenhoef AFH, de Graaf J. The Gln223Arg polymorphism in the leptin receptor is associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:892-8. [PMID: 16432543 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) is characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and apolipoprotein B (apo B) and is associated with premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Other features of FCH are obesity and insulin resistance. Serum leptin levels have also been associated with obesity, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Leptin exerts its effect through the leptin receptor (LEPR). The aim of this study is to determine whether the Gln223Arg polymorphism in the LEPR gene contributes to FCH and its associated phenotypes. METHODS The study population consists of 37 families, comprising 644 subjects, of whom 158 subjects were diagnosed as FCH. The FCH diagnosis was based on plasma TC and TG levels, adjusted for age and gender, and absolute apo B levels, according to our recently published nomogram. The Gln223Arg polymorphism was studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR. RESULTS Carriers of one or two Arg alleles had an increased risk of FCH, compared to subjects homozygous for the Gln allele (OR=1.6 [95% CI 1.0-2.4]). A difference in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels was present between carriers and non-carriers of an Arg allele, 1.21 vs 1.28 mmol/l, respectively (P=0.04), but no differences in obesity, insulin resistance and other lipid parameters were found. CONCLUSION The Gln223Arg polymorphism in the LEPR gene is associated with FCH, which is supported by a significant association between HDL-c levels and the LEPR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M van der Vleuten
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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20
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van der Vleuten GM, Hijmans A, Heil S, Blom HJ, Stalenhoef AFH, de Graaf J. Can we exclude theTXNIP gene as a candidate gene for familial combined hyperlipidemia? Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:1010-2. [PMID: 16575890 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) constitutes a substantial risk factor for atherosclerosis since it is observed in about 20% of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients under 60 years. FCHL, characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TGs), or both, is also one of the most common familial hyperlipidemias with a prevalence of 1%-6% in Western populations. Numerous studies have been performed to identify genes contributing to FCHL. The recent linkage and association studies and their replications are beginning to elucidate the genetic variations underlying the susceptibility to FCHL. Three chromosomal regions on 1q21-23, 11p and 16q22-24.1 have been replicated in different study samples, offering targets for gene hunting. In addition, several candidate gene studies have replicated the influence of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene and apolipoprotein A1/C3/A4/A5 (APOA1/C3/A4/A5) gene cluster in FCHL. Recently, the linked region on chromosome 1q21 was successfully fine-mapped and the upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) gene identified as the underlying gene for FCHL. This finding has now been replicated in independent FCHL samples. However, the total number of variants, the risk related to each variant and their relative contributions to the disease susceptibility are not known yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Suviolahti
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA
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22
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Ng MCY, Miyake K, So WY, Poon EWM, Lam VKL, Li JKY, Cox NJ, Bell GI, Chan JCN. The linkage and association of the gene encoding upstream stimulatory factor 1 with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the Chinese population. Diabetologia 2005; 48:2018-24. [PMID: 16132950 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-1914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The transcription factor upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1) regulates the expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and has been associated with familial combined hyperlipidaemia. USF1 is located on chromosome 1q22-23, a region with evidence for linkage to type 2 diabetes and various traits of the metabolic syndrome in Chinese and other populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the linkage and association of USF1 with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in Chinese individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS We genotyped three haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3737787, rs2516841 and rs2516839) at USF1 in three samples of the Hong Kong Chinese population, including members of 179 families from the Hong Kong Family Diabetes Study, 1,383 hospital cases with type 2 diabetes and/or the metabolic syndrome and 454 normal control subjects. RESULTS We found significant association of individual polymorphisms and haplotypes with type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome-related traits in the family samples using either family-based or unrelated normal control subjects. However, these variants could not explain much of the evidence for linkage in this region. Moreover, they were not associated with type 2 diabetes and/or the metabolic syndrome in the hospital cases. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results are consistent with the hypothesis that variation at USF1 contributes to the risk of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in families with strong evidence for linkage in the chromosome 1q region. However, they provide little support for USF1 as the susceptibility locus that generates the observed evidence for linkage at 1q21-25 for type 2 diabetes and/or the metabolic syndrome, and USF1 does not appear to have a major contribution to these phenotypes in the general Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Y Ng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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23
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Mata P, Alonso R, Mata N. Manejo de las dislipemias en poblaciones especiales: formas primarias, infancia y adolescencia. Aten Primaria 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0212-6567(05)70585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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24
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Coon H, Xin Y, Hopkins PN, Cawthon RM, Hasstedt SJ, Hunt SC. Upstream stimulatory factor 1 associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Hum Genet 2005; 117:444-51. [PMID: 15959806 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-1340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Positive evidence has been reported for linkage and association between the upstream stimulatory factor 1 gene (USF1) and familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL). We genotyped the two most positive single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (usf1s1: rs3737787 and usf1s2: rs2073658) from previous studies in a large family sample. This sample included 2,195 subjects in 87 Utah pedigrees ascertained for early death due to coronary heart disease (CHD), early strokes, or early onset hypertension. There were a total of 262 relative pairs in these families with FCHL. In the full family sample, FCHL was associated with usf1s1 (P = 0.02). Triglyceride and LDL cholesterol defined qualitatively or quantitatively were also associated with usf1s1 (P = 0.02-0.05). Results were strengthened for qualitative and quantitative triglyceride and LDL cholesterol when data from males only was analyzed, revealing associations for usf1s1 (P = 0.001-0.02), usf1s2 (P = 0.02-0.05) and the haplotype of these two SNPs (P = 0.01-0.04). The strongest results were in the subset of subjects from families ascertained for premature stroke or hypertension, rather than those ascertained for premature CHD. This study replicates the involvement of USF1 in FCHL and related lipid traits in a family sample not ascertained for FCHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Coon
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics Project, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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25
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Das SK, Chu W, Zhang Z, Hasstedt SJ, Elbein SC. Calsquestrin 1 (CASQ1) gene polymorphisms under chromosome 1q21 linkage peak are associated with type 2 diabetes in Northern European Caucasians. Diabetes 2004; 53:3300-6. [PMID: 15561963 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.12.3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide scans in multiple populations have identified chromosome 1q21-q24 as one susceptibility region for type 2 diabetes. To map the susceptibility genes, we first placed a dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) map across the linked region. We identified two SNPs that showed strong associations, and both mapped to within intron 2 of the calsequestrin 1 (CASQ1) gene. We tested the hypothesis that sequence variation in or near CASQ1 contributed to type 2 diabetes susceptibility in Northern European Caucasians by identifying additional SNPs from the public database and by screening the CASQ1 gene for additional variation. In addition to 15 known SNPs in this region, we found 8 new SNPs, 3 of which were in exons. A single rare nonsynonymous SNP in exon 11 (A348V) was not associated with type 2 diabetes. The associated SNPs were localized to the region between -1,404 in the 5' flanking region and 2,949 in intron 2 (P = 0.002 to P = 0.034). No SNP 3' to intron 2, including the adjacent gene PEA15, showed an association. The strongest associations were restricted to individuals of Northern European ancestry ascertained in Utah. A six-marker haplotype was also associated with type 2 diabetes (P = 0.008), but neither transmission disequilibrium test nor family-based association studies were significant for the most strongly associated SNP in intron 2 (SNP CASQ2312). An independent association of SNPs in introns 2 and 4 with type 2 diabetes is reported in Amish families with linkage to chromosome 1q21-q24. Our findings suggest that noncoding SNPs in CASQ1 alter diabetes susceptibility, either by a direct effect on CASQ1 gene expression or perhaps by regulating a nearby gene such as PEA15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Kumar Das
- Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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26
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Mantilla Morató T, Alonso R, Mata P. [Diagnosis and treatment of familial hyperlipaemia episodes]. Aten Primaria 2004; 34:557-64. [PMID: 15607060 PMCID: PMC7676045 DOI: 10.1016/s0212-6567(04)70863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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27
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Ng MCY, So WY, Lam VKL, Cockram CS, Bell GI, Cox NJ, Chan JCN. Genome-wide scan for metabolic syndrome and related quantitative traits in Hong Kong Chinese and confirmation of a susceptibility locus on chromosome 1q21-q25. Diabetes 2004; 53:2676-83. [PMID: 15448100 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.10.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We conducted autosomal genome scans to map loci for metabolic syndrome (MES) and related traits in the Hong Kong Family Diabetes Study. We selected 55 families with 137 affected members (121 affected relative pairs) for nonparametric linkage analysis on MES. We also selected 179 families with 897 members (2,127 relative pairs) for variance component-based linkage analyses on seven MES-related traits: waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, and insulin resistance index (insulin resistance index by homeostasis model assessment [HOMA%IR]). Analyses revealed three regions that showed suggestive linkage for MES and also showed overlapping signals for metabolic traits: chromosome 1 at 169.5-181.5 cM (logarithm of odds [LOD] = 4.50 for MES, 3.71 for waist circumference, and 1.24 for diastolic BP), chromosome 2 at 44.1-57.3 cM (LOD = 2.22 for MES, 2.07 for fasting plasma glucose, and 1.29 for diastolic BP), and chromosome 16 at 45.2-65.4 cM (LOD = 1.75 for MES, 1.61 for HOMA%IR, and 1.25 for HDL cholesterol). Other regions that showed suggestive linkages included chromosome 5q for diastolic BP; 2q, 3q, 6q, 9q, 10q, and 17q for triglyceride; 12p, 12q, and 22q for HDL-C; and 6q for HOMA%IR. Simulation studies demonstrated genome-wide significant linkage of the chromosome 1 region to both MES and waist circumference (P(genome-wide) = 0.002 and 0.019, respectively). In summary, we have found a susceptibility locus on chromosome 1q21-q25 involved in the pathogenesis of multiple metabolic abnormalities, in particular obesity. Our results confirm the findings of previous studies on diabetes and related phenotypes. We also suggest the locations of other loci that may contribute to the development of MES in Hong Kong Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie C Y Ng
- Departmetn of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, SAR.
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28
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van der Vleuten GM, Hijmans A, Kluijtmans LAJ, Blom HJ, Stalenhoef AFH, de Graaf J. Thioredoxin interacting protein in Dutch families with familial combined hyperlipidemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 130A:73-5. [PMID: 15368498 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH), characterized by multiple lipoprotein phenotypes, is the most common hereditary lipid disorder in humans. A mutant mouse strain, HcB-19, with similar biochemical features as FCH patients, has recently been identified. The mutation causing the FCH phenotype in these mice is located in the thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) gene. The TXNIP gene in mice is located on chromosome 3F2.2, which is syntenic to chromosome 1q21 in humans, a region where several groups have positioned a locus for FCH. To evaluate the potential role of TXNIP in the FCH phenotype in humans, we analyzed the coding region, 5' UTR and introns of the TXNIP gene by direct sequencing in 10 well-defined patients with FCH and 5 healthy controls. We did not find any sequence variants in these regions of the TXNIP gene in patients with FCH. Our results suggest that different genes are involved in the FCH phenotype in humans compared to mice. We conclude that in our Dutch FCH patients, the TXNIP gene, based on its intronic, exonic, and 5' UTR sequences, is not involved as a major contributor to the FCH phenotype. This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the American Journal of Medical Genetics website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0148-7299/suppmat/index.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerly M van der Vleuten
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Huertas-Vázquez A, del Rincón JP, Canizales-Quinteros S, Riba L, Vega-Hernández G, Ramírez-Jiménez S, Aurón-Gómez M, Gómez-Pérez FJ, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Tusié-Luna MT. Contribution of Chromosome 1q21-q23 to Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia in Mexican Families. Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68:419-27. [PMID: 15469419 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) is the most common familial dyslipidemia, with a prevalence of 1-2% in the general population. A major locus for FCHL has been mapped to chromosome 1q21-q23 in Finnish, Chinese, German and US families. We studied seven extended Mexican families with 153 members, including 64 affected subjects. A total of 11 markers were genotyped, including D1S104 which has been linked to FCHL in other studies. Two point linkage analysis for the FCHL phenotype, and for the elevated triglyceride (TG) trait, allowing for heterogeneity, gave a maximum HLOD of 1.67 (alpha = 0.49) and 1.93 (alpha = 0.43) at D1S2768 (2.69 cM proximal to D1S104) respectively. Heterogeneity and non-parametric (NPL) multipoint analyses for the FCHL phenotype and the TG trait showed maximum HLODs of 1.27 (alpha = 0.46) and 1.64 (alpha = 0.38), and NPLs of 4.00 (P = 0.0001) and 3.68 (P = 0.0003) near D1S2768, respectively. In addition, analysis of four candidate genes putatively involved in the expression of FCHL showed no evidence of linkage for the LCAT gene or the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster. However, we cannot exclude the participation of these genes, or the LIPC and LPL genes, as minor susceptibility loci in the expression of FCHL, or the TG or elevated total cholesterol (TC) traits in our families. In conclusion, our data confirm the involvement of a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 1q21-q23 in FCHL Mexican families, consistent with findings in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Huertas-Vázquez
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City
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30
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Pollin TI, Hsueh WC, Steinle NI, Snitker S, Shuldiner AR, Mitchell BD. A genome-wide scan of serum lipid levels in the Old Order Amish. Atherosclerosis 2004; 173:89-96. [PMID: 15177127 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are established risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). To identify quantitative trait loci influencing lipid levels, we conducted genome-wide linkage analyses of total serum cholesterol (TSC), HDL-C, ln-transformed TG (LNTG) and LDL-C levels in 612 individuals from 28 families of the Amish Family Diabetes Study (AFDS). Subjects were genotyped for 373 microsatellite markers covering all 22 autosomes and the X chromosome at an average density of 9.7 centimorgans. All lipid traits exhibited moderate estimated heritability (h2 +/- S.E.): TSC, 0.63 +/- 0.11; HDL-C, 0.54 +/- 0.08; LNTG, 0.37 +/- 0.08; LDL-C, 0.62 +/- 0.10. The highest logarithm of the odds (LOD) score observed was 2.47 (P = 0.0003), at 3p25 for LDL-C. LOD scores exceeding 2.0 (P < 0.001) were also observed at 2p23 (LOD = 2.17) and 19p13 (LOD = 2.23) for LDL-C, and at 11q23 (LOD = 2.03) for LNTG. Three additional regions exhibited LOD scores greater than 1.5, corresponding to a P-value of <0.005. Many of the regions suggestively linked in this genome-wide scan contain genes encoding proteins with established roles in lipid metabolism, including apolipoproteins, peroxisome proliferater-activated receptor-gamma and the LDL receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni I Pollin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W Redwood Street, Room 492, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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31
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Putt W, Palmen J, Nicaud V, Tregouet DA, Tahri-Daizadeh N, Flavell DM, Humphries SE, Talmud PJ. Variation in USF1 shows haplotype effects, gene : gene and gene : environment associations with glucose and lipid parameters in the European Atherosclerosis Research Study II. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13:1587-97. [PMID: 15175273 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF 1), is a transcription factor controlling expression of several genes involved in lipid and glucose homeostasis and co-localizes with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) and type 2 diabetes on chromosome 1q22-23. We sequenced USF1 in 24 UK FCHL probands, but found no rare or common cSNPs. Three common intronic single nucleotide ploymorphisms (SNP), 306A>G, 475C>T and 1748C>T, were identified and their association was examined with fasting and postprandial lipids and after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the European Atherosclerosis Research Study II offspring study. There were no significant differences in allelic frequencies of the SNPs between cases and controls. Individually none of the SNPs showed significant associations with any parameter. In haplotype analysis, compared with other haplotypes, 475C/1748T showed significantly higher and 475T/1748T showed lower peak glucose (P=0.004 and 0.07, respectively) during the OGTT. There was significant case-control heterogeneity in the interaction of genotype with body mass index, on fasting low density lipoprotein with 306A>G and 1748C>T, and on borderline significance with fasting glucose with 475C>T (P=0.002, 0.0007 and 0.015, respectively). Furthermore, 475C>T showed interaction with both HSL-60C>G (case-control heterogeneity P=0.0002) on AUC TG and APOC3 -482C>T on plasma apoE levels (P=0.0012). Thus, in these healthy young men, variation in USF1 was the influencing feature of both glucose and lipid homeostasis showing case-control heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Putt
- Division of Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
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32
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Martín-Campos JM, Escolà-Gil JC, Ribas V, Blanco-Vaca F. Apolipoprotein A-II, genetic variation on chromosome 1q21-q24, and disease susceptibility. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004; 15:247-53. [PMID: 15166779 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200406000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Apolipoprotein (apo) A-II is the second most abundant HDL apolipoprotein; however its function remains largely unknown. Owing to the lack of consequences of apoA-II deficiency in humans, it has long been considered an apolipoprotein of minor importance. Overexpression of apoA-II in transgenic mice, however, causes combined hyperlipidemia and, in some cases, insulin resistance. This, and the location of the apoA-II gene in chromosome 1q23, a hot region in the search for genes associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, has greatly increased interest in this protein. RECENT FINDINGS ApoA-II is biochemically and genetically linked to familial combined hyperlipidemia. Given that the chromosome 1q21-q24 region is associated with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes, this region is a now a focus of interest in the study of these complex, often overlapping diseases. However, no polymorphisms that increase apoA-II levels have been identified to date in humans. Other nonstructural loci may regulate apoA-II plasma concentration. Further, plasma apoA-II concentration is increased by saturated fat intake. Several reports have added to our understanding of the relationship between apoA-II mutations and amyloidosis both in humans and mice. SUMMARY An increased plasma concentration of apoA-II might contribute to familial combined hyperlipidemia or type 2 diabetes mellitus expression, which emphasizes the need to understand its function and metabolism. Genetic studies in well characterized patients and genomic and proteomic approaches in cell and mouse models may help to achieve this understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Martín-Campos
- Servei de Bioquímica i Institut de Recerca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Van Greevenbroek MMJ, Vermeulen VMMJ, De Bruin TWA. Identification of novel molecular candidates for fatty liver in the hyperlipidemic mouse model, HcB19. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:1148-54. [PMID: 15060090 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400062-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inbred HcB19 mouse strain expresses a truncated form of thioredoxin interacting protein and is phenotypically characterized by fatty liver and elevated plasma triglycerides and VLDL. Recently, these mice have been proposed as an animal model for familial combined hyperlipidemia. The aim of the present study was identification of hepatic proteins specifically associated with the presence of fatty liver. Eighteen differential proteins were detected in whole-liver homogenate from HcB19, or the parental strain C3H, using 2D electrophoresis, and 11 of those were successfully identified by mass spectrometry. Five of the identified differential proteins were mitochondrial, two peroxisomal, two cytosolic, and two secretory. Four differential proteins were novel in the fatty liver proteome [i.e., aconitase, succinate dehydrogenase, propionyl CoA carboxylase alpha chain (PCCA), and 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4 dioxygenase (3HAAO)]. Of these, PCCA and 3HAAO are of particular interest because of their known functions in nicotinic acid metabolism (3HAAO) and ketogenesis (PCCA). We have newly identified several differential proteins in the hepatic proteome of mice with fatty liver, including PCCA and 3HAAO, and confirmed differential expression of previously reported proteins. These individual proteins, PCCA and 3HAAO, can be important in development of fatty liver or in the expression of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen M J Van Greevenbroek
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht and Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University, UNS 50/Box 14, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Coon H, Singh N, Dunn D, Eckfeldt JH, Province MA, Hopkins PN, Weiss R, Hunt SC, Leppert MF. TXNIP gene not associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia in the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2004; 174:357-62. [PMID: 15136067 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Revised: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) is the most common familial dyslipidemia, and is implicated in up to 20% of cases of premature coronary heart disease. Positive linkage to chromosome 1q was found in FCHL families participating in the NHLBI Family Heart Study (FHS), replicating linkage found in other studies. The HcB-19 mouse, which shares phenotypes with FCHL, was shown in other studies to have a nonsense mutation in the thioredoxin interacting protein gene (txnip). txnip is a gene on mouse chromosome 3 in a region syntenic with the 1q human FCHL linkage region. We re-sequenced the human homolog of mouse txnip in the FHS sample and identified nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We did not observe the nonsense mutation found in the HcB-19 mouse, and only three of the SNPs discovered were sufficiently polymorphic for analysis. No association between FCHL and the TXNIP gene was found. Within FCHL cases, presence of variants also did not significantly affect body mass index or levels of lipids, insulin, or glucose. Our results suggest that in this sample, TXNIP does not play a major role in FCHL or related traits, and is unlikely to account for the positive evidence of linkage in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Coon
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics Project, University of Utah, 421 Wakara Way, Suite 143, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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35
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36
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Ueno T, Tremblay J, Kunes J, Zicha J, Dobesova Z, Pausova Z, Deng AY, Sun YL, Jacob HJ, Hamet P. Rat model of familial combined hyperlipidemia as a result of comparative mapping. Physiol Genomics 2004; 17:38-47. [PMID: 14709677 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00043.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Total genome scan was carried out in 266 F2intercrosses from the Prague hypertriglyceridemic (HTG) rat that shares several clinical characteristics with human metabolic syndrome. Two loci for plasma triglycerides (TG) were localized on chromosome 2 (Chr 2) (LOD 4.4, 3.2). The first locus overlapped with the rat syntenic region of the human locus for the metabolic syndrome and for small, dense LDL, while the second overlapped with the syntenic region of another locus for small, dense LDL in humans by the comparative mapping approach. Loci for TG on rat Chr 13 (LOD 3.3) and Chr 1 (LOD 2.7) overlapped with the syntenic region of loci for human familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) in Finnish and Dutch populations, respectively. The concordances of loci for TG localized in this study with previously reported loci for FCHL and its related phenotypes are underlying the generalized importance of these loci in dyslipidemia. These data suggest the close relationship between dyslipidemia in HTG rats and human FCHL, establishing a novel animal model for exploration of pathophysiology and therapy based on genomic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ueno
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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37
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Pajukanta P, Lilja HE, Sinsheimer JS, Cantor RM, Lusis AJ, Gentile M, Duan XJ, Soro-Paavonen A, Naukkarinen J, Saarela J, Laakso M, Ehnholm C, Taskinen MR, Peltonen L. Familial combined hyperlipidemia is associated with upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1). Nat Genet 2004; 36:371-6. [PMID: 14991056 DOI: 10.1038/ng1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2003] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL), characterized by elevated levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides or both, is observed in about 20% of individuals with premature coronary heart disease. We previously identified a locus linked to FCHL on 1q21-q23 in Finnish families with the disease. This region has also been linked to FCHL in families from other populations as well as to type 2 diabetes mellitus. These clinical entities have several overlapping phenotypic features, raising the possibility that the same gene may underlie the obtained linkage results. Here, we show that the human gene encoding thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) on 1q, which underlies combined hyperlipidemia in mice, is not associated with FCHL. We show that FCHL is linked and associated with the gene encoding upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) in 60 extended families with FCHL, including 721 genotyped individuals (P = 0.00002), especially in males with high triglycerides (P = 0.0000009). Expression profiles in fat biopsy samples from individuals with FCHL seemed to differ depending on their carrier status for the associated USF1 haplotype. USF1 encodes a transcription factor known to regulate several genes of glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA.
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38
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Das SK, Hasstedt SJ, Zhang Z, Elbein SC. Linkage and association mapping of a chromosome 1q21-q24 type 2 diabetes susceptibility locus in northern European Caucasians. Diabetes 2004; 53:492-9. [PMID: 14747303 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.2.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a region on chromosome 1q21-q24 that was significantly linked to type 2 diabetes in multiplex families of Northern European ancestry and also in Pima Indians, Amish families, and families from France and England. We sought to narrow and map this locus using a combination of linkage and association approaches by typing microsatellite markers at 1.2 and 0.5 cM densities, respectively, over a region of 37 cM (23.5 Mb). We tested linkage by parametric and nonparametric approaches and association using both case-control and family-based methods. In the 40 multiplex families that provided the previous evidence for linkage, the highest parametric, recessive logarithm of odds (LOD) score was 5.29 at marker D1S484 (168.5 cM, 157.5 Mb) without heterogeneity. Nonparametric linkage (NPL) statistics (P = 0.00009), SimWalk2 Statistic A (P = 0.0002), and sib-pair analyses (maximum likelihood score = 6.07) all mapped to the same location. The one LOD CI was narrowed to 156.8-158.9 Mb. Under recessive, two-point linkage analysis, adjacent markers D1S2675 (171.5 cM, 158.9 Mb) and D1S1679 (172 cM, 159.1 Mb) showed LOD scores >3.0. Nonparametric analyses revealed a second linkage peak at 180 cM near marker D1S1158 (163.3 Mb, NPL score 3.88, P = 0.0001), which was also supported by case-control (marker D1S194, 178 cM, 162.1 Mb; P = 0.003) and family-based (marker ATA38A05, 179 cM, 162.5 Mb; P = 0.002) association studies. We propose that the replicated linkage findings actually encompass at least two closely spaced regions, with a second susceptibility region located telomeric at 162.5-164.7 Mb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Kumar Das
- Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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39
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Bossé Y, Chagnon YC, Després JP, Rice T, Rao DC, Bouchard C, Pérusse L, Vohl MC. Genome-wide linkage scan reveals multiple susceptibility loci influencing lipid and lipoprotein levels in the Quebec Family Study. J Lipid Res 2003; 45:419-26. [PMID: 14679165 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300401-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A genome-wide linkage study was performed to identify chromosomal regions harboring genes influencing lipid and lipoprotein levels. Linkage analyses were conducted for four quantitative lipoprotein/lipid traits, i.e., total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and LDL-C concentrations, in 930 subjects enrolled in the Québec Family Study. A maximum of 534 pairs of siblings from 292 nuclear families were available. Linkage was tested using both allele-sharing and variance-component linkage methods. The strongest evidence of linkage was found on chromosome 12q14.1 at marker D12S334 for HDL-C, with a logarithm of the odds (LOD) score of 4.06. Chromosomal regions harboring quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for LDL-C included 1q43 (LOD = 2.50), 11q23.2 (LOD = 3.22), 15q26.1 (LOD = 3.11), and 19q13.32 (LOD = 3.59). In the case of triglycerides, three markers located on 2p14, 11p13, and 11q24.1 provided suggestive evidence of linkage (LOD > 1.75). Tests for total cholesterol levels yielded significant evidence of linkage at 15q26.1 and 18q22.3 with the allele-sharing linkage method, but the results were nonsignificant with the variance-component method. In conclusion, this genome scan provides evidence for several QTLs influencing lipid and lipoprotein levels. Promising candidate genes were located in the vicinity of the genomic regions showing evidence of linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bossé
- Lipid Research Center, Laval University Medical Research Center, and Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84108, USA
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41
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Verseyden C, Meijssen S, van Dijk H, Jansen H, Castro Cabezas M. Effects of atorvastatin on fasting and postprandial complement component 3 response in familial combined hyperlipidemia. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:2100-8. [PMID: 12923226 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300201-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
VLDL overproduction by enhanced hepatic FFA flux is a major characteristic of familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL). The postprandial complement component 3 (C3) response has been associated with impaired postprandial FFA metabolism in FCHL. We investigated the effects of 16 weeks of treatment with atorvastatin on postprandial C3 and lipid changes in 12 FCHL patients. Atorvastatin significantly lowered fasting plasma C3 and triglyceride (TG) in FCHL. Fasting TG and insulin sensitivity were the best predictors of fasting and postprandial C3. Postprandial triglyceridemia and C3 response, estimated as area under the curve (AUC), were significantly lowered by atorvastatin by 19% and 12%, respectively, albeit still elevated, compared with 10 matched controls. Postprandial FFA-AUC and postheparin plasma lipolytic activities remained unchanged after atorvastatin, suggesting no major effect on lipolysis. After atorvastatin, postprandial hydroxybutyric acid-AUC, which was elevated in untreated FCHL patients, was decreased, reaching values similar to those in controls. The present data show reduction of postprandial hepatic FFA flux in FCHL by atorvastatin, providing an additional mechanistic explanation for the reduction of VLDL secretion reported previously for atorvastatin. This was accompanied by a decrease in fasting plasma C3 concentrations and a blunted postprandial C3 response to an acute oral fat load.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Verseyden
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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42
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43
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Pajukanta P, Allayee H, Krass KL, Kuraishy A, Soro A, Lilja HE, Mar R, Taskinen MR, Nuotio I, Laakso M, Rotter JI, de Bruin TWA, Cantor RM, Lusis AJ, Peltonen L. Combined analysis of genome scans of dutch and finnish families reveals a susceptibility locus for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol on chromosome 16q. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:903-17. [PMID: 12638083 PMCID: PMC1180353 DOI: 10.1086/374177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2002] [Accepted: 01/08/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genomewide screens have been performed to identify novel loci predisposing to unfavorable serum lipid levels and coronary heart disease (CHD). We hypothesized that the accumulating data of these screens in different study populations could be combined to verify which of the identified loci truly harbor susceptibility genes. The power of this strategy has recently been demonstrated with other complex diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and asthma. We assessed the largely unknown genetic background of CHD by investigating the most common dyslipidemia predisposing to CHD, familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL), affecting 1%-2% of Western populations and 10%-20% of families with premature CHD. To be able to perform a combined data analysis, we unified the diagnostic criteria for FCHL and its component traits and combined the data from two genomewide scans performed in two populations, the Finns and the Dutch. As a result of our pooled data analysis, we identified three chromosomal regions, on chromosomes 2p25.1, 9p23, and 16q24.1, exceeding the statistical significance level of a LOD score >2.0. The 2p25.1 region was detected for the FCHL trait, and the 9p23 and 16q24.1 regions were detected for the low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) trait. In addition, the previously recognized 1q21 region also obtained additional support in the other study sample, when the triglyceride trait was used. Analysis of the 16q24.1 region resulted in a statistically significant LOD score of 3.6 when the data from Finnish families with low HDL-C were included in the analysis. To search for the underlying gene in the 16q24.1 region, we investigated a novel functional and positional candidate gene, helix/forkhead transcription factor (FOXC2), by sequencing and by genotyping of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Pajukanta
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kelly L. Krass
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ali Kuraishy
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Aino Soro
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi E. Lilja
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Mar
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ilpo Nuotio
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Markku Laakso
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tjerk W. A. de Bruin
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rita M. Cantor
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Departments of Human Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, and Division of Medical Genetics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center and Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; and Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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44
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Mansour-Chemaly M, Haddy N, Siest G, Visvikis S. Family studies: their role in the evaluation of genetic cardiovascular risk factors. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002; 40:1085-96. [PMID: 12521223 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2002.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Early epidemiological studies showed that genetic factors contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease. Genetic epidemiological studies based upon families can be used to investigate familial trait aggregation, to localize genes implicated in cardiovascular diseases in the human genome, and to establish the role of environmental factors. Family studies can be also used to identify the physiological role of candidate genes for cardiovascular diseases, and to characterize shared environmental risk factors and their impact on the expression of genetic predisposition. The present paper reviews the existing family studies with special emphasis on those which have studied healthy populations in relation to cardiovascular disease such as the Framingham Heart Study, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study, and the STANISLAS cohort.
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45
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Kwiterovich PO. Clinical relevance of the biochemical, metabolic, and genetic factors that influence low-density lipoprotein heterogeneity. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90:30i-47i. [PMID: 12419479 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) predict about 50% of the risk of developing CAD. The Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III has defined emerging risk factors for CAD, including small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Small, dense LDL is often accompanied by increased triglycerides (TGs) and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL). An increased number of small, dense LDL particles is often missed when the LDL cholesterol level is normal or borderline elevated. Small, dense LDL particles are present in families with premature CAD and hyperapobetalipoproteinemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia, LDL subclass pattern B, familial dyslipidemic hypertension, and syndrome X. The metabolic syndrome, as defined by ATP III, incorporates a number of the components of these syndromes, including insulin resistance and intra-abdominal fat. Subclinical inflammation and elevated procoagulants also appear to be part of this atherogenic syndrome. Overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) by the liver and increased secretion of large, apolipoprotein (apo) B-100-containing VLDL is the primary metabolic characteristic of most of these patients. The TG in VLDL is hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) which produces intermediate-density lipoprotein. The TG in intermediate-density lipoprotein is hydrolyzed further, resulting in the generation of LDL. The cholesterol esters in LDL are exchanged for TG in VLDL by the cholesterol ester tranfer proteins, followed by hydrolysis of TG in LDL by hepatic lipase which produces small, dense LDL. Cholesterol ester transfer protein mediates a similar lipid exchange between VLDL and HDL, producing a cholesterol ester-poor HDL. In adipocytes, reduced fatty acid trapping and retention by adipose tissue may result from a primary defect in the incorporation of free fatty acids into TGs. Alternatively, insulin resistance may promote reduced retention of free fatty acids by adipocytes. Both these abnormalities lead to increased levels of free fatty acids in plasma, increased flux of free fatty acids back to the liver, enhanced production of TGs, decreased proteolysis of apo B-100, and increased VLDL production. Decreased removal of postprandial TGs often accompanies these metabolic abnormalities. Genes regulating the expression of the major players in this metabolic cascade, such as LPL, cholesterol ester transfer protein, and hepatic lipase, can modulate the expression of small, dense LDL but these are not the major defects. New candidates for major gene effects have been identified on chromosome 1. Regardless of their fundamental causes, small, dense LDL (compared with normal LDL) particles have a prolonged residence time in plasma, are more susceptible to oxidation because of decreased interaction with the LDL receptor, and enter the arterial wall more easily, where they are retained more readily. Small, dense LDL promotes endothelial dysfunction and enhanced production of procoagulants by endothelial cells. Both in animal models of atherosclerosis and in most human epidemiologic studies and clinical trials, small, dense LDL (particularly when present in increased numbers) appears more atherogenic than normal LDL. Treatment of patients with small, dense LDL particles (particularly when accompanied by low HDL and hypertriglyceridemia) often requires the use of combined lipid-altering drugs to decrease the number of particles and to convert them to larger, more buoyant LDL. The next critical step in further reduction of CAD will be the correct diagnosis and treatment of patients with small, dense LDL and the dyslipidemia that accompanies it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Kwiterovich
- Lipid Research Atherosclerosis Division, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, University Lipid Clinic, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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46
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Lilja HE, Soro A, Ylitalo K, Nuotio I, Viikari JSA, Salomaa V, Vartiainen E, Taskinen MR, Peltonen L, Pajukanta P. A candidate gene study in low HDL-cholesterol families provides evidence for the involvement of the APOA2 gene and the APOA1C3A4 gene cluster. Atherosclerosis 2002; 164:103-11. [PMID: 12119199 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In patients with premature coronary heart disease, the most common lipoprotein abnormality is high-density lipoprotein (HDL) deficiency. To assess the genetic background of the low HDL-cholesterol trait, we performed a candidate gene study in 25 families with low HDL, collected from the genetically isolated population of Finland. We studied 21 genes encoding essential proteins involved in the HDL metabolism by genotyping intragenic and flanking markers for these genes. We found suggestive evidence for linkage in two candidate regions: Marker D1S2844, in the apolipoprotein A-II (APOA2) region, yielded a LOD score of 2.14 and marker D11S939 flanking the apolipoprotein A-I/C-III/A-IV gene cluster (APOA1C3A4) produced a LOD score of 1.69. Interestingly, we identified potential shared haplotypes in these two regions in a subset of low HDL families. These families also contributed to the obtained positive LOD scores, whereas the rest of the families produced negative LOD scores. None of the remaining candidate regions provided any evidence for linkage. Since only a limited number of loci were tested in this candidate gene study, these LOD scores suggest significant involvement of the APOA2 gene and the APOA1C3A4 gene cluster, or loci in their immediate vicinity, in the pathogenesis of low HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi E Lilja
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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47
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Wang H, Chu W, Hemphill C, Hasstedt SJ, Elbein SC. Mutation screening and association of human retinoid X receptor gamma variation with lipid levels in familial type 2 diabetes. Mol Genet Metab 2002; 76:14-22. [PMID: 12175776 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-7192(02)00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Both type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and familial combined hyperlipidemia have been mapped to human chromosome 1q21-q24. This region includes the retinoid X receptor gamma (RXRgamma), which is a strong candidate for both glucose and lipid metabolism. Retinoid X receptors form heterodimers with a variety of nuclear receptors, including peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma (PPARalpha and PPARgamma), and are synergistic targets for drugs that alter glucose and lipid metabolism. We hypothesized that RXRgamma variation could explain the linkage of diabetes and lipid disorders to this region. We screened each of the 10 exons, the flanking intronic sequences, the 3' untranslated region, and the 5' flanking region. We identified 14 variants, none of which altered the coding sequence. Of the 10 variants examined in a diabetes case-control study, three showed nominal (p < 0.05) associations with T2DM. We subsequently typed four variants in all members of the 63 multiplex families used in our previous linkage analysis. No individual variant showed excess transmission to offspring with T2DM using a transmission disequilibrium test and only a single rare haplotype showed evidence of an association with T2DM. Likewise, neither individual variants nor haplotypes were associated with either fasting or post-challenge glucose in non-diabetic subjects. In contrast, three of the four variants were associated with fasting free fatty acid (FFA) levels (p = 0.024-0.00044) and two variants were associated with triglyceride levels (p < 0.05). These findings were supported by the association of several haplotypes with FFA and triglyceride levels. RXRgamma haplotypes were also associated with several measures of pancreatic beta-cell function, consistent with the proposed role of lipid metabolism in insulin secretion. These data suggest that RXRgamma may contribute to disordered lipid metabolism in members of familial T2DM kindreds, but this gene is unlikely to explain the linkage of T2DM with this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA
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48
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Vakkilainen J, Jauhiainen M, Ylitalo K, Nuotio IO, Viikari JS, Ehnholm C, Taskinen MR. LDL particle size in familial combined hyperlipidemia: effects of serum lipids, lipoprotein-modifying enzymes, and lipid transfer proteins. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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49
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Elbein SC, Hasstedt SJ. Quantitative trait linkage analysis of lipid-related traits in familial type 2 diabetes: evidence for linkage of triglyceride levels to chromosome 19q. Diabetes 2002; 51:528-35. [PMID: 11812765 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.2.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrovascular disease is a major complication of type 2 diabetes. Epidemiological data suggest that the risk of macrovascular complications may predate the onset of hyperglycemia. Hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of HDL cholesterol, and an atherogenic profile characterize the insulin resistance/metabolic syndrome that is also prevalent among nondiabetic members of familial type 2 diabetic kindreds. To identify the genes for lipid-related traits, we first performed a 10-cM genome scan using 440 markers in 379 members of 19 multiplex families ascertained for two diabetic siblings (screening study). We then extended findings for three regions with initial logarithm of odds (LOD) scores >1.5 to an additional 23 families, for a total of 576 genotyped individuals (extended study). We found heritabilities for all lipid measures in the range of 0.31 to 0.52, similar to those reported by others in unselected families. However, we found the strongest evidence for linkage of triglyceride levels to chromosome 19q13.2, very close to the ApoC2/ApoE/ApoC1/ApoC4 gene cluster (LOD 2.56) in the screening study; the LOD increased to 3.16 in the extended study. Triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratios showed slightly lower LOD scores (2.73, extended family) in this same location. Other regions with LOD scores >2.0 included HDL linkage to chromosome 1q21-q23, where susceptibility loci for both familial type 2 diabetes and familial combined hyperlipidemia have been mapped, and to chromosome 2q in the region of the NIDDM1 locus. Neither region showed stronger evidence for linkage in the extended studies, however. Our results suggest that genes in or near the ApoE/ApoC2/ApoC1/ApoC4 cluster on 19q13.2 may contribute to the commonly observed hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL seen in diabetic family members and their offspring, and thus may be a candidate locus for the insulin resistance syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Elbein
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, USA.
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50
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Bodnar JS, Chatterjee A, Castellani LW, Ross DA, Ohmen J, Cavalcoli J, Wu C, Dains KM, Catanese J, Chu M, Sheth SS, Charugundla K, Demant P, West DB, de Jong P, Lusis AJ. Positional cloning of the combined hyperlipidemia gene Hyplip1. Nat Genet 2002; 30:110-6. [PMID: 11753387 PMCID: PMC2846781 DOI: 10.1038/ng811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL, MIM-144250) is a common, multifactorial and heterogeneous dyslipidemia predisposing to premature coronary artery disease and characterized by elevated plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, or both. We identified a mutant mouse strain, HcB-19/Dem (HcB-19), that shares features with FCHL, including hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, elevated plasma apolipoprotein B and increased secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The hyperlipidemia results from spontaneous mutation at a locus, Hyplip1, on distal mouse chromosome 3 in a region syntenic with a 1q21-q23 FCHL locus identified in Finnish, German, Chinese and US families. We fine-mapped Hyplip1 to roughly 160 kb, constructed a BAC contig and sequenced overlapping BACs to identify 13 candidate genes. We found substantially decreased mRNA expression for thioredoxin interacting protein (Txnip). Sequencing of the critical region revealed a Txnip nonsense mutation in HcB-19 that is absent in its normolipidemic parental strains. Txnip encodes a cytoplasmic protein that binds and inhibits thioredoxin, a major regulator of cellular redox state. The mutant mice have decreased CO2 production but increased ketone body synthesis, suggesting that altered redox status down-regulates the citric-acid cycle, sparing fatty acids for triglyceride and ketone body production. These results reveal a new pathway of potential clinical significance that contributes to plasma lipid metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Congenic
- Carbon Dioxide/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Citric Acid Cycle/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Codon/genetics
- Codon, Nonsense
- Contig Mapping
- Cosmids/genetics
- Cricetinae
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Energy Metabolism/genetics
- Exons/genetics
- Fatty Acids/metabolism
- Haplotypes/genetics
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/genetics
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/metabolism
- Ketone Bodies/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Thioredoxins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Triglycerides/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie S Bodnar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 47-123 CHS, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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